Ml8 - Chapter - 3 Unit 3 Pythagorean Relationship
Ml8 - Chapter - 3 Unit 3 Pythagorean Relationship
Ml8 - Chapter - 3 Unit 3 Pythagorean Relationship
Relationship
Many board games and puzzles include
squares and triangles in their design.
Checkers, chess, and SCRABBLE® have
game boards made of squares. The game
called Playing Leader, includes both squares
and triangles in its game board design.
Squares and triangles are also important
geometric figures in construction, art, and
mathematics. There are many connections
between squares and triangles in
mathematics. In previous math courses,
you have discovered some connections
between these two shapes.
76 NEL • Chapter 3
Key Words
• prime factorization • hypotenuse
• perfect square • Pythagorean
• square root relationship
Literacy Link
You can use a Verbal Visual Chart (V VC) to
help you learn and remember new terms.
Copy the blank V VC into your math journal
or notebook and use it for the term square.
• Write the term in the first box.
• Draw a diagram in the second box.
• Define the term in the third box. The
glossary on pages 517–521 may help you.
• In the fourth box, explain how you will
remember the term and what it means.
Consider using an example, a characteristic,
a memory device, or a visual.
Term Diagram
Chapter 3 • NEL 77
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78 NEL • Chapter 3
MATH LINK
Game Design
Playing Leader is a peg board game. The board design for Playing
Leader includes squares and triangles. In this game, two players
• Playing Leader board
compete against each other. One player controls 13 green pegs and • coloured counters
the opponent controls the leader peg, which is a different colour. All of
the pegs start at the top of the board and are moved one hole at a time
along the lines on the board. The 13 green pegs may be moved left,
right, or down. The leader peg may be moved left, right, up, or down.
The green pegs try to surround the leader peg so that it cannot move
to another position. The leader peg tries to capture all of the green
pegs or advance to the
bottom of the board. The
leader peg captures a
green peg by jumping
over it to an empty space.
Captured pegs are
removed from the board.
Web Link
Use a copy of the Playing
For more information
Leader board to help about the game of
answer the following Playing Leader, go to
questions. www.mathlinks8.ca
and follow the links.
1. Show how to place the
13 green pegs and one
leader peg in such a way that the leader peg cannot move.
2. Moving one space at a time, what is the maximum number of
moves you can make with one peg in a straight line vertically?
3. How many squares can you count on the board that do
not overlap?
4. What words could you use to describe the triangles on
the board, for example, isosceles, equilateral, scalene,
acute, right, obtuse? Draw and label the triangle(s) to
show why you used the words you did.
Digital rights not available.
5. The horizontal or vertical distance between two peg
holes is 5 cm. Determine the area of the game board in
two different ways.
Compare your answers with those of a classmate.
At the end of the chapter, you will design a new board
game that includes triangles and squares in the design.
Focus on…
After this lesson, you
will be able to...
φ determine the
square of a whole
number
φ determine the
square root of a
perfect square
The Pythagoreans were members of an academy of study that
existed 2500 years ago. They created square numbers by arranging
pebbles in equal numbers of rows and columns. Nine pebbles could
be arranged in three rows and three columns. Nine is a square
Literacy Link number because 3 × 3 = 9. The picture shows the first four square
A square number is numbers that the Pythagoreans found: 1, 4, 9, and 16. How can you
the product of the determine the next square number?
same two numbers.
3 x 3 = 9, so 9 is a
square number.
A square number is Pythagoras (about 580–500 B.C.E.) was the leader of a group of academics called
also known as a the Pythagoreans. They believed that patterns in whole numbers could help
perfect square. A explain the universe.
number that is not
a perfect square is
called a non-perfect
square.
80 NEL • Chapter 3
2. Try to rearrange the tiles in each
rectangle to make a square.
a) Which rectangles can you
make into squares?
b) What is the side length of
each square?
c) How is the area of each
square related to its
side length?
82 NEL • Chapter 3
Example 2: Determine the Square of a Number
Determine the area of a square picture with a side length of 13 cm.
Solution
A = s2 13 cm
Strategies
A = 132
Draw a Diagram
A = 13 × 13
A = 169 13 cm
The area is 169 cm2.
area of a square = side length × side length
A=s×s Literacy Link
A = s2
You can write
a repeated
multiplication
like 13 × 13
Determine the area of a square with a side length of 16 mm. as a square:
13 × 13 = 132.
132 is read as
thirteen squared.
Example 3: Determine the Square Root of a Perfect Square
Edgar knows that the square case for his computer
game has an area of 144 cm2. What is the side length
of the case?
144 cm2
Solution
Method 1: Use Inspection
To find the side length, determine what positive number square root
when multiplied by itself equals 144. • a number that when
12 × 12 = 144 ____ multiplied by itself
The square root of 144 is 12, or √144 = 12. equals a given value
The side length is 12 cm. • 6 is the square root of
36 because 6 × 6 = 36
Method 2: Use Guess and Check
Find the positive value for the blank boxes. Literacy Link
× = 144 Reading Square
Roots
10 × 10 = 100 Too low
The symbol for __
13 × 13 = 169 Too high root is √ .
square __
12 × 12 = 144____ Correct! √
Read 9 as the
12 = √144 square root of 9,
The side length is 12 cm. square root 9, or
root 9.
84 NEL • Chapter 3
1. Explain how to square the number 7.
3. The factors of 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 36. Use words and/or
diagrams to explain how you know which factor is the square root of 36.
For help with #5 to #8, refer to Example 1 on For help with #9 to #12, refer to Example 2 on
page 82. page 83.
5. a) Determine the prime factorization of 4. 9. What is the area of a square with each
b) Is 4 a perfect square? Explain. side length?
c) Draw the square and label its side a) 10 b) 16
length.
10. Determine the area of a square with each
6. A rectangle has an area of 64 m . 2 side length.
a) Determine the prime factorization a) 20 b) 17
of 64.
11. What is the square of each number?
b) Is 64 a perfect square? Explain.
a) 9 b) 11
c) Draw a square with that area and label
its side length.
12. Determine the square of each number.
7. Write the prime factorization of each a) 3 b) 18
number. Identify the perfect squares.
a) 42 b) 169 c) 256 For help with #13 to #16, refer to Example 3 on
pages 83–84.
8. Determine the prime factorization of each 13. What is the side length
number. Which numbers are perfect of the square shown? 49 mm2
squares?
a) 144 b) 60 c) 40
area of rectangle = area of square 23. A helicopter landing pad has a square
shape. The area is 400 m2. Use prime
a) What is the area of the rectangle? factorization to find the side length of
b) What is the side length of the square? the pad.
86 NEL • Chapter 3
d) How many times as large as the original
side length is the enlarged side length?
24. The first three triangular numbers are e) Use what you know about the square
1 3 6
root of a perfect square to identify the
relationship between the numbers in
parts c) and d).
MATH LINK
Chess is played on a square board. The board is made
up of 32 white squares and 32 dark squares.
42 cm
You decide to make your own chessboard. You are going to cut the board
out of the 42 cm x 50 cm piece of wood shown. 50 cm
Each square on the board will have whole number side lengths. The chess pieces fit on squares that
are no smaller than 9 cm2. What are all of the possible dimensions that your board could have?
Right triangles are found in art, construction, and many other objects.
The sail for this sailboat is a right triangle. What makes this shape so
special? You will explore some important properties of right triangles
in this lesson.
88 NEL • Chapter 3
3. Copy the table below into your notebook.
Side Angle Area of Right Literacy Link
Length Opposite the Square Triangle? Right Triangle
Side (cm) Side (°) (cm2) (yes/no) A right triangle has a
a 6 37 right angle (90°). The
right angle may be
Triangle 1 b 8
marked with a small
c 10 square.
a 5 The two shorter sides
that form the right
Triangle 2 b 7 angle are called the
c 10 legs. The longest side
a 5 25 is called the
hypotenuse .
Triangle 3 b 144
hypotenuse
c 169
leg
Solution
a) p = 3 cm q = 4 cm r = 5 cm
A = 32 A = 42 A = 52
A=9 A = 16 A = 25
The area is 9 cm2. The area is 16 cm2. The area is 25 cm2.
d) The sum of the areas of the squares attached to legs p and q equals
the area of the square attached to hypotenuse r.
Pythagorean
For a right triangle with legs p and q and hypotenuse r, p2 + q2 = r2.
relationship
• the relationship
between the lengths The sides of a right triangle are 9 cm, 12 cm, and 15 cm.
of the sides of a right
triangle a) Sketch a picture of the triangle. Draw a square on each side
• The sum of the areas of the triangle.
of the squares b) What is the area of each square?
attached to the legs of
a right triangle equals c) Write an addition statement using the areas of the three squares.
the area of the square
attached to the
hypotenuse.
90 NEL • Chapter 3
Solution
Web Link
a) 5 × 5 = 25 7 × 7 = 49 9 × 9 = 81
To learn more about
the Pythagorean The area is 25 cm2. The area is 49 cm2. The area is 81 cm2.
relationship, go to
www.mathlinks8.ca b) Calculate the sum of the areas of the two smaller squares.
and follow the links. 25 + 49 = 74
The sum of the areas is 74 cm2. The sum does not equal the
Literacy Link area of the large square. 74 cm2 ≠ 81 cm2
The symbol ≠ means The triangle is not a right triangle.
“is not equal to.”
289 cm2
2. A triangle has side lengths of 7 cm,
11 cm, and 15 cm. Explain how you
64 cm2
can determine whether or not it is a
right triangle.
p
3. For the triangle shown, Kendra wrote r
the Pythagorean relationship as
r2 = p2 + q2. Is she correct? Explain. q
25 cm2 4 cm
3 cm
?
2 cm
144 cm2
169 cm2 b) Is this triangle a right triangle? Explain.
92 NEL • Chapter 3
13. A small triangular flower bed has a square
stepping stone at each of its sides. Is the
12. Use the Pythagorean relationship to find flower bed in the shape of a right triangle?
the unknown area of each square. Explain your reasoning.
a)
b)
14. Show whether each triangle in the table
576 mm2
is a right triangle.
Triangle Side Lengths (cm)
100
A 9, 12, 15
mm2
B 7, 8, 11
mm2 C 7, 24, 25
D 16, 30, 34
E 10, 11, 14
c)
15. Construction workers have begun to dig
a hole for a swimming pool. They want
cm2 to check that the angle they have dug is
90°. They measure the diagonal as shown
to be 9.5 m. Is the angle 90°? Explain
90 cm2
your reasoning.
25 cm2 8m
?
6m
d)
cm2
16. Baldeep is building a wooden box for
12 cm2 storing coloured pencils. The box will have
rectangular sides that are 12 cm wide and
20 cm long. Show how Baldeep can be sure
12 cm2 the sides are rectangular, without using
a protractor.
28 cm
Literacy Link
area of a circle = π r 2
MATH LINK
Identify the right triangle and three squares that complete this Pythagorean puzzle.
6 cm
#3 #7
4 cm #5 #8
41 cm2 C
5 cm 25 cm2
6 cm
A D
5 cm
#2
#6 5 cm
#1 5 cm B #9
6 cm 62 cm2
50 cm2 5 cm #4
4 cm #10
16 cm2
94 NEL • Chapter 3
Estimating Square Roots
Focus on…
After this lesson, you
will be able to...
φ estimate the
square root of a
number that is not
a perfect square
φ identify a number The picture shows three tatami mats that are used in judo. Can
with a square root you think of a way to estimate the side length of the middle mat?
that is between
two given
numbers
2. What are the side lengths of the smallest and largest mats?
Explain how you calculated these dimensions.
0 1 2 4 5 6 8 9
4. Use the number line to estimate the side length for the middle mat.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
a) What is a reasonable estimate for the side length of the pool? Use
perfect squares to estimate. Give your answer to one decimal place.
b) Use a calculator to approximate the side length of the pool, to the
nearest tenth of a metre. Compare your estimate in part a) with the
calculator’s approximate answer.
Solution
a) The side length of the pool is the square root of 7. Strategies
Estimate and Check
The perfect squares on either side of 7 are 4 and 9.
Since 7 is closer to 9, the square root of 7 is closer
to the square root of 9.
√4 √7 √9
2 2.5 3
__
9 =3
√__
√7 will be a bit less than 3.
A reasonable estimate is 2.7 m. This value is an approximation.
The decimal portion of the exact answer
b) Approximate the square root of 7. continues forever. The calculator can
display only ten digits.
C 7 √⎯ 2.645751311 The square of the approximation shows
The answer to the nearest tenth that it is not an exact answer:
of a metre is 2.6 m. 2.6457513112 = 6.999999999658218721
≈7
This answer is very close to the
estimate of 2.7 m.
For each of the following, use perfect squares to estimate the square
root to one decimal place. Check your answer with a calculator.
___ ___ ___
a) √18 b) √23 c) √35
96 NEL • Chapter 3
Example 2: Identify a Number With a Square Root Between
Two Numbers
a) What is a whole number that has a square root between 6 and 7?
b) How many whole numbers can you find that have a square root
between 6 and 7? Show your work.
Solution
a) Determine the square of 6.
62 = 36
Determine the square of 7.
72 = 49
Draw a number line.
√36 √ √49
6 7
Check:
C 40 √⎯ 6.32455532
6.32455532 is between 6 and 7.
40 is a possible answer.
b) The possible answers are all of the whole numbers larger than
36 and smaller than 49:
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48
There are 12 whole numbers that have square roots between 6 and 7.
___
1. Explain how to estimate √28 to one decimal place
without using a calculator. Compare your answer
with a classmate’s.
98 NEL • Chapter 3
11. The square has an area of 20 cm2.
9. What are all possible whole numbers that 13. Stella is planning an outdoor wedding. She
have a square root between 4 and 5? would like a square dance floor with an
area of 115 m2.
a) Determine the side length of the dance
floor, to the nearest tenth of a metre.
10. Kai uses an entire can of paint b) Stella finds out that the dance floor will
on a square backdrop for the be made up of floorboards that each
school play. The label on the measure 1 m2. What are the two side
can states that one can covers lengths the dance floor can have that
27 m2 of wall surface. Estimate are closest to what she wants?
the backdrop’s side length, to c) What are the two square areas for the
one decimal place. dance floor that Stella can choose from?
d) Which area will Stella choose? Explain.
MATH LINK
You have created a mini peg board game
called Mind Buster. The square game board
Box A 11.3 cm Box B 11.3 c m
has a base area of 134 cm2. You go to the
store to get a box for storing the game. You
find five boxes with the base dimensions 11.3 cm 11.9 cm
shown.
a) Identify which boxes can store the game Box C 11.7 cm Box D 11.7 cm Box E 11.9 cm
board. Explain.
b) Which box would you choose? Why?
11.4 cm 11.6 cm 11.9 cm
Solution b = 10 m
b = 16 cm q = 30 m
6 cm diagonal 6m
8 cm
12 m
17 cm
cm
7 cm 2
A
5 cm
0 2 4 6 x
10 mm 10 mm
8 mm
5 mm
7 mm
12 mm
5 cm
A
MATH LINK 5 cm
For each of the following questions, express your answer to the
nearest tenth of a centimetre. C
2. a) What do you think the expression “as the crow flies” means?
b) How much farther does Sam travel than the crow? Show your
method.
boat ramp B
Solution
a) The two roads leading from the boat ramps
make the legs of a right triangle. The distance
by canoe is the hypotenuse.
Let d represent the distance by canoe. Strategies
Use the Pythagorean relationship. Solve an Equation
d 2 = 15002 + 8002
d 2 = 2 250 000 + 640 000 Strategies
d 2 = 2 _________
890 000 What other method
d = √2 890 000 could you use to
d = 1700 solve this problem?
The distance by canoe is 1700 m.
Solution
Strategies
Draw a Diagram 41 cm
30 cm
?
Strategies 30 cm
What other method
could you use to
solve this problem?
Use the Pythagorean relationship to determine whether the triangle
is a right triangle.
Determine whether the sum of the areas of the two smaller squares
equals the area of the large square.
Left Side: Right Side:
302 + 302 = 900 + 900 412 = 1681
= 1800 The area of the large square is
The sum of the areas of the 1681 cm2.
two smaller squares is 1800 cm2.
1. Use an example from real life to explain how you can apply
the Pythagorean relationship to calculate distance.
km
12. Sarah has a vegetable garden in the shape
of a right triangle. She wants to put
fencing all around it to keep the rabbits Port Cassett
away. 14. The red square has a perimeter of 40 mm
a) What total length of fencing does she and the green square has an area of
need? Give your answer to the nearest 4 mm2. What is the shortest distance
hundredth of a metre. between A and B? Give your answer to
b) If fencing costs $2/m, what will be the the nearest tenth of a millimetre.
total cost of the fencing? B
MATH LINK
The diagram shows the rough plans for a board game designed for
a toy manufacturer. The board is composed of a square and four
identical right triangles. Complete the plans by answering the
following questions. Give your answers to the nearest tenth of a
centimetre where appropriate.
a) If the central square has an area of 225 cm2, what is the perimeter
of the game board? Show how you know.
b) The game will be packaged in a box with a square base.
Determine the minimum diagonal length of the base of the box.
a) 6 b) 11 c) 25
3.3 Estimating Square Roots, pages 95–100
7. Determine each square root.
___ 12. Cliffmount School is creating invitations
a) √49 for its 50th anniversary celebration. There
____
b) √256 are three possible designs.
___________
c) √100 000 000 Cliffmount
Cliffmount School
Cliffmount School
You are School
You are invited
invited to
You are invited
8. Lisa needs at least 17 m2 to our 50th our 50th
to our 50th
anniversary anniversary
of fabric to make curtains. 4m
celebration!
celebration!
anniversary
celebration!
Is this square piece of fabric
25 cm2
large enough? Show cm2
36 cm2
your work.
a) What is a possible whole number area
for the middle invitation?
√1 √4 √9 √16 D F
−2
1 2 3 4
___
a) What is an estimate for √10 ? Give a) What is the length of the hypotenuse
your answer to one decimal place. in ABC? in DEF?
__
b) Is √6 closer to 2 or 3? Explain. b) What is the perimeter of DEF?
c) A calculator shows that the
approximate square root of a certain
whole number is 3.61. What is a 3.5 Applying the Pythagorean Relationship,
reasonable value for this whole pages 106–111
number? Explain. 16. A 4-m ladder is being used
for a production of Romeo
and Juliet. The bottom of
3.4 Using the Pythagorean Relationship, the ladder will be placed
pages 101–105 1 m from the base of Juliet’s
3.9 m
14. Find the missing side length of house. Will the ladder reach
each triangle. the window? Show your
a) work.
22 m2
17 m
A 4 m2 B 14 m2
15 m
C 16 m2 D 28 m2
___ 10. a) Identify a whole number that has its
5. The value of √51 is closest to which square root between 7 and 8.
whole number?
b) How many whole numbers have a
A 7 B 8 square root between 7 and 8? Identify
C 49 D 51 these whole numbers.
WRAP IT UP!
Create a game of your own. Include squares and right
triangles in the game board. Write rules for your game.
The design of your board or the way you play your
game needs to cover the following concepts:
• calculating the square of a number
• calculating the square root of a perfect square
• estimating the square root of a non-perfect square
• using the Pythagorean relationship to determine
if a triangle is a right triangle
• determining the missing side length of a right
triangle
Show how you have covered the concepts.
Carpenters are well known for their skill in mental math. By studying
the blueprint of a house plan, they are able to build many parts of the
house such as walls, floors, and stairs.
ir
str
ing
er
total run