1.

Reduction of potential permanent damage to an individual affected by a crisis is the main

objective of any responder. Question: Enumerate and explain the possibilities of potential damage
that an individual affected by a crisis and what remedies can be available for the first responder to be
immediately applied on the spot. Example of possible crisis: Divorce, Violence, Passing of a loved one,
Discovery of serious illness.

One of the goals that can be set in management of crises should be that of avoiding as much as possible
the long term loses which could arise out of crises. A person’s main goal and objective as a mediator has
to be to reduce any lasting adverse outcome to whomever finds themselves in such a situation. In such
circumstances, physical, emotional, and psychological injury may be inflicted on the particular person
involved and if left unattended often results in serious repercussions for the rest of their lives. Physical
injury can be very significant during disasters particularly when there is some form of brutality in the
family, kidnap and other forms of disasters. It is therefore important that some of the common injuries,
which include; cuts and bruises, blood loss, fractures, burns, internal injuries, and multiple possibilities,
should be treated so that they do not result to other severe conditions that may cause by bacterial
infections, blood clotting problems, or even death. Moreover, the physical effects can also cause
secondary, emotional, and psychological consequences deepening the effects of the said crisis. A first
responder can help out by administering initial treatment, for example, in cases of injuries and other
physical complications as they give the person first aid, CPR or clean the wound so that more harm is
cannot be caused to the person. Emotional impairment is also one important part in this as well the
above assertions are true since self-organization requires careful structuring of a person’s regimen. Fear,
dismay, paralyzing shock all these are occasions that cause enormous mental strain and stress on the
people’s nerves and these factors have to be taken into consideration. There are normal grief reactions
that people give when experiencing such things as divorce, death of a loved one, or the discovery of a
chronic or terminal illness, these normal grief reactions can turn into post-traumatic stress disorder,
depressive disorder or an anxiety disorder. A first responder can give comfort to the concerned person,
listen to him or her, and give advice and assurance. The first responder should provide initial support by
having a conversation with the identifying in details what he or she has just witnessed. But in case
possible future damages may happen, as much as it can be avoided, then some remedy too may need to
be done right away. Some of these are ensuring that the person is safe and protected, identifying the
nature of need that is present here and now, and making sure that this need gets met with comfort and
positive affection. And finally, there is a general requirement to foster environment therapeutic by
providing foundational safety by making sure their basic needs are met (as in they need to be warm, fed
and dry) while trying to determine each patient’s needs. Moreover, the first responders may give
subsequent information and subsequent resources, which could include hotlines, counseling services,
and support groups aiding the second person impacted by the crisis in directed to other assistance.
Knowing what kinds of harm may ensue for an affected person when he or she is in a crisis situation,
first responders are capable of applying the right corrective measures at the correct times and thus
prevent small crises from developing into major ones with devastating repercussions to the affected
individuals
2. one of the primary goals of a crisis responder is to return the individual to his/her prior level
of functioning as quickly as possible, lessening the negative impact on future mental health. Question:
Discuss the above statement in a case of a hostage negotiation, held by the hardcore terrorist.

In the area of crisis intervention, a key goal is to return the person as quickly as possible to the state in
which they were before the onset of the crisis, in order to prevent adverse, potentially irreversible
effects on the patient’s mental state. This statement carries even more meaning especially if it is said or
done in the middle of a hostage taking, where people are at the mercy of the gunman. The action
should be as prompt in a siege as regards those who have kidnapped people from their homes for
ransom or for any other reasons. The terrorist’s requirements, for a political concession, money, or
message, wish list are always subordinate to the top priority of de-escalating the crisis while the hostage
holders are still alive. To this effect, the crisis responder needs to feel comfortable with the terrorist so
as be able to negotiate with them; to know what more they want. This task is a subtle balance of
concessions and haggling, which should be based on the knowledge of terrorist’s personality features
and psychological strain as well as the ability to stay cool-headed. Until the crisis responder gets close to
the concerned terrorist, the responder can start to bring down the level of fluctuations bringing about a
normalcy that can facilitate a less violent ending to the sequence of events. Not only that, but one needs
in such cases not only to apply the correct tactics, but even some measures can be described as
aggressive ones. This may include the use of specialized personnel, for instance, the SWAT (Special
Weapon and Tactics) personnel help in the rescue mission. Occasionally, crisis responder may be in a
position to deal with the terrorist directly, making some compromises or providing some
encouragement to the terrorist in return for the hostages’ liberation. Where in this case the essence of
those involved in the negotiation of surrender will not only be in their ability to compromise, but most
especially, to be able to ensure that they do not have to sacrifice the lives of all the concerned
individuals in the process of negotiations due to rigidity. Thus, crisis responder might change his tactics
and make fewer mistakes as comparing to the opponent who might have adopted a rigid and not very
effective strategy. The primary objective of a crisis responder in a hostage context is the expeditious
restoration of the hostage’s pre incident level of functioning to help prevent the development of
adverse long-term mental health consequences. This requires a multifaceted approach, incorporating
elements of negotiation, emotional support, information management, and strategic planning. By
adopting a holistic and compassionate approach, the crisis responder can create an environment
conducive to a peaceful resolution, ensuring the safe release of the hostages and mitigating the long-
term psychological consequences of the traumatic event. Thus, with appropriate approach and
understanding of the circumstances the crisis responder contributes to establishment of the
environment which will contribute to peaceful outcome and the hostages’ release; as well as minimizing
the long-term effects of psychological trauma which the hostages experience during their captivity.
3. There is a trilogy (threefold model) of crisis, such intervention includes, suicide prevention,
telephone hotlines, hospital-based crisis intervention and community based during a disaster.
TRILOGY Model – ATTENDING, OBSERVING AND UNDERSTANDING RESPONDING WITH EMPATHY,
GENUINENESS, RESPECT, ACCEPTANCE, NONJUDGMENT AND CARING.

Question: Discuss the same in applying in a hostile Hostage situation and give scenarios applying the
same (Trilogy). Hostage situation was not mentioned in the intervention given, having your
experience and studies, answer the question.

The TRILOGY model that which it refers to is a three-tiered crisis intervention model that has received
recognition all around regarding its applicability to a multitude of crisis scenarios. Its concepts derived
from a clinical implementation procedure like suicide prevention, telephone crisis intervention, crisis
intervention in hospitals, community disaster response programs and in cases of hostile forms of
hostage taking situation. The first element boils down to staying in touch with the kidnapper. The aspect
means not only retaining the communication at a verbal level, but also, to the extent possible, on all
other levels as well. The way out lies in listening to them actively, in learning their anxiousness is fully
justified. It would be quite helpful if you could provide with more detailed account about what preceded
this action which led you to take it. Undefined such a response is gentle and compassionate, which
creates trust and leads to further communication. Observing the second component of the CPR model,
the source ensures that they gather any extra information regarding the situation as well as the hostage-
takers conduct, movements, and voice. This information can be used to determine what circumstances
may be likely to provoke such behavior, what may be motivating it, and what areas of the person may
be especially sensitive. For instance, a negotiator might note the hostage taker’s reaction to a particular
concern where he or she gets angered, and hence adapts the next approach appropriately. The third
component is Understanding, in which the negotiator acquaints themselves with the hostage taker and
validates the appropriateness of the feelings the hostage-taker has for the situation. This does not mean
supporting them but merely accepting their stand and having empathy for their position. A negotiator
might say “I can understand your point of view and what you are trying to achieve or escape here is
trying to reconcile here in a win-win manner”. This response also serves to demonstrate the hostage
taker and perhaps brings about a lowering of tension to avert further provocation.

These principles are critically important in a hostile hostage taking scenario which requires the
establishing of a healthy rapport between the hostage taker/s and the hostage. Empathic Responses in
the same manner takes cognizance of feelings like hopelessness or irritation as may be exhibited by
those involved. Authenticity is also very important in terms of creating believability, reliability and trust
where the possibility of the negotiator’s word is tested by what he or she does. Politeness is would
depict when the chief of police does not let anger dominate his words towards the hostage-taker even
when the situation is unfavorable. Acceptance entails not passing any judgments on the hostage-taker
or making assumptions about his maneuvers and the general situation. To accept the situation means to
acknowledge its components like the independence of the person taking hostages as well as the
multifaceted nature of the process. Finally, Caring is characterized by concern for all the parties’ welfare
including the hostages, the hostage-taker, among others.