Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology

Bangalore-560064
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

(18EEP78I)
Internship
on
“Embedded System & IOT”

Carried out at

“DIGIADD TECHNOLOGY”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

Submitted by
Anil Kumar Mandal
USN: 1NT19EE013
Under the guidance of

Internal Guide External Guide

Mrs. Sujatha S S Mr. Satish Kumar s
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology

An Autonomous Institution under VTU Belgaum, A+ Grade by NAAC UGC
Approved by UGC/ AICTE/Govt.of Karnataka
Govindapura, Gollahalli, P B No. 6429, Yelahanka, Bangalore - 560064
Karnataka, India, Ph: 080, 22167800, Fax:22167805, Website: www.nmit.ac.in
 ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
Bangalore-560064
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the internship done in the company “DIGIADD TECHNOLOGY” is carried
out by Anil Kumar Mandal (1NT19EE013) a bonafide student of Nitte Meenakshi
Institute of Technology, Bengaluru in partial fulfillment for the award of B.E Degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgaum during the year 2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated
have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The
Internship/Miniproject/Self-study work report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said degree.

Signature of the Internal Guide

Mrs. Sujatha S S
Assistant Professor

Signature of the HOD (EEE) Signature of the Principal

Dr.Premila Manohar Dr. H C Nagaraj

EXTERNAL VIVA

Examiners Signature with Date

1.
2.
COMPANY ISSUED CERTIFICATE/Self Study(Coursera or
MOOC)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected and learned guide,

Mrs. Sujatha S S for his valuable help and guidance. I thankful to him for the
encouragement in completing this project.

I also grateful to respected Dr. Premila manohar, Head of Department, Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, for permitting me to use all the necessary facilities.

I also thankful to all the other faculties and staff members of our department for their
kind cooperation and help.

Last but not least, I would like to express my deep appreciation towards my classmates
and my indebtedness to my parents for providing me the moral support and
encouragement.

Name: Anil Kumar Mandal

USN: 1NT19EE013
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Internship/Mini-project entitled “Embedded System & IOT”

submitted by me to Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore in partial fulfilment

of the requirement for the award of the degree of B.E in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering is a record of bonafide internship/mini-project work carried out by me under

the guidance of Mrs. Sujatha. I further declare that the work reported in this

internship/mini-project has not been submitted and will not be submitted, either in part or

in full, for the award of degree in this institute or any other universities.

Place: Bengaluru Name: Anil Kumar Mandal

Date: USN: 1NT19EE013
Signature:
 ABOUT ORGANIZATION(Company)

DIGIADD-Technologies is engaged in development of Business Application Software, Data

Management, Analysis and Services

DIGIADD-Technologies - It provide SEO / DIGITAL MARKETING / SOCIAL MEDIA

MARKETING / WEB DESIGNING AND TRAINING for organizations in BANGALORE /
INDIA. They have the best in class infrastructure, consulting, out sourcing and Training
facilities, and experienced research and development team for corporate sectors
they develop an online marketing plan to help you grow your business or sales online with the
best and latest search engine optimization techniques.
DI DIGIADD-Technologies - We provide SEO / DIGITAL MARKETING / SOCIAL MEDIA
MARKETING / WEB DESIGNING AND TRAINING for organizations in BANGALORE /
INDIA. We have the best in class infrastructure, consulting, out sourcing and Training
facilities, and experienced research and development team for corporate sectors GIADD-
Technologies - We provide SEO / DIGITAL MARKETING / SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING /
WEB DESIGNING AND TRAINING for organizations in BANGALORE / INDIA. We have the
best in class infrastructure, consulting, out sourcing and Training facilities, and experienced
research and development team for corporate sectors
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT

2. INTDUCTION

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

4. OBJECTIVE

5. COMPONENT REQUIRED

6. BLOCK DIAGRAM

7. OPERATION

8. CONCLUSION

9. REFERENCE
 TRANSMISSION LINE INSPECTION AND
FLAUT DETECTION USING IOT

ABSTRACT

India relies heavily on electric power systems for industrial as well as home utilization.
Unfortunately, the electrical power distribution systems are inefficient causing wastage of
about 30% during transmission from power plants to the end point. The power lines are prone
to problems with the unconditional whether in different locations. Workers have to check
manually that, if there are any faults occurred in the power transmission lines and this makes
their life risky. Effective maintenance is required to increase its reliability.This paper
concentrates on the detecting and locating faults in power lines and also to provide
uninterrupted power supply to consumers. It identifies the illegal usage of power .This
Arduino UNO based equipment makes the task easier, efficient and safe. Our project revolves
around the creation of a mobile device designed to move along the high power transmission
lines continuously analyzing varying parameters including rate of power loss during
transmission of energy from the power plants to the homes of the consumers. In case of any
malfunctioning or abnormality, the device intimates the people responsible through IoT.
Parameters like GPS, temperature and distance are measured and solar panel is used by
coupling with battery making the device environment-friendly.
INTRODUCTION

In a developing country like India, the usage of electric power has risen to an
alarming amount due to increase in user and industry consumption. Regardless of how
cautiously the designing of the circuit is carried out, losses are existent in these transmission
lines. External factors or internal factors result in the development of wasteful electric power
losses, and thus energy is dissipated in the system. Some of the power losses include losses
due to resistance, atmospheric conditions, miscalculations etc. during transmission between
sources of supply to the consumers (or load center).
Electricity has become must in this present generation. In our country consumption of
electricity is increasing at faster rate. Electrical power system is divided into generation,
transmission and distribution. Losses in distribution system is very high due to fault and theft.
The uninterrupted power supply is not available because of the problems associated with the
high voltage transmission line. This can be solved by regular inspection and maintenance of
power lines. Survey tells us that only around 70% of the total power generated in the power
plants reach the end user. Supply to the power lines should be off during manual corrections,
this causes extensive power loss which, in the long run, will affect the economic and
electrical stand of our land. Hence, we decided to design a robot that will travel along the
high voltage transmission lines where normal manual inspection cannot be done frequently.
The device keeps track of environmental conditions such as temperature and transmission
line parameters such as current .By this periodical check-ups be avoided and any damage of
power transmission lines can be detected.

In power system network 85-87% of power system faults are occurring in transmission lines .
When a fault occurs in an overhead transmission line system, then instantaneous changes in
voltage and current at the point of the fault generate a high frequency signal, that
Electromagnetic impulses are called travelling waves, which propagate along the
transmission line in both directions away from the fault point. Many types of natural and
physical events irritate the electrical power infrastructure, which can have a negative impact
on the grid's overall performance and stability . The impedance of the fault is extremely low.
The fault current is relatively high during the fault. The power flow is diverted towards the
fault and the supply to the neighbouring zone is affected. It is important to detect the fault as
soon as possible . It is incredibly difficult to find underground faults . That is why a prototype
is being made using a microcontroller to make the process faster. The transmission line
conductor resistance and inductance are distributed uniformly along the length of the line.
Travelling wave fault location methods are usually more suitable for application to long lines.
Many power transmission companies have primarily depended on circuit indicators to detect
faulty sections of their transmission lines. However, there are still challenges to identifying
the exact location of these faults. Wireless sensor-based transmission line monitoring system
solves several of these issues, including real-time structural awareness faster fault
localization, accurate fault diagnosis by distinguishing electrical faults from mechanical
faults, cost reduction due to condition-based maintenance rather than periodic maintenance,
and so on. These implementations identify stringent requirements, such as fast delivery of
enormous amounts of highly reliable data. The success of this appeal is dependent on the
development of low-cost, dependable network architecture with a quick response time. The
network must be able to transport confidential information such as the current state of the
transmission line and control information to and from

EXISTING SYSTEM

It is an undeniable fact that electric power is one of the major and most important
technologies that led to the rapid industrialization and globalization in the twentieth century.
The electric power grid is over a century-old and is considered to be the largest and most
complex interconnected physical system on earth. Due to its vastness, complexity and being
inextricably linked to human development and involvement, it is termed to be an ecosystem
in itself.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

• Conventional methods needs manual inspections which are dangerous

because of high voltage in the transmission lines.
• Any Fault in the transmission lines can be detected only after any voltage
drops or any power cut occurs in the supply.

OBJECTIVES
• The aim of the project is to detect the faults occurring in transmission
lines by measuring electrical quantities such as voltage, current and
temperature.

• To provide uninterrupted electrical power supply to the customers.

• To identify the illegal usage of power.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The Arduino UNO main body consists of base chassis. This consists a pair of
where it helps in movement of based on its input. It consists of different types of
sensors like Humidity sensors, temperature sensors, voltage sensors etc. as
shown in block diagram are used in for finding the faults. ESP32 is used for
wireless transmission and to intimate the concerned authority to rectify the
problem before it becomes an issue .So this System can detect the line fault in
transmission lines and can be monitored through IOT.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

1. Arduino UNO
2. ESP 32(WIFI)
3. DHT-11(Humidity Sensor & Temperature Sensor)
4. Current sensor
5. Voltage sensor
6. Buzzer
7. IR Sensor
8. Power supply

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:

1.Arduino IDE
2.Blynk App
BLOCK DIAGRAM
ARDUINO UNO:

xs Fig 4.3 : Arduino Uno

 Arduino is a tool for controlling Electronics. Arduino is a

Microcontroller based open source electronic prototyping board which
can be programmed with an easy to use Arduino IDE.As any computer
it has Internal CPU, RAM , IO’s Interface. Arduino consists of both
physical programmable circuit board and a piece of software or IDE.
The Uno is one of the more popular boards in the Arduino family and
a great choice for beginners. Famous Micro-controllers
manufacturers are Microchip, Atmel, Intel, Analog Devices and more etc. It
can Communicate with a computer via serial connection over USB.

 This is the Arduino Uno. In addition to all the features of the previous
board, the Uno now uses an ATmega16U2 instead of the 8U2 found on the Uno (or
the FTDI found on previous generations). This allows for faster transfer rates and
more memory. No drivers needed for Linux or Mac (inf file for Windows is needed
and included in the Arduino IDE), and the ability to have the Uno show up as a
keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.

 The Uno also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there
are two new pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the
shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. The other is a not
connected and is reserved for future purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing
shields but can adapt to new shields which use these additional pins.

 The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328.

Arduino is an open-source, prototyping platform and its simplicity makes it ideal
for hobbyists to use as well as professionals. The Arduino Uno has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.

 Arduino Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the
The AFTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2
microcontroller chip programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

 "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of
Arduino 1.0. The Arduino Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of
Arduno, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards,
and the reference model for the Arduino platform.

 The Arduino open-sourced IDE drivers can be downloaded for free and

we have created a download and installation tutorial for the Windows XP platform.
Features of the Arduino UNO:

1. Microcontroller: ATmega328
2. Operating Voltage: 5
3. Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
4. Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
5. Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6. Analog Input Pins: 6
7. DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
8. DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
9. Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
10. SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
11. EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
12. Clock Speed: 16 MH

DHT11 SENSOR:

The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor comes
with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the
values of temperature and humidity as serial data. The sensor is also factory calibrated and
hence easy to interface with other microcontrollers.
The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C to 50°C and humidity from 20% to 90% with
an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%. So if you are looking to measure in this range then this sensor
might be the right choice for you.

VOLTAGE SENSOR:

A voltage sensor is a sensor used to calculate and monitor the amount of voltage in an object.
Voltage sensors can determine the AC voltage or DC voltage level. The input of this sensor is
the voltage, whereas the output is the switches, analog voltage signal, a current signal, or an
audible signal.

Sensors are devices that can sense or identify and react to certain types of electrical or optical
signals. The implementation of a voltage sensor and current sensor techniques have become
an excellent choice for the conventional current and voltage measurement methods.

CURRENT SENSOR:
 The ACS712 is a fully integrated, hall effect-based linear current sensor with 2.1kVRMS
voltage isolation and a integrated low-resistance current conductor. Technical terms aside,
it’s simply put forth as a current sensor that uses its conductor to calculate and measure the
amount of current applied.

The features of ACS712 include:

· 80kHz bandwith
· 66 to 185 mV/A output sensitivity
· Low-noise analog signal path
· Device bandwith is set via the new FILTER pin
· 1.2 mΩ internal conductor resistance
· Total output error of 1.5% at TA = 25°C
· Stable output offset voltage.
· Near zero magnetic hysteresis

BUZZER:

An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical or piezoelectric

or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal from audio to sound.
Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used in timers, alarm devices, printers,
alarms, computers, etc. Based on the various designs, it can generate different sounds like
alarm, music, bell & siren.

The specifications of the buzzer include the following.

· Color is black
· The frequency range is 3,300Hz
· Operating Temperature ranges from – 20° C to +60°C
· Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC
· The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm
· The supply current is below 15mA
IR SENSOR:

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
These types of sensors measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called a
passive IR sensor. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of
thermal radiation.
These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, which can be detected by an infrared
sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an
IR photodiode that is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR
LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will
change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

BLYNK

Blynk works over the Internet. So the one and only requirement is that your hardware can
talk to the Internet.

No matter what type of connection you choose - Ethernet, Wi-Fi or maybe this new ESP8266
everyone is talking about – Blynk libraries and example sketches will get you online, connect
to Blynk Server and pair up with your smartphone.
FIG: Blynk architecture

Currently, Blynk libraries work with:

 USB

 Ethernet shield

 WiFi shield

 Arduino with Ethernet

 Arduino YÚN (testing in progress)

 ESP8266

 Raspberry Pi (Blynk will communicate with Pi's GPIOs)

 more Arduino compatible shields and boards (this list will be updated as we test the
compatibility)

It's not that easy to take Arduino out of your home network, so we've built a Blynk server. It
handles all the authentication and communication, and also keeps an eye on your board
while the smartphone is offline. Blynk server runs on Java and is open-source. You will be
able to run it locally if you really need to. Messaging between mobile apps , Blynk Server
and Arduino is based on a simple, lightweight and fast binary protocol over TCP/IP sockets.

CREATING A PROJECT IN BLYNK APP

After downloading the app, create an account and log in. Welcome to Blynk!
You’ll also need to install the Blynk Arduino Library, which helps generate the firmware
running on your ESP8266. Download the latest release from Blynk’s GitHub repo, and
follow along with the directions there to install the required libraries.

Create a Blynk Project

Next, click the “Create New Project” in the app to create a new Blynk app. Give it any name
you please, just make sure the “Hardware Model” is set to ESP8266.

The Auth Token is very important – you’ll need to stick it into your ESP8266’s firmware.
For now, copy it down or use the “E-mail” button to send it to yourself.
Add Widgets to the Project

Then you’ll be presented with a blank new project. To open the widget box, click in the
project window to open.

Add a Button, then click on it to change its settings. Buttons can toggle outputs on the
ESP8266. Set the button’s output to gp5, which is tied to an LED on the Thing Dev Board.
You may also want to change the action to “Switch.”
Upload the Blynk Firmware

Now that your Blynk project is set up, open Arduino and navigate to the
ESP8266_Standalone example in the File > Examples > Blynk > BoardsAndShields
menu.
Before uploading, make sure to paste your authoriazation token into the auth[] variable.
Also make sure to load your WiFi network settings into the Blynk.begin(auth,
"ssid", "pass") function.

Then upload!

Run the Project

After the app has uploaded, open the serial monitor, setting the baud rate to 9600. Wait for
the “Ready (ping: xms).” message.
Then click the “Run” button in the top right corner of the Blynk app. Press the button and
watch the LED!

Then add more widgets to the project. They should immediately work on the ESP8266
without uploading any new firmware.
You can add analog output sliders, digital input monitors, and analog input gauges.

CLOUD

Cloud Computing provides us means of accessing the applications as utilities over the
Internet. It allows us to create, configure, and customize the applications online.
CONCLUSION:

In this work, an efficient fault detection technique is developed with the assistance of
transmission lines. The causes of overhead power transmission and techniques for identifying
them were discussed using existing methods. The knowledge-based method of identification
of faulty lines calculation through microcontrollers were discussed. The accuracy and
reliability of the proposed system are increased by combining two methods, while the cost
expenses are reduced. The proposed system fails in digital conversion much time due to
minimum cost integrated circuits. It will be replaced in our extended version of this research
work. The computation time of identifying the faulty pole can be increased in further
research. Handling high voltage circuits will be implemented in future research. The
optimized system will be constructed as our future work.

REFERENCES

[1] Journal on "Wireless Network Design for Transmission Line Monitoring in Smart Grid "
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[2] Journal on "Inspection Robot Based Mobile Sensing and Power Line Tracking for Smart
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[3] S.Chavhan, V.Barsagade, A.Dutta, S.Thakre., “ Fault Detection in Power Line using
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