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Philosophy, Travel, and Place
 Ron Scapp · Brian Seitz
Editors

Philosophy, Travel,
and Place
Being in Transit
Editors
Ron Scapp Brian Seitz
College of Mount Saint Vincent Babson College
New York, NY, USA Babson Park, MA, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-98224-3 ISBN 978-3-319-98225-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98225-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954965

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2018
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
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Cover image: Ashley Sandberg/EyeEm

Cover design by Akihiro Nakayama

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

1 Introducing Being in Transit 1

Ron Scapp and Brian Seitz

2 Long Distances: Tourating, Travel, and the Ethics of

Tourism 7
Mary C. Rawlinson

3 Thinking in Transit 51
Megan Craig and Edward S. Casey

4 Reclamation and Reconciliation 69

bell hooks

5 Bad Dog 79
Alphonso Lingis

6 Walking the Way: Transforming Being in Transit 87

Jason M. Wirth

7 Home Schooling: Philosophy Without Travel 99

Nickolas Pappas

v
vi    Contents

8 The Night-Traveler: Theories of Nocturnal Time,

Space, Movement 113
Jason Bahbak Mohaghegh

9 Walking in Wild Emptiness: A Zen Phenomenology 129

Brian Shūdō Schroeder

10 Moving Wolves 151

Thomas Thorp

11 Nietzsche vagabundus or, the Good European in transitu 169

David Farrell Krell

12 Trans-Scapes Transitions in Transit 189

Irene J. Klaver

13 The Commute: The Bend in Progress, Reproduction

on The Road 209
Robin Truth Goodman

14 The Privilege of the Open Road 223

James Penha

15 American Travel Encounters with Fascist Italy 227

David Aliano

16 Flicking the Switch 261

Ron Anteroinen

17 Homo Viator: Knowledge of the Earth and Theory of the

World in the Age of the First Transatlantic Voyages 265
Peter Carravetta

Index 289
 Notes on Contributors

David Aliano is an Associate Professor of Italian and History and is

the Chair of the Modern Languages and Literatures Department at the
College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York City. He earned his Ph.D.
and M.Phil. degrees at the Graduate Center of the City University of
New York and received his B.A. degree from Fordham University. His
research specializes in transnational Italian identity, politics, and culture.
He is the author of Mussolini’s National Project in Argentina (Fairleigh
Dickinson University Press, 2012). He has also published peer-reviewed
articles in the Ethnic Studies Review (2010), French Colonial History
(2008), Estudios Interdisciplinarios de America Latina y el Caribe
(2006), and Altreitalie (2005).
Ron Anteroinen is a visual fine artist and graphic designer living in
New York City.
Peter Carravetta is Professor of Philosophy at Stony Brook University.
He has published several books, including Prefaces to the Diaphora.
Rhetorics, Allegory, and the Interpretation of Postmodernity (Purdue UP,
1991), Del Postmoderno. Critica e cultura in America all’alba del due-
mila (Bompiani, 2009), and The Elusive Hermes. Method, Discourse,
Interpreting (Davies Group Publishing, 2013). Founding editor of
DIFFERENTIA review of italian thought (1986–1999, viewable on
https://commons.library.stonybrook.edu/differentia/), and translator
of G. Vattimo & P. A. Rovatti’s Weak Thought (SUNY P, 2012), he is

vii
viii    Notes on Contributors

also a poet, author of The Sun and Other Things (Guernica, 1998), and
The Other Lives (Guernica, 2014). He has been Fulbright and Visiting
Professor in Madrid/Complutense, Paris/8, Nanjing, Saint Petersburg
and Rome/2. He is presently working on a book on Humanism in the
post-humanist age.
Edward S. Casey is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at SUNY,
Stony Brook. Past president of the American Philosophical Association
(Eastern Division), he is the author of ten books on topics ranging
from imagination and memory to place and space. Most recently, he
has published The World at Glance and The World on Edge—two peri-
phenomenological investigations. He is currently writing a book tenta-
tively entitled Peripheral Emotions.
Megan Craig is an artist and Associate Professor of Philosophy
at Stony Brook University, where she teaches course in Aesthetics,
Phenomenology, and twentieth century continental philosophy. Her
research interests include color, synesthesia, autism, psychoanaly-
sis, and embodiment. She is the author of Levinas and James: Towards
a Pragmatic Phenomenology (Indiana University Press, 2010) and is
currently at work on a book on Levinas, Derrida, and palliative care in
America. Her paintings, installations, performances, and public works
have been exhibited nationally and internationally.
Robin Truth Goodman is Professor and Associate Chair of English
at Florida State University. Her publications include: Promissory Notes:
The Literary Conditions of Debt (Lever Press, forthcoming); Gender for
the Warfare State: Literature of Women in Combat (Routledge, 2017);
Literature and the Development of Feminist Theory (edited collection;
Cambridge University Press, 2016); Gender Work: Feminism After
Neoliberalism (Palgrave, 2013); Feminist Theory in Pursuit of the Public:
Women and the “Re-privatization” of Labor (Palgrave, 2010); Policing
Narratives and the State of Terror (SUNY Press, 2009); World, Class,
Women: Global Literature, Education, and Feminism (Routledge, 2004);
Strange Love: Or, How We Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the Market
(co-written with Kenneth J. Saltman; Rowman & Littlefield, 2002); and
Infertilities: Exploring Fictions of Barren Bodies (University of Minnesota
Press, 2001). She is the editor of the forthcoming Bloomsbury Handbook
of twenty-first Century Feminist Theory and Understanding Adorno,
Understanding Modernism also from Bloomsbury.
 Notes on Contributors    ix

Irene J. Klaver is Professor in Philosophy at the University of North

Texas and Director of the Philosophy of Water Project. She works at
the interface of social-political and cultural dimensions of water, with
a special interest in urban rivers. Currently she is finalizing a book
about the Trinity River in North Texas (Texas A&M University Press)
and working on a monograph on Meandering, River Spheres and New
Urbanism. Klaver has been Water and Culture Advisor for UNESCO
and Co-Director of the International Association for Environmental
Philosophy. She co-edited the UNESCO book Water, Cultural Diversity
& Global Environmental Change and co-directed the documentary The
New Frontier: Sustainable Ranching in the American West and parts of
River Planet.
David Farrell Krell is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at DePaul
University and Brauer Distinguished Visiting Professor of German
Studies at Brown University. His philosophical work focuses on the
areas of early Greek thought, German Romanticism and Idealism, and
contemporary European thought. His most recent scholarly books
include Ecstasy, Catastrophe: Heidegger from Being and Time to the Black
Notebooks (SUNY Press, 2015), The Cudgel and the Caress: Reflections
on Cruelty and Tenderness (forthcoming from SUNY), and The Sea: A
Philosophical Encounter (forthcoming from Bloomsbury). He has also
published a number of short stories and three novels.
Alphonso Lingis is an American philosopher, writer and translator, cur-
rently Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Pennsylvania State University.
His areas of specialization include phenomenology, existentialism, mod-
ern philosophy, and ethics.
Jason Bahbak Mohaghegh is an Associate Professor of Comparative
Literature at Babson College. His focus is upon tracking currents of
experimental thought in the Middle East and the West, with particular
attention to exploring the concepts of chaos, violence, illusion, silence,
extremism, mania, disappearance, and apocalyptic writing. He has pub-
lished six books to date, including: The Chaotic Imagination (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2010), Inflictions (Continuum, 2012), The Radical
Unspoken (Routledge, 2013), and Insurgent, Poet, Mystic, Sectarian
(SUNY, 2015). His latest work on madness, titled Omnicide: Mania,
Fatality, and the Future-In-Delirium, will be released with Urbanomic/
Sequence and MIT Press in 2019. He is also the co-editor of the
x    Notes on Contributors

Suspensions book series with Bloomsbury, and co-founder of the fifth

(Dis)Appearance Lab (www.5dal.com).
Nickolas Pappas teaches at the City University of New York, where he
is head of the Program in Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center,
and Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center and City College.
He has written Guidebook to Plato’s Republic, now in three edi-
tions (Routledge, 1995, 2004, 2013); The Nietzsche Disappointment:
Reckoning with Nietzsche’s Unkept Promises on Origins and Outcomes
(Rowman & Littlefield, 2005); Politics and Philosophy in Plato’s
Menexenus, with Mark Zelcer (Routledge, 2015); The Philosopher’s New
Clothes: The Theaetetus, the Academy, and Philosophy’s Turn against
Fashion (Routledge, 2016). He works mainly in the areas of ancient phi-
losophy and aesthetics.
James Penha is a native New Yorker who has lived for the past
quarter-century in Indonesia. Nominated for Pushcart Prizes in fiction
and poetry, his LGBTQ+ stories appear in the 2017 and 2018 antholo-
gies of both the Saints & Sinners Literary Festival and the Seattle Erotic
Arts Festival while his dystopian poem “2020” is part of the 2017 Not
My President anthology. His essay “It’s Been a Long Time Coming” was
featured in The New York Times “Modern Love” column in April 2016.
Penha edits TheNewVerse.News, an online journal of current-events poetry.
Mary C. Rawlinson is Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in
the Department of Philosophy and an Affiliated Faculty in Art History
and Women’s and Gender Studies at Stony Brook University in New
York. Rawlinson’s publications include Just Life: bioethics and the future
of sexual difference (Columbia University Press, 2016), Engaging the
World: Thinking After Irigaray (SUNY, 2016), The Routledge Handbook
of Food Ethics (Routledge, 2016), Labor and Global Justice (Lexington,
2014), Global Food, Global Justice (Cambridge Scholars Press, 2015),
Thinking with Irigaray (SUNY, 2011), and Derrida and Feminism
(Routledge, 1997), as well as articles on Hegel, Proust, literature and eth-
ics, bioethics, and contemporary French philosophy. Rawlinson was the
founding editor of IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches
to Bioethics (2006–2016) and Co-founder and Co-director of The
Irigaray Circle (2007–2017). In 2018 she was appointed Senior Visiting
Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies, University
College London.
 Notes on Contributors    xi

Ron Scapp is the founding Director of the Graduate Program in Urban

and Multicultural Education at College of Mount Saint Vincent, The
Bronx, where he is also a Professor of humanities and teacher education.
He is the author, editor and co-editor of numerous books on education,
politics and culture.
Brian Shūdō Schroeder is Professor and Chair of Philosophy and
Director of Religious Studies at Rochester Institute of Technology.
He has published widely on Contemporary European Philosophy, The
History of Philosophy, Environmental Philosophy, Buddhist Philosophy,
The Kyoto School, Social and Political Philosophy, and The Philosophy of
Religion. He is co-editor with Silvia Benso of the SUNY Press Series in
Contemporary Italian Philosophy. Currently an associate officer of the
Comparative and Continental Philosophy Circle and an executive com-
mittee member of the Society for Italian Philosophy, Schroeder is for-
merly Co-director of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential
Philosophy, Co-director and Chair of the board of the International
Association for Environmental Philosophy, director of the Collegium
Phaenomenologicum, and executive committee member of the
Nietzsche Society. He is also an ordained Sōtō Zen priest and the
Buddhist chaplain at RIT, where he guides the Idunno Zen Community.
Brian Seitz is Professor of Philosophy at Babson College. He is the
author, co-author, and co-editor of many books and articles on philoso-
phy and culture.
Thomas Thorp is Professor of Philosophy at Saint Xavier University in
Chicago. In addition to essays on Homer and Greek political thought
several recent publications have drawn from fieldwork conducted in areas
where wolves have returned, the Yellowstone area and the Savoie region
of France. He is co-author, with Brian Setiz, of The Iroquois and the
Athenians: a Political Ontology.
bell hooks is an American author, feminist, and social activist. The name
“bell hooks” is derived from that of her maternal great-grandmother,
Bell Blair Hooks. The focus of hooks’ writing has been the intersec-
tionality of race, capitalism, and gender, and what she describes as their
ability to produce and perpetuate systems of oppression and class domi-
nation. She has published over 30 books and numerous scholarly articles,
appeared in documentary films, and participated in public lectures. She
has addressed race, class, and gender in education, art, history, sexuality,
xii    Notes on Contributors

mass media, and feminism. In 2014, she founded the bell hooks Institute
at Berea College in Berea, Kentucky.
Jason M. Wirth is Professor of Philosophy at Seattle University, and
works and teaches in the areas of Continental Philosophy, Buddhist
Philosophy, Aesthetics, Ecological Philosophy, and Africana Philosophy.
His recent books include Mountains, Rivers, and the Great Earth:
Reading Gary Snyder and Dōgen in an Age of Ecological Crisis (SUNY,
2017), A Monograph on Milan Kundera (Commiserating with
Devastated Things, Fordham 2016), Schelling’s Practice of the Wild
(SUNY, 2015), The Conspiracy of Life: Meditations on Schelling and His
Time (SUNY, 2003), the co-edited volume (with Bret Davis and Brian
Schroeder), Japanese and Continental Philosophy: Conversations with the
Kyoto School (Indiana, 2011), and The Barbarian Principle: Merleau-
Ponty, Schelling, and the Question of Nature (SUNY, 2013). He is the
associate editor and book review editor of the journal, Comparative and
Continental Philosophy. His forthcoming manuscript is called Nietzsche
and Other Buddhas (Indiana, 2019) and he is currently completing a
manuscript on the cinema of Terrence Malick as well as one on indige-
nous space.
 List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Cleopatra’s Barge, Caesars Palace, Las Vegas 11

Fig. 12.1 We had dinner at one of Venice’s canals when we saw it
coming: slow-gliding giant, moving with iron precision,
steely temporality 194
Fig. 12.2 Bicycling along the IJ Boulevard, we saw the Brilliance
of the Seas docked in the Cruise Terminal, dwarfing
all the buildings around it 195
Fig. 12.3 On our way to see a movie, we explored the new
neighborhood around the Film Museum the EYE
and found ourselves in a Venetian themed enclave 195
Fig. 12.4 Driving along wind-swept farm road 2520 in south
Texas, we encountered the first TRANSMIGRANTES
sign, forlorn in the new millennium 198
Fig. 12.5 We slowly drove into the CATS lot, a large lot run
by men from Guatemala 199
Fig. 12.6 Transmigrantes, the gleaners of transit, in transit:
towing used cars behind their own cars, all the way
back to Guatemala 200
Fig. 12.7 We were right at Anzaldúa’s herida abierta, the open
wound of the closed-fenced US–Mexican border 200
Fig. 12.8 The Rio Grande visible through the ‘controlled burnt’
thickets in Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge.
We witnessed the creation of control through exposure 202

xiii
xiv    List of Figures

Fig. 12.9 Tijuana: where the wall walks into the waters
of the Pacific Ocean 202
Fig. 12.10 At the US side we saw a desolate territory, controlled
space, mocked by countless loud seagulls. At the Mexican
side we saw people enjoying the beach 203
 CHAPTER 1

Introducing Being in Transit

Ron Scapp and Brian Seitz

“The sedentary life is the real sin against the holy spirit.”
Nietzsche, Ecce Homo

That we find ourselves running to, fleeing from or otherwise commuting

between here and there poses problems that most philosophers have so
far and for the most part seemed to neglect. We, however, are moved
by this reality, one in which the distinction between nomadism and glo-
balism, and between choice and necessity becomes somewhat obscure,
if still clearly determined while arguably equally clearly indeterminate,
whether an expression of the postmodern condition or the consequence
of modernity, or the extended, and typically gratuitous and vicious,
­exigencies of race, class, and gender.
Everyone on this expansive planet experiences what could be charac-
terized as micro-transits, typically routine and often mundane forms of
movement, the type embodied in the daily circuit to and from work,
even if it entails simply walking—but an act that gets complicated if one

R. Scapp
College of Mount Saint Vincent, New York, NY, USA
B. Seitz (*)
Babson College, Babson Park, MA, USA

© The Author(s) 2018 1

R. Scapp and B. Seitz (eds.), Philosophy, Travel, and Place,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98225-0_1
2 R. SCAPP AND B. SEITZ

is walking away from, for instance, genocide, a trajectory, then, toward

the only hope of survival. And then there are longitudinal time-zone
transits and latitudinal north–south transits, which often detach and
sometimes violently disrupt people from their routine and land them
somewhere else, somewhere different from where they started, some-
where frequently problematized, problematic, and dangerous, a dislo-
cation breeding alienation, on the part of both the dislocated and the
inhabitants already in place. For example, the many refugees who are
detained by government agencies such as ICE in towns and cities across
the United States, and the very residence of those towns and cities where
they are detained. This is an interruption of the very transit that both
the refugees, now detainees, and the locals, who feel put upon, if not
threaten, desperately wish would resume as quickly as possible.
Here, we are thinking about the dislocation and alienation experienced
by the many hundreds of thousands Syrians who have been forced to flee
their homes and homeland, forced, that is, to move, frequently these days
into sinking boats. At a time when we have experienced the expression of
national outrage, xenophobia, and anti-immigrant sentiment that led to
Brexit, to the election of Donald Trump, to more walls, and then to the
ever growing expansion of China’s influence with its attention to ethnic
populations within and adjacent to its borders, pivot to the resurgence of
Putin’s Russia and its “recovery” of historical peoples and the enhanced
monitoring of the movement of populations; we have also witnessed,
however fully cognizant or not we might be of it, the continued moving
and removal of capital around the world—so the question of motion is
not just the tragedy of desperate human bodies, but also the pathways of
material wealth, intensified by the obscure dynamics of cryptocurrencies.
And yet, and as if in a parallel universe, bourgeois bodies are simul-
taneously moving about, to and fro, within the always precarious and
tentative comfort and assumed security of their privileged travel. These
bodies are not necessarily unaware of those many other some-bodies
being bombarded, pushed and forced out of their homes and homelands.
Nevertheless, these passengers are apparently not moved enough by
those misfortuned transients (our term—as distinct from those “passen-
gers” who are delayed or have a flight canceled) to stop their routines,
even if disrupted; the former’s normal everyday movements to and from
where they imagine themselves that they need to be, more often than
not someplace only reachable by air, unlike their dislocated counterparts
walking their way out of the hell that was their home into the various
alternate versions of hell that are not their home.
 1 INTRODUCING BEING IN TRANSIT 3

The reality of being on the ground for refugees and travelers is obvi-
ously as different and differentiating as it could possibly be. One group
is traversing the land and the sea, negotiating borders, not knowing what
to expect at every phase, with every step. The other group is moving
along, as usual, not really traveling so much as simply getting around by
sitting in machines, sedentary casualties of the technology. What is usual
is often experienced as routine, that is, as expected, even demanded, the
very disposition of privileged mobility, possibly constituting a new nobil-
ity or social class, certainly constituting a new mobility.
Thus, for those bodies practiced in their routine of coming and going,
the phrase “ground transportation”—busses, trains, taxis, cars—is a
direct reference to security, to the concourse, and lofting above the air
to the relatively seamless systems of movement in which, secured if not
quite actually safe, inhabitants of the global city, of the World City, now
reside and move about in, unlike their unfortunate counterparts who
find themselves out of sorts, out of their routines, and moving only to
secure the possibility of another day, fortune granting—not unlike the
much publicized caravan moving its way through Mexico to the US
border that the Trump administration deemed as emblematic of all that
is wrong with US immigration policy and international law regarding
asylum seeking refugees. At the same time, not that long ago, it was a
very long boat ride, for the rich, migrants, and slaves alike. Although
now many of us, with most of us traveling in “economy,” just watch a
film or two, which on an experiential level means, paradoxically, that
it’s not really about movement at all but, as Paul Virilio has observed in
Open Sky, a peculiar form of stasis: we move while sitting in machines.
One might pass through an airport bar, an anomalous, impervious,
and typically anonymous space given that it is devoid of normal local
repeat or familiar customers, a pub that is not a true public house, a pub
that is not a pub, even if one might rub elbows with strangers there. This
is not to deny that there are in fact regulars, business travelers, who do
come through airports weekly, but only an elite of these folks who fre-
quent the various airline lounges are known on sight by the staff, includ-
ing the bartenders—think here of George Clooney’s character in Up In
The Air. At some other end of the spectrum are the “Irish pubs” that
install themselves in all sorts of places, including in airports—an ane-
mic gesture toward travel of a different sort, ultimately not that differ-
ent from the recreations offered to visitors at Disney’s Epcot Center
and various other places. So even in the ebb and flow of temporary or
transient clients coming and going, dispersed throughout an airport and
4 R. SCAPP AND B. SEITZ

elsewhere, there are those who find themselves at a place where at least
someone knows their name—or at least recognizes and acknowledges
their frequent flyer number!—even if it is probably a far cry from the
greeting one gets upon entering a genuinely local drinking hole, a proper
pub. But now we’re ready or forced to take flight. Go to the gate and
board the plane!
Most modern, technologized, and otherwise privileged travelers typ-
ically experience the airplane as a machine of transport, a mere instru-
ment. But once in a while, the plane transcends instrumentality à la
Heidegger’s “The Question Concerning Technology” and provides
a vista of revelation that bursts through the limitations of the various
instrumental formations of understanding. Lofting up from Denver,
heading north, breaking through the clouds, and catching an exhilarat-
ing glimpse of Yellowstone Lake before the approach into Bozeman’s
Gallatin Airport. Descending into an endless expanse of green sur-
rounding Roberts Airport in Liberia, descending over the Thames
on the approach into London Heathrow—spectacular!—or, toward
St. Petersburg, the approach into Pulkovo, again breaking through the
clouds, coming down over the heights just outside of the glorious city,
the very heights behind which, just yesterday, Nazi artillery pounded
the city for 900 days, or now on a plane out of Aleppo, originally sched-
uled to leave Damascus, due to “turbulence on the ground.” The instru-
ment typically just has most of us anticipate the baggage carousel and
some destination on the ground. But sometimes, between the blurs, it
facilitates moments or points of contact and connection with the past,
a rich and sometimes beautiful and sometimes violent present and then
an ambiguous future—a motion of an entirely different order: nostalgia,
anxiety, hope, and resignation (depending on your inclinations, your des-
tinations past, present, and… future).
Some of us fly away from and fly away to in order to disappear and
reappear—for business, pleasure, adventure, and many other motives
and necessities. But assumed in our comings and goings is a presump-
tion of our not disappearing while traveling, and of having the luxury
of returning when we desire, an option that can quickly get negated by
natural disasters (e.g. volcanic activities, extreme weather), intentional
catastrophes (war) or a hastily imposed travel ban (however ­temporarily
enforced). The conditions of such mobility and immobility, therefore,
are far from within our control, and never will be. A moment’s thought
to various recent crashes and more specifically and dramatically to the
 1 INTRODUCING BEING IN TRANSIT 5

dematerialization of Malaysia Airline Flight 370 sends us anxiously won-

dering if “we might just disappear.” The revelation is that if the plane is
an instrument, it can also be an instrument of death (unlike the Titanic
and the Hindenburg, 9/11 changed travel forever). Pushing further,
air travel is a mode of revelation, one that includes and yet also extends
beyond the view down from up above, and the inherent superiority that
so often accompanies such a perspective.
All of this demands a rethinking of the instrumentality of flying
as such, and traveling to our doom in particular, despite or perhaps
modeling the fact that, as Al Lingis notes in his book, Death Bound
Subjectivity, we are all already always traveling toward death. We are fas-
cinated simultaneously by our access to get anywhere quickly and by the
very possibility of being gone forever, which is our universal path and
destination.
The plethora of magazines, newspaper sections, entire television
shows, websites, and even scholarly journals dedicated to “travel” indi-
cate the scope, extent, and intensity of interest, concern, and fascination
with coming and going, of being and not being here and there: to and
from home, work, vacation, along with or paralleled by experiences of
emigration, immigration, relocation, and dislocation. Some get to enjoy
travel, while many more are forced to move because of floods, warfare,
genocide, and poverty…
Each day, around the world, people commute, flee, return and recon-
sider where they are and want or need to be. Motility, as Bruce Chapman
elegantly argued in Songlines, has been one of our consistent species traits
for eons—and may want us to reconfigure and rethink race, ethnicity,
migration, and habituation—but the speed, scale, intensity, and frequency
of our movements these days have extended and accelerated the transfor-
mation of who we are and are becoming, are moving toward. The existen-
tial question, “Who am I?” gets recalibrated, “Where am I, where have I
been, and where am I going?” One’s place in the world is a perennial con-
sideration; but today it becomes a point of departure or return in a man-
ner not experienced by those who have come and gone before us. Finding
our way around today with the aid of Sat Nav, of GPS, in our phones,
with Uber, Lyft, and other overlapping and interwoven technologies and
transportation corporations that allow us to be identified, located, picked
up, and dropped off all add another experience of time and space. We
anticipate points of punctuation, points of reference that give and change
the meaning of our lives (our food, our language, our currency)—and yet
6 R. SCAPP AND B. SEITZ

the impulse for continuity remains strong and influential—how many

Sheratons, Westins, Hiltons, Marriotts around the world promise the
more or less same contextless level of service, the same quality and style,
the effect of which is something like being nowhere in particular: some
often find themselves in exactly the same place despite being thousands
of miles from home. Many others find themselves alienated, dislocated
and unsafe at home!—consider efforts and movements such as Black Lives
Matters and Red Nation documenting, acknowledging, confronting, and
addressing the very restricted mobility of citizens that encounter obsta-
cles, impasses, and death for moving about in the wrong place, in the
wrong way and at the wrong time—how you move and where you move
has always been complicated; sadly, for some almost any move can be, and
often is, their last move, for it is more frequently than not countered by an
act of permanent removal.
Movement is a condition of the arc of human subjectivity, of ancient
history and contemporary life. Philosophy, Travel and Place: Being in
Transit continues the exploration of themes either neglected or deval-
ued by others working in the field of philosophy and culture. Following
the four collections we have previously published—Eating Culture;
Etiquette; Fashion Statements; and Living with Class—Philosophy, Travel
and Place will consider the domain of travel from the broadest and most
diverse of philosophical perspectives. In being in transit, we are consider-
ing the possibilities of the very real material impact of being able to move
or stay put, as well as being forced to go or prevented from leaving. Our
time in transit, our being in transit, and our time at rest, that is, specifi-
cally being “here” and not going some place other, whether by choice or
edict, has always been at issue, always been at play (and has always been
in motion, if you will), for our species. Now, we would like to pause for a
moment, and move the philosophical discussion forward, to move it in
a direction that has, as far as we can tell, for too long has been stalled at
a place we need to move on from, if philosophy is to remain vibrant and
significant to those of us still attempting to find our way. In short, we
move about because of desire, because of necessity, because of ourselves,
and because of others. But, the fact remains (that is to say, stays put), we
move for better and for worse, and because not moving and not being
allowed to move only can occur with the context of our being in transit,
one way or another.
 CHAPTER 2

Long Distances: Tourating, Travel,

and the Ethics of Tourism

Mary C. Rawlinson

In Invisible Cities Italo Calvino writes,

…the form of things can be discerned better at a distance.1

Addressing the ethics of tourism immediately situates the reader in

a zone of privilege. The host country must enjoy enough security and
infrastructure to attract and sustain tourism, while the tourist must enjoy
enough security, mobility, and leisure to be able to indulge in travel for
pleasure or as an end in itself.
In 2015, there were 1.23 billion international tourist arrivals, and
tourism generated receipts of $1.26 trillion globally.2 That same year,
65 million people were made refugees by war, civil conflict, or perse-
cution,3 and another 21.5 million were displaced by climate change.4
More than 21 million people are trafficked annually for labour

M. C. Rawlinson (*)
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s) 2018 7

R. Scapp and B. Seitz (eds.), Philosophy, Travel, and Place,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98225-0_2
8 M. C. RAWLINSON

(16 million) or for sex (5 million). Trafficking produces profits of

$150 billion a year, 66% from sexual exploitation.5 Some 3–4 million
migrants are smuggled each year, generating in excess of $6.75 billion
in profits.6 Millions of humans are on the move both within and across
borders in an effort to escape poverty and violence.7 Many “undoc-
umented” humans are deported, forcibly removed from the places
they have chosen to live. Some humans are stuck in transit in migrant
camps, effectively homeless. To be in transit as a tourist because you
choose to be marks an extreme privilege over the millions of humans
displaced by violence, climate catastrophe, genocide, poverty, war, or
deportation.
States with long histories of conflict, like Colombia, Lebanon, or
Vietnam, develop thriving tourism industries as violence subsides, secu-
rity returns, and infrastructures are improved and sustained.8 The devel-
opment of the tourism industry is regularly coupled with the production
of new narratives of identity and the creation of new sites of memory and
history.
Might an ethics of tourism identify practices that would serve local
security, global mobility, and universal leisure, or the opportunity for
each and all—local and tourist alike—to pursue happiness? Industrial
tourism is often associated with the degradation of place and the
homogenization of culture. It regularly substitutes fabricated spaces and
pre-packaged experiences for an encounter with indigenous cultures that
might provide the traveller with new perspectives on herself and her own
place of departure.
Proust, conversely, offers a philosophy of travel that promises not
the same experience everywhere, but to make places seem as foreign
and as far apart as possible, each retaining or developing its own spec-
ificity, history, memory, and identity. Might such travel address the
collapse of the real and the effacement of distance in the instantane-
ous, which has been diagnosed by Baudrillard as threatening the very
possibility of identity and self-representation in our time? Might an
ethics of tourism promote cultural difference and sustain the specificity
of place, while preserving and enhancing the distances and differences
that sustain both self-knowledge and any meaningful encounter with
the other?
 2 LONG DISTANCES: TOURATING, TRAVEL, AND THE ETHICS … 9

Places in Transit: Disposability, Specularization,

Homogenization
Writing in the New York Times, Maureen Dowd muses:

Paris, Vegas—I’m strolling down a cobblestone street, beneath a

cloud-speckled Paris sky. Past Le Village Buffet, Napoleon’s cigar and
cognac lounge, past Parcage … Let the real Parisians treat the casino with
amused disdain. I think it’s positively magnifique to stand on the Lido
and see the Eiffel Tower rising along the banks of Lake Como. Call it
globalization.9

Touristic spaces like the Las Vegas Strip and Disneyland demonstrate the
disposability of place. They champion the power of industrial tourism to
appropriate and repackage culture and place into a thoroughly artificial
touristic experience. Culture becomes a specularized object of consump-
tion, rather than an element of life, while the forces of global capital
homogenize experience to maximize security and wealth, at the same
time degrading the specificity of place.
Paris exists all over the world in its icons: the French bistro, the Tour
Eiffel key fob, the beret, the Mona Lisa refrigerator magnet. Paris can
be recreated in Las Vegas only because its iconography proves univer-
sally legible. Its disposability, however, finds a counterforce in the city’s
historical and material ballast. The preservation of a human scale within
the rigid boundary of the Périphérique, the pervasive and durable infra-
structure of food that determines social relations and daily routines, the
extensive and accessible public spaces, and the sedimentation of history
in the built environment sustain the specificity of Paris, despite fast food
and other homogenizing forces of global capital, at the same time that
these features generate Paris’s unique iconography and disposability.
Paris may be the disposable city, but its social and cultural ballast provide
effective resistance to the erasure of place under global capital.10
Among the most visited cities in the world with more than 20 million
visitors annually, Paris has incorporated tourism as an economic engine
without losing its specificity of place. Unlike Venice or Vienna, which
have been identified by UNESCO as endangered by tourism and develop-
ment, Paris remains relatively unfazed by its absorption of global capital.11
As Luc Sante remarks,
10 M. C. RAWLINSON

The city’s principal constituent matter is accrued time. The place is lousy
with it. Not everyone is happy about this, since the past is burdensome
and ungovernable and never accords with totalizing ideologies or unified
design theories or schemes for maximizing profit. The faceless residential
and commercial units that conceal large parts of working-class Paris were
imposed over the last half-century for reasons that include the wish to
extinguish an unruly past. History is always in the gun sights of planners
and developers, and of reactionaries, who in the absence of a convenient
past are content to invent one, winding their fantasies around some fac-
tual nugget suitably distant and fogged by legend. Official appropriations
of history … always gravitate toward the theme park.12

The past—materialized everywhere in buildings, streets, food and wine,

art, parks, and other public spaces—provides an infrastructure for the
present and future that enables Paris to maintain its distinct identity
against the uniformity of place instituted by the circulation of global cap-
ital. Despite its disposability, Paris remains indifferent to its appropriation
by industrial tourism in Paris Las Vegas. The elegant majesty of the Tour
Eiffel, always a surprise to the tourist who expects a mere convention,
remains undiminished by the half-size replica on top of Paris Las Vegas,
just as its beauty remains indifferent to the millions of key fobs and little
tower souvenirs sold every year at all the major Parisian monuments. Not
all places prove so durable under the influence of global capital.
Across the street from Paris Las Vegas, Caesars Palace displaces both
space and time to evoke an ancient Rome more akin to cinema than his-
tory. Just as Paris is disposed all over the world through its emblems, so
too the Caesars Palace resort resituates Rome in Las Vegas by deploying
its conventionalized iconography: marble columns, togas, and a “garden
of the gods” replete with Roman lions, centurions, and nymphs. Guests
can party on Cleopatra’s Barge, “an ornate replica of the graceful craft that
transported the royalty of Egypt on the Nile River in the time of Julius
Caesar.”13 The barge, located in the basement of the resort, sits in a tiny
artificial lagoon and provides the dance floor of the bar. It is reached from
the surrounding tables and chairs on “dry land” by a small gangplank. The
barge little resembles the “gilded vessel with purple sails” described by
Plutarch and Shakespeare, for the only thing gilded here is Cleopatra her-
self. She provides the prow of the boat, a bare-breasted woman in some-
thing like a hula girl’s skirt, adorned with jewellery that makes a vague
reference to the neck collars and armbands of ancient Egypt, all topped
incongruously with what appears to be a lotus blossom. The tourist
 2 LONG DISTANCES: TOURATING, TRAVEL, AND THE ETHICS … 11

Fig. 2.1 Cleopatra’s Barge, Caesars Palace, Las Vegas

industry includes Cleopatra’s breasts among the “10 things you can rub
for good luck in Las Vegas.”14 A survey of posts on Yelp and TripAdvisor
indicates that Cleopatra’s breasts endure almost constant rubbing by men,
so that the gilding on her breasts has worn off (Fig. 2.1).
The barge replicates no historical place or time. Rather, it cathects the
images of power and voluptuous excess purveyed in films like Spartacus
(1960) and Cleopatra (1963) during a period in which Roman-themed
films constituted their own genre. More recent television series, such as
I, Claudius (1976) and Rome (2005) reinforced this image of ancient
Rome as a site of ruthless power, lascivious sex, and unfettered gluttony.
Caesars Palace is not Caesar’s Palace, because its developer Jay Sarno did
not want to imply that there was only one Caesar at this palace; rather,
every tourist was to be made to feel like a powerful Caesar.15
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Standards, length 16 3 { in two } diameter { Top 3
{ pieces } { Bottom 5

Mallets, 2. Pins—Large, 4; Small, 100.

Weight of Tent complete, 2 cwt. 10 lb.

HORSES.

The average weight of artillery horses is 10 cwt. 2 qrs.

An allowance of 27 square feet is generally made for each horse
standing at picket, or three feet in breadth, and nine feet in depth.[20]
A horse should seldom be made to draw more than three cwt.
besides the weight of the carriage. With great burthens, less weight
must be allowed for each horse to draw than with medium burthens;
as with a team of horses, the leaders cannot draw so much as the
horses nearer the carriage, and the disadvantage must increase in
proportion to the lengthening of the team.

{ 4 horses may each draw 6 cwt. Total, 24 cwt.

A Team of { 6 do. do. 5 do. 30 do.
{ 8 do. do. 4 do. 36 do.
{ 12 do. do. 4 do. 48 do.
These weights include the carriages. It is usual, however, in heavy
carriages, to reckon all their weight exceeding twelve cwt. as part of
the load.
The most useful mode of applying a horse’s power is in draught,
and the worst is in carrying a load. This is owing to the structure of
the animal. It has been found that three men, carrying each 100 lb.,
will ascend a hill with greater rapidity than one horse carrying 300 lb.
When a horse has a large draught in a waggon, however, it is found
useful to load his back to a certain extent, this prevents him from
inclining so much forward as he would otherwise do, and
consequently frees him from the fatigue of great muscular action.
The best disposition of the traces in draught is when they are
perpendicular to the collar; when the horse stands at ease, the
traces are then inclined to the horizon, at an angle of about 15°; but
when he leans forward to draw, the traces should then become
nearly parallel to the road. The most proper inclination, however, is
determined from the relation which subsists between the friction, and
the pressure, in every particular case.
When a horse is employed in moving a machine, by travelling in a
circular path, the diameter of the path ought not to be less than
twenty-five or thirty feet, and in most cases forty feet should be
preferred: at all events, it must not be less than eighteen feet.
The following table shows the maximum quantity of labour, which
a horse of average strength is capable of performing at different
velocities, on canals, railways, and turnpike roads; but in comparing
this table with practice at the higher velocities, it is reckoned
necessary to add one-third more than the useful effect for the total
mass moved.

Useful effect per Day for a

Force distance
Velocities Day’s of one Mile on a
of
per hour. work.
traction. Level Level
Canal.
railway. road.
Miles. Hours. lb. Tons. Tons. Tons.
2½ 11·5 } { 520 115 14
3 8· } { 243 92 12
3½ 5·9 } { 153 82 10
4 4·5 } { 102 72 9
83⅓
5 2·9 } 52 57 7·2
{
6 2· } { 30 48 6
7 1·5 } { 19 41 5·1
8 1·8 } { 12·8 36 4·5
9 ·9 } { 9 32 4
10 ·75 } { 6·6 28·8 3·6
 Result of experiments with a light four-wheeled cart, weighing with
its load 1000 lb., drawn upon different sorts of roads, (12½ lb. having
been deducted from the force of traction for the friction at the axles,
which were of wood).

Turnpike-road, hard, dry 18 } Force of traction

Do. dirty 26½ } required to move the
Do. new gravelled 130½ } carriage, independent of
Loose sandy road 191½ } the friction at the axles.

Note.—An ox can draw about 4 cwt., and a pair of oxen 9 cwt., on

a level road.

MANAGEMENT OF DRAUGHT HORSES.

Whatever the difficulties of a road or ground may be, ten horses

are as many as can be harnessed with effect to one carriage. It is
difficult for a greater number to act at the same instant, even if the
pull be straight.
Before a carriage moves, the traces should be equally stretched
out, that at the word “March” every horse may act steadily at the
same instant on the carriage, and not by jerks.
The distance of one horse’s length between the carriages is
always to be maintained on the best road, to prevent fatigue and
unnecessary stoppage to the horses. In bad or difficult roads it may
be necessary to increase the distance to double, or perhaps more,
according to the nature of the ground.
After going up a short steep hill, the horses should be halted, but
when that cannot be done, they ought to move slowly to recover their
wind. Should the ascent be long, and steep, the road in a bad state,
or when from any other cause the exertion is likely to be very great
for the horses, a part of the carriages should halt, the leaders of
them be hooked on to those in front, and when they arrive at the top,
as many leaders sent back as may be necessary.
In going up a hill, a carriage may be halted to rest the horses, by
bringing them across it, and locking the limber.
Whenever the ruts are very deep, the carriages must quarter the
road, and if the road is narrow, and sunk between banks, the horses
should be left to themselves, and not be hurried.
In passing over deep furrows, or small ditches or drains, the
carriages should cross them obliquely: when they are crossed
perpendicularly, the horses not only encounter greater difficulty, but
they, as well as the harness, suffer much from the jerks. The former
line of march should be resumed as soon as they are passed.

HORSE-SHOES.

NEW PATTERN.

There are three sizes of horse-shoes in the service, and also a

smaller size made for mules.

Size. lb. oz.

Weight { 1st } (not including the weight of nails) 7 0¼
of { 2nd } do. do. 6 4½
set. { 3rd } do. do. 4 8½
{ Mules } do. do. 2 14

NAILS.

LENGTH, WEIGHT, NUMBER, ETC.

1st size. { No. of nails* 8 9 10 } }

5½ oz.
Largest. { No. of each required 16 8 8} }
} Weight
{ No. of nails* 7 8 9} } of set.
2nd size. 4½ oz.
{ No. of each required 8 12 12 } }
} 32 Nails.
 3rd size. { No. of nails* 5 6 7 } 3½ oz. }
{ No. of each required 8 8 16 } }

No. of Nails. Length of Nails. Weight of 1000 Nails.

188 2¾ inches. 10 lb.
187 2½ — 9—
186 2⅜ — 8—
185 2¼ — 7—
184 2⅛ — 6—
183 2 — 5—
*Note.—These several nails are known by farriers according
to their No.—viz., when they say shoes require nails, Nos. 8, 9,
10, this implies nails of 8, 9, and 10 pounds per thousand nails.

FORAGE.

Method observed in carrying one day’s forage.

Non-commissioned Officers, and Trumpeters.—One feed of
oats in the nose bag, and buckled to the near-ring of the saddle.
Three feeds in the corn bag, and carried across the saddle. Twelve
pounds of hay twisted, and rolled up into two bundles, each nine
inches long, carried at the ends of the kitt, and made fast with the
forage cord, one end to pass in front, and the other in the rear of the
kitt, making it fast by two hitches.
Drivers.—One feed of oats for each horse, carried in the nose-
bags, and made fast to the rear staples of the off-horses’ saddles.
Three feeds for each horse (six feeds) in the corn bag, carried
across the saddle of the near horse. The hay is twisted and rolled up
into two bundles of twelve pounds, each eighteen inches long;
carried on the off-horse at the ends of the kitt; the end of one forage
cord passing in front of the kitt, the end of the other forage cord
passing in rear of the kitt, both ends being made fast by two half
hitches.
If a waggon accompanies the battery, the officers’ horses’ forage
will be carried in it; if not, the oats are to be divided between the sub-
divisions, and the hay carried on the foot board in front of the body of
the waggon.

In heavy marching order, when forage is not ordered to be carried.

Non-commissioned Officers, and Trumpeters.—The nose
bags are rolled up and buckled to the near-ring of the saddle. Forage
cord, currycomb and brush, mane-comb, picker, and sponge, are
made fast to the off-ring.

DAILY RATION FOR ONE HORSE.

Hay or
Oats. Straw.
Grass.
lb. lb. lb. lb.
In Quarters 8 18 .. 6
In Barracks 10 12 or 36 8
A load of Hay, or 36
Straw trusses.
A truss of Hay 56 lb.
Ditto Straw 36 lb.

VETERINARY DIRECTIONS.[21]

MASSES.

The ordinary dose of every Mass is One ounce (Avoirdupois).

No. I.—Cathartic Mass.

One ounce of this Mass made into a ball is a Dose of physic.
A Ball contains seven drams of Aloes, the remaining dram being
made up with Ol. olivar, Ol. carui, and water.
Any horse to which a dose of physic is given, should be fed on
bran mashes, in lieu of corn, until its operation has ceased. If there
be no cause for its immediate administration, let ample bran mashes
be given, by way of preparation, in lieu both of hay and corn, during
one day, and the ball administered the following morning, after the
horse is sufficiently watered, and a couple of hours at least before
his bran mash be given him. Exercise also, during the day, is
advisable. The following day, early in the morning, after the horse
has had water, with the chill taken off, offered him, till he refuses to
drink more, let him be walked out briskly for one hour, unless he
purge; in which case let him be returned to the stable, littered down,
frequently watered, and plentifully supplied with bran mashes. But
should the physic not operate at the expiration of his exercise, nor
after he has remained four succeeding hours in the stable, let him be
exercised for another hour; and he may be gently trotted at this time
should he still show no signs of purging; let it be here understood,
however, that in no case is a horse in physic to be galloped. To
insure purgation, water is no less requisite than exercise.
Should the animal continue to purge on the third day, let his bran
be eaten dry, and let him be kept short of water, and without
exercise, until the physic be set. As soon as his dung shall have put
on its natural appearance and consistence, the usual ration of
provender may be restored, and he may return to duty.
If the horse has been lately taken up from grass, or be low in
condition, or light-carcassed, six drams of the mass is generally a
sufficient dose; but if he be of large size, and in high condition, even
nine drams may be occasionally required.
Horses of a costive habit, whose dung-balls are small and not of
their natural colour—whose coats are rough and skins tight upon
their ribs, and who do not thrive, require physic. Purging balls are
also given with benefit to horses that have mange, or itchy skins—
swelled legs, or grease—fever in the feet—inflamed eyes—staggers
—locked jaw—any swellings from blows or wounds, &c.
When a sick or lame horse requires physic, to whom exercise
would be injurious, let the dose be increased by one or two drams;
and to him the ball may be given at any time—either day, or night—
he may stand in need of it; in order that its operation may be as
speedy as possible.
To a horse not labouring under active disease, a second dose of
physic is not to be administered prior to the seventh day; but to a
sick one, should the case be urgent, the dose may be repeated at
the expiration of twenty-four hours.
Horses suffering from coughs, discharges from the nose, or
inflammation of the lungs, are not to have full doses of purgative
medicine given them, but the febrifuge, or sedative mass should be
given.

No. II.—Febrifuge Mass.

A ball contains—Aloes one dram, Antim. tart. one dram, Nitre two
drams, and Common Turpentine three drams.
In fever, also in cough or discharge from the nose in which fever is
present, this mass is especially useful; and if the fever be violent, the
horse ought to lose three or four quarts of blood before the ball is
given. Let the animal be warmly clothed—a hood be worn in catarrh
—be littered down, have bran mashes in lieu of corn, and be kept
still and quiet in a well-ventilated box. The ball may be administered
once or twice a day according to the symptoms; but it must be
discontinued whenever it seems to affect the appetite, or should
purging appear to be coming on. The appetite being restored, and
the dung in balls again, should it be required, the ball may be
repeated.

No. III.—Sedative Mass.

A ball contains—Digitalis one scruple, Antim. tart. one dram, Nitre
two drams, Linseed meal three drams, and Treacle three drams.
 In case of inflammation of the lungs, these balls are especially
beneficial—a disease in which colds and coughs not unfrequently
terminate. After having drawn four or five, or even six quarts of
blood, according to the violence of the symptoms and the apparent
strength of the animal, give a sedative ball three times a day at
regular intervals. Let the sides of the chest be well rubbed with some
of the blistering liquid, clothe warmly and hand-rub the legs, making
use of the turpentine liniment from time to time until they become
warm; and bandage them with flannel. Keep the stable well
ventilated.
Should the symptoms continue unabated, four or five quarts more
blood must be taken away at the expiration of four or five hours from
the first bleeding, and the operation may be repeated again in six
should the animal continue unrelieved.
Let the horse be littered down, and have bran mashes. No
exercise.

No. IV.—Diuretic Mass.

A ball contains—Common Turpentine half an ounce, Nitre two
drams, and Sulphur two drams.
Diuretic or urine balls may be given in all cases in which they may
be required, one every third night: seldom is it necessary to
administer one every other night, and still more rarely every night.
Should the flow of urine prove abundant—the horse frequently
making efforts to stale, and groaning in so doing; or if he cannot
stale, but appear to experience pain about the loins and hips, and to
be stiff in moving those parts, diuretic balls must on no account be
given.
Diuretics are beneficial in recent swelled legs; linen bandages and
walking exercise being had recourse to at the same time. They are
also useful in watery farcy, dropsy, and puffy or watery swelling of all
kinds.
 No. V.—Alterative Mass.
A ball contains—Aloes one dram, Calomel a scruple, Sulphur half an
ounce, and Treacle three drams.
To ill-conditioned horses that do not thrive, notwithstanding they
eat and appear otherwise in health—to horses that rub themselves,
or that have small lumps or bare places upon the skin (not mange),
balls made up of this mass are serviceable; one may be given every
day for a week, or every other day for a fortnight, unless the horse
should purge, when they are to be omitted, and had recourse to
again in the course of a week or ten days.
Bruised corn, hay cut into chaff, and frequent and full supplies of
water, contribute to restore such horses to condition. Walking
exercise once or twice a day, according to the strength and thrift of
the horse, is also recommended.

No. VI.—Tonic Mass.

A ball contains—Blue Vitriol one dram, Verdigris half a dram,
Linseed meal four drams, and Treacle two drams.
These balls may be administered with advantage to horses
affected with farcy, or under suspicion of glanders, after the swelling
and inflammation attendant upon those diseases have been abated
by bleeding, purging, and diuretic medicines.
Not more than one ought to be given in the space of twenty-four
hours; nor on any account should the dose be continued unless the
horse’s appetite is good; as soon as he refuses any part of his
provender, or appears to be in any manner affected by the medicine,
let the ball be omitted.

No. VII.—Anti-spasmodic Draught.

 This draught is prepared for horses that become griped, after the
following manner:—
Mix together two ounces of Spirits of Turpentine, and one ounce of
Tincture of Opium, and add a pint and a half of warm water.
In mild cases of gripes this single draught will generally suffice; but
in violent attacks, four or five quarts of blood ought to be immediately
taken away, and the draught, after an interval of a couple of hours,
repeated; also two or three ounces of the turpentine liniment should
be well rubbed upon the surface of the belly. If no dung is passed, let
the horse be raked, and have clysters of salt and water (about four
ounces of salt dissolved in four quarts of water) thrown up every
hour until the bowels be relaxed. When the horse continues to lie
down and rise in the stall, and to roll upon his back, relief will
frequently be given by walking exercise for ten minutes.
Those cases, in which the symptoms do not intermit, and in which
the pulse and breathing are much quickened, are not gripes, but
inflammation of the bowels. Take away five or six quarts of blood
without loss of time, and give a draught composed of eight or ten
drams of aloes dissolved in a pint and a half of hot water,[22] with the
addition of an ounce of tincture of opium, inject clysters frequently,
rub a blister upon the belly, composed of equal parts of oil of
turpentine and blistering liquid, wrap the legs in flannel bandages,
making use of the turpentine liniment to the legs if cold, and clothe
warmly. Water, with the chill taken off, should be plentifully given; or,
what is better, water-gruel.
If the symptoms do not speedily subside, draw three or four quarts
of blood again, and repeat the blister to the belly, and clysters and
turpentine liniment to the legs if not warm.

No. VIII.—Vermifuge Powder.

Three drams of this powder, containing one dram of Calomel and
two drams of Tartarized antimony, form a dose.
 To be given in a bran mash at night to a horse having worms, and
to be followed up by the administration of a dose of physic the
following morning—paying attention to the directions already laid
down under the head—Cathartic Mass. The powder and physic
may be repeated in the course of a week or ten days.

No. IX.—Anti-purgation Powder.

This powder is composed of prepared Chalk half a pound, Cinnamon
four ounces, Tormentil three ounces, Gum arabic three ounces,
and Long pepper half an ounce, reduced to a fine powder, and
mixed together, with the addition of Gum opium.
An ounce of the powder, which contains only a scruple of gum
opium, may be administered in a quart of gruel, in cases of
continued purging or scouring, every four or five hours, or as
circumstances may require, but its use is to be discontinued when
the purging is checked.

No. X.—Discutient Powders.

This powder is composed of Zinc vitriol three drams, and Bole
armen. one dram.
A lotion, composed of half an ounce of this powder, and one quart
of water, is a proper application to sore backs, and to recent
swellings from blows or injuries of any kind.
Bandages may be used, wetted with this lotion, in sprains of the
back sinews.

No. XI.—Astringent Powder.

This powder is composed of Linseed meal half an ounce, Powdered
alum half an ounce, Blue vitriol half a dram, and Bole armen. two
drams.
This powder is prepared principally for grease and thrushes, but it
is also a good dressing for unhealthy sores—or sores in which there
is proud flesh.
In cases of grease, when the discharge is but little, and not very
offensive, besprinkle the affected parts with this powder; let the
horse be exercised in the morning and afternoon; and, if the legs be
swollen, let a diuretic ball be occasionally administered.
But should the discharge be copious and fetid, apply to the heels,
by means of pledgets of tow and linen bandages, a liniment
composed of this powder and oil. This dressing ought to continue
undisturbed for two or three days; during which time a dose of physic
may be administered with considerable benefit. Let his food consist
of bran mashes. As soon as the dressings shall have been removed,
the animal ought to be exercised for two hours, the heels afterwards
wiped dry, and the liniment again applied, unless the discharge have
ceased; in which case the powder sprinkled upon the part, as above
recommended, and a diuretic or two will complete the cure. Should
the case require a repetition of the liniment, purging balls are
preferable to diuretics.
Of horses that have thrushes, lower the heels, that the frog may
be upon a level with the heels of the shoe, pare out the cleft with a
small drawing-knife, so as to cut away the ragged parts of it, and
introduce a little of the astringent powder daily, at the evening stable
hour. If heat be perceptible in the foot, a dose of physic may be given
at the same time.

No. XII.—Ophthalmic Powder.

This powder is composed of Sugar of lead two drams, Turmeric half
a dram.
 So long as the eyes appear red and angry, nothing but cold water
should be made use of to them, with which they ought to be
continually wet. At the same time, if there be much inflammation,
take four or five quarts of blood from that side of the neck
corresponding to the affected eye, or from both sides, should both
eyes be bad.
When the inflammation is abated, sponge the eyes and eyelids
with a lotion, made by dissolving a quarter of an ounce of this
powder in a quart of cold spring water, several times in the course of
the day.
In every case in which it is found advisable to draw blood, a dose
of physic is recommended.

No. XIII.—Blistering Liquid.

This liquid is composed of Cantharides four ounces, and Linseed oil
a pint and a half.
For sore throat and jugged swellings, in glanders, or farcy—for
inflammation of the lungs, and inflammation of the bowels, the
blistering liquid is a proper application.
For spavins, splints, old strains, curbs, ringbones, windgalls,
thoroughpins, and other enlargements of joints that have no heat in
them, and swellings in general which will not yield to simple
remedies, this liquid may likewise be used.
Let a small quantity of it be well rubbed in with the hand—without
the hair being cut off—and let the same be repeated at the expiration
of six hours, should it not have taken effect.
About one table spoonful of this mixture is sufficient for the throat,
two for the leg, three for the side or the chest, and so on.

No. XIV.—Turpentine Liniment.

This liniment is composed of equal parts of Spirits of turpentine, and
Linseed oil.
In cases of sore throat and cough, this liniment will be found very
useful, as well as in cases of inflammation of the lungs, and fever,
where the legs are cold, making use at the same time of flannel
bandages, and repeating the liniment every two or three hours, until
they become warm.
Half an ounce will be found sufficient for a leg, or for the throat,
and requires to be well rubbed in.

No. XV.—Turpentine Ointment.

It is composed of equal parts of Common turpentine, and Hog’s lard.
This ointment is the best application that can be made use of in
case of treads or wounds on the coronet, between hair and hoof; a
small quantity is to be spread upon a pledget of tow, and bound on
with a bandage. It is likewise a good dressing for broken knees, or
cuts, and to promote the action of rowels.

No. XVI.—Black Oil.

It is composed of Olive oil one pint, Spirits of turpentine half a pint,
and Acid vitriol two drams.
In recent wounds, such as broken knees, or other lacerated
wounds, this will be found a good dressing to promote healthy and
speedy granulation. It may be applied to extensive wounds by
means of a feather; and in cases of broken knees, a pledget of tow is
to be bound on with a tail bandage. It is likewise a good application
for sitfasts, produced by the pressure of the saddle.
 No. XVII.—Hoof Ointment.
This ointment is composed of Tar, and Train oil, equal parts.
This ointment is intended for brittle feet, or such as have sand
cracks.
By mixing one part of the ointment with two of train oil, it forms a
good application for mange.

CONGREVE ROCKETS.

Rockets may be of great use when a disembarkation of troops

takes place in presence of an enemy, since Rocket men can land
with the first party of Infantry, and commence firing before any guns
can be brought into position. Rockets will not only be useful against
masses of Cavalry, and squares of Infantry, but, when guns cannot
be brought up, may be of material benefit in dislodging an enemy
from villages or houses, which could not be approached by Infantry
alone without a considerable loss of men, and chance of failure. The
larger rockets are of great service in bombardments and sieges.
Congreve Rockets are of four different natures—viz., 24 pounders,
12 pounders, 6 pounders, and 3 pounders. The cases are of wrought
iron, and the rockets are driven upon the same principle as Signal
rockets. Congreve rockets may be used either as shot or shell-
rockets, and the shell may be made to burst either at long or short
ranges. Each rocket is fitted with a fuze screwed into the base of the
shell; this fuze is as long as the size of the shell will admit of, so as
to leave sufficient space between the end of it and the inner surface
of the shell, for putting in the bursting powder, and the end of the
fuze is capped to serve as a guide in the insertion of the boring-bit.
There is a hole in the apex of the shell, secured by a screw metal
plug, for putting in the bursting powder, and for boring, according to
the different ranges at which it may be required to burst the shell.
ON FIRING ROCKETS.
 If the Rocket is to be used as a Shot-rocket, the only thing to be
attended to, is to take care that there is no powder in the shells, and
that the plug is secured in the plug-hole. If the rocket is to be used as
a shell-rocket at the longest range, the plug is to be taken out, and
the shell filled, the fuze left at its full length, and the plug replaced. If
at the shortest range, the fuze is to be entirely bored through, and
the rocket composition bored to within an inch and a half of the top of
the cone in the 24 pounder rocket, and to within one inch in the 12,
6, and 3 pounder rockets. The distances from the surface of the shell
to the top of the cone, and from the surface of the shell to the end of
the fuze, and also, the length of the fuze being fixed and known, the
place on the boring-bit at which to screw the stopper, whether for
various lengths of fuzes, or lengths of rocket composition to be left
over the cone, is easily determined; these distances are marked on
the brass scales for each nature of rocket, and the length of rocket
composition available for boring into, and the lengths of fuze, are
also set off and subdivided into tenths of an inch.
ELEVATIONS, RANGES, AND LENGTHS OF FUZE.

The 24 pounder and 12 pounder rockets are very destructive

against troops from 800 to 1000 yards; against buildings, &c., from
500 to 600 yards: with 6 pounders about 300 yards, and never at a
greater range than 600 or 700 yards.
The range and elevation of a 12 pounder rocket is 10 degrees of
elevation for 600 yards, and 1 degree more is given for each
additional 100 yards, as far as 1250 yards, the elevation for which
will be 16 degrees.
The range and elevation of a 6 pounder rocket is 7¾ degrees for
400 yards, and as far as 700 yards 1 degree for each 100 yards; and
from 700 to 1250 yards, half a degree increases the range about 100
yards.
24 pounders.—If the whole length of fuze is left in the shell, the
rocket may be expected to burst at from 3300 to 3700 yards;
elevation, 47 degrees.
 If the whole of the fuze composition is bored out, and the rocket
composition left entire, the shell may be expected to burst at about
2000 yards; elevation, 27 degrees.
If the rocket composition be bored to within 1·5 inch of the top of
the cone, the shell may be expected to burst at about 700 yards;
elevation, 17 degrees.
12 pounders.—If the whole length of fuze be left in the shell, the
rocket may be expected to burst at about 3000 yards; elevation, 40
degrees.
If the whole of the fuze composition is bored out, and the rocket
composition left entire, the shell may be expected to burst at about
1300 yards; elevation, 15 degrees. If the rocket composition be
bored to within one inch of the top of the cone, the shell may be
expected to burst at about 500 yards; elevation, 9 degrees.
6 pounders.—If the whole length of the fuze be left in the shell, the
rocket may be expected to burst at about 2300 yards; elevation, 37
degrees. If the whole of the fuze composition be bored out, and the
rocket composition be left entire, the shell may be expected to burst
at about 950 yards; elevation, 13¾ degrees. If the rocket
composition be bored to within one inch of the top of the cone, the
shell may be expected to burst at about 500 yards; elevation 9½
degrees.
3 pounders.—If the whole length of the fuze be left in the shell, the
rocket may be expected to burst at about 1850 yards; elevation, 25
degrees. If the whole of the fuze composition be bored out, and the
rocket composition be left entire, the shell may be expected to burst
at about 750 yards; elevation, 10 degrees. If the rocket composition
be bored to within one inch of the top of the cone, the shell may be
expected to burst at about 500 yards; elevation, 8 degrees.
Ranges, and Elevation of Congreve rockets.

Elevation.
Ranges.
12 Pounder. 6 Pounder.
 Yards. Degrees. Minutes. Degrees. Minutes.
400 7 45
500 8 45
600 10 0 9 45
700 11 30 10 30
800 12 45 11 15
900 13 30 11 45
1000 14 0 12 30
1100 14 45 13 15
1200 15 14 0
1250 16 14 30

EXERCISE OF ROCKETS.[23]

The 24 pounder is used for siege purposes. The 12 and 6

pounders are for service in the field.

Exercise of 12 and 6 pounder, or Field Rockets.

Telling off the Detachment.

The detachment falls in, in rear of and facing the carriage, and is
told off as for gun exercise.
“Form the order of march, Left face—Quick march.”

Disposition and Duties of a Detachment of Seven Men, with a 12 and

6 pounder Rocket.

No. 1 stands one yard in rear of the tube, points, and

commands.
3 stands on the left of the 2 stands on the right of
tube, in line with its the tube, in line with its
centre, elevates,and centre, elevates, and
traverses. traverses.
5 stands on the left of the 4 stands on the right of
tube, in line with the the tube, in line with
rear of it, primes, and the rear of it, brings up
fires.
 rockets, arranges the
priming, and loads.
7 stands in rear of the 6 stands in rear of the
carriage and prepares carriage, assists No. 7
rockets. When firing in preparing rockets.
shell-rockets, he bores When firing shell
out the composition, rockets he puts in the
assisted by No. 6. bursting powder, &c.

The following is the proportion of Stores furnished

with Field Carriages.
Two hundred and sixteen rockets with sticks. } with
}6
Two hundred and sixteen bursters.
pounder.
One hundred rockets with sticks. } with
} 12
One hundred bursters.
pounder.
One rocket tube. One rocket frame, comprising two
cheeks, a prypole, elevating bar, and tangent
scale. Two funnels. One boring stock. Two boring } with
bits. One brass scale fitted to bits. Two turnscrew both
bits. One grease box. One tube pocket with natures.
tubes. One lanyard with hook for friction tubes.

To every other equipment not exceeding 144

Rockets.
One rocket tube with frame. One stick for each rocket. One
burster ditto. Two funnels. One boring stock. Two boring bits.
One brass scale fitted to bits. Two turnscrew bits. One grease
box. One tube pocket with tubes. One lanyard with hook for
friction tubes.
One angle. One plummet with line. One elevating
chain. Two guy ropes. Two additional pieces for } with
the cheeks. 24
pounder.

On field service the bursters are carried in the limber boxes, in

canvas cartouches, similar to those in which the field ammunition is