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Navas Cheemadan SOHSS AREEKODE

Chapter-03 Organ and organ system
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION  Tissues are organised to form organs which in
turn associate to form organ systems in the
IN ANIMALS
multicellular organisms. Such an organisation
is essential for more efficient and better
Introduction coordinated activities of millions of cells
 In the chapter Animal Kingdom , we came constituting an organism.
across a large variety of organisms, both  Each organ in our body is made of one or more
unicellular and multicellular type of tissues. For example, our heart consists
 In unicellular organisms, all functions like of all the four types of tissues, i.e., epithelial,
digestion, respiration and reproduction are connective, muscular and neural.
performed by a single cell.  In this chapter, we are being introduced to
 In the complex body of multicellular animals morphology and anatomy of frog.
the same basic functions are carried out by  Morphology refers to study of form or
different groups of cells in a well organised externally visible features. In the case of
manner. plants or microbes, the term morphology
 The body of a simple organism like Hydra is precisely means only this.
made of different types of cells and the  In case of animals this refers to the external
number of cells in each type can be in appearance of the organs or parts of the
thousands. body.
 The human body is composed of billions of  The word anatomy conventionally is used for
cells to perform various functions. the study of morphology of internal organs in
 In multicellular animals, a group of similar cells the animals..
along with intercellular substances perform a
specific function. Such an organisation is
FROGS
called tissue.  Frogs can live both on land and in freshwater
 The tissues are organised in specific proportion  It belong to class Amphibia of phylum
and pattern to form an organ (Eg. stomach, Chordata.
lung, heart and kidney )  The most common species of frog found in
 When two or more organs perform a common India is Rana tigrina.
function by their physical and/or chemical  They do not have constant body temperature
interaction, they together form organ system, i.e., their body temperature varies with the
e.g., digestive system, respiratory system, etc. temperature of the environment. Such animals
Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems split are called cold blooded or poikilotherms.
up the work in a way that exhibits division of  It is also noticed changes in the colour of the
labour and contribute to the survival of the frogs while they are in grasses and on dry land.
body as a whole They have the ability to change the colour to
hide them from their enemies (camouflage).
Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ system-Organism This protective coloration is called mimicry.
 Frogs are not seen during peak summer and
winter. During this period they take shelter in
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deep burrows to protect them from extreme Anatomy
heat and cold. This is known as summer sleep
The body cavity of frogs accommodate different organ
(aestivation) and winter sleep (hibernation)
hibernation) systems such as digestive, circulatory, respiratory,
respectively. nervous, excretory and reproductive systems with well
Morphology developed structures and functions

 The skin is smooth and slippery due to the Digestive system

presence of mucus. The skin is always  The digestive system consists of alimentary
maintained in a moist condition. canal and digestive glands.
 The colour of dorsal side of body is generally
olive green with dark irregular spots. On the
ventral side
ide the skin is uniformly pale yellow.
 The frog never drinks water but absorb it
through the skin.
 Body of a frog is divisible into head and trunk .
 A neck and tail are absent.
 Above the mouth, a pair of nostrils is present.
 Eyes are bulged and covered by a nictitating
membrane that protects them while in water water.
 On either side of eyes a membranous a)Alimentary Canal
tympanum (ear) receives sound signals.
 The alimentary canal is short because frogs
 The forelimbs and hind limbs help in are carnivores and hence the length of
swimming, walking, leaping and burrowing. intestine is reduced.
The hind limbs end in five digits and they are
 The mouth opens into the buccal cavity that
larger and muscular than fore limbs that end in
leads to the oesophagus through pharynx.
four digits. Feet have webbed digits that help
 Oesophagus is a short tube that opens into
in swimming. Frogs exhibit sexual dimorphism.
the stomach which in turn continues as the
 Male frogs can be distinguished by the
intestine, rectum and finally opens outside by
presence of sound producing vocal sacs and
the cloaca.
also a copulatory pad on n the first digit of the
fore limbs which are absent in female frogs
frogs.

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b)Digestive gland  The lungs are a pair of elongated, pink
i)Liver coloured sac-like
like structures present in the
Liver secretes bile that is stored in the gall bladder. upper part of the trunk region (thorax). Air
The duodenum (First part of Small intestine ) enters through the nostrils into the buccal
receives bile from gall bladder and pancreatic juices cavity and then to lungs.
from the pancreas through a common bile duct.
ii)Pancreas During aestivation and hibernation gaseous
Pancreas produces pancreatic juice. containing exchange takes place through skin
digestive enzymes.
Mechanism of digestion
 Food is captured by the bilobed tongue.
 Digestion of food takes place by the action of
HCl and gastric juices secreted from the walls
of the stomach.
 Partially digested food called chyme is passed
from stomach to the first part o of the small
intestine, the duodenum.
 The duodenum receives bile from gall bladder
and pancreatic juices from the pancreas
through a common bile duct.
 Bile emulsifies fat
 Pancreatic
ancreatic juices digest carbohydrates and
proteins. Excretory System
 Final digestion takes place in
n the intestine.  The excretory system consists of
 Digested food is absorbed by the numerous  A pair of kidneys
finger-like
like folds in the inner wall of intestine  Ureters,
called villi and microvilli.  Coaca
 The undigested solid waste moves into the  Urinary
rinary bladder.
rectum and passes out through cloaca.  Kidneys compact, dark red and bean like
Respiratory system structures situated a little posteriorly in the
 Frogs respire on land and in the water by two body cavity on both sides of vertebral column.
different methods.  Each kidney is composed of several structural
 In water, skin acts as aquatic respiratory and functional units called uriniferous tubules
organ (cutaneous respiration). Dissolved or nephrons.
oxygen in the water is exchanged through the  Two ureters emerge from the kidneys in the
skin by diffusion. male frogs.
 On land, the buccal cavity, skin and lungs act  The ureters act as urinogenital duct which
as the respiratory organs. opens into the cloaca.
 The respiration by lungs is called pulmonary  In females the ureters and oviduct open
respiration. seperately in the cloaca.
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 The thin-walled
walled urinary bladder is present  The ventricle opens into a saclike conus
ventral to the rectum which also opens in the arteriosus on the ventral side of the heart.
cloaca. ii)Blood Vessel
 The frog excretes urea and thus is a ureotelic  The blood from the heart is carried to all parts
animal. of the body by the arteries (arterial system).
 Excretory wastes are carried by blood into the  The veins collect blood from different parts of
kidney where it is separated and excreted. body to the heart and form the venous
v system.
 Special venous connection between
be liver and
intestine .This portal system is called hepatic
portal system
 The Special venous connection between
kidney and lower parts of the body are
present in frogs. This portal system is called
renal portal system
iii)Blood
 The blood is composed of plasma and cells.
 The blood cells are RBC (red blood cells) or
erythrocytes, WBC (white blood cells) or
leucocytes and platelets.
 RBC’s are nucleated and contain red coloured
pigment namely haemoglobin.
 The blood carries nutrients, gases and water to
the respective sites during the circulation.
Circulatory system/Vascular system  The circulation of blood is achieved by the
 The vascular system of frog is well
well-developed pumping action of the muscular heart.
closed type. b)Lymphatic system
 Frogs have a lymphatic system also.  The lymphatic system consists of lymph,
a)Blood Vascular system lymph channels and lymph nodes.
 The blood vascular system involves heart,  The lymph is different from blood. It lacks few
blood vessels and blood. proteins and RBCs.
i)Heart
 Heart is a muscular structure situated in the
Control and coordination system
upper part of the body cavity.
 The system for control and coordination is
 It has three chambers, two atria and one
highly evolved in the frog.
ventricle and is covered by a membrane called
 It includes both neural system and endocrine
pericardium.
glands.
 A triangular structure called sinus venosus
a)Endocrine system
joins the right atrium.
 The chemical coordination of various organs of
 It receives blood through the major veins
the body is achieved by hormones which are
called vena cava.
secreted by the endocrine glands.

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 The prominent endocrine glands found in frog  The brain is divided into fore-brain,
fore mid-brain
are and hind-brain.
 Forebrain includes olfactory lobes, paired
 Pituitary gland cerebral hemispheres and unpaired
 Thyroid gland diencephalon.
 Parathyroid gland  The midbrain is characterised by a pair of optic
 Thymus gland lobes.
 Pineal body  brain consists of cerebellum and medulla
Hind-brain
 Pancreatic islets oblongata.
 Adrenals  The medulla oblongata passes out through the
 Gonads foramen
men magnum and continues into spinal
b)Nueral system cord, which is enclosed in the vertebral column
 The nervous system is organised into a central
nervous system (brain and spinal cord), a
peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal
nerves) and an autonomic nervous system
(sympathetic and parasympathetic).
 There are ten pairs of cranial nerves arising
from the brain.
 Brain is enclosed in a bony structure called
brain box (cranium).

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Sensory system
 Frog has different types of sense organs, namely
a)Organs of touch -----sensory
sensory papillae
b)Taste------taste buds
c)Smell-----nasal epithelium
d)Vision-----eyes
tympanum with internal ears
d)Hearing------tympanum
 Out of these, eyes and internal ears are wellwell-
organised structures and the rest are cellular
aggregations around nerve endings.
Eyes
 Eyes in a frog are a pair of spherical structure
structures
situated in the orbit in skull.
 These are simple eyes (possessing only one unit).
Ear
 External ear is absent in frogs and only tympanum
can be seen externally.
 The ear is an organ of hearing as well as balancing
(equilibrium). b)The female reproductive organs
 It include a pair of ovaries
Reproductive system  The ovaries are situated near kidneys and there is
 Frogs have well organised male and female no functional connection with kidneys.
reproductive systems  A pair of oviduct arising from the ovaries opens
a)Male reproductive organs into the cloaca separately.
 Male reproductive organs consist of a pair of  A mature female can lay 2500 to 3000 ova at a
yellowish ovoid testes , which are found time. Fertilisation is external and takes place in
adhered to the upper part of kidneys by a water.
double fold of peritoneum called me
mesorchium.  Development involves a larval stage called tadpole.
 Vasa efferentia are 10-12
12 in number that arise Tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to form the
from testes. They enter the kidneys on their adult
side and open into Bidder’s canal.
 Finally it communicates with the urinogenital
duct that comes out of the kidneys and opens
into the cloaca.
 The cloaca is a small, median chamber that is
used to pass faecal matter, urine and sperms
to the exterior.

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Economic importance
 Frogs are beneficial for mankind because they eat
insects and protect the crop.
 Frogs maintain ecological balance because these
serve as an important link of food chain and food
web in the ecosystem.
 In some countries the muscular legs of frog are used
as food by man.

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