Biostatistics M1-1
Biostatistics M1-1
Biostatistics M1-1
• Independent t-test
• Paired t – test
• Nominal scale:
• Interval scale:
Temperature: Celsius or Fahrenheiht
Ratio scale
Height, weight, length, time…
We can say “100 kg is double 50 kg”
0 is meaningful (“absence of characteristics”)
(Numerical)
(Quanlita<ve)
Parametric and Non-parametric test
• Statistical tests
• Transformation
Check the normality – Graphical tests
Histogram (a simple check):
Check the normality – Graphical tests
Histogram – smaller samples:
Check the normality – Graphical tests
QQ plot: scatter diagram
Check the normality – Graphical tests
Box plot:
Check the normality –
Skewness and Kurtosis test
• Examples:
2 methods to purify water: Method A: use a carbon filter
Method B: use a certain enzyme
µ1: mean bacteria count (method A)
µ2: mean bacteria count (method B)
We want to check if µ1 > µ2 è µ1-µ2 > 0
T-test
Independent samples:
- The sample collected from one population has no relationship with
the sample collected from the other population
Dependent samples:
- Each measurement in 1 sample is matched or paired with
a particular measurement in the other sample
Independent/dependent samples
Example: Compare whether people give a higher taste rating to
Coke or Pepsi. To avoid psychological effects, people should
taste the drink blind.
A. Randomly assign half of the subjects to taste Coke and the
other half to taste Pepsi
B. All subject taste both Coke and Pepsi. The drinks should be
given in a random order.
Independent sample t-test
• Evaluate whether 2 means from 2 samples of the same
dependent variable are significantly different from one another
• Used only with interval or ratio data but not norminal nor ordinal
Expectant group
Independent sample t - test
The formula for the independent samples t-test
t-value =
Independent sample t - test
6 10
t – value =
Independent sample t - test
df = N1 + N2 -2
Independent sample t - test
Sp =
Independent sample t - test
Simplified version
The mean weight of babies whose mothers drink less than 2 bottles
of water per month is statistically significantly greater than the mean
weight of babies whose mothers drink more than 2 bottles of water
per month
Independent sample t - test
• Same variance
Example: Calculate 99% CI for the difference between the mean time
it takes the new machine to pack 10 cartons and that of the new
machine to pack 10 cartons?
Independent sample t - test
df = 18