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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
INLAND WATERS,
2ND EDITION
This page intentionally left blank
 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
INLAND WATERS,
2ND EDITION
VOLUME 1

EDITORS IN CHIEF
Thomas Mehner
Vice Director, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Germany

Klement Tockner
Senckenberg Society for Nature Research and Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Elsevier
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EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

Klement Tockner is director general of the Senckenberg Society for Nature

Research and professor for ecosystem sciences at Goethe University, Frankfurt am
Main. He was president of the Austrian Science Fund—FWF (2016–20), full
professor for aquatic ecology at the Free University Berlin (2007–20), and direc-
tor of the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB),
Berlin (2007–16). He received a Ph.D. from the University of Vienna (1993) and
a Titulary Professorship at ETH Zürich (2005).
Klement Tockner is an internationally leading freshwater scientist, in particular
in the research domains biodiversity, ecosystem science, and environmental
management. He has published about 250 scientific papers including 180 ISI
papers. He was editor-in-chief of the journal Aquatic Sciences (2005–2014) and is
subject editor of the journal Ecosystems. He has published about 250 scientific
papers including 180 ISI papers. In 2009, he edited a comprehensive book on
Copyright Peter Kiefer European Rivers (Rivers of Europe, Elsevier; 2nd Edition in 2021). He is elected
member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the German Academy of
Sciences, Leopoldina.

Thomas Mehner is vice director and senior researcher at the Leibniz Insti-
tute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries in Berlin, Germany. He is lim-
nologist and fisheries biologist by training, and has got his Diploma and Ph.D. at
the University of Rostock (formerly East Germany) in 1992. In 1999, he had
received his habilitation and venia legendi in limnology, which allowed him to
start teaching as Privatdozent at universities. Since 1997, he has been working at
IGB in several positions. He has published about 170 ISI papers, with primary
focus on fish communities, lake food webs, and species interactions. However,
his topical interests are broader, and he has authored and co-authored several
publications on freshwater fisheries management, fish population genetics and
evolutionary and behavioral ecology of aquatic organisms. He has been Handling
Editor of the journals “Aquatic Ecology” and “Freshwater Biology” for several years,
and he is currently member of the Editorial Boards of “Global Change Biology”
and “Limnologica.” Since spring 2018, he has been the president of the Interna-
Photo credit: David Ausserhofer tional Society of Limnology (SIL), the oldest and most international scientific
society devoted to the study of inland waters. Thomas Mehner has taught M.Sc.
courses at universities on limnology, fish ecology, fisheries management, and behavior and evolution. His
one-week course on “Scientific Writing” for Ph.D. students has been run at 3 universities and in total 18 times,
with >120 international students participating. He has trained many M.Sc. and Ph.D. students and supervised
their theses, and he is actively mentoring undergraduates, graduates, and post-doc researchers.

v
This page intentionally left blank
EDITORIAL BOARD

Editorial Board Names and affiliations

Damien Bouffard
Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and
Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland

Debbie Chapman
UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute and School of Biological, Earth and
Environmental Sciences, University College, Cork, Ireland

Kendra Spence Cheruveil (she/her/hers)

Lyman Briggs College, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States

Catherine Febria
Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research & Dept. of Integrative Biology,
University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada, Traditional Territory of the Three Fires Confederacy of First Nations

Christian Griebler
University of Vienna, Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, Vienna, Austria

Ken Irvine
Department of Water Science and Engineering (WSE), IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands
and
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands

Wolfgang Junk
National Institute of Science and Technology in Wetlands (INCT-INAU) at the Federal University of Mato Grosso
(UFMT), Cuiaba, Brazil

Gail Krantzberg
Master of Engineering and Public Policy, Booth School of Engineering Practise and Technology, McMaster University,
Hamilton, ON, Canada
adjunct faculty: United Nations University Institute for Water Environment and Health

Marie-Elodie Perga
Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland

LeRoy Poff
Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States

Lars Rudstam
Cornell Biological Field Station, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
United States

vii
viii Editorial Board

Stuart Warner
UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre, Environmental Research Centre, School of Biological, Environmental
and Earth Science, University College, Cork, Ireland

Florian Wittmann
Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
SECTION EDITORS

Damien Bouffard is leader of the aquatic physics lab at Eawag (Switzerland).

He holds a Ph.D. from EPFL (with Ulrich Lemmin). After his Ph.D. he worked in
Canada with Leon Boegman (Queen’s U.), Ram Yerubandi (Environment Can-
ada), and Joe Ackerman (Guelph U.) before returning to Switzerland as first
assistant at EPFL with Alfred (Johny) Wüest. He has published over
70 peer-reviewed papers in aquatic physics and serves as associate editor for
JGLR, AS, and HESS. His program research is focused on two axes: (i) linking
the small-scale turbulence to the large-scale forcing with today a special interest in
convective processes in lakes and (ii) aquatic physics as a tool to understand lake
ecosystems. The later includes the use of 1D and 3D operational hydrodynamic
models such as simstrat.eawag.ch or meteolakes.ch. Bouffard is also involved in
promoting multidisciplinary and high-tech research on lakes, notably as member
of the steering committee of the LéXPLORE floating research platform in Lake
Geneva and in promoting open science in limnology with the web platform
Datalakes-eawag.ch.

Debbie Chapman as a graduate of the University of London, Deborah Chap-

man started her research career as limnologist at the Freshwater Biological Asso-
ciation in the English Lake District. She subsequently became interested in
monitoring the impacts of disposal of sewage sludge on aquatic organism and
the potential for human health impacts from aquatic pollution. In 1986 she
joined the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) Monitoring and
Assessment Research Centre (MARC) in London, participating in the interna-
tional monitoring and assessment activities of UNEP and the World Health
Organization (WHO), and assisting in global environment assessment programs.
In 1988 she became the deputy director of MARC and took responsibility for the
developing country workshops and training program, and global environment
data review and compilation. After moving to Ireland in 1990, she worked as a
freelance Environmental Consultant engaged mostly on international and devel-
oping country projects for WHO, UNEP, and other international organizations.
She has assisted with the compilation of State of the Environment reports and has
contributed to, edited, and produced more than 20 books on water resources and
environmental management, including the internationally successful Water Quality Assessments: A guide to the use
of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring.
In 1998 she joined UCC becoming the first lecturer in Environmental Science and then Head of Environ-
mental Science in 2013. In recent decades her research interests have focused on water resources management,
especially recreational and amenity lakes and reservoirs, developments and current practice in design and
implementation of water quality monitoring programs, and human health risk assessment in relation to the
use of freshwater resources and wastewater disposal. Drawing on 30 years of international experience, in 2015
she established the UNEP Global Environment Monitoring System for Water (GEMS/Water) Capacity Devel-
opment Centre at UCC. This center delivers capacity development activities in water quality monitoring and

ix
x Section Editors

assessment worldwide for UNEP, including support for the Sustainable Development Goal indicator for good
ambient water quality. She retired as director of the center in June 2021 and now acts in an advisory role and as
an independent consultant.

Kendra Spence Cheruvelil is professor of limnology and co-director of the

Data-intensive Landscape Limnology Laboratory at Michigan State University
(MSU) in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife (https://www.canr.msu.edu/
fw/). She is also serving as Interim Dean of the Lyman Briggs College, which is
MSU’s residential college for studying the sciences and maths within their societal
and global contexts (www.lbc.msu.edu). Kendra co-established the discipline of
landscape limnology (https://bigdatalimno.org/research-themes/landscape-
limnology/) and co-leads the LAGOS research program that is creating the
research infrastructure to conduct big-data research on U.S. lakes (https://
lagoslakes.org/). This large, collaborative, and interdisciplinary research program
has been funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and seeks to under-
stand how global changes such as climate change and land use intensification
affect lakes across regions and continents and through time. Dr. Cheruvelil also
pushes the boundaries of how to conduct limnology research by using
Photo by Blythe White
data-intensive science, science of team science, and open science approaches,
tools, and perspectives to answer complex scientific questions. She also has an
active research program to advance diversity and inclusion in the sciences (https://ee-stem.weebly.com/) and
serves as an associate editor for the journals Limnology & Oceanography Letters and Frontiers in Ecology & the
Environment. Prior to joining MSU, Dr. Cheruvelil was a faculty member in the Purdue University system. She
has a dual Ph.D. from MSU in Fisheries & Wildlife and Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior (2004).

Catherine Febria is a Tier 2 Canada Research Chair in Freshwater Restoration

Ecology and assistant professor at the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental
Research (GLIER) & Dept. of Integrative Biology at the University of Windsor. Her
research focuses on the ecology and restoration of small streams and wetlands in
human-impacted landscapes, and the role of small waterways in supporting good
ecosystem health in the Laurentian Great Lakes. She launched her lab—the
Healthy Headwaters Lab—in 2019 and also wears multiple hats as co-director
of the GLIER Organic Analysis & Nutrients Laboratory (a central research facility),
associate director of FishCAST (an NSERC CREATE graduate student training
program in Canada), co-chair of the International Science Advisory Panel for
New Zealand’s Biological Heritage National Science Challenge, coordinating
editor with the journal Restoration Ecology and alumni fellow and contributing
author with the Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and
Photo by Shayenna Nolan
Ecosystem Services (IPBES). She previously held a postdoctoral role at the Uni-
versity of Maryland’s Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (USA), the University of
Canterbury (Aotearoa New Zealand). Her research has been published in the
Science, Nature Geoscience, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Environmental Science & Technology,
and Frontiers in Microbiology, Restoration Ecology, Proceedings of the Royal Society, to name a few. She is co-founder
of the Kindness in Science global initiative, and contributes actively to actions, scholarship and mentorship to
advance justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion in academia.
 Section Editors xi

Christian Griebler is full professor and head of the Limnology unit at the
University of Vienna, Austria. He is a dedicated groundwater ecologist with core
expertise in microbial ecology and biogeochemistry.

Kenneth Irvine has a broad range of multidisciplinary experience working on

aquatic ecology, ecological assessment of surface waters, especially lakes and
wetlands, and policy and related policies and management. After gaining a Ph.
D. in 1987 at the University of East Anglia (U.K.) for a study on trophic ecology of
shallow lakes, he worked for the U.K. Nature Conservancy Council, before
moving to study ecosystem structure of Lake Malawi in Africa. He moved to
Trinity College Dublin in 1994 Ireland. There, he continued work on the African
Great Lakes, as well as building a research group working on ecological assess-
ment in support of the EU Water Framework Directive. In 2011 he moved to IHE
Delft Institute of Water Education, the Netherlands, as chair of Aquatic Ecosys-
tems. Current work focusses on wetlands and capacity development in
Sub-Sahara Africa. Recent work also includes a review of hydromorphology and
links to policy. He currently sits on the Board of the Board of the African Center for
Aquatic Research and Education (ACARE) and on the Scientific Advisory Board of
the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin.

Wolfgang Junk was scientist of the Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, Dep.

Tropical Ecology, Plön during 1970–75.He was scientist of National Amazonian
Research Institute, leader of the Dep. of Hydrobiology and Inland Fishery at
Manaus, Brazil during 1976–79. and leader of the Working Group “Tropical
Ecology” at the Max Planck Institute for Limnology in Ploen, Germany during
1980–2007.He is expertise in ecology and sustainable management of flood-
plains, land-water interactions, wetland classification. His main research areas
arestudies on biomass, primary production, and decomposition of wetland plant
communities; nutrient fluxes between land and water; adaptations of plant and
animals to periodical drought and flooding; ecology of aquatic macrophytes and
fish communities; biodiversity; conceptional considerations on river-floodplain
systems, sustainable management of wetland resources and wetland protection
with emphasis on the Amazon River floodplain and the Pantanal of Mato Grosso,
Brazil. He supervised numerous M.Sc. and Ph.D. students and published more
than 300 peer-reviewed publications, including several books and book chapters
on Amazonian wetlands and the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. He received many
honors, among them the Award of the Grande Cruz (the highest distinction of
Brazil) for exceptional scientific performance, and the Cross of Merit First Class of
the Federal Republic of Germany. He is corresponding member of the Academy
of Sciences of Brazil.
xii Section Editors

Krantzberg is professor and lead for the engineering and public policy in the
School of Engineering Practice and Technology at McMaster University offering
Canada’s first master’s degree in engineering and public policy. Gail completed
her M.Sc. and Ph.D. at the University of Toronto in environmental science and
freshwaters. She worked for the Ontario Ministry of Environment from 1988 to
2001, as coordinator of Great Lakes Programs, and senior policy advisor on Great
Lakes. Dr. Krantzberg was the director of the Great Lakes Regional Office of the
International Joint Commission from 2001 to 2005. In 2007 she was appointed
as an adjunct faculty member of the United Nations University Institute for Water
and Environmental Health and participated in the twinning of the Laurentian
and African Great Lakes (principally Lake Victoria). She has co-authored and
edited 9 books and more than 200 scientific and policy articles on issues pertain-
ing to ecosystem quality and sustainability and is a frequent speaker to media and
the public. Her research interests include investigating Great Lakes governance
capacity, analyzing interjurisdictional co-management arrangements internation-
ally for application to the Great Lakes regime, and methods to better integrate
science and engineering in policy formulation and decision-making.

Marie-Elodie Perga is associate professor of limnology at the University of

Lausanne in Switzerland. Since receiving her Ph.D. from the University of
Savoie-Mont Blanc (France), she has worked at the University of Victoria in
Canada, and the French National Institute for Agronomy and Environment
(France), before moving UNIL.
Because she is a Lindeman’s groupie, her research lies at the interface of
community ecology and biogeochemistry, through lake food webs and carbon
processes. More recently, she added a pint of hydrodynamics with the intent to
bridge physical and biogeochemical mechanisms, especially in alpine and
high-altitude lakes. Her work covers centennial up to minute timescales through
the combination of high-resolution paleo-records and high-frequency data from
autonomous sensors.
She is also involved in promoting high-tech research on lakes, notably as a
member of the steering committee of the LéXPLORE floating research platform in
Lake Geneva, and in connecting science and management through a transdisci-
plinary network involving National Parks in France. She has published over
75 peer-reviewed papers and serves as associate editor for WIRES Water.

N. LeRoy Poff is professor of biology at Colorado State University and holds a

partial appointment as distinguished professor at the University of Canberra,
Australia. Since receiving his Ph.D. in 1989, his research has focused on under-
standing how natural and human-caused hydrologic variability regulates the
interactions among species and the structure and function of riverine ecosystems.
By developing techniques to quantify streamflow variability in ecologically
meaningful terms and using species (functional) traits as generalized, mechanis-
tic response variables, he has been a leader in advancing the field of hydro-
ecology. Through his interdisciplinary and collaborative work, he has contributed
fundamentally to the development of the field of “environmental flows,” which
aims to support sustainable management of streams and rivers at local to regional
to global scales in the face of growing human water demands. His current
interests are on developing better conceptual frameworks and decision support
tools for science-based management of streams and rivers in our current period of
rapid climate and ecological change.
 Section Editors xiii

Lars Rudstam is professor of fisheries and aquatic sciences in the Department

of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University (USA) and the
director of the Cornell Biological Field Station. He has a master’s degree from the
Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison and a Ph.D. from Stock-
holm University, Sweden. Rudstam has published over 250 papers ranging from
lake physics to phytoplankton, zooplankton, mussels, mysids, fish, birds, and
anglers, mostly about processes associated with food web interactions and eco-
system dynamics. He has worked in lakes in North America, Europe, and Asia as
well as the Baltic Sea.

Stuart Warner works with the United Nations Environment Programme with a
focus on helping countries to monitor and assess their freshwaters. He was born
in England, he moved to Ireland in 2001 to work at University College Cork.
Stuart has published in the areas of water quality monitoring and assessment and
citizen science approaches to data collection. He has written reports on the
capacity of countries to understand their freshwaters which highlight the chal-
lenges faced in different world regions. Recent efforts have focused on the
development and implementation of a global water quality indicator, and the
delivery of capacity development targeted at improving freshwater management.
His professional interests include using both traditional and innovative
approaches to understand and protect freshwater ecosystems.

Florian Wittmann is professor for physical geography and head of the Depart-
ment of Wetland Ecology at the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany.
He studied geography, geology, and botany at the Universities of Mannheim and
Heidelberg, got his Ph.D. in physical geography at the University of Mannheim,
and his lecturer qualification at the University of Bayreuth, Germany. He held
post-doc positions at the Max Planck Institutes for Limnology and Chemistry,
Germany, where he was working at the bilateral project between the Max Planck
Society and the National Institute for Amazonian Research in Manaus, Brazil, for
more than 15 years.
His research focuses on neotropical wetlands, with special interest in biogeog-
raphy, plant species distribution, species diversity, forestry and sustainable man-
agement, remote sensing, biomass and primary productivity, and botany and
vegetation ecology. Actually, he teaches at the Institute for Geography and Geoe-
cology of the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany, and in the
post-graduate program of Tropical Ecology—Botany at the National Institute
for Amazon Research—INPA, Manaus, Brazil. He supervised numerous M.Sc.
and Ph.D. students and published more than 150 peer-reviewed publications,
including several books and book chapters on Amazonian wetlands.
This page intentionally left blank
LIST OF ALL CONTRIBUTORS

AO Achieng Ivan Arismendi

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, University of Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences,
Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
Rita Adrian Fabien Arnaud
Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Environment Dynamics and Territories of the Mountain
Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; (EDYTEM), CNRS, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc,
Department of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Chambéry, France
Germany
Angela H Arthington
ZM Ajode Australian River Institute, Griffith University, Nathan,
African Centre for Aquatic Research and Education, Ann QLD, Australia
Arbor, MI, United States
Robert I Arthur
James S Albert Woodhill Solutions, Glyneath House, Longtown,
Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Herefordshire, United Kingdom
Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
Carla L Atkinson
Ellen A Albright Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama,
Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
Madison, WI, United States
JF Atkinson
Joseph H Aldstadt III State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY,
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of United States
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
Christopher Mulanda Aura
Daniel C Allen Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu,
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Kenya
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United
Fabio Bacci
States
The Gables, Carrowpeter, Galway, Ireland
Jessica L Ammerman
Claudio Baigun
SEAL Analytical, Inc., Mequon Technology Center,
Institute of Research and Environmental Engineering
Mequon, WI, United States
(UNSAM-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Alison P Appling
Donald J Baird
U.S. Geological Survey, State College, PA, United States
Environment and Climate Change Canada @ Canadian
Cristian Castro Araya Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New
Rey Curré Community, Rey Curré, Costa Rica Bruswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
Maria Arias-Andres Julia Baird
Universidad Nacional, Instituto Regional de Estudios en Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, Brock
Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Heredia, Costa Rica University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; Department of

xv
xvi List of all Contributors

Geography and Tourism Studies, Brock University, Gilad Bino

St. Catharines, ON, Canada Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth &
Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales,
Leah Barclay
Sydney, NSW, Australia
University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD,
Australia Sebastian Birk
University of Duisburg-Essen, Aquatic Ecology, Essen,
Isabelle C Barrett
Germany
School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand Steffen Birk
Institute of Earth Sciences, NAWI Graz Geocenter,
James Barry
University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Inland Fisheries Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Isabel Bishop
David Bastviken
Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft
Department of Thematic Studies—Environmental Change,
Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands
Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Simone Bizzi
Ramon J Batalla
Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Padua,
Fluvial Dynamics Research Group (RIUS), University of
Italy
Lleida, Lleida, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research
(ICRA), Girona, Spain; Faculty of Forest Science and Alfred Paul Blaschke
Natural Resources, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water
Chile Resources Management, Vienna, Austria; ICC Water &
Health, www.waterandhealth, Austria
Isabell Becker
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Geography Alfred P Blaschke
and Geoecology, Karlsruhe, Germany ICC Water & Health, Vienna, Austria, www.
waterandhealth.at; TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic
Felix Beer
Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna,
Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
Austria
J Ryan Bellmore
Alison J Blyth
U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station,
School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University,
Juneau, AK, United States
Perth, WA, Australia; School of Molecular and Life
Stefan Bertilsson Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
Leon Boegman
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala,
Department of Civil Engineering, Ellis Hall, Queen's
Sweden
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Andrea Bertolo
Matthew J Bogard
Centre de recherche sur les interactions bassins versants -
Department of Biological Sciences, University of
écosystèmes aquatiques (RIVE), Département de Sciences
Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
de l'Environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières,
Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada Jason R Bohenek
Shiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park,
Florian Betz
School of Environment and Natural Resources,
Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Applied Physical
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
Geography, Eichstätt, Germany
United States
Rupesh K Bhomia
Harvey A Bootsma
Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida,
School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-
Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for International
Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
Damien Bouffard
Christopher Bice
Surface Waters—Research and Management, Eawag,
Aquatic Sciences Research Division, South Australian
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology,
Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Adelaide,
Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
Australia
 List of all Contributors xvii

Chris Bradley Ryan M Burrows

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Melbourne–Burnley, Richmond, VIC, Australia
R Braga Martina Bussettini
Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation (LEC), Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technology Research, Rome, Italy
Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil;
Pablo Campo
Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Universidade
Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University,
Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
Cranfield, Bedford, United Kingdom
J Brahney
Marco Cantonati
Department of Watershed Science and Ecology Center,
MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Research & Collections
Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
Department (Limnology & Phycology), Trento, Italy;
Anton Brancelj Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental
National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna,
University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia Bologna, Italy
Donn K Branstrator Luca Carena
University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino,
States Torino, Italy
Ludmila S Brighenti Daren M Carlisle
Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG), United States Geological Survey—Water Mission Area,
Unidade Divinópolis, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil Lawrence, KS, United States
Jill L Brooks Stephanie M Carlson
Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA,
United States
Antony G Brown
University Museum, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Mauro Carolli
Norway; Geography and Environmental Science, University Department Energy Systems, SINTEF Energy Research,
of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom Trondheim, Norway
Bryan L Brown Roser Casas-Mulet
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, TUM School of Life Sciences,
Blacksburg, VA, United States Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany;
Environmental Hydrology and Water Resources Group,
Lee E Brown
Department of Infrastructure Engineering, School of
School of Geography/water@leeds, University of Leeds,
Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC,
Leeds, United Kingdom
Australia
Jacob W Brownscombe
Rachel Cassidy
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United
Sandra Brucet Kingdom
Aquatic Ecology Group, University of Vic—Central
Rowshyra Castañeda
University of Catalonia, Vic, Catalonia, Spain; ICREA,
Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies,
Fisheries and Oceans, Toronto, ON, Canada
Barcelona, Spain
Sara Cathey
Estelle P Bruni
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech,
Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology,
Blacksburg, VA, United States
University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Deborah V Chapman
Greg Bulte
UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre,
Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory,
Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork,
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Lee Rd, Cork Ireland
xviii List of all Contributors

Patricia Charvet Shanice Colley

Universidade Federal da Paraí ba (UFPB), Cidade, Brazil; Institute of Globalization and the Human Condition,
Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação (LEC), Setor de McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental,
Zacchaeus G Compson
Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil;
Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental,
Environmental Research Institute (AERI), University of
Universidade Federal do Paraná (PPGEA—UFPR),
North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
Curitiba, Brazil; Marine Vertebrate Evolution and
Conservation Laboratory (EvolVe) and Programa de Pós- Steven J Cooke
Graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory,
Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Ceará (PPGSis— Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
AP Covich
Emily K Chen University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Christopher B Craft
Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA,
O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs,
United States
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
Kai Chen
Patrick Crill
Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University,
University, Nanjing, P.R. China
Stockholm, Sweden
Victor Chepinoga
Jennifer E Cross
Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Novosibirsk,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
Russia; Department of Botany, Irkutsk State University,
Irkutsk, Russia Joseph M Culp
Cold Regions Research Centre and Department of
Kendra Spence Cheruvelil
Integrative Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo,
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Lyman Briggs
ON, Canada
College, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, David C Culver
United States Department of Environmental Science, American
University, Washington, DC, United States
SR Chipps
U.S. Geological Survey, South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Mark O Cuthbert
Wildlife Research Unit, South Dakota State University, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff
Brookings, SD, United States University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Connected Waters
Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales,
Julie E Claussen
Sydney, NSW, Australia
Fisheries Conservation Foundation, Champaign, IL, United
States Cátia Nunes da Cunha
Cátia Nunes da Cunha National Institute of Science and
Adrienne Clement
Technology in Wetlands (INCT-INAU), Cuiabá, Brazil
Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering,
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Jodie Dabovic
Budapest, Hungary New South Wales Department of Planning, Industry and
Environment (DPIE) Water, Parramatta, NSW, Australia
William H Clements
Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Vanessa Salete Daga
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação (LEC), Setor de
Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental,
Jonathan J Cole
Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, State University of
New York, Millbrook, NY, United States V Daga
Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation (LEC),
Jorge Cole
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technology
Ciudad Universitaria Rodrí go Facio, University of Costa
Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
Rica, San José, Costa Rica
 List of all Contributors xix

Vasilis Dakos D Deslauriers

Institute des Sciences de l’Évolution, Université de Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du
Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France Québec á Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
Christian Damm Patricia Diel
Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute of Geography Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Rastatt,
Jens GP Diller
Germany
Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
Thibault Datry
William A DiMichele
INRAE (French National Research Institute for
Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural
Agriculture, Food and Environment), UR Riverly, Centre
History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United
de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
States
Saugata Datta
Walter K Dodds
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas San
Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
KS, United States
Eva Salas De la Fuente
Martin T Dokulil
FISHBIO, Oakdale, CA, United States
Research Department for Limnology, University of
Liesbeth De Keukelaere Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
VITO NV, Remote Sensing (TAP), Boeretang, Belgium
MT Dokulil
Elvira de Eyto
Jeffrey J Duda
Marine Institute, Newport, Ireland
U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center,
Rafael de Fraga Seattle, WA, United States
Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal,
Jason Earl
Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
Aquatic Sciences Research Division, South Australian
L De Meester Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Adelaide,
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Australia
Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Freie
Cortland F Eble
Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Laboratory of Aquatic
Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky,
Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven,
Lexington, KY, United States
Belgium
Simon Eckerström-Liedholm
BT De Stasio
Wild Animal Initiative, Washington, DC,
Lawrence University, Appleton, WI, United States
United States
Alexandra Dehnhardt
Gregory Egger
Institute for Ecological Economy Research, Berlin,
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Geography
Germany
and Geoecology, Karlsruhe, Germany; University of
Ulrich Deil Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Institute of
Faculty of Biology, Department of Geobotany, University of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management,
Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Vienna, Austria
Amanda G DelVecchia Vittoria Elliott
Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
United States Institution, Washington, DC, United States; WorldFish
Center, CGIAR, Penang, Malaysia
Julia Derx
ICC Water & Health, www.waterandhealth, Austria; TU Holly S Embke
Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin – Madison,
Resources Management, Vienna, Austria Madison, WI, United States
Camille Desjonqueres Monica Emelko
School of Biology University of St Andrews, St Andrews, University of Waterloo, Department of Civil and
United Kingdom Environmental Engineering, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
hartos más son los que enferman
y mueren por la iñorancia ó
malicia de los médicos y
boticarios que los que sanan con
las curas que les hacen y
medicinas que reciben. Y así lo
que dice Salomón, que el Señor
altísimo crió de la tierra la
medicina y el varón prudente no
la aborrecerá, entiéndolo yo por la
buena medicina; pero por lo que
se ha platicado, pocas medicinas
tienen buenas los boticarios, y tan
pocas son las que ordenan bien
los médicos; y así lo mejor sería
que las gentes se curasen todas
como yo he visto á los mismos
médicos cuando están enfermos,
y á sus mujeres y hijos cuando
están malos.
Lerma.—¿Y qué diferencia ha
visto vuesa merced hacer?
Pimentel.—Yo os la diré luego.
Cuando un médico está malo,
jamás le veréis comer ni tener
dieta, á lo menos tan estrecha
como la mandan á los otros
enfermos; no comen lentejas, ni
acelgas cocidas, ni manzanas
asadas, sino muy buenos caldos
de aves y parte dellas con otras
cosas sustanciales. Beben
siempre, aunque tengan
calentura, un poco de vino
aguado, y no del peor que pueden
haber. No permiten sangrarse ni
purgarse, si la necesidad no es
tan grande que vean al ojo la
muerte; á sus mujeres y hijos
cúranlos tan atentadamente, que
siempre dicen que dexan obrar á
la naturaleza, y nunca les dan
purgas ni les hacen sangrías, sino
son en enfermedades agudas y
peligrosas. Pero si uno de
nosotros está un poco mal
dispuesto ó tiene calentura, por
poca que sea, luego receutan
xarabes y purgas y mandan sacar
cien onzas de sangre, con que
recibe el cuerpo más daño que
provecho puede recoger en toda
su vida de los médicos.
Lerma.—La culpa desto tiene la
común opinión del vulgo, porque
si un médico va á visitar tres ó
cuatro veces á un enfermo y no
provee luego en hacer remedios,
tiénenle por iñorante y murmuran
dél, diciendo que no sabe curar ni
hace cosa buena en medicina, y
si no les mandan comer dietas y
estrecharse, parésceles que
aquello es para nunca sanarlos; y
por otra parte, desmándanse á
comer mil cosas dañosas, y
muchas veces por esta causa
estrechamos la licencia, que bien
sabemos que hay pocos
enfermos que no la tomen mayor
que nosotros se la damos, y
acaece á muchos venirles la
muerte por ello. Y á la verdad, los
médicos habrían siempre de
mandar lo que se ha de hacer
puntualmente, y los enfermos
cumplirlo sin salir dello; y lo que
nosotros hacemos con nuestras
mujeres y hijos es porque osamos
aventurarlas, y si la cura fuere
más á la larga, nuestro ha de ser
el trabajo.
D. Gastar.—Si los médicos
teniendo mayor afición y voluntad
para procurar la salud á sus
mujeres é hijos hacen eso con
ellos, lo mismo querría yo que
hiciessen conmigo.
Lerma.—Vuesa merced, que lo
entiende y tiene discreción para
ello, holgaría de que se tuviese
esa orden en sus enfermedades;
pero las otras gentes, á los
médicos que luego receutan y
sangran y purgan y hacen otras
cosas semejantes y experiencias
malas ó buenas, tiénenlos por
grandes médicos y con ello
cobran fama y reputación entre
las gentes.
Pimentel.—Entre las gentes
necias será esto; pero no es
buena razón, señor licenciado,
que miren los médicos ninguna
cosa desas para dexar de cumplir
con lo que son obligados á Dios y
á sus conciencias, y al bien
general y particular de sus
repúblicas; y habrían siempre de
tener cuenta con la necesidad de
los enfermos, y no con el juicio de
las gentes; y cuenta con curar las
enfermedades de manera que de
los remedios que aplican para
sanar las unas no se
engendrasen otras mayores, y
cuenta con que la han de dar á
Dios si usan bien ó mal sus
oficios, y desta manera nunca
errarán en lo que hicieren ni
tendrán de qué ser reprendidos ni
acusados. Pero ¿quién hay que
haga esto?
Lerma.—Algunos habrá, si
vuessa merced manda no
llevarlos á todos por un rasero.
Pimentel.—Si los hay yo no los
veo, y reniego del mejor de
vosotros, como dixo el que araba
con los lobos.
Lerma.—Vámonos, señor
Dionisio, que basta lo que el uno
al otro nos hemos dicho sin
esperar la cólera del señor
Pimentel, que yo le veo en
términos de ponernos á todos
muy presto del lodo.
Pimentel.—Eso será por no
esperarse á oir las verdades.
Dionisio.—¿No bastan las que
nosotros hemos tratado sin que
vuessa merced quiera traer cosas
nuevas? Y si han de ser para
echarnos de aquí por fuerza,
mejor será que nos vamos antes
que oyamos con que nos pese.
Lerma.—Aunque yo quisiese
detenerme, no puedo hacerlo.
Vuessa merced, señor Gaspar,
está mejor, loado Dios, y para el
dolor del hígado se aplicarán
luego los remedios necesarios. Yo
me voy por la botica de Dionisio,
donde dexaré dada la orden en lo
que se hubiese de hacer. No se
beba otra agua sino la de
doradilla, y con tanto, beso las
manos á vuesas mercedes.
D. Gaspar.—No sea esta
visitación para olvidarme tanto
como estos días.
Dionisio.—No será, porque yo
tendré cuidado de ponerlo al
señor licenciado para que venga
muchas veces.
D. Gaspar.—A vos, señor
Dionisio, os pido yo por merced
que vengáis, que no huelgo
menos con vuessa visitación que
con la de cuantos médicos hay en
el mundo.
Dionisio.—Yo lo haré así, y agora
vuestras mercedes me perdonen,
que el licenciado lleva priesa y
quiero seguirle porque no se
agravie, y aun podrá ser que
sospeche que todavía quedamos
murmurando.
Pimentel.—No sería pecado
mortal si la murmuración fuesse
tan verdadera y provechosa como
las passadas.

Finis.
 COLLOQUIO

Entre dos caballeros llamados

Leandro y Florián y un pastor
Amintas, en que se tratan las
excelencias y perfición de la
vida pastoril para los que
quieren seguirla, probándolo
con muchas razones naturales
y autoridades y ejemplos de la
Sagrada Escritura y de otros
autores. Es muy provechosa
para que las gentes no vivan
descontentas con su pobreza,
no pongan la felicidad y
bienaventuranza en tener
grandes riquezas y gozar de
grandes estados.

INTERLOCUTORES

Leandro.—Florián.—Amintas.

Leandro.—Paréceme, señor
Florián, que no es buen camino el
que llevamos; porque agora que
pensábamos salir al cabo deste
monte, entramos en la mayor
espesura, y según veo no se nos
apareja buena noche, pues será
excusado salir tan presto de este
laberinto donde andamos dando
vueltas á una parte y á otra, sin
hallar salida.
Florián.—Culpa es nuestra,
pues quessimos que nos
anocheciese en tierra tan
montañosa, y cuanto más
anduviéremos será mayor el yerro
no sabiendo á qué parte vamos.
Lo mejor será que nos metamos
en una mata destas y
desenfrenando los caballos para
que puedan pacer, passemos lo
que nos queda de la noche
durmiendo, que venido el día
presto podremos aportar á
poblado.
Leandro.—Bien decís; pero á mí
me parece que oigo ladrar
algunos mastines, y sin duda
debe de estar cerca alguna
majada de pastores.
Florián.—Decís la verdad, que
yo también los he oído; por aquí
podremos ir, que el monte está
menos espeso.
Leandro.—No sería malo hallar
alguna cosa que comer, porque
yo os doy mi fe que no voy menos
muerto de hambre que si
hubiesse tres días que no
hubiesse comido bocado.
Florián.—A mí la sed me fatiga,
aunque no lo había dicho; pero
una noche como quiera puede
pasarse.
Leandro.—Mejor sería passarla
bien que mal, si pudiéssemos, y
no hemos traído mal tino, que
veis allí está fuego hecho y un
pastor no poco enzamarrado;
pero doy al diablo estos perros
que assí nos fatigan como si
veniéssemos á hurtalles el
ganado.
Amintas.—Torna aquí,
Manchado, que mala rabia te
mate y lobos te despedacen;
torna aquí; dolos yo á la mala
ventura, que no saben ladrar sino
cuando no es menester.
Leandro.—Buenas noches,
hermano mío.
Amintas.—Salud buena os dé
Dios. ¿Qué venida es ésta por
aquí á tal hora?
Florián.—Mi fe, hermano, no
venimos por nuestra voluntad,
sino por haber perdido el camino,
que toda esta noche hemos
andado perdidos por este monte,
hasta agora que contigo hemos
topado, que no ha sido pequeña
dicha.
Amintas.—Esa yo la he tenido en
haber llegado á mi majada
personas tan honradas, y más y
más si en ella quisiéredes ser mis
huéspedes por esta noche, pues
que á cualquiera parte que
queráis caminar, el pueblo más
cercano está de aquí dos leguas;
y con la grande escuridad que
hace, dificultosamente podréis
atinar allá, aunque yo quisiese
poneros en el camino.
Leandro.—Desa manera forzado
será aceptar tu buena voluntad y
ofrecimiento; pero dinos, ¿por
ventura tienes alguna cosa que
comamos, que lo que nos dieres
te será todo muy bien pagado?
Amintas.—No ha de faltar, si
queréis contentaros con la miseria
de que vivimos los pobres
pastores. Desenfrenad los
caballos para que puedan pacer,
pues hay hierba en abundancia
que suplirá la falta de la cebada,
que para vosotros pan hay con un
pedazo de cecina y esta liebre
que mis mastines por gran
aventura mataron, para la cual
tenía encendido el fuego que veis,
y assí está ya aparejada, y en
lugar del buen vino que solemos
beber en vuestra tierra, habréis
de pasaros con agua que agora
poco ha he traido de una clara y
sabrosa fuente.
Leandro.—Dios te dé buena
ventura, que más nos hartará tu
buena voluntad y gracia que
todos los manjares y vinos del
mundo, y pues que así es,
comencemos á comer, que en
verdad yo estaba medio
desmayado con pensar que esta
noche la habíamos de pasar
como camaleones.
Florián.—Nunca Dios hizo á
quien desamparase, y yo os
prometo que me sabe mejor lo
que como y bebo que si
estuviéssemos en el mejor
banquete que se hace en la corte.
Amintas.—El buen gusto hácelo
el buen apetito y la hambre, que
es la cosa que mayor sabor pone
á los manjares, y así agora no
podrá saberos mal el pan de
centeno de mi convite que tan
buenos bocados os veo dar en él
como si fuesse de trigo y de lo
muy escogido, blanco y regalado.
Florián.—Así me ayuda Dios
que hasta agora yo no había
mirado si era de trigo ó de
centeno, porque me sabe tan
bien, que no tengo cuidado sino
de hartarme.
Amintas.—Si queréis, señores,
leche migada, aquí la tengo en
este cacharro nuevo; bien podéis
comer sin asco, que yo os digo
está bien limpio.
Leandro.—Está tan sabrosa y
tan dulce que ninguna cosa me
ha sabido mejor en mi vida.
Comed della, señor Florián, que
por ventura nunca mejor la
comistes.
Florián.—Assí es la verdad, pero
no comamos tanta que nos pueda
hacer daño.
Leandro.—Bien habéis dicho,
que yo ya estoy satisfecho.
Florián.—Y yo muy bien harto.
Dios dé mucha salud á quien tan
bien nos ha convidado.
Amintas.—Assí haga, señores, á
vosotros, aunque no tenéis de
qué darme gracias, si no es por la
voluntad, que, conforme á ella, de
otra manera fuérades convidados.
Leandro.—Dime, hermano mío,
¿cómo es tu nombre?
Amintas.—Amintas, señor, me
llamo, á vuestro servicio. Mas
decidme, ¿para qué lo
preguntáis?
Leandro.—Lo uno para saber de
quién hemos recebido tan buena
obra, y que cuando se ofreciere
tiempo podamos galardonarte
della, y lo otro para poderte mejor
decir algunas cosas que después
que aquí estamos me han pasado
por el pensamiento.
Amintas.—Cuando alguna buena
obra se hace, ella misma trae
consigo el galardón en ser bien
hecha, assí que yo me doy por
bien pagado si en algo he podido
serviros. En lo demás, decid,
señor, lo que quisiéredes, que
bien aparejado me hallaréis para
oiros.
Leandro.—Pues tan buen
aparejo hallo en ti, hermano
Amintas, para escucharme,
quiérote decir lo que estoy
considerando, y no me tengas á
mal mis razones, porque en el fin
dellas conocerás que todas irán
enderezadas en provecho y honra
tuya; y cuando así no fuere, bien
podré yo engañarme, pero mi
intención será buena, pues quiero
darte en todo el consejo que yo
para mí mesmo tomaría, aunque
por ello me puedas dar la viga
que dicen que está aparejada
para quien lo da á quien se lo
pide.
Amintas.—Aquellos que son
aconsejados mal ó bien, tienen
una gran ventaja, y es que no son
forzados, antes quedan en su
libertad para escoger lo que mejor
les está y les pareciere; que de
otra manera no sería consejo,
sino mandamiento forzoso; así
que los que aconsejan, no
solamente bien, pero aunque sea
mal, han de ser con atención
oídos, porque si el consejo es
bueno pueden y deben los
hombres aprovecharse dél, y si es
malo toman las gentes mayor
aviso para huir el peligro que
consigo trae; aunque para esto yo
confieso que hay necesidad de
muy gran discreción, porque
muchas veces las gentes simples
son engañadas con el consejo de
los maliciosos.
Leandro.—Tienes tanta razón en
lo que dices y tan buenas razones
en lo que hablas, y con tan polido
y gentil estilo te muestras en tu
plática tan prudente, que sólo
esto me mueve á decirte mi
parecer cerca de lo que debrías
hacer de ti y de tu vida; que
según siento traes tan mal
empleada en la soledad de estos
desiertos y montes, y en la
braveza destas montañas, á
donde aun las bestias fieras
parece que de mala voluntad
habitarían. Y para que mejor,
hermano mío Amintas, puedas
entenderme, yo he considerado
que, siendo tú un mancebo al
parecer de veintiuno á veintidós
años, con muy buena disposición
en el cuerpo y tan hermoso de
rostro que andando tratado de
otra manera pocos ó ninguno
habría que te hiciesen ventaja,
assí en gentileza como en
hermosura, teniendo otras gracias
que, según lo que de ti hemos
visto y conocido no deben faltarte,
y sobre todo un buen natural y
juicio claro, dotado de gran
discreción, con sutil y delicado
entendimiento, que lo empleas
tan mal todo ello, que con razón
podrías ser reprendido de los que
te conocen y sienten que podrías
tener mayores y mejores
pensamientos que no los que
muestras andando tras el ganado,
en hábito tan humilde que nunca
serás ni podrás ser más de lo que
agora paresces, que es ser pastor
como los otros pastores. Y
contentándote con la pobreza y
desventura que todos tienen, sin
pretender de pasar más adelante
ni venir á ser más estimado y
temido, habiendo en ti tanta
habilidad y suficiencia, á lo que
hemos visto y conocido, que más
pareces hombre disfrazado que
no criado en el hábito que traes.
Así que, amigo Amintas, lo que
todas las gentes pretenden, que
es el valor de la persona y las
riquezas, por donde vienen á ser
más estimados y tenidos, tú
también lo habías de pretender y
procurar, no teniendo tan gran
descuido para lo que te cumple,
que si tú quieres ponerte en
mudar el hábito y manera de vivir
en que agora andas, yo fiador que
ni te falten aparejos para venir
poco á poco á poner tu persona
en otra manera de vida con que
puedas vivir más honrado y
contento que agora lo estás,
aunque á ti te parezca al contrario
de lo que digo.
Florián.—Todas las mudanzas
son trabajosas, y aunque sean de
mal en bien ó de bien en mejor se
hacen con dificultad, porque la
costumbre se convierte en otra
naturaleza, y assí debe de ser en
Amintas, que aunque conozca
que vuestro consejo, señor
Leandro, es bueno y provechoso,
con estar tan acostumbrado, y por
ventura toda su vida, en el oficio
que agora tiene, dificultosamente
querrá dexarlo, que si él quisiesse
todos le ayudaríamos para
disponer de sí, mudando el hábito
y procurando remediarse por otra
vía más aventajada y
honrosamente.
Amintas.—Conocido he, señores,
la intención con que me habéis
dicho lo que de mi vida os parece,
y que el consejo que me dais es
como de personas que deseáis mi
bien y lo procuraríades cuando en
vuestra mano estuviese, y pues
no os lo puedo servir con las otras
según mi pobreza, agradecéroslo
he siempre con mi voluntad. Pero
muy engañados estáis en lo que
de mí habéis juzgado, porque yo
voy por otro camino muy diferente
del que á vosotros os parece que
siga, y no debéis maravillaros
mirando lo que comúnmente se
dice: que cuantas cabezas hay,
tantos son los pareceres y juicios
diferentes. Vosotros fundáis
vuestra opinión en aquello que
tenéis por mejor y más bien
acertado, porque así está
concebido y determinado en
vuestro entendimiento, y á mí
pónenseme delante otras razones
tan fuertes en lo contrario, que no
me dexan determinar en dexar la
vida que tengo, ni en que tenga
por mejor otra ninguna de las que
las gentes tienen; y si no fuesse
por no cansaros y haceros perder
el sueño, que os será más
provechoso, yo las diría, para que
viésedes que no me faltan
razones, si por ventura con ellas
me engaño, para querer ser
pastor, como lo soy, y no tener en
nada todo lo que el mundo para
valer más me pueda poner
delante.
Leandro.—No podrás, Amintas,
darnos mejor noche que será con
oirlas, que el sueño no nos hace
falta, y pues que descansamos
recostados en esta verde
frescura, por amor de mí te ruego
que prosigas hasta el cabo de tu
plática, que de muy buena gana
escucharemos, para poder
entender qué causas pueden á ti
moverte, fuera de la simpleza que
los otros pastores tienen, para
tener y estimar en mucho la vida
que todos tenemos en poco,
huyendo della con todo nuestro
poder y fuerzas, y que tú por tu
voluntad quieras seguirla,
mostrando tan gran
contentamiento con ella.
Amintas.—Pues que assí lo
tenéis por bien, escuchadme, que
yo las diré y con la mayor
brevedad que pudiere, para que si
os parecieren torpes y mal
fundadas, como salidas de un
entendimiento torpe y grosero, no
recibáis cansancio en
escucharlas, que los pastores á
veces pueden leer cosas que los
ciudadanos, impedidos de sus
tratos y conversaciones, por
ventura no leen, por donde
recogeré en mi memoria algunas
cosas de las que en este yermo á
mis solas he leído acerca deste
propósito de que hablamos.
Florián.—Antes te ruego que las
digas sin dexar ninguna cosa de
lo que te pareciere que hace al
propósito, para que mejor las
entendamos.
Amintas.—Todas las cosas como
las hace y produce la naturaleza
desnudas y con sólo el ser que de
su sustancia tienen son de mayor
perfición que cuando los
accidentes son adquiridos y
postizos, porque parece que la
causa de tener necesidad dellos
arguye aquella cosa ser
imperfecta y querría ser ayudada
con ponerlos en sí, para la
imperfección que en sí sienten. Y
porque mejor me podáis entender,
decidme, señores, ¿qué ventaja
hace una cosa viva, aunque sea
fea y tenga muchos defetos para
parecer bien, á la mesma cosa
pintada, aunque el pintor se
esmere en hacerla y procure
contrahacer naturalmente á la
viva? Y así mesmo ¿qué ventaja
tan grande la de la hermosura
igual al parecer en dos mujeres, si
la una la tiene suya sin poner
cosa ninguna y la otra la tiene
postiza y con afeites y otras cosas
que la ayuden á estar hermosa?
Pues si tomáis las hierbas y flores
que nacen en los campos de
diversos colores y matices,
¿cuánta mayor perfición muestran
en sí que las que están pintadas y
contrahechas? Y dexando aparte
la suavidad de los olores, y la
virtud con que están criadas, en el
parecer les hacen ventaja muy
conocida.
Pareceros ha, señores, que estas
comparaciones van sin propósito
hasta que entendáis el fin para
que las he dicho, el cual es
mostraros que cuanto las cosas
están más cerca y allegadas á lo
que manda y muestra querer la
naturaleza, tanto se podrían decir
que tienen mayor bondad y que
son más perfetas, y con la
perfición más dignas de ser
queridas y seguidas de las
gentes. Todo esto he dicho para
mostraros que, siendo la vida
pastoril, por muchas causas y
razones que para ello hay, más
allegada á la que la naturaleza
quiso como por principal intento y
voluntad que los hombres
seguiéssemos, que os parezca
también que los que la siguen y
se contentan con ella no
solamente no hacen yerro
ninguno, pero que no por esso es
razón que sean tenidos en menos
que los otros hombres que siguen
y andan embebidos en las
riquezas y en los deleites y en las
pompas y honores, que todas son
vanidades del mundo.
Leandro.—No me parece mal
fundamento el que has tomado;
pero yo no veo razón que baste á
probar cómo quiso la naturaleza
más que los hombres anduviesen
guardando ganado que no que
entendiesen en los otros tratos y