Che318 Part4 Convective Mass Transfer Rev2a
Che318 Part4 Convective Mass Transfer Rev2a
Che318 Part4 Convective Mass Transfer Rev2a
For example, fluid is flowing inside a pipe/tube, where the internal wall is coated with
a solid that dissolves in the fluid. If the flow is in the laminar regime, the transport of
the solute will take place by the molecular diffusion. On the other hand, if the flow is
in the turbulent flow regime, the solute mass transport will occur by the random
motion of eddies (turbulent diffusion). The turbulent diffusion is much faster/higher
than the molecular diffusion.
Videos of Turbulence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl75BGg9qdA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LylMRupw4iE
⋆
𝑑(𝑐𝐴 )
𝐽𝐴𝑧 = −(𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝜀𝑀 )
𝑑𝑧
Integrating using
⋆
(𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝜀𝑀 )
𝐽𝐴1 =− (𝑐 − 𝑐𝐴2 )
(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) 𝐴1
⋆
𝐽𝐴1 is based on the surface area A1. Also, (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) is not known. In a simple manner,
one can write
⋆
(𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝜀𝑀 )
𝐽𝐴1 = [− ] (𝑐𝐴1 − 𝑐𝐴2 ) = 𝑘𝑐′ (𝑐𝐴1 − 𝑐𝐴2 )
(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
⋆
Here, 𝐽𝐴1 is the flux of A from the surface A1.
2. Mass-transfer coefficient for equi-molar counterdiffusion
𝑑(𝑥𝐴 )
𝑁𝐴 = −𝑐(𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝜀𝑀 ) + 𝑥𝐴 (𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 )
𝑑𝑧
For equimolar counterdiffusion, 𝑁𝐴 = −𝑁𝐵 ,
𝑑(𝑥𝐴 )
𝑁𝐴 = −𝑐(𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝜀𝑀 )
𝑑𝑧
Integrating the above equation gives,
(𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝜀𝑀 )
𝑁𝐴 = [− ] (𝑐𝐴1 − 𝑐𝐴2 ) = 𝑘𝑐′ (𝑐𝐴1 − 𝑐𝐴2 )
(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
Gases:
Liquids:
Gases:
𝑘𝑐′ 𝑘𝑦′
𝑁𝑆𝑡 = =
𝑣 𝑐𝑣
𝑘𝑐′ 𝑁𝑆ℎ
𝐽𝐷 = (𝑁𝑆𝑐 )2⁄3 = 1⁄3
𝑣 𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑆𝑐
ℎ
𝐽𝐻 = (𝑁𝑃𝑟 )2⁄3
𝐶𝑃 𝐺
𝑞𝑧 𝑑(𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝑇)
= −(𝛼 + 𝛼𝑡 )
𝐴 𝑑𝑧
𝜏𝑧𝑥
( 𝑞 ) 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑧
𝐴
In the turbulent flow, assume that the heat flux is analogous to the momentum flux,
their ratio must be constant along the radial position. Integrating between interface
condition (𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 ) to bulk condition (𝑣 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣 , 𝑇 = 𝑇)
𝜏𝑠
( 𝑞 ) 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 ) = 𝑣𝑎𝑣 − 0
𝐴
𝑓 2
𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑣
( 2 ) 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 ) = 𝑣𝑎𝑣
ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 ) 𝑃
𝑓 ℎ ℎ
= =
2 𝐶𝑃 𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑣 𝐶𝑃 𝐺
to give
𝑓 ℎ 𝑘𝑐,
= =
2 𝐶𝑃 𝐺 𝑣𝑎𝑣
Mass transfer Coefficients in Laminar Flow
𝐶𝐴 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑐 ( )
𝐶𝐴0 √4𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑧⁄𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
Therefore, the total moles of A transferred per second over the entire length L and
width W of the laminar falling film will be given by (after integration)
4𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑁𝐴 (𝐿𝑊) = (𝐿𝑊)𝑐𝐴0 √
𝜋𝐿
Mass transfer coefficients for flow in pipes and tubes
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
EXAMPLE 7.3-1:
A tube is coated on the inside with naphthalene and has an inside diameter of 20
mm and a length of 1.10 m. Air at 318 K and an average pressure of 101.3 kPa
flows through this pipe at a velocity of 0.80 m/s. Assuming that the absolute
pressure remains essentially constant, calculate the concentration of naphthalene
in the exit air (See Example 6.2-4 for physical properties).
Question 3 (Test 2 Winter 2016 2017):
Air at 318 K and an average pressure of 101.3 kPa flows through a naphthalene tube that has an inside
diameter of 20 mm and length L = 1.5 m, at a bulk velocity of 2.0 m/s. The DAB of naphthalene in air at 318 K is
6.92 × 10−6 𝑚2 ⁄𝑠 and the vapor pressure is 74 Pa. Note that the flow is turbulent in this case. Assuming that
the absolute pressure remains essentially constant, determine
NSh and the mass transfer coefficient (write appropriate units)
Concentration of naphthalene concentration in the exiting gas stream in kgmol/m3. (Since the solution
is dilute, one can use arithmetic mean instead of log mean for simplicity of calculation)
Data: At T = 318 K, 𝜌 = 1.1 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 ; 𝜇 = 1.93 × 10−5 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝜋 𝜋 𝑚3
Volumetric flow rate: 𝑉 = 𝑣 × 4 𝐷𝑐2 = 2 × 4 (20 × 10−3 )2 = 6.28 × 10−4 𝑠
Mass transfer from the walls of the tube (Problem allows simplification using arithmetic mean):
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Using log means for driving force: 𝐶𝐴2 = 1.77 × 10−5 𝑚3
Question 4 (35 pts, Test1 Fall 2019 2020:
Pure water at 26.l°C is flowing at a velocity of 0.10 m/s in a tube having an inside diameter of 6.35
mm. The tube length is 5 m having the walls coated with benzoic acid. Assuming that the velocity
profile is fully developed, calculate the average concentration of benzoic acid at the outlet.
Assume that the DAB of benzoic acid in water 26.l°C is 1.245×10-9 m2/s. Use µ = 8.71 ×10-4 Pa·s, 𝜌 =
996 (𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 ). The solubility of benzoic acid in water is 0.02948 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⁄𝑚3
𝐷𝜋
Determine the Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 , Schmidt number, 𝑁𝑆𝑐 , and 𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑆𝑐 𝐿 4
(𝐶 −𝐶 )
Determine (𝐶 𝐴 −𝐶𝐴0 ) using appropriate correlation and exit concentration, 𝐶𝐴 , in 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙⁄𝑚3
𝐴𝑖 𝐴0
Determine (𝐶𝐴𝑖 − 𝐶𝐴 )𝐿𝑀
Determine the amount of the benzoic acid removed from the tube in kg/s, if the molecular weight
of the benzoic acid is 122.12 kg/kg mol
Determine the mass transfer coefficient, 𝑘𝐶′ , 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐷𝑣𝜌 6.35 × 10−3 × 0.10 × 996 10
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =( )=( ) = 726.3
𝜇 0.871 × 10−3
(𝜇 ⁄𝜌)
𝑁𝑆𝑐 = = 697.37
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝜋 𝑊
𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑆𝑐 =( ) = 505.1
𝐿4 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝜌𝐿
𝑚3
Volumetric flow rate in 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠; 𝑉 = 𝑣 × 𝐴𝐶 = 0.1 × 3.17 × 10−5 = 3.17 × 10−6 𝑠
𝒌𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎⁄𝒔
Question:
A tube is coated on the inside with benzoic acid and has the inside diameter of 20 mm
and length L = 5 m. Pure water at 26.1 °C flows through the tube at a velocity of 0.20
m/s. At 26.1 , the DAB of benzoic acid is 1.254 × 10−9 𝑚2 ⁄𝑠 and the solubility of
benzoic acid in water is 2.948 × 10−2 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙⁄𝑚3 . determine
NSh and the mass transfer coefficient (write appropriate units)
Concentration of benzoic acid concentration in the exiting gas stream in
kgmol/m3. (Since the solution is dilute, one can use arithmetic mean instead of
log mean for simplicity of calculations)
(Data: At 26.1 °C for water, Density = 996.7 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 , Viscosity = 0.8718 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠
Pressure 101300
T 299.1
Meu 8.72E-04
Rho 996.7
Dc 0.02
L 5
Ac 0.0003142
Tube Inside Area, A 3.142E-01
Uo 0.2
V=Uo*pi*(Dc^2) 6.283E-05
D_AB (given) 1.25E-09
N_Sc 702.56
N_Re 4,573
C_Ai 2.948E-02
C_A1 0
C_A2 1.94E-03
C_A_AM 2.851E-02
N_Sh 218.33
Kc' 1.3591E-05
A*Kc*C_A_AM 1.21734E-07
V*(C_A2-C_A1) 1.21731E-07
(n_Ax)-(n_Ay) 2.94041E-06
Mass Transfer for Flow Outside Solids Surfaces
Mass transfer in flow parallel to flat plates
Example:
drying of inorganic and biological materials
evaporation of solvents from paints
plates in wind tunnels
flow channels in chemical process equipment
EXAMPLE 7.3-2: A large volume of pure water at 26.1oC is flowing parallel to a flat plate
of solid benzoic acid, where L = 0.244 m in the direction of flow. The water velocity is 0.061
m/s. The solubility of benzoic acid in water is 0.02948 kg mol/m3. The diffusivity of benzoic
acid is 1.245 × 10-9 m2/s. Calculate the mass-transfer coefficient kL and the flux (NA).
Mass transfer for flow past single spheres
For flow past single spheres and for very low Reynolds number, the Sherwood
number (𝑁𝑆ℎ = 𝑘𝑐′ 𝐷𝑝 ⁄𝐷𝐴𝐵 ) should approach a value of 2.0. Since
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑁𝐴 = (𝑐𝐴1 − 𝑐𝐴2 ) = (𝑐 − 𝑐𝐴2 ) = 𝑘𝑐 (𝑐𝐴1 − 𝑐𝐴2 ) = 𝑘𝑐′ (𝑐𝐴1 − 𝑐𝐴2 ) (𝑊ℎ𝑦? )
𝑟1 𝐷𝑝 ⁄2 𝐴1
Thus,
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑘𝑐′ =
𝐷𝑝 ⁄2
And
𝑁𝑆ℎ = (𝑘𝑐′ 𝐷𝑝 ⁄𝐷𝐴𝐵 ) = 2
For gases for a Schmidt number range of 0.6–2.7 and a Reynolds number range of 1-
48000,
𝐷
𝑁𝑆ℎ = 𝑘𝑐′ = 2 + 0.552(𝑁𝑅𝑒 )0.53 (𝑁𝑆𝑐 )0.33
𝐷𝐴𝐵
This equation also holds for heat transfer where the Prandtl number replaces the
Schmidt number and the Nusselt number replaces the Sherwood number.
𝐷
𝑁𝑆ℎ = 𝑘𝑐′ = 2 + 0.95(𝑁𝑅𝑒 )0.50 (𝑁𝑆𝑐 )0.33
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝐷
𝑁𝑆ℎ = 𝑘𝑐′ = 0.347(𝑁𝑅𝑒 )0.62 (𝑁𝑆𝑐 )0.33
𝐷𝐴𝐵
Question 2b (Test 2 Winter 2016 2017):
Mass transfer from a sphere of naphthalene that has a diameter of 30 mm to air at 45 ˚C and 1 atm. abs.
flowing at a velocity of 0.50 m/s. The vapor pressure of solid naphthalene at 45 ˚C is 74 Pa. The mass transfer
correlation for flow past a sphere is as follows:
10 𝐷𝑣𝜌
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = ( ) = 855
𝜇
(𝜇⁄𝜌)
𝑁𝑆𝑐 = = 2.5
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝑁𝑆ℎ = 2 + 0.552(𝑁𝑅𝑒 )0.52 (𝑁𝑆𝑐 )1⁄3
𝑁𝑆ℎ = 2 + 0.552(855)0.52 (2.5)1⁄3 = 27.2
𝐷𝑃
𝑁𝑆ℎ = 𝑘𝐶′
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝐴𝐵 6.92 × 10−6 𝑚
𝑘𝐶′ = 𝑁𝑆ℎ = 27.2 × ( −3 ) = 6.27 × 10−3
𝐷𝑃 30 × 10 𝑠
5 At the given temperature, pressure and diameter, when velocity is zero; 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 0,
Therefore,
𝑁𝑆ℎ = 2 + 0.552(0)0.52 (2.5)1⁄3 = 2 + 0 = 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 6.92 × 10−6 𝑚
𝑘𝐶′ = 𝑁𝑆ℎ =2×( ) = 0.46 × 10 −3
𝐷𝑃 30 × 10−3 𝑠