20 ¤ CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

74. For the first 1200 kWh, () = 10 + 006.

For usage over 1200 kWh, the cost is
() = 10 + 006(1200) + 007( − 1200) = 82 + 007( − 1200).
Thus,

10 + 006 if 0 ≤  ≤ 1200
() =
82 + 007( − 1200) if   1200

75. (a) (b) On $14,000, tax is assessed on $4000, and 10%($4000) = $400.

On $26,000, tax is assessed on $16,000, and

10%($10,000) + 15%($6000) = $1000 + $900 = $1900.

(c) As in part (b), there is $1000 tax assessed on $20,000 of income, so

the graph of  is a line segment from (10,000 0) to (20,000 1000).

The tax on $30,000 is $2500, so the graph of  for   20,000 is

the ray with initial point (20,000 1000) that passes through

(30,000 2500).

76. (a) Because an even function is symmetric with respect to the ­axis, and the point (5 3) is on the graph of this even function,

the point (−5 3) must also be on its graph.

(b) Because an odd function is symmetric with respect to the origin, and the point (5 3) is on the graph of this odd function,

the point (−5 −3) must also be on its graph.

77.  is an odd function because its graph is symmetric about the origin.  is an even function because its graph is symmetric with

respect to the ­axis.

78.  is not an even function since it is not symmetric with respect to the ­axis.  is not an odd function since it is not symmetric

about the origin. Hence,  is neither even nor odd.  is an even function because its graph is symmetric with respect to the
­axis.

79. (a) The graph of an even function is symmetric about the ­axis. We reflect the

given portion of the graph of  about the ­axis in order to complete it.

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°
 SECTION 1.1 FOUR WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION ¤ 21

(b) For an odd function, (−) = −(). The graph of an odd function is
symmetric about the origin. We rotate the given portion of the graph of 
through 180◦ about the origin in order to complete it.

80. (a) The graph of an even function is symmetric about the ­axis. We reflect the

given portion of the graph of  about the ­axis in order to complete it.

(b) The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin. We rotate the
given portion of the graph of  through 180◦ about the origin in order to
complete it.

 2
81.  () = . 82.  () = .
2 + 1 4 + 1
− −  (−)2 2
 (−) = = 2 =− 2 = −().  (−) = = 4 =  ().
(−)2 + 1  +1  +1 4
(−) + 1  +1
Since  (−) = −(),  is an odd function. Since  (−) =  (),  is an even function.

 − 
83.  () = , so (−) = = . 84.  () =  ||.
+1 − + 1 −1
Since this is neither  () nor − (), the function  is  (−) = (−) |−| = (−) || = −( ||)
= − ()
neither even nor odd.
Since  (−) = −(),  is an odd function.

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22 ¤ CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

85.  () = 1 + 32 − 4 . 86.  () = 1 + 33 − 5 , so

 (−) = 1+3(−)2 −(−)4 = 1+32 −4 =  ().  (−) = 1 + 3(−)3 − (−)5 = 1 + 3(−3 ) − (−5 )
Since  (−) =  (),  is an even function.
= 1 − 33 + 5

Since this is neither  () nor − (), the function  is

neither even nor odd.

87. (i) If  and  are both even functions, then  (−) =  () and (−) = (). Now

( + )(−) = (−) + (−) =  () + () = ( + )(), so  +  is an even function.

(ii) If  and  are both odd functions, then  (−) = − () and (−) = −(). Now
( + )(−) = (−) + (−) = − () + [−()] = −[ () + ()] = −( + )(), so  +  is an odd function.

(iii) If  is an even function and  is an odd function, then ( + )(−) =  (−) + (−) =  () + [−()] =  () − (),
which is not ( + )() nor −( + )(), so  +  is neither even nor odd. (Exception: if  is the zero function, then
 +  will be odd. If  is the zero function, then  +  will be even.)

88. (i) If  and  are both even functions, then  (−) =  () and (−) = (). Now

( )(−) =  (−)(−) =  ()() = ( )(), so  is an even function.

(ii) If  and  are both odd functions, then  (−) = − () and (−) = −(). Now
( )(−) =  (−)(−) = [− ()][−()] =  ()() = ( )(), so   is an even function.

(iii) If  is an even function and  is an odd function, then

( )(−) =  (−)(−) =  ()[−()] = −[ ()()] = −( )(), so   is an odd function.

1.2 Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions

1. (a)  () = 3 + 32 is a polynomial function of degree 3. (This function is also an algebraic function.)

(b) () = cos2  − sin  is a trigonometric function.

√
(c) () =  3
is a power function.

(d) () = 8 is an exponential function.

√

(e)  = 2 is an algebraic function. It is the quotient of a root of a polynomial and a polynomial of degree 2.
 +1

(f ) () = log10  is a logarithmic function.

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 SECTION 1.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS: A CATALOG OF ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS ¤ 23

32 + 2
2. (a)  () = is a rational function. (This function is also an algebraic function.)

(b) () = 23 is an exponential function.
√
(c) () =  + 4 is an algebraic function. It is a root of a polynomial.

(d)  = 4 + 5 is a polynomial function of degree 4.

√
3
(e) () =  is a root function. Rewriting () as 13 , we recognize the function also as a power function.
(This function is, further, an algebraic function because it is a root of a polynomial.)

1
(f )  = is a rational function. Rewriting  as −2 , we recognize the function also as a power function.
2
(This function is, further, an algebraic function because it is the quotient of two polynomials.)

3. We notice from the figure that  and  are even functions (symmetric with respect to the ­axis) and that  is an odd function
 
(symmetric with respect to the origin). So (b)  = 5 must be  . Since  is flatter than  near the origin, we must have
   
(c)  = 8 matched with  and (a)  = 2 matched with .

4. (a) The graph of  = 3 is a line (choice ).

(b)  = 3 is an exponential function (choice  ).

(c)  = 3 is an odd polynomial function or power function (choice  ).

√
3
(d)  =  = 13 is a root function (choice ).

5. The denominator cannot equal 0, so 1 − sin  6= 0 ⇔ sin  6= 1 ⇔  6= 

2
+ 2. Thus, the domain of
cos   
 () = is  |  6= 
2
+ 2,  an integer .
1 − sin 

6. The denominator cannot equal 0, so 1 − tan  6= 0 ⇔ tan  6= 1 ⇔  6= 

4 + . The tangent function is not defined
1  
if  6= 
2
+ . Thus, the domain of () = is  |  6= 
4
+ ,  6= 
2
+ ,  an integer .
1 − tan 

7. (a) An equation for the family of linear functions with slope 2

is  =  () = 2 + , where  is the ­intercept.

(b)  (2) = 1 means that the point (2 1) is on the graph of  . We can use the
point­slope form of a line to obtain an equation for the family of linear
functions through the point (2 1).  − 1 = ( − 2), which is equivalent
to  =  + (1 − 2) in slope­intercept form.

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24 ¤ CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

(c) To belong to both families, an equation must have slope  = 2, so the equation in part (b),  =  + (1 − 2),
becomes  = 2 − 3. It is the only function that belongs to both families.

8. All members of the family of linear functions () = 1 + ( + 3) have

graphs that are lines passing through the point (−3 1).

9. All members of the family of linear functions () =  −  have graphs

that are lines with slope −1. The ­intercept is .

10. We graph  () = 3 − 2 for  = −2, 0, 1, and 3. For  6= 0,

 () = 3 − 2 = 2 ( − ) has two ­intercepts, 0 and . The curve has

one decreasing portion that begins or ends at the origin and increases in

length as || increases; the decreasing portion is in quadrant II for   0 and

in quadrant IV for   0.

11. Because  is a quadratic function, we know it is of the form  () = 2 +  + . The ­intercept is 18, so  (0) = 18 ⇒

 = 18 and  () =  +  + 18. Since the points (3 0) and (4 2) lie on the graph of  , we have
2

 (3) = 0 ⇒ 9 + 3 + 18 = 0 ⇒ 3 +  = −6 (1)

 (4) = 2 ⇒ 16 + 4 + 18 = 2 ⇒ 4 +  = −4 (2)

This is a system of two equations in the unknowns  and , and subtracting (1) from (2) gives  = 2. From (1),

3 (2) +  = −6 ⇒  = −12, so a formula for  is  () = 22 − 12 + 18.

12.  is a quadratic function so  () = 2 +  + . The y­intercept is 1, so  (0) = 1 ⇒  = 1 and  () = 2 +  + 1.
Since the points (−2 2) and (1 −25) lie on the graph of , we have

(−2) = 2 ⇒ 4 − 2 + 1 = 2 ⇒ 4 − 2 = 1 (1)

(1) = −25 ⇒  +  + 1 = −25 ⇒  +  = −35 (2)

Then (1) + 2 · (2) gives us 6 = −6 ⇒  = −1 and from (2), we have −1 +  = −35 ⇒  = −25, so a formula for

 is () = −2 − 25 + 1.

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 SECTION 1.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS: A CATALOG OF ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS ¤ 25

13. Since  (−1) =  (0) = (2) = 0,  has zeros of −1, 0, and 2, so an equation for  is  () = [ − (−1)]( − 0)( − 2),

or  () = ( + 1)( − 2). Because  (1) = 6, we’ll substitute 1 for  and 6 for  ().

6 = (1)(2)(−1) ⇒ −2 = 6 ⇒  = −3, so an equation for  is  () = −3( + 1)( − 2).

14. (a) For  = 002 + 850, the slope is 002, which means that the average surface temperature of the world is increasing at

a rate of 002 ◦ C per year. The  ­intercept is 850, which represents the average surface temperature in ◦ C in the

year 1900.

(b)  = 2100 − 1900 = 200 ⇒  = 002(200) + 850 = 1250 ◦ C

15. (a)  = 200, so  = 00417( + 1) = 00417(200)( + 1) = 834 + 834. The slope is 834, which represents the

change in mg of the dosage for a child for each change of 1 year in age.

(b) For a newborn,  = 0, so  = 834 mg.

16. (a) (b) The slope of −4 means that for each increase of 1 dollar for a
rental space, the number of spaces rented decreases by 4. The
­intercept of 200 is the number of spaces that would be occupied
if there were no charge for each space. The ­intercept of 50 is the
smallest rental fee that results in no spaces rented.

17. (a) (b) The slope of 9

5
means that  increases 9
5
degrees for each increase

of 1◦ C. (Equivalently,  increases by 9 when  increases by 5

and  decreases by 9 when  decreases by 5.) The  ­intercept of
32 is the Fahrenheit temperature corresponding to a Celsius
temperature of 0.

18. (a) Jari is traveling faster since the line representing her distance versus time is steeper than the corresponding line for Jade.

(b) At  = 0, Jade has traveled 10 miles. At  = 6, Jade has traveled 16 miles. Thus, Jade’s speed is

16 miles − 10 miles 1 mile 60 minutes

= 1 mimin. This is × = 60 mih
6 minutes − 0 minutes 1 minute 1 hour

At  = 0, Jari has traveled 0 miles. At  = 6, Jari has traveled 7 miles. Thus, Jari’s speed is

7 miles − 0 miles 7 7 miles 60 minutes

= mimin or × = 70 mih
6 minutes − 0 minutes 6 6 minutes 1 hour

(c) From part (b), we have a slope of 1 (mileminute) for the linear function  modeling the distance traveled by Jade and

from the graph the ­intercept is 10. Thus, () = 1 + 10 =  + 10. Similarly, we have a slope of 7
6 milesminute for

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°
26 ¤ CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

Jari and a ­intercept of 0. Thus, the distance traveled by Jari as a function of time  (in minutes) is modeled by

() = 76  + 0 = 76 .

19. (a) Let  denote the number of chairs produced in one day and  the associated

cost. Using the points (100 2200) and (300 4800), we get the slope
4800−2200
300−100
= 2600
200
= 13. So  − 2200 = 13( − 100) ⇔

 = 13 + 900.

(b) The slope of the line in part (a) is 13 and it represents the cost (in dollars)
of producing each additional chair.
(c) The ­intercept is 900 and it represents the fixed daily costs of operating
the factory.

2 − 1 460 − 380 80 1
20. (a) Using  in place of  and  in place of , we find the slope to be = = = .
2 − 1 800 − 480 320 4

So a linear equation is  − 460 = 14 ( − 800) ⇔  − 460 = 14  − 200 ⇔  = 14  + 260.

(b) Letting  = 1500 we get  = 14 (1500) + 260 = 635. (c)

The cost of driving 1500 miles is $635.

(d) The ­intercept represents the fixed cost, $260.

(e) A linear function gives a suitable model in this situation because you
have fixed monthly costs such as insurance and car payments, as well
as costs that increase as you drive, such as gasoline, oil, and tires, and The slope of the line represents the cost per
the cost of these for each additional mile driven is a constant. mile, $025.

change in pressure 434

21. (a) We are given = = 0434. Using  for pressure and  for depth with the point
10 feet change in depth 10

(  ) = (0 15), we have the slope­intercept form of the line,  = 0434 + 15.

(b) When  = 100, then 100 = 0434 + 15 ⇔ 0434 = 85 ⇔  = 85

0434 ≈ 19585 feet. Thus, the pressure is

100 lbin2 at a depth of approximately 196 feet.

22. (a) () = −2 and  (0005) = 140, so 140 = (0005)−2 ⇔  = 140(0005)2 = 00035.

(b) () = 00035−2 , so for a diameter of 0008 m the resistance is (0008) = 00035(0008)−2 ≈ 547 ohms.

23. If  is the original distance from the source, then the illumination is  () = −2 = 2 . Moving halfway to the lamp gives
1   −2
an illumination of  2
 =  12  = (2)2 = 4(2 ), so the light is four times as bright.

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°
 SECTION 1.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS: A CATALOG OF ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS ¤ 27

24. (a)  =  and  = 39 kPa when  = 0671 m3 , so 39 = 0671 ⇔  = 39(0671) = 26169.

(b) When  = 0916,  = 26169 = 261690916 ≈ 286, so the pressure is reduced to approximately 286 kPa.

25. (a)  = 3 so doubling the windspeed  gives  = (2)3 = 8(3 ). Thus, the power output is increased by a factor

of eight.

(b) The area swept out by the blades is given by  = 2 , where  is the blade length, so the power output is

 = 3 = 2  3 . Doubling the blade length gives  = (2)2  3 = 4(2  3 ). Thus, the power output is increased

by a factor of four.

(c) From part (b) we have  = 2  3 , and  = 0214 kgm3 ,  = 30 m gives

kg kg
 = 0214 · 900 m2 ·  3 = 1926 3
m3 m

For  = 10 ms, we have

 m 3 kg m2 · kg
 = 1926 10 = 192,600 ≈ 605,000 W
s m s3

Similarly,  = 15 ms gives  = 650,025 ≈ 2,042,000 W and  = 25 ms gives  = 3,009,375 ≈ 9,454,000 W.

26. (a) We graph ( ) = (567 × 10−8 ) 4 for 100 ≤  ≤ 300:

(b) From the graph, we see that as temperature increases, energy increases—slowly at first, but then at an increasing rate.

27. (a) The data appear to be periodic and a sine or cosine function would make the best model. A model of the form

 () =  cos() +  seems appropriate.

(b) The data appear to be decreasing in a linear fashion. A model of the form  () =  +  seems appropriate.

28. (a) The data appear to be increasing exponentially. A model of the form () =  ·  or  () =  ·  +  seems

appropriate.

(b) The data appear to be decreasing similarly to the values of the reciprocal function. A model of the form  () = 

seems appropriate.

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28 ¤ CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

Exercises 29 – 33: Some values are given to many decimal places. The results may depend on the technology used — rounding is left to the reader.
29. (a) (b) Using the points (4000 141) and (60,000 82), we obtain
82 − 141
 − 141 = ( − 4000) or, equivalently,
60,000 − 4000
 ≈ −0000105357 + 14521429.

A linear model does seem appropriate.

(c) Using a computing device, we obtain the regression line  = −00000997855 + 13950764.
The following commands and screens illustrate how to find the regression line on a TI­84 Plus calculator.

Enter the data into list one (L1) and list two (L2). Press to enter the editor.

Find the regession line and store it in Y1 . Press .

Note from the last figure that the regression line has been stored in Y1 and that Plot1 has been turned on (Plot1 is

highlighted). You can turn on Plot1 from the Y= menu by placing the cursor on Plot1 and pressing or by

pressing .

Now press to produce a graph of the data and the regression

line. Note that choice 9 of the ZOOM menu automatically selects a window
that displays all of the data.

(d) When  = 25,000,  ≈ 11456; or about 115 per 100 population.

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 SECTION 1.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS: A CATALOG OF ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS ¤ 29

(e) When  = 80,000,  ≈ 5968; or about a 6% chance.

(f ) When  = 200,000,  is negative, so the model does not apply.

30. (a) Using a computing device, we obtain the regression line  = 001879 + 030480.

(b) The regression line appears to be a suitable model for the data.

(c) The ­intercept represents the percentage of laboratory rats that

develop lung tumors when not exposed to asbestos fibers.

31. (a) (b) Using a computing device, we obtain the regression line
 = 188074 + 8264974.

(c) When  = 53 cm,  ≈ 1823 cm.

32. (a) See the scatter plot in part (b). A linear model seems appropriate.

(b) Using a computing device, we obtain the regression line

 = 031567 + 815578.

(c) For 2005,  = 5 and  ≈ 973 centskWh. For 2017,  = 17 and

 ≈ 1352 centskWh.

33. (a) See the scatter plot in part (b). A linear model seems appropriate.

(b) Using a computing device, we obtain the regression line

 = 112486 + 60,11986.

(c) For 2002,  = 17 and  ≈ 79,242 thousands of barrels per day.

For 2017,  = 32 and  ≈ 96,115 thousands of barrels per day.

34. (a)  = 1000 431 227 1499 528 750

(b) The power model in part (a) is approximately  = 15 . Squaring both sides gives us  2 = 3 , so the model matches
Kepler’s Third Law,  2 =  3 .

35. (a) If  = 60, then  = 0703  239, so you would expect to find 2 species of bats in that cave.
 40 103
(b)  = 4 ⇒ 4 = 0703 ⇒ 40
7
= 310 ⇒ = 7
 3336, so we estimate the surface area of the cave

to be 334 m2 .

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30 ¤ CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

36. (a) Using a computing device, we obtain a power function  =  , where   31046 and   0308.

(b) If  = 291, then  =   178, so you would expect to find 18 species of reptiles and amphibians on Dominica.
  
  1 (4)  
37. We have  = = = . Thus,  = 2 with  = .
42 4 2 2  4

1.3 New Functions from Old Functions

1. (a) If the graph of  is shifted 3 units upward, its equation becomes  =  () + 3.

(b) If the graph of  is shifted 3 units downward, its equation becomes  =  () − 3.

(c) If the graph of  is shifted 3 units to the right, its equation becomes  =  ( − 3).

(d) If the graph of  is shifted 3 units to the left, its equation becomes  =  ( + 3).

(e) If the graph of  is reflected about the ­axis, its equation becomes  = − ().

(f ) If the graph of  is reflected about the ­axis, its equation becomes  =  (−).

(g) If the graph of  is stretched vertically by a factor of 3, its equation becomes  = 3 ().

(h) If the graph of  is shrunk vertically by a factor of 3, its equation becomes  = 13  ().

2. (a) To obtain the graph of  =  () + 8 from the graph of  =  (), shift the graph 8 units upward.

(b) To obtain the graph of  =  ( + 8) from the graph of  =  (), shift the graph 8 units to the left.

(c) To obtain the graph of  = 8() from the graph of  =  (), stretch the graph vertically by a factor of 8.

(d) To obtain the graph of  =  (8) from the graph of  =  (), shrink the graph horizontally by a factor of 8.

(e) To obtain the graph of  = − () − 1 from the graph of  =  (), first reflect the graph about the ­axis, and then shift it
1 unit downward.
(f ) To obtain the graph of  = 8 ( 18 ) from the graph of  =  (), stretch the graph horizontally and vertically by a factor
of 8.

3. (a) Graph 3: The graph of  is shifted 4 units to the right and has equation  =  ( − 4).

(b) Graph 1: The graph of  is shifted 3 units upward and has equation  = () + 3.

(c) Graph 4: The graph of  is shrunk vertically by a factor of 3 and has equation  = 13 ().

(d) Graph 5: The graph of  is shifted 4 units to the left and reflected about the ­axis. Its equation is  = − ( + 4).

(e) Graph 2: The graph of  is shifted 6 units to the left and stretched vertically by a factor of 2. Its equation is
 = 2 ( + 6).

4. (a)  =  () − 3: Shift the graph of  3 units down. (b)  = ( + 1): Shift the graph of  1 unit to the left.

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 SECTION 1.3 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS ¤ 31

(c)  = 12  (): Shrink the graph of  vertically by a (d)  = − (): Reflect the graph of  about the ­axis.
factor of 2.

1 
5. (a) To graph  =  (2) we shrink the graph of  (b) To graph  =  2
 we stretch the graph of 
horizontally by a factor of 2. horizontally by a factor of 2.

The point (4 −1) on the graph of  corresponds to the

The point (4 −1) on the graph of  corresponds to the point (2 · 4 −1) = (8 −1).
 
point 12 · 4 −1 = (2 −1).
(c) To graph  =  (−) we reflect the graph of  about (d) To graph  = − (−) we reflect the graph of  about
the ­axis. the ­axis, then about the ­axis.

The point (4 −1) on the graph of  corresponds to the

The point (4 −1) on the graph of  corresponds to the
point (−1 · 4 −1) = (−4 −1).
point (−1 · 4 −1 · −1) = (−4 1).
√
6. The graph of  =  () = 3 − 2 has been shifted 2 units to the right and stretched vertically by a factor of 2.
Thus, a function describing the graph is
  √
 = 2 ( − 2) = 2 3( − 2) − ( − 2)2 = 2 3 − 6 − (2 − 4 + 4) = 2 −2 + 7 − 10
√
7. The graph of  =  () = 3 − 2 has been shifted 4 units to the left, reflected about the ­axis, and shifted downward
1 unit. Thus, a function describing the graph is

= −1 ·  ( + 4) − 1
        
reflect shift shift
about ­axis 4 units left 1 unit left

This function can be written as


 = −( + 4) − 1 = − 3( + 4) − ( + 4)2 − 1
 √
= − 3 + 12 − (2 + 8 + 16) − 1 = − −2 − 5 − 4 − 1

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32 ¤ CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

√ √
8. (a) The graph of  = 1 +  can be obtained from the graph of  =  by

shifting it upward 1 unit.

(b) The graph of  = sin  can be obtained from the graph of  = sin  by compressing horizontally by a factor of , giving
a period of 2 = 2. The graph of  = 5 sin  is then obtained by stretching vertically by a factor of 5.

9.  = 1 + 2 . Start with the graph of  = 2 and shift 1 unit upward

10.  = ( + 1)2 . Start with the graph of  = 2 and shift 1 unit to the left.

11.  = | + 2|. Start with the graph of  = || and shift 2 units to the left.

12.  = 1 − 3 . Start with the graph of  = 3 , reflect about the ­axis, and then shift 1 unit upward.

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 SECTION 1.3 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS ¤ 33

1 1
13.  = + 2. Start with the graph of  = and shift 2 units upward.
 

√ √
14.  = −  − 1. Start with the graph of  = , reflect about the ­axis, and then shift 1 unit downward.

15.  = sin 4. Start with the graph of  = sin  and compress horizontally by a factor of 4. The period becomes 24 = 2.

1 1
16.  = 1 + . Start with the graph of  = 2 and shift 1 unit upward.
2 

 √
17.  = 2 +  + 1. Start with the graph of  = , shift 1 unit to the left, and then shift 2 units upward.

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