3A Work

Work done by a force
Work done by a force on an object

e.g. work done by friction on a crate  work done by a force on a specific object
work done by tension on a bucket  unit: joules or J (energy unit)
work done by weight on a basketball
work done by a constant force 𝐹Ԧ on an object that is displaced by Δ𝑟Ԧ
𝑊 = 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ Δ𝑟Ԧ
total work done by a several forces
𝑊net = ∑𝑊 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 + ⋯
Work done by a constant force
𝑊 = 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ Δ𝑟Ԧ
𝜃 is the angle between 𝐹Ԧ and Δ𝑟Ԧ
𝑊 = 𝐹Δ𝑟 cos 𝜃 drawn tail-to-tail
When does a force do a positive work on an object?

When does a force do a negative work on an object?
When does a force do no work on an object?
If a constant force of 5 N is applied horizontally on an object that is displaced
by 4 m along the horizontal, what is the work done on the object?
𝑊 = 5N 4m cos 0
= 20 J
What if the force is applied along the vertical?
𝑊 = 5N 4m cos 90o
=0
What if the force is applied 60o relative to the horizontal?
𝑊 = 5N 4m cos 60o
= 10 J
Work done by a varying force
• area under the force versus position curve
𝑥𝑓
𝑊 = න 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑖
Kinetic Energy − energy associated with motion
1 2
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣
2
Is kinetic energy scalar?
What is the unit of kinetic energy?
What is the kinetic energy of an object that is not moving?
Which has a greater kinetic energy: a 1-kg box moving at 2 m/s or
the same box but moving at −2m/s?
Total work = work done by the net force
𝑊net = Δ𝐾
Work-kinetic energy theorem
Power − time rate at which a force does work
𝑊
𝑃ave =
𝑡
𝑑𝑊
𝑃=
𝑑𝑡
During a storm, a crate is sliding across an oily parking lot making a displacement
of 𝒓 = −3.0 m 𝒊Ƹ while a steady wind pushes against the crate with a force
𝑭 = 2.0 N 𝒊Ƹ + −6.0 N 𝒋.Ƹ
(a) How much work does the wind do on the crate?
(b) If the crate has a kinetic energy of 10 J at the beginning of the displacement,
what is its kinetic energy at the end?
𝑊 = 2N 3m cos 180o
= −6 J
𝐾𝑓 = 𝑊 + 𝐾𝑖 = −6 J + 10 J = 4 J
Multiple constant forces
A farmer hitches his tractor to a sled loaded with firewood and pulls it a
distance of 20 m along level ground. The total weight of sled and load is 14,700
N. The tractor exerts a constant 5000-N force at an angle of 36.9⁰ above the
horizontal. A 3500-N friction force opposes the sled’s motion. (a) Find the work
done by each force acting on the sled and the total work done by all the forces.
(b) Suppose the sled’s initial speed is 2.0 m/s. What is the speed of the sled
after it moves 20 m?
Wn = 0, Ww = 0, Wt = 80kJ, Wf = −70kJ,
Wnet = 10 kJ
𝑣𝑓 = 4.2 m/s
Stopping force
A 7.80-g bullet moving at 575 m/s strikes the hand of a superhero, causing his hand
to move 5.50 cm in the direction of the bullet’s velocity before stopping.
(a) Use work-kinetic energy theorem to find the average force that stops the bullet.
(b) Assuming the force is constant, determine how much time elapses between
the moment the bullet strikes the hand and the moment it stops moving.
(c) What is the average power of the stopping force?
𝐹 = 23,444 N, opposite the bullet ′ s velocity
𝑎 = 3.01 × 106 m/s2 , 𝑡 = 1.91 × 10−4 s
P = 6.75 MW
Work-kinetic energy theorem
N
The net force on a particle is given by 𝑭 = 3 m2 𝑥 2 𝒊Ƹ + 4N 𝒋.Ƹ
(a) How much work is done on the particle as it moves from 𝑥 = 1.00 m to 𝑥 = 3.5 m?
(b) Does the speed of the particle increase, decrease, or remain the same?
W = 41.88 J
The speed of the particle increases since W > 0.

Force applied to a spring
Force required to stretch a spring 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥

𝑘 = force constant (spring constant)
𝑥 = amount of elongation or compression of the spring
Work done on a spring scale
A woman weighing 600 N steps on a bathroom scale that contains a stiff spring.
In equilibrium, the spring is compressed 1.0 cm under her weight. Find
(a) the force constant of the spring
(b) the total work done on it during the compression.
600 N
𝑘= 0.01 m
= 60,000 N/m
0.01 m 0.01 m
1 2
𝑊=න 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 ቤ =3J
0 2 0
Work done by a child on a sled
(a) 40 J
(b)20 J
(c) 60 J
Work done on a car
(a) 4 J
(b) 0 J
(c) -1 J
(d) 3J
(e) -1 J
Tip:
Work hard on the examples given.
Do not waste them.
Are you able to . . .
 apply the relationship between a constant force and the work done on
an object when the object undergoes a displacement?
 calculate work by taking the dot product of the force vector and the
displacement vector, in either magnitude-angle or unit-vector notation?
 if multiple forces act on a particle, calculate the net work done by them?
 calculate the work done by varying forces?
 apply the relationship between a particle's kinetic energy, mass, and
speed?
 apply the work-kinetic energy theorem to relate the work done by the
net force and the resulting change in kinetic energy?

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Work done by a force

Work done by a force on an object

work done by a constant force 𝐹Ԧ on an object that is displaced by Δ𝑟Ԧ

When does a force do a positive work on an object?

𝐹 = 23,444 N, opposite the bullet ′ s velocity

𝑎 = 3.01 × 106 m/s2 , 𝑡 = 1.91 × 10−4 s

The speed of the particle increases since W > 0.

Force required to stretch a spring 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥

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