A Seminar Report: Flexible Ac Transmission System

A SEMINAR REPORT
On
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
This seminar presents all the information about fact devices like FACTS theory, technology and concept. It is used for series compensation, shunt compensation. Series compensation is also used for stability purposes. Shunt compensation devices are known as power factor improvement devices.
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 2. FACTS TECHNOLOGY 3. FACTS CONCEPT 4. FACTS THEORY 5. EXAMPLES OF FACTS FOR SERIES COMPENSATION
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6. EXAMPLES OF FACTS FOR SHUNT COMPENSATION 7. EXAMPLES OF FACTS FOR SERIES- SHUNT COMPENSATION 7. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
A Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) is a system comprised of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based device. FACTS is defined by the IEEE as "a power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.
Objectives of FACTS devices

1. Solve Power Transfer Limit & Stability Problems 1.1 Thermal Limit 1.2 Voltage Limit 1.3 Stability Limit 1.3.1Transient Stability Limit 1.3.2 Small Signal Stability Limit 1.3.3 Voltage Stability Limit 2. Increase (control) power transfer capability of a line 3. Mitigate sub synchronous resonance (SSR) 4. Power quality improvement 5. Load compensation 6. Limit short circuit current 7. Increase the load ability of the system
FACTS technology
FACTS could be connected:

in series with the power system (series compensation) in shunt with the power system (shunt compensation) both in series and in shunt with the power system
Series compensation
In series compensation, the FACTS is connected in series with the power system. It works as a controllable voltage source.
Series inductance occurs in long transmission lines, and when a large current flow it causes a large voltage drop. To compensate, series capacitors are connected. Advantage OF SERIES COMPENSATION It improves the transient & steady state stability. More economical loading. Minimum voltage drop at bus bar.
Shunt compensation
In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt with the FACTS. It works as a controllable current source. Shunt compensation is of two types: a. Shunt capacitive compensation This method is used improve the power factor. Whenever an inductive load is connected to the transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt capacitor is connected which draws current leading the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor. Capacitor are connected at Busbar, Tertiary winding of main transformer b. Shunt inductive compensation This method is used either when charging the transmission line, or, when there is very low load at the receiving end. Due to very low or no load very low current flows through the transmission line. Shunt capacitance in the transmission line causes voltage amplification (Ferranti Effect). The receiving end voltage may become double the sending end voltage (generally in case of very long transmission lines). To compensate, shunt inductors are used.
Advantage OF SHUNT COMPENSATION It improves the power transmission capability. It improves the power factor connected across transmission line.
FACTS theory
Transmission on a no-loss line
In the case of a no-loss line, voltage magnitude at receiving end is the same as voltage magnitude at sending end: Vs = V r =V. Transmission results in a phase lag that depends on line reactance X.
As it is a no-loss line, active power P is the same at any point of the line:
Reactive power at sending end is the opposite of reactive power at receiving end:
As is very small, active power mainly depends on whereas reactive power mainly depends on voltage magnitude.
Series compensation
FACTS for series compensation modify line impedance: X is decreased so as to increase the transmittable active power. However, more reactive power must be provided.
Shunt compensation
Reactive current is injected into the line to maintain voltage magnitude. Transmittable active power is increased but more reactive power is to be provided.
Examples of FACTS a. series compensation (schematic) 1. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)-SSSC is the solidstate synchronous voltage source employing an appropriate DC to AC inverter with gate turn-off thyristor used for series compensation of transmission lines.
2. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC): series capacitor bank is shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor
3. Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR): a series reactor bank is shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor 4. Thyristor Switched Series Reactor (TSSR): a series reactor bank is shunted by a thyristor-switched reactor
b. Shunt compensation 1. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)-It is previously known as a Static Condenser (STATCOM) .STATCOM is the voltage-source converter, which converts a DC input voltage into AC output voltage in order to compensate the active and reactive needed by the system.
STATCOM
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2. Static VAR compensator (SVC) -A shunt-connected static var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control the bus voltage. It Regulate the line voltage by connecting an inductor or a capacitor in shunt with the transmission line Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) . Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) Most common SVCs are:
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Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR): reactor is connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve. The thyristor valve is phasecontrolled. Equivalent reactance is varied continuously. Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR): Same as TCR. but thyristor is either in zero- or full- conduction. Equivalent reactance is varied in stepwise manner.
SVC
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Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC): capacitor is connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve. Thyristor is either in zero- or full- conduction. Equivalent reactance is varied in stepwise manner.
TSC
Mechanically Switched Capacitor (MSC): capacitor is switched by circuit-breaker. It aims at compensating steady state reactive power. It is switched only a few times a day.
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c.
Series-shunt compensator-
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)-UPFC is a combination of STATCOM and SSSC, which are coupled via a common DC link, to allow bidirectional flow of real power between the series output terminals of the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM, and are controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive series line compensation without an external electric energy source.
Independent reactive power exchange between shunt/series converter and
power system. Active power constraint : Pshunt = Pseries
Conclusion
Although fact equipments are costly but it has so many advantages.
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A Seminar Report: Flexible Ac Transmission System

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A SEMINAR REPORT

FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Objectives of FACTS devices

Transmission on a no-loss line

Independent reactive power exchange between shunt/series converter and

power system. Active power constraint : Pshunt = Pseries

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