WELCOME, TO SQL COURSE

STEP
BASIC BY
STEP
ADVANCE

By Digital Hill Valley Organization

1
Complete SQL With Notes
1. Introduction to SQL-What Is SQL & Database
2. Data Types, Primary-Foreign Keys & Constraints
a. Install postgresql and pgadmin4
3. Create Table In SQL & Create Database
4. INSERT UPDATE, DELETE & ALTER Table
5. SELECT Statement & WHERE Clause with Example
6. How To Import Excel File (CSV) to SQL
7. Functions in SQL & String Function
8. Aggregate Functions – Types & Syntax
9. Group By and Having Clause
10. Time Stamp and Extract Function, Date Time Function
11. SQL JOINS – Types & Syntax
12. SELF JOIN, UNION & UNION ALL
13. Subquery
14. Window Function – Types & Syntax
15. Case Statement/Expression with examples
16. CTE- Common Table Expression with examples
2
WHAT IS SQL & DATABASE-
INTRODUCTION
SQL Tutorial In Part-1

3
Introduction to SQL
• What is SQL
• It’s applications
• SQL v/s NoSQL
• Types of SQL Commands
• What is Database
• Excel v/s Database in SQL

4
What is SQL?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a

programming language used to interact
with database

5
SQL Application

CRUD is an acronym for CREATE, READ(SELECT),

UPDATE, and DELETE statements in SQL
6
SQL v/s NoSQL
Relational Database Non-Relational Database

SQL database NoSQL database

Data stored are either key-value pairs,

Data stored in tables document-based, graph databases or wide-
column stores
These databases have fixed or static or
They have dynamic schema
predefined schema

Low performance with huge volumes of data Easily work with huge volumes of data

Eg: PostgreSQL, MySQL, MS SQL Server Eg: MongoDB, Cassandra, Hbase

7
SQL Commands
There are mainly 3 types of SQL commands:
• DDL (Data Definition Language): create, alter,
and drop
• DML (Data Manipulation Language): select,
insert, update and delete
• DCL (Data Control Language): grant and revoke
permission to users
8
What is Database?

Database is a system that allow users to

store and organise data

9
Excel v/s Database
Excel Database
Easy to use- untrained person can work Trained person can work

Data stored less data Stores large amount of data

Good for one time analysis, quick charts Can automate tasks

No data integrity due to manual operation High data integrity

Low search/filter capabilities High search/filter capabilities

10
SQL Databases

11
 DATA TYPES, PRIMARY &
FOREIGN KEYS, CONSTRAINTS
SQL Tutorial In Part-2

12
 SQL Structure
Database
Columns Example
Tables
Data
Rows
(Rows & Columns)

RDBMS

13
Database Diagram

Example

14
Creating Database & Tables
• Data types
• Primary & Foreign keys
• Constraints
• SQL Commands
• CREATE
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• BACKUP
• DELETE
• ALTER
• DROP, TRUNCATE
15
Data Types
• Data type of a column defines what value the
column can store in table
• Defined while creating tables in database
• Data types mainly classified into three categories +
most used
oString: char, varchar, etc
oNumeric: int, float, bool, etc
oDate and time: date, datetime, etc
16
Data Types
Commonly Used data types in SQL:
• int: used for the integer value
• float: used to specify a decimal point number
• bool: used to specify Boolean values true and false
• char: fixed length string that can contain numbers, letters, and special
characters
• varchar: variable length string that can contain numbers, letters, and
special characters
• date: date format YYYY-MM-DD
• datetime: date & time combination, format is YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss

17
Primary and Foreign Keys:
Primary key (PK):
• A Primary key is a unique column we set in a table to easily identify
and locate data in queries
• A table can have only one primary key, which should be unique and
NOT NULL
Foreign keys (FK):
• A Foreign key is a column used to link two or more tables together
• A table can have any number of foreign keys, can contain duplicate
and NULL values

18
Constraints
• Constraints are used to specify rules for data in a table
• This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the table
• Constraints can be specified when the table is created with the
CREATE TABLE statement, or
• after the table is created with the ALTER TABLE statement
• Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
column3 datatype constraint,
....
);
19
Constraints
Commonly used constraints in SQL:
• NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
• UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
• PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE
• FOREIGN KEY - Prevents actions that would destroy links between
tables (used to link multiple tables together)
• CHECK - Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific
condition
• DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if no value is specified
• CREATE INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database
very quickly
20
Install Postgre SQL

21
Creating Database & Tables
SQL Tutorial In Part-3

22
Create Table
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in a database
• Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 datatype constraint,
column_name2 datatype constraint,
column_name3 datatype constraint,
);

• Example
CREATE TABLE customer
(
CustID int8 PRIMARY KEY,
CustName varchar(50) NOT NULL,
Age int NOT NULL,
City char(50),
Salary numeric
);
23
 Insert, Update, Delete
Values in Table
+
Alter, Drop & Truncate Table
SQL Tutorial In Part-4

24
Insert Values In Table
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table
• Syntax
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME
(column1, column2, column3,...columnN)
VALUES
(value1, value2, value3,...valueN);
• Example
INSERT INTO customer
(CustID, CustName, Age, City, Salary)
VALUES
(1, 'Sam', 26, 'Delhi', 9000),
(2, 'Ram', 19, 'Bangalore', 11000),
(3, 'Pam', 31, 'Mumbai', 6000),
(4, 'Jam', 42, 'Pune', 10000);
25
Update Values In Table
The UPDATE command is used to update existing rows in a table
• Syntax
UPDATE TABLE_NAME
SET “Column_name1” = ‘value1’, “Column_name2” = ‘value2’
WHERE “ID” = ‘value’

• Example
UPDATE customer
SET CustName = 'Xam', Age= 32
WHERE CustID = 4;

26
ALTER Table
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns
in an existing table
• ALTER TABLE - ADD Column Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD COLUMN column_name ;
• ALTER TABLE - DROP COLUMN Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;
• ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype;
27
ALTER Table Example
• ADD Column Syntax: Adding new ‘Gender’ column to customer table
ALTER TABLE customer
ADD COLUMN Gender varchar(10);

• ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN Syntax: changing Gender column data type

from varchar(10) to char(10)
ALTER TABLE customer
ALTER COLUMN Gender char(10);

• DROP COLUMN Syntax: Deleting Gender column from customer table

ALTER TABLE customer
DROP COLUMN Gender;

28
Delete Values In Table
The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table
• Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

• Example
DELETE FROM customer
WHERE CustID = 3;

29
Drop & Truncate Table
The DROP TABLE command deletes a table in the database
• Syntax
DROP TABLE table_name;

The TRUNCATE TABLE command deletes the data inside a table, but
not the table itself
• Syntax
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

30
SELECT & WHERE CLAUSE
SQL Tutorial In Part-5

31
Creating a Classroom dataset for practice
CREATE TABLE classroom
(
rollno int8 PRIMARY KEY,
name varchar(50) NOT NULL,
house char(12) NOT NULL,
grade char(1)
);

INSERT INTO classroom

(rollno, name, house, grade)
VALUES
(1, ‘Sam’, ‘Akash’, ‘B’),
(2, ‘Ram’, ‘Agni’, ‘A’),
(3, ‘Shyam’, ‘Jal’, ’B’),
(4, ‘Sundar’, ‘Agni’, ’A’),
(5, ‘Ram’, ‘Yayu’, ‘B’);

32
SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
• Syntax
SELECT column_name FROM table_name;

To select all the fields available in the table

• Syntax
SELECT * FROM table_name;

To select distinct/unique fields available in the table

• Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT Column_name FROM table_name;
33
WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition
• Syntax
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
WHERE conditions;

• Example
SELECT name FROM classroom
WHERE grade=‘A’;

34
Operators In SQL
The SQL reserved words and characters are called operators, which are
used with a WHERE clause in a SQL query
Most used operators:
1. Arithmetic operators : arithmetic operations on numeric values
Example: Addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (*), Division (/), Modulus (%)
2. Comparison operators: compare two different data of SQL table
• Example: Equal (=), Not Equal (!=), Greater Than (>), Greater Than Equals to (>=)
3. Logical operators: perform the Boolean operations
• Example: ALL, IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, AND, OR, NOT, ANY
4. Bitwise operators: perform the bit operations on the Integer values
• Example: Bitwise AND (&), Bitwise OR(|)
35
LIMIT Clause
The LIMIT clause is used to set an upper limit on the number of tuples returned by
SQL.
Example: below code will return 5 rows of data
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
LIMIT 5;

ORDER BY Clause
The ORDER BY is used to sort the result-set in ascending (ASC) or descending
order (DESC).
Example: below code will sort the output data by column name in ascending order
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name e ASC;
36
IMPORT CSV FILE
SQL Tutorial In Part-6

37
CSV files
customer csv file: https://bit.ly/3KLPb2P
payment csv file: https://bit.ly/41kIYjW

38
STRING FUNCTION
SQL Tutorial In Part-7

39
Functions In SQL
Functions in SQL are the database objects that contains a set
of SQL statements to perform a specific task. A function
accepts input parameters, perform actions, and then return
the result.
Types of Function:
1. System Defined Function : these are built-in functions
• Example: rand(), round(), upper(), lower(), count(), sum(), avg(),
max(), etc
2. User-Defined Function : Once you define a function, you
can call it in the same way as the built-in functions
40
Most Used String Functions
String functions are used to perform an operation on input string and
return an output string
• UPPER() converts the value of a field to uppercase
• LOWER() converts the value of a field to lowercase
• LENGTH() returns the length of the value in a text field
• SUBSTRING() extracts a substring from a string
• NOW() returns the current system date and time
• FORMAT() used to set the format of a field
• CONCAT() adds two or more strings together
• REPLACE() Replaces all occurrences of a substring within a string, with a new substring
• TRIM() removes leading and trailing spaces (or other specified characters) from a string

41
AGGREGATE FUNCTION
SQL Tutorial In Part-8

42
Most Used Aggregate Functions
Aggregate function performs a calculation on multiple values and
returns a single value.
And Aggregate functiona are often used with GROUP BY & SELECT
statement
• COUNT() returns number of values
• SUM() returns sum of all values
• AVG() returns average value
• MAX() returns maximum value
• MIN() returns minimum value
• ROUND() Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places

43
GROUP BY & HAVING CLAUSE
SQL Tutorial In Part-9

44
GROUP BY Statement
The GROUP BY statement group rows that have the same values into
summary rows.
It is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT(), MAX(), MIN(), SUM(),
AVG()) to group the result-set by one or more columns
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name(s);

• Example
SELECT mode, SUM(amount) AS total
FROM payment
GROUP BY mode

45
HAVING Clause
The HAVING clause is used to apply a filter on the result of GROUP BY based on the
specified condition.
The WHERE clause places conditions on the selected columns, whereas the HAVING
clause places conditions on groups created by the GROUP BY clause
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition(s)
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition(s)
• Example
SELECT mode, COUNT(amount) AS total
FROM payment
GROUP BY mode
HAVING COUNT(amount) >= 3
ORDER BY total DESC

46
Quick Assignment: 01

Order of execution in SQL:

SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY, LIMIT

47
TIMESTAMPS & EXTRACT
SQL Tutorial In Part-10

48
TIMESTAMP
The TIMESTAMP data type is used for values that
contain both date and time parts
• TIME contains only time, format HH:MI:SS
• DATE contains on date, format YYYY-MM-DD
• YEAR contains on year, format YYYY or YY
• TIMESTAMP contains date and time, format YYYY-MM-DD
HH:MI:SS
• TIMESTAMPTZ contains date, time and time zone
49
TIMESTAMP functions/operators
Below are the TIMESTAMP functions and operators
in SQL:
• SHOW TIMEZONE
• SELECT NOW()
• SELECT TIMEOFDAY()
• SELECT CURRENT_TIME
• SELECT CURRENT_DATE

50
EXTRACT Function
The EXTRACT() function extracts a part from a given date value.
Syntax: SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM date_field) FROM Table
• YEAR
• QUARTER
• MONTH
• WEEK
• DAY
• HOUR
• MINUTE
• DOW – day of week
• DOY – day of year
51
 JOINS
SQL Tutorial In Part-11

52
 TOPICS IN JOIN
• WHAT IS JOIN?
• USE OF JOIN
• JOIN TYPES
• WHICH JOIN TO USE
• JOIN SYNTAX
• EXAMPLES IN SQL

53
SQL JOIN
• JOIN means to combine something.
• A JOIN clause is used to combine data from two or
more tables, based on a related column between
them
• Let’s understand the joins through an example:

54
JOIN Example
Question: How much amount was paid by customer ‘Madan’, what was
mode and payment date?

payment
customer_id
amount
customer mode
customer_id Payment_date
first_name
last_name country
address_id address city_id
Database
address_id city
address country
city_id
postal_code
phone
55
JOIN Example
Question: How much amount was
paid by customer ‘Madan’, what
was mode and payment date?

Answer: Amount = 30,

Mode = Credit Card,
Date = 2020-04-27

56
TYPES OF JOINS
• INNER JOIN
• LEFT JOIN
• RIGHT JOIN
• FULL JOIN

57
INNER JOIN
• Returns records that have
matching values in both
tables

58
INNER JOIN
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM TableA
INNER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.col_name = TableB.col_name

• Example
SELECT *
FROM customer AS c
INNER JOIN payment AS p
ON c.customer_id = p.customer_id
59
LEFT JOIN
• Returns all records from the
left table, and the matched
records from the right table

60
LEFT JOIN
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM TableA
LEFT JOIN TableB
ON TableA.col_name = TableB.col_name

• Example
SELECT *
FROM customer AS c
LEFT JOIN payment AS p
ON c.customer_id = p.customer_id
61
RIGHT JOIN
• Returns all records from the
right table, and the matched
records from the left table

62
RIGHT JOIN
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM TableA
RIGHT JOIN TableB
ON TableA.col_name = TableB.col_name

• Example
SELECT *
FROM customer AS c
RIGHT JOIN payment AS p
ON c.customer_id = p.customer_id
63
FULL JOIN
• Returns all records when
there is a match in either left
or right table

64
FULL JOIN
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM TableA
FULL OUTER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.col_name = TableB.col_name

• Example
SELECT *
FROM customer AS c
FULL OUTER JOIN payment AS p
ON c.customer_id = p.customer_id
65
Which JOIN To Use
• INNER JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
• LEFT JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table
• RIGHT JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched
records from the left table
• FULL JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or
right table

66
JOIN
CHEA
T
SHEE
T

67
 SELF JOIN
SQL Tutorial In Part-12

68
SELF JOIN
• A self join is a regular join in which a table is joined to
itself
• SELF Joins are powerful for comparing values in a
column of rows with the same table
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM Table AS T1
JOIN Table AS T2
ON T1.col_name = T2.col_name
69
SELF JOIN example

Table: emp

• Find the name of respective managers for each

of the employees?

70
SELF JOIN example

SELECT T2.empname, T1.empname

FROM emp AS T1
JOIN emp AS T2
ON T1.empid = T2.manager_id
71
UNION
The SQL UNION clause/operator is used to combine/concatenate the results
of two or more SELECT statements without returning any duplicate rows and
keeps unique records
To use this UNION clause, each SELECT statement must have
• The same number of columns selected and expressions
• The same data type and
• Have them in the same order
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM TableA
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM TableB

• Example
SELECT cust_name, cust_amount from custA
UNION
SELECT cust_name, cust_amount from custB 72
UNION ALL
In UNION ALL everything is same as UNION, it
combines/concatenate two or more table but keeps all
records, including duplicates
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM TableA
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM TableB
• Example
SELECT cust_name, cust_amount from custA
UNION ALL
SELECT cust_name, cust_amount from custB
73
UNION Example
Table: custA Table: custB

74
 SUB QUERY
SQL Tutorial In Part-13

75
SUB QUERY
A Subquery or Inner query or a Nested query allows us to
create complex query on the output of another query
• Sub query syntax involves two SELECT statements

• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator
( SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE ... );
76
SUB QUERY Example
Question: Find the details of customers, whose payment
amount is more than the average of total amount paid by all
customers

Divide above question into

two parts:
1. Find the average amount
2. Filter the customers
whose amount > average
amount

77
WINDOWS FUNCTION
SQL Tutorial In Part-14

79
WINDOW FUNCTION
• Window functions applies aggregate, ranking and analytic functions
over a particular window (set of rows).
• And OVER clause is used with window functions to define that
window.

Give output one row per aggregation The rows maintain their separate identities

80
WINDOW FUNCTION SYNTAX
SELECT column_name(s),
fun( ) OVER ( [ <PARTITION BY Clause> ]
[ <ORDER BY Clause> ]
[ <ROW or RANGE Clause> ] )
FROM table_name

Select a function Define a Window

• Aggregate functions • PARTITION BY
• Ranking functions • ORDER BY
• Analytic functions • ROWS

81
WINDOW FUNCTION TERMS
Let’s look at some definitions:
• Window function applies aggregate, ranking and analytic functions
over a particular window; for example, sum, avg, or row_number
• Expression is the name of the column that we want the window
function operated on. This may not be necessary depending on what
window function is used
• OVER is just to signify that this is a window function
• PARTITION BY divides the rows into partitions so we can specify which
rows to use to compute the window function
• ORDER BY is used so that we can order the rows within each partition.
This is optional and does not have to be specified
• ROWS can be used if we want to further limit the rows within our
partition. This is optional and usually not used
82
WINDOW FUNCTION TYPES
There is no official division of the SQL window functions into
categories but high level we can divide into three types
Window Functions

Aggregate Ranking Value/Analytic

• SUM • ROW_NUMBER • LEAD
• AVG • RANK • LAG
• COUNT
• DENSE_RANK • FIRST_VALUE
• MIN
• PERCENT_RANK • LAST_VALUE
• MAX

83
SELECT new_id, new_cat, AGGREGATE
SUM(new_id) OVER( PARTITION BY new_cat ORDER BY new_id ) AS "Total", FUNCTION
AVG(new_id) OVER( PARTITION BY new_cat ORDER BY new_id ) AS "Average", Example
COUNT(new_id) OVER( PARTITION BY new_cat ORDER BY new_id ) AS "Count",
MIN(new_id) OVER( PARTITION BY new_cat ORDER BY new_id ) AS "Min",
MAX(new_id) OVER( PARTITION BY new_cat ORDER BY new_id ) AS "Max"
FROM test_data

new_id new_cat Total Average Count Min Max

100 Agni 300 150 2 100 200
200 Agni 300 150 2 100 200
500 Dharti 1200 600 2 500 700
700 Dharti 1200 600 2 500 700
200 Vayu 1000 333.33333 3 200 500
300 Vayu 1000 333.33333 3 200 500
500 Vayu 1000 333.33333 3 200 500

84
SELECT new_id, new_cat,
SUM(new_id) OVER( ORDER BY new_id ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS "Total",
AVG(new_id) OVER( ORDER BY new_id ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS "Average",
COUNT(new_id) OVER( ORDER BY new_id ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS "Count",
MIN(new_id) OVER( ORDER BY new_id ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS "Min",
MAX(new_id) OVER( ORDER BY new_id ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS "Max"
FROM test_data

new_id new_cat Total Average Count Min Max AGGREGATE

FUNCTION
100 Agni 2500 357.14286 7 100 700 Example
200 Agni 2500 357.14286 7 100 700
200 Vayu 2500 357.14286 7 100 700
300 Vayu 2500 357.14286 7 100 700
500 Vayu 2500 357.14286 7 100 700
500 Dharti 2500 357.14286 7 100 700
700 Dharti 2500 357.14286 7 100 700

NOTE: Above we have used: “ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING”
which will give a SINGLE output based on all INPUT Values/ Partition (If Used) 85
SELECT new_id, RANKING
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY new_id) AS "ROW_NUMBER", FUNCTION
Example
RANK() OVER(ORDER BY new_id) AS "RANK",
DENSE_RANK() OVER(ORDER BY new_id) AS "DENSE_RANK",
PERCENT_RANK() OVER(ORDER BY new_id) AS "PERCENT_RANK"
FROM test_data

new_id ROW_NUMBER RANK DENSE_RANK PERCENT_RANK

100 1 1 1 0
200 2 2 2 0.166
200 3 2 2 0.166
300 4 4 3 0.5
500 5 5 4 0.666
500 6 5 4 0.666
700 7 7 5 1

86
SELECT new_id, ANALYTIC
FIRST_VALUE(new_id) OVER( ORDER BY new_id) AS "FIRST_VALUE", FUNCTION
Example
LAST_VALUE(new_id) OVER( ORDER BY new_id) AS "LAST_VALUE",
LEAD(new_id) OVER( ORDER BY new_id) AS "LEAD",
LAG(new_id) OVER( ORDER BY new_id) AS "LAG"
FROM test_data

new_id FIRST_VALUE LAST_VALUE LEAD LAG

100 100 100 200 null
200 100 200 200 100
200 100 200 300 200
300 100 300 500 200
500 100 500 500 300
500 100 500 700 500
700 100 700 null 500
NOTE: If you just want the single last value from whole column, use: “ROWS BETWEEN
87
UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING”
Quick Assignment: WINDOW FUNCTION
Offset the LEAD and LAG values by 2 in the output columns ?
INPUT OUTPUT
new_id new_id LEAD LAG
100 100 200 NULL
200 200 300 NULL
200 200 500 100
300 300 500 200
500 500 700 200
500 500 NULL 300
700 700 NULL 500
88
SELECT new_id, ANALYTIC
FUNCTION
LEAD(new_id, 2) OVER( ORDER BY new_id) AS "LEAD_by2", Assignment

LAG(new_id, 2) OVER( ORDER BY new_id) AS "LAG_by2"

FROM test_data

new_id LEAD_by2 LAG_by2

100 200 null
200 300 null
200 500 100
300 500 200
500 700 200
500 null 300
700 null 500

89
CASE EXPRESSION
SQL Tutorial In Part-15

90
CASE Expression
• The CASE expression goes through conditions and returns
a value when the first condition is met (like if-then-else
statement). If no conditions are true, it returns the value
in the ELSE clause.

• If there is no ELSE part and no conditions are true, it

returns NULL.

• Also called CASE STATEMENT

91
CSV file
payment Case Statement csv file: https://shorturl.at/k8vyA

92
CASE Statement Syntax
• General CASE Syntax
CASE
WHEN condition1 THEN result1
WHEN condition2 THEN result2 • Example:
WHEN conditionN THEN resultN SELECT customer_id, amount,
ELSE other_result CASE
END; WHEN amount > 100 THEN 'Expensive product'
WHEN amount = 100 THEN 'Moderate product'
ELSE 'Inexpensive product'
END AS ProductStatus
FROM payment
93
CASE Expression Syntax
• CASE Expression Syntax
CASE Expression
WHEN value1 THEN result1
WHEN value2 THEN result2
• Example:
WHEN valueN THEN resultN SELECT customer_id,
ELSE other_result CASE amount
END; WHEN 500 THEN 'Prime Customer'
WHEN 100 THEN 'Plus Customer'
ELSE 'Regular Customer'
END AS CustomerStatus
FROM payment
94
COMMON TABLE EXPRESSION
SQL Tutorial In Part-16

95
Common Table Expression (CTE)
• A common table expression, or CTE, is a temporary
named result set created from a simple SELECT statement
that can be used in a subsequent SELECT statement
• We can define CTEs by adding a WITH clause directly
before SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or MERGE
statement.
• The WITH clause can include one or more CTEs separated
by commas

96
CSV files
• customer-CTE csv file: https://shorturl.at/x3ThP
• payment-CTE csv file: https://shorturl.at/f2BaM

97
Common Table Expression (CTE)
• Syntax
WITH my_cte AS (
SELECT a,b,c
CTE query
FROM Table1 )
SELECT a,c
Main query
FROM my_cte
The name of this CTE is my_cte, and the CTE query is SELECT a,b,c FROM Table1. The CTE starts
with the WITH keyword, after which you specify the name of your CTE, then the content of the
query in parentheses. The main query comes after the closing parenthesis and refers to the
CTE. Here, the main query (also known as the outer query) is SELECT a,c FROM my_cte
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 CTE- Example
1. Example EASY 1. Example Multiple CTEs 2. Example Advance
WITH my_cp AS (
WITH my_cte AS ( WITH my_cte AS (
SELECT *, AVG(amount) OVER(ORDER BY p.customer_id)
SELECT *, AVG(amount) OVER(ORDER BY AS "Average_Price", SELECT mode, MAX(amount) AS highest_price,
p.customer_id) AS "Average_Price", COUNT(address_id) OVER(ORDER BY c.customer_id) AS SUM(amount) AS total_price
"Count" FROM payment
COUNT(address_id) OVER(ORDER BY GROUP BY mode
FROM payment as p
c.customer_id) AS "Count" )
INNER JOIN customer AS c SELECT payment.*, my.highest_price, my.total_price
FROM payment as p
ON p.customer_id = c.customer_id FROM payment
INNER JOIN customer AS c JOIN my_cte my
),
ON payment.mode = my.mode
ON p.customer_id = c.customer_id my_ca AS ( ORDER BY payment.mode
) SELECT *

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM customer as c

INNER JOIN address AS a
FROM my_cte
ON a.address_id = c.address_id
INNER JOIN country as cc
ON cc.city_id = a.city_id
)
SELECT cp.first_name, cp.last_name, ca.city, ca.country, cp.amount
FROM my_ca as ca , my_cp as cp

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Now You Know All Concepts in SQL! ☺

Next Step: Practice SQL Interview Questions

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