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Built-ins
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

print(5) prints the

Prints the value
1 print print 1 2 number 5 to the
to the screen.
screen.

Adds two
2 + addition 1 3 2 + 3 has the value 5.
numbers.

Subtracts the
3 - subtraction 1 3 rst number by 3 - 1 has the value 2.
the second.

Multiplies two 4 * 3 has the value

4 * multiplication 1 3
numbers. 12.

12 / 3 has the value

Divides the
4.0 since division
5 / division 1 3 rst number by
always results in a
the second.
oating point number.

Used on one
value, does not
6 + unary plus 1 3 + 3 has the value 3.
change the
number.

Used on one
7 - negation 1 3 value, negates - 3 has the value -3.
the number.

Calculates the
quotient when
20 // 7 has the value
the rst
8 // quotient 1 3 2, since the integer part
number is
of 20 divided by 7 is 2.
divided by the
second.

Calculates the
remainder 20 % 7 has the value
when the rst 6, since the remainder
9 % remainder 1 3
number is when dividing 20 by 7
divided by the is 6.
second.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Raises the rst

number to the 2 ** 3 has the value
10 ** exponentiation 1 3 power of the 8, since it is the cube of
second 2.
number.

import math can be

Used to import
11 import import 2 3 used to import the
a module.
math module.

The math
module. After the math module
Contains is imported,
12 math math module 2 3 functions and math.sqrt and other
constants functions and
relating to constants can be used.
math.

After the math module

Determines the is imported,
square root of math.sqrt(4) has the
13 sqrt square root 2 3 the input. In value 2.0, since taking
the math the square root always
module. results in a oating
point number.

After the math module

The constant
is imported, the
14 pi pi 2 3 (\pi). In the
constant can be
math module.
accessed as math.pi.

Used with the

input
__builtins__
(to list all built-
ins), a value (to Using dir(9) results in
15 dir directory 2 3 list all built-ins all functions that can
applicable to be used on 9.
that value), or a
module (to list
all contents of
the module).

Used to import
After using from math
import a single a single
from math import sqrt one can
16 function or 2 3 function or
import use sqrt instead of
constant constant from
math.sqrt.
a module.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Uses the rst

input as the
base and the
second as the
exponent. pow(2, 3) has the
There are two value 8 and
17 pow exponentiation 2 3
versions. The math.pow(2, 3) has
version in the the value 8.0.
math module
always returns
a oating point
number.

Produces the
abs(-3.4) has the
18 abs absolute value 2 3 absolute value
value 3.4.
of the input.

The docstring for abs

has the lines
Prints the
abs(number) ->
19 __doc__ documentation 2 3 docstring. Uses
number and Return
dot notation.
the absolute value
of the argument..

Prompts the The function call

user to type a input("Enter your
20 input user input 2 4 value. The age:") prompts the
optional string user for input with
is the prompt. "Enter your age:".

The value of type(5) is

Produces the
<class
21 type determine type 2 4 type of the
'int'>, indicating
input.
that 5 is an integer.

Makes an
integer,
oating point
number, or The values of
make into
22 int 2 4 string (if an int(5.3) and
integer
integer in int("5") are both 5.
quotation
marks) into an
integer.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Makes an
integer,
oating point
number, or The values of
make into string (if a float(5) and
23 float 2 4
oating point number in float("5") are both
quotation 5.0.
marks) into a
oating point
number.

Makes a The values of str(5)

make into number or a and str(5.0) are the
24 str 2 4
string string into a strings "5", and "5.0",
string. respectively.

The values of
Produces the
length("") and
25 len length 2 7 length of a
length("cat") are 0
string.
and 3, respectively.

Produces the The value of "cat"[1]

character in is "a", since the rst
26 [i] index 2 7
position i of a position is at index
string. zero.

Produces the
string formed The value of "hot" +
27 + concatenation 2 7 by gluing "dog" is the string
together the "hotdog".
input strings.

Produces the
string formed
by repeatedly
repeated The value of 2 * "no"
28 * 2 7 gluing the
concatenation is "nono".
input with
copies of the
input.

Produces a
substring from
positions a up The value of "hotdog"
29 [a:b] slice 2 7
to but not [2:5] is "tdo".
including
position b.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Produces a
string with all
lower-case
The value of
letters
30 upper upper case 2 8 "Ha!".upper() is
replaced by
"HA!".
upper-case
letters. Uses
dot notation.

Produces a
string with all
upper-case
The value of
letters
31 lower lower case 2 8 "Ha!".lower() is
replaced by
"ha!".
lower-case
letters. Uses
dot notation.

Produces the
The values of
integer
math.ceil(2),
reached by
math.ceil(1.2), and
32 ceil ceiling 2 8 pushing up to
math.ceil(-1.2) are
the ceiling. In
2, 2, and -1,
the math
respectively.
module.

Produces the The values of

integer math.floor(2),
reached by math.floor(1.2),
33 floor oor 2 8 pushing down and
to the oor. In math.floor(-1.2)
the math are 2, 1, and -2,
module. respectively.

Produces the The values of

integer formed math.trunc(2),
by cutting o math.trunc(1.2),
34 trunc truncation 2 8 all digits after and
the decimal math.trunc(-1.2)
point. In the are 2, 1, and -1,
math module. respectively.

If the value of a
The Boolean
35 True true 5 3 Boolean is not True, it
constant True.
must be False.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

If the value of a
The Boolean
36 False false 5 3 Boolean is not False, it
contant False.
must be True.

Produces True
when at least
The value of True or
37 or or 5 3 one smaller
False is True.
expression is
True.

Produces True
when both
The value of True and
38 and and 5 3 smaller
True is True.
expressions
are True.

Produces True
when the value
The value of not True
39 not not 5 3 is False and
is False.
False when the
value is True.

Produces True
when the rst
input has a The value of 3 < 2 is
40 < less than 5 3
value less than False.
the second
input.

Produces True
when the rst
input has a The value of 5 > 2 is
41 > greater than 5 3
value greater True.
than the
second input.

Produces True
when the rst
less than or input has a The value of 3 <= 3 is
42 <= 5 3
equal to value less than True.
or equal to the
second input.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Produces True
when the rst
input has a
greater than or The value of 5 >= 10 is
43 >= 5 3 value greater
equal to False.
than or equal
to the second
input.

Produces True
when the rst
input has a The value of 1 == 0 is
44 == equals 5 3
value equal to False.
the second
input.

Produces True
when the rst
input has a The value of 2 != 2 is
45 != not equals 5 3
value not equal True.
to the second
input.

Produces True
when the rst
and second
For a variable num, the
input are at the
46 is is 5 3 value of num is num is
same memory
True.
address.
Syntax is a is
b.

Produces True
when the rst
and second
input are not at The value of a is not
47 is not is not 5 3 the same b is True whenever a
memory is b is False.
address.
Syntax is a is
not b.

Produces the
code point
code point The value of ord("A")
48 ord 5 3 corresponding
from character is 65.
to the input
character.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Produces the
character
character from The value of chr(65) is
49 chr 5 3 corresponding
code point "A".
to the input
code point.

Produces True
if the input
The value of
string is made
50 isalpha letter check 5 3 "Cat".isalpha() is
up of letters.
True.
Uses dot
notation.

Produces True
if the input
string is made The value of
lower case
51 islower 5 3 up of lower- "cat".islower() is
check
case letters. True.
Uses dot
notation.

Produces True
if the input
string is made The value of
upper case
52 isupper 5 3 up of upper- "CAT".isupper() is
check
case letters. True.
Uses dot
notation.

Produces True
if the input
The value of
string is made
53 isdigit digit check 5 3 "123".isdigit() is
up of digits.
True.
Uses dot
notation.

Produces True
if the input
string is made The value of "
54 isspace space check 5 3
up of blank ".isspace() is True.
spaces. Uses
dot notation.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Results in an Running a program

assertion error containing the line
if the Boolean assert 1 == 0, "No
55 assert assertion 7 7
expression way" results in an
after assert is assertion error with the
not True. message "No way".

The value of len([1,

Produces the 2, 3]) is 3, since the
56 len list length 9 2
length of a list. number of items in the
list is 3.

Produces the The value of [1, 2,

item in 3][1] is 2, since 2 is
57 [i] index 9 2
position i of a the item in position 1 of
list. the list.

Produces the
The value of [0, 1] +
list formed by
58 + concatenation 9 2 [2, 3] is the list [0,
gluing together
1, 2, 3].
the input lists.

Produces the
list formed by The value of [3, 4] *
repeatedly 2 is [3, 4, 3, 4], as
repeated
59 * 9 2 gluing the it is formed by
concatenation
input with concatenating two
copies of the copies of [3, 4].
input.

Produces a list The value of [6, 7,

from positions 8, 9][1:3] is [7, 8],
60 [a:b] slice 9 2 a up to but not as it is formed of the
including items in positions 1
position b. through 2.

Produces the
minimum item
The value of min([4,
61 min minimum 9 3 in the list. The
3, 6]) is 3.
input list does
not change.

Produces the
maximum item
The value of max([4,
62 max maximum 9 3 in the list. The
3, 6]) is 6.
input list does
not change.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Produces the
number of
times the input The value of [8, 7,
item appears 8, 9].count(8) is 2,
63 count count 9 3 in the input list. since the value 8
Uses dot appears two times in
notation. The the list.
input list does
not change.

Produces the
smallest index
of a position
containing the
The value of [8, 9,
input item in
64 index search 9 3 7].index(9) is 1,
the input list.
since 9 is in position 1.
Uses dot
notation. The
input list does
not change.

Produces True
if the item is in The value of 9 in [8,
65 in membership 9 3
the list. Syntax 9, 7] is True.
is a in b.

Produces a
new list
containing the
The value of
items of the
66 list new list 9 3 list("ape") is ["a",
input as items.
"p", "e"].
The input list
does not
change.

Produces a
new list with
the input items The value of
67 sorted sorted 9 3 in sorted sorted([6, 3, 5])
order. The is [3, 5, 6].
input list does
not change.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Mutates the For a variable seq with

input list by value [1, 2], using
appending the seq.append(3)
68 append append 9 3
input item to results in seq
the end of the becoming the list [1,
list. 2, 3].

Mutates the
For a variable seq with
input list by
value [7, 8, 7],
removing the
using seq.remove(7)
69 remove remove 9 3 rst
results in seq
occurrence of
becoming the list [8,
the input item
7].
from the list.

For a variable seq with

Mutates the
value [7, 8, 7],
input list by
using seq.insert(2,
70 insert insert 9 3 inserting at the
9) results in seq
input index the
becoming the list [7,
input item.
8, 9, 7].

For a variable seq with

Mutates the value [4, 2, 3],
input list by using seq.sort()
71 sort sort 9 3
sorting the results in seq
items. becoming the list [2,
3, 4].
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Produces an
immutable
sequence of
integers
starting at
start and
stopping
before stop at
intervals of
step. Input The value of range[3,
order is 9, 2] is a structure
72 range range 10 2
(start, with the values 3, 5,
stop, step). and 7.
If step is
missing, its
default value is
1. If both step
and stop are
missing, their
default values
are 1 and 0,
respectively.

Produces a list
of strings from The value of "a b
73 split split 10 8 an input string. c".split() is ['a',
Uses dot 'b', 'c'].
notation.

To create a class
Oyster, the rst line
should be class
Creates a new
74 class class de nition 11 2 Oyster: and the
class.
second line, indented,
should have the
docstring.

Produces True
The value of
if the rst input
isinstance(eye,
(an object) is a
75 isinstance instance check 11 2 Circle) is True if we
member of the
have created an object
second input (a
eye of type Circle.
class).
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Produces True
if the rst input The value of
(an object) has hasattr(eye,
an attribute "colour") is True if
76 hasattr attribute check 11 2
with the the object eye is of a
second input (a type with attribute
string) as its colour.
name.

Used with an
class name as Using dir(Circle)
77 dir directory 11 2 input to show shows contents of the
contents of a class Circle.
class.

Contains
To load the copy
functions
78 copy copy module 11 3 module, use import
related to
copy.
copying.

To create a copy of an
object eye, use
Makes a
copy.copy(eye). If
shallow copy.
79 copy copy function 11 3 the object contains
In the copy
other objects, those
module.
objects will not be
copied.

To create a copy of an
Makes a deep object eye in which all
deep copy
80 deepcopy 11 3 copy. In the objects within it are
function
copy module. also copied, use
copy.deepcopy(eye).

The value of len((1,

Produces the
2, 3)) is 3, since the
81 len tuple length 12 3 length of a
number of items in the
tuple.
tuple is 3.

Produces the The value of (1, 2,

item in 3)[1] is 2, since 2 is
82 [i] index 12 3
position i of a the item in position 1 of
tuple. the tuple.

Produces the
tuple formed The value of (0, 1) +
83 + concatenation 12 3 by gluing (2, 3) is the tuple (0,
together the 1, 2, 3).
input tuples.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Produces the
tuple formed The value of (3, 4) *
by repeatedly 2 is (3, 4, 3, 4), as
repeated
84 * 12 3 gluing the it is formed by
concatenation
input with concatenating two
copies of the copies of (3, 4).
input.

Produces a
tuple from The value of (6, 7,
positions a up 8, 9)[1:3] is (7, 8),
85 [a:b] slice 12 3
to but not formed of the items in
including positions 1 through 2.
position b.

Produces a
The value of
tuple from the
86 tuple tuple 12 3 tuple([1, 2]) is (1,
items in the
2).
input.

Produces the
The value of min((4,
87 min minimum 12 3 minimum item
3, 6)) is 3.
in the tuple.

Produces the
The value of max((4,
88 max maximum 12 3 maximum item
3, 6)) is 6.
in the tuple.

Produces the
number of The value of (8, 7,
times the input 8, 9).count(8) is 2,
89 count count 12 3 item appears since the value 8
in the input appears two times in
tuple. Uses dot the tuple.
notation.

Produces the
smallest index
of a position
The value of (8, 9,
containing the
90 index search 12 3 7).index(9) is 1,
input item in
since 9 is in position 1.
the input tuple.
Uses dot
notation.
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Produces True
if the item is in
The value of 9 in (8,
91 in membership 12 3 the tuple.
9, 7) is True.
Syntax is a in
b.

Produces a
new list The value of
containing the list(("a", "p",
92 list new list 12 3
items of the "e)) is ["a", "p",
input tupleas "e"].
items.

Produces a
new list with The value of
93 sorted sorted 12 3 the tuple input sorted((6, 3, 5))
items in sorted is [3, 5, 6].
order.

For a variable data

Produces the assigned the value
access value {'one': 'un',
94 [i] 12 4
dictionary item associated with 'two': 'deux'}, the
key i. value of data['two']
is deux.

For a variable data

Produces a list assigned the value
of keys in the {'one': 'un',
95 keys keys 12 4 dictionary. 'two': 'deux'},
Uses dot using data.keys()
notation. results in the keys one
and two.

For a variable data

assigned the value
Produces a list {'one': 'un',
of key, item 'two': 'deux'},
96 items key, item pairs 12 4
pairs. Uses dot using data.items()
notation. results in the pairs
('one', 'un') and
('two', 'deux').
ID ▿ Name ▿ Description ▿ Module ▿ Step ▿ Explanation ▿ Example ▿

Produces True For a variable data

if the rst input assigned the value
is a key in the {'one': 'un',
97 in in 12 4
second input (a 'two': 'deux'}, the
dictionary). value of 'two' in
Syntax is a in b. data is True.

Produces True
if the rst input For a variable data
is not a key in assigned the value
the second {'one': 'un',
98 not in not in 12 4
input (a 'two': 'deux'}, the
dictionary). value of 'three' not
Syntax is a not in data is True.
in b.

Using
Produces pairs
zip('ha','ho')
of values from
99 zip zip 12 4 results in the pairs
two input
('h', 'h') and
sequences.
('a', 'o').