CHEMISTRY 11

Unit 2 ~ Learning Guide Name: ______________________________

Instructions:
Using a pencil, complete the following notes as you work through the related lessons. Show ALL
work as is explained in the lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE
you write your unit test. Do your best and ask questions if you don’t understand anything!

History of Elements and Compounds:

1. Write the name and definition of each of the three Fundamental Laws of Chemistry.

Law of Definition

2. Write the symbols and names of the first 10 elements discovered. Hint: All discovered B.C.

Symbol Name

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The Periodic Table:

1. Which scientist created the first periodic table and in what year did he do so?

2. Why did his original periodic table have blanks in it?

3. What separates metals from non-metals on the periodic table?

4. Provide names for the following groups on the periodic table

Group Name

17

18

5. Which of these elements is more metallic, Titanium or Iron? Explain how you know this by
discussing the position of the elements on the periodic table.

6. Which of these elements, Fluorine or Carbon has a higher electronegativity? Explain how
you know this by discussing the position of the elements on the periodic table.

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Periodic Table Groups 13-16:

1. What two well known materials are allotropes of carbon?

2. Which element makes up 78% of the air we breathe?

3. Which element has an allotrope made from 4 atoms?

4. Which element has an allotrope made from 8 atoms?

Atoms, Molecules and Ions Classification

Atoms are made of 3 fundamental subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
The number of protons in a given atom is known as the atomic number and this number can be found on
the periodic table.
The number of protons and neutrons together is known as the atomic mass. The atomic mass on the
periodic table is an average mass of different isotopes and should NOT be used for the following
question.
The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons.
The charge of an atom is always zero. The charge of an ion is given by # protons - # electrons
The full symbol for any given atom will tell you the atomic mass on the top and the atomic number on the
bottom.

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1. Using the information on the previous page and your periodic table, fill in the following chart
including BOTH symbol numbers. The first one is done for you.

Symbol Atomic Atomic p+ no e- charge

Number Mass

2
H− 1 2 1 1 2 -1
1

a) 231
Ra 0

b) 212
Po

c) 17 18 0

d) 35 38 0

e) 45 40 0

f) 60 47 0

g) 66
29 Cu 2+ 29

h) 18
9 F−

i) 127
53 I−

j) 17 19 18

k) 13 14 10

2. List the diatomic elements & how can you plan to remember them.

3. What are the elements that can be multiatomic? Show them in this form.

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Isotopes:
1. Put the following words in the correct blanks in the statement below :

Mass protons Number neutrons

Two isotopes of an element will have the same number of ___________________________

but different numbers of _______________________. This means they will have the same

Atomic _________________ but a different Atomic ________________.

2. a) Calculate the atomic mass of unknown element X given the precise atomic masses and the
percent abundance of each isotope of the element X below

X-13 12.98504 AMU 78.70%

X-15 14.98584 AMU 10.13%

X-16 15.98259 AMU 11.17%

b) Calculate the approximate atomic mass of potassium given this set of data:

K - 39 92.36%

K - 40 1.01%

K - 41 6.73%

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3. For the following questions determine the percent abundance of each isotope. The periodic table
is NOT needed for these questions and may even confuse you. Ideally you would use the algebra
method shown in the course but if you find that confusing you can memorize the following
formulas instead.

mass larger isotope − average mass

% of smaller isotope = x100%
mass larger isotope−mass smaller isotope

% of larger isotope = 100% - % of smaller isotope

a) Oxygen - 16 and Oxygen - 18 with an average atomic mass of 16.2

b) An element has two isotopes 52X and 54X, with mass numbers of 52.0 and 54.0 respectively.
The relative atomic mass is 53.5.

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Bohr and Quantum Theory:

1. State the FULL electron configuration of each atom. Be careful with Copper...

Element Electron Configuration

H
N
P
V
Cu
Br

2. State the electron configuration of each atom using core notation.

Element Electron Configuration

B
S
Co
I
Bi
Fr

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3. Draw Bohr diagrams for the following chemical species.

a) carbon atom b) neon atom

c) aluminum atom d) calcium ion (Ca2+)

Lewis Diagrams:
1. Define valence electrons?

2. Explain how you can determine the number of valence electrons an element has?

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3. Give the name and number of valence electrons for each of the following elements

Element Element Number of valence

Symbol Name electrons

Be
Ar
Mn
Na
Br
Sb

4. Draw Lewis Diagrams for the following atoms and indicate the number of bonding electrons,
number of lone pairs, expected number of covalent bonds each would make and the combining
capacity.

Bromine Hydrogen Nitrogen

Lewis Diagram

# Bonding Electrons

# Lone Pairs

# Covalent Bonds

Combining Capacity

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5. Draw Lewis diagrams & structural diagrams (no electrons) of the following molecules. For the
last 3, the first element should be in the center with the other elements arranged around it.

Molecule Br2 HCl N2

Lewis
Diagram

Structural
Diagram

Molecule
CO2 NI3 CH2ClF

Lewis
Diagram

Structural
Diagram

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Answers:

Atoms, Molecules and Isotopes Classification

1.

Symbol Atomic Atomic p+ no e- charge

Number Mass

2
H− 1 2 1 1 2 -1
1

a) 231
88 Ra 88 231 88 143 88 0

b) 212
84 Po 84 212 84 128 84 0

c) 35
17 Cl 17 35 17 18 17 0

d) 73
35 Br 35 73 35 38 35 0

e) 85
40 Zr 40 85 40 45 40 0

f) 107
47 Ag 47 107 47 60 47 0

g) 66
29 Cu 2+ 29 66 29 37 27 +2

h) 18
9 F− 9 18 9 9 10 -1

i) 127
53 I− 53 127 53 74 54 -1

j) 36
17 Cl − 17 36 17 19 18 -1

k) 27
13 Al 3+ 13 27 13 14 10 +3

Isotopes:

2 a) 13.52 AMU b) 39.2 AMU

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3 a) 16O = 90% 18
O = 10% b) 54X = 75% X = 25%
52

Bohr and Quantum Theory

1.

Element Electron Configuration

H 1s1
N 1s22s22p3
P 1s22s22p63s23p3
V 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3
Cu 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10
Br 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

2.

Element Electron Configuration

B [He] 2s22p1
S [Ne] 3s23p4
Co [Ar]4s23d7
I [Kr]5s24d105p5
Bi [Xe]6s24f145d106p3
Fr [Rn]7s1

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3.

a) carbon atom b) neon atom

--- 4 e- --- --- 8 e- ---

--- 2 e- --- --- 2 e- ---

6 p+ 10 p+

c) aluminum atom d) calcium ion (Ca2+)

--- 3 e- --- --- 8 e- ---

--- 8 e- --- --- 8 e- ---

--- 2 e- --- --- 2 e- ---

13 p+ 20 p+

Lewis Diagrams

3. 2, 8, 2, 1, 7, 5

4.

Bromine Hydrogen Nitrogen

Lewis Diagram
H

# Bonding Electrons 1 1 3

# Lone Pairs 3 0 1

# Covalent Bonds 1 1 3

Combining Capacity -1 +1 or -1 -3

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