Form One History- End of Term3 2023

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (25 MARKS).

1. Define the following terms? (2mk)

a)History- is an account of events that took place in the past.

b)Pre-History- refers to the unrecorded history;those activities that humans engaged in before
writing and drawing were invented as ways of storing

information.

2. State any two arms of the government. (2mks)

Legislature(Parliament),Executive, Judiciary

3. Distinguish between absolute and constitutional monarchy. (2mks)

In the absolute monarchy, the king or queen rules with absolute and total power whereas in a
constitutional monarchy the king or queen has limited powers since they rule along with a
parliament or a governing body

4. Which human species invented fire? (1mk)

Homo erectus

5. Name one sub-species of Homo Sapiens? (1mk)

Rhodesian Man, Neanderthal Man, Cro-Magnon

6. Identify two hominids in the evolution of Man before the Australopithecus?. (2mks)

Aegyptopithecus, Dryopithecus Africanus, Kenyapithecus (Ramapithecus)

7. Identify two theories that attempt to explain the origin of Agriculture. (2mks)

Diffusion theory, Independent theory.

8. Name the two rivers that surrounded Mesopotamia. (2mks)

Euphrates, Tigris

9. What is the name given to the Maasai and Samburu? (1mk)

Maa Speakers

10. Name the Highland Nilotes in Mt. Elgon.

Tugen, Nandi, Sabaot,Marakwet

11. State any group of Bantu who circumcised boys only. (1mks)

Akamba, Abaluhya

12. Identify two earliest visitors to the East African Coast? (2mks)

Greeks, Romans, Persians, Chinese, Arabs

13. Identify two positive impacts of Portuguese rule on the East African Coast. (2mks)

 The Portuguese built Fort Jesus at the coast in Mombasa in1592/3 which became a fortress
and
 Later a tourist attraction for centuries.
 They enriched the Swahili language with an addition of 60 words e.g. emeza meaning table
and Pesa meaning money.
 They introduced new crops from South Africa of which many have become staple diet for
many
 East Africans e.g. cassava, pawpaw, maize, oranges, sweet potatoes, guavas, pineapples
and Mangoes
 They made an improvement in ship building. During their stay on the coast, many
architects came In from India and Europe.
 There was establishment of closer trading links between the coast and India.
 They introduced new farming methods for example they encouraged the use of cow dung
as Manure.
 They led to the coming of more European and Asian traders and craftsmen especially those
who
 Helped in the building of Fort Jesus.
 They broke the Muslim- Arab monopoly of the Indian Ocean Trade.

14. Identify one earliest visitor to the East African Coast? (1mk)

Vasco Da Gama, David Livingston, Ludwig Krapf

15. Name one rights provided in the Kenyan Bill of Rights? (1mk)

 Right to life
 Equality and freedom from discrimination
 Right to privacy
 Human dignity
 Freedom from slavery,Servitude

16.Name one responsibilities of a good citizen. (1mks)

Every person has a responsibility to contribute to positive development in the country by working

Hard and honestly, irrespective of the type of work or profession one is in.

b. Every citizen is expected to participate in the democratic process. One has the moral
responsibility

to vote and even present him/herself to be voted for provided he/she fulfils all the requirements
of the position.

c. A responsible citizen should actively contribute views on matters affecting the community. This

includes taking Part in national debates.

d. A responsible citizen must be mindful of other peoples’ welfare. For example guiding visitors,

assisting the disabled, the aged, children, as well as the less fortunate members of the society in
ways in which they need the assistance.
e. A good citizen should report law breakers, and even those suspected of having intentions to
break the law to the relevant authorities.

f. A responsible citizen should ensure proper utilization of public and private facilities including

toilets, water points, post offices, public telephone Booths etc.

g. A responsible citizen must maintain high moral and ethical standards. One must refrain from
telling lies.

17. What is National integration? (1mk)

National integration refers to the process by which various components of a nation are brought
together into a whole leading to national unity

SECTION B (45 MARKS)

Instructions to candidates: Answer any three questions from this section in the spaces provided

18a) State five ways in which the discovery of fire by the early Man improved his way of life. (5mks)

 The fire was used to roast/cook thus he stopped eating raw food
 Fire was used to provide warmth at night when it was cold
 Fire was used to provide light in the dwelling/ sites/caves
 Fire improved hunting as man could use it to push animals to confined areas thus kill them
easily.
 Fire was used to frighten animals from man’s dwelling places thus improved security
 Tool making was improved through the use of fire to harden sharpen tips of tools
 Communication between people living at different places was made possible by the of fire
and smoke signals
 Early man preserved food by drying it over the fire
 Fire enabled man to harden pottery which was used for storage /cooking/ trade

b) Describe five factors that led to the development of Agriculture in America before 1800?(10mks)

 European immigration into the region led to population increase and demand for food.
 European immigration introduced new methods of farming
 Introduction of new crops
 Availability of slave labour to clear forests and to farm
 Suitability of climate for agriculture
 Presence of suitable soils for different types of crops
 Settlement of enterprising European emigrants who wished to make a living through
agriculture.
 Availability of indigenous crops
 Use of river for irrigation

19a) Outline 5 changes marking agrarian revolution in Britain. (5mks)

 The land enclosure system (fencing and hedging of plots), which replaced the Open Field
system in 1750.
 Mechanization, i.e. use of new farming methods, which required large farms as opposed to
the previous small strips.
  Abolition of fallows. Farmers could no longer leave the land fallow to regain its fertility as
was the tradition. Increase in population meant demand for more food, which required
most of the land to be put to use.
 Introduction of crop rotation. Lord Viscount Townsend developed a four-course rotation
system called the Norfolk, which consisted of barley, clover, turnips and wheat on the
same plot of land over a four-year period, by which land retained or gained but would not
lose its fertility.
 The introduction of inter cropping. It was discovered that growing crops like maize and
beans on a given piece of land at the same time enabled land to regain fertility, since such
crops did not require the same nutrients from the soil and they gre w well if planted
together.
 Use of fertilizer. This was pioneered by Lord Viscount Townsend, who recommended
manuring of land to increase yields per hectare.
 Use of machines. This changed agriculture from a small scale subsistence activity to a large
scale business for both subsistence and commercial purposes.
 Selective breeding of livestock. This was invented between 1725-1795 by Robert Bakewell.
 Introduction and all-time availability of cattle feed, which helped ensure supply of fresh
meat all the year round.

b) Explain five remedies to food shortages in Kenya. (10mks)

 Reclaiming more land would increase the area for farming thereby producing more food.
 Adopting irrigation which would ensure food production throughout the year.
 Government should formulate/adopt food policies which would give strategies of
achieving food security in the Countries.
 Encouraging farmers to grow food crops that are drought resistant,require little rain tall.
 Farm inputs/seeds/fertilizer/pesticides should be highly subsidized in order to make them
affordable to the farmers.
 Storage facilities should be improved to minimize loss/wastage before and after the
harvest.
 Modern/scientific farming methods such as artificial insemination should be practiced in
order to improve agricultural yields.
 Transport infrastructure should be improved/constructed for efficient movement of farm
inputs/produce to and from markets.
 Encouraging agro-forestry which would ensure food production alongside forestry.

20a) Outline five reasons for the migration of the African communities during the 19th C. (5mks)

 Hostile neighbours in their homeland

 Succession disputes/ feuds/ family conflicts
 Search for pastured for their livestock.
 Natural calamities such as drought/disease
 Spirit of adventure.
 Population pressure
 External attacks
 Outbreak of diseases
b) Discuss results of the migration of the Agikuyu in Kenya during the 19th C. (10mks)

 The incoming Agikuyu community had iron weapons which enabled them to displace some
of the communities which they came into contact with for example the Gumba in the
slopes of Mount Kenya.
 They intermarried with their neighbours/those people they came into contact with such as
the Cushites and Nilotes.
 Their settlement led to the expansion/development of trade between them and their
neighbors e.g. The Agikuyu traded with the Maasai.
 There was cultural exchange between the Agikuyu and their Cushitic and Nilotic neighbors.
 Expansion of the Agikuyu created pressure over land which led to intercommunity conflicts
and wars.
 Intercommunity conflicts led to loss of lives and destruction of property.
 Adoption of some agricultural practices from their agricultural neighbours.

21a) State five roles of Orkoiyot among the Nandi duringthe19thC. (5mks)

 He presided over religious functions

 He foretold future events/seer.
 He was a medicine man.
 He was a rain maker
 He was both a religious and a political ruler
 Settled disputes
 Blessed warriors before going to war

b) Describe the economic organization of the Akamba during the pre-colonial period? (10mks)

 They kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and skin. Dowry was paid
Inform of livestock. Some communities used livestock as a form of currency in barter trade.
 They traded among themselves and also with their neighbours such as the Maasai.
 They practiced iron-smelting, making implements such as knives, hoes arrow heads and
Spearheads. This sometimes also became trading items.
 The Akamba practiced crop growing. They grew grains like millet, sorghum and cassava
among other Crops mainly for food while the excess were sold to neighbours.
 They practiced craft making pots and weaving baskets.
 Hunting and gathering was also done by some communities to supplement their food.
 Raiding other communities for cattle.

SECTION C (30 MARKS)

Instructions to Candidates: Answer Any two questions from this section in the spaces provided

22a) Give three factors that promoted trade between East Africa Coast and outside world? (3mks)

 Availability of items of trade encouraged traders to come to the coast

 The high demand for goods/trade items from the Kenyan coast by consumers in The outside
world led to increased trade
 The existence of local trade among the Africans along the coast provided a base upon which
the Indian Ocean trade developed.
 The Monsoon winds facilitated the movement of vessels/ships to and from the coast thus
enabling the merchants to take part in the trade.
  The Indian Ocean provided access to traders from Asia and Europe.
 The relative peace/political stability provided conducive environment for trade.
 The availability of credit facilities from Indian Banyans/money lenders enabled many people
to take part in trade
 Existence of enterprising merchants at the coast/foreign lands promoted trading links
enabled trade to flourish .
 The natural harbors along the coast ensured safe docking of ships for loading and unloading
of items of trade
 Advancement in ship/boat building led to better sailing vessels thus increased trading
activities to and from the coast.

b) Explain six impacts of the Indian Ocean trade on the people of East Africa. (12mks)

 It led to the development/growth of the city states/towns along the coast like Mombasa
which were rich/ famous.
 Many foreigners settled in the East African Coast thereby increasing the population in the
region.
 Islamic code of law/sharia was introduced which was used to govern the coastal city
states/people.
 Islamic religion widely spread in the region as many people were converted into it.
 Arabic/Persian architecture was introduced which was reflected in thedesigns of
houses/mosques built in the region.
 Islamic education was introduced where Islamic schools/madrassa were constructed.
 There was intermarriage(s) between the early visitors and the coastal inhabitants resulting
with the new breed of people called Waswahili.
 Kiswahili language emerged ,which was a combination of Bantu and Arabic languages.
 There was introduction of new crops like rice/cloves/millet/fruits which became staple
foods for the coastal people.
 Islamic dressing styles were introduce where wore long robes (kanzus) and women wore
veils (buibui).

23 a) How can a person lose Kenyan Citizenship? (3mks)

 If one is disloyal to the state

 If during war one trades/communicates with the enemy
 If one reveals the country’s secrets to another country .
 If one is sentenced for a period of twelve months within five years from the
 Date of registration
 If one stays out of the country continuously for seven years without registering with the
Kenyan embassy abroad.
 If registration was obtained though fraud.

b) Explain how a person can become a Kenyan citizen. (12mks)

 A person is a citizen by birth if on the day of the person’s birth, whether or not the person
is born in Kenya, either the mother or father of the person is a citizen.
 A child found in Kenya who is, or appears to be, less than eight years of age, and whose
nationality and parents are not known, is presumed to be a citizen by birth.
  A person who is a Kenyan citizen by birth and who has ceased to be a Kenyan citizen
because the Person acquired citizenship of another country, is entitled on application to
regain Kenyan Citizenship.
 If a person has been married to a Kenyan citizen for a period of at least seven years.
 If A person who has been lawfully resident in Kenya for a continuous period of at least
seven years applies to be registered.
 If a child who is not a citizen, is adopted by a citizen and applies to be registered.
 Citizenship may be granted to individuals who are citizens of other countries that allow
Kenyans citizenship in their countries.

24. a) Why did Seyyid Said change his Capital from Muscat to Zanzibar (5mks)

 In order to effectively control the East African coast

 Zanzibar had a pleasant climate
 Zanzibar was strategically located for the development of trade
 Zanzibar had fertile soils/adequate rainfall/fresh water
 Offered a good defence site from outside attacks
 Zanzibar had deep natural harbours
 The rulers of Zanzibar were loyal to Oman.

b) Discuss the factors leading to the decline of Akamba dominance in the long distance trade.(10mks)

 Colonialism: The colonial period, where European powers established control over much of
East Africa, had a profound impact on Akamba involvement in Indian Ocean trade. The
imposition of colonial borders, taxation, and trade regulations disrupted traditional trade
routes and practices.
 Change in Trade Commodities: The Akamba people traditionally traded goods like ivory,
hides, and other products from the interior to the coast. Over time, the demand for these
goods in the Indian Ocean trade declined, and different commodities such as spices,
textiles, and manufactured goods became more valuable. The Akamba’s traditional trade
items lost market relevance.
 Shift in Economic Hubs: The colonial powers established coastal cities and ports as
economic hubs, often favoring certain ethnic groups for trade partnerships. This shifted the
economic center of gravity away from the traditional Akamba trading routes and disrupted
their involvement in Indian Ocean trade.
 Slave Trade Abolition: The abolition of the transatlantic and Indian Ocean slave trade
during the 19th century had a significant impact on the Akamba’s trading activities. Slave
trading was a major component of the Indian Ocean trade, and its abolition had
repercussions on the overall trade dynamics in the region.
 Competition from Other Groups: The coastal regions of East Africa were a melting pot of
various ethnic and cultural groups, leading to increased competition in trade. The Akamba
faced competition from Arab traders, Swahili traders, and other groups with established
trading networks.
 Globalization and Modern Trade Routes: The rise of modern transportation,
communication, and trade networks in the 20th century made it easier for goods to be
transported directly from production centers to global markets, bypassing traditional
trading intermediaries.
 Cultural Shifts: Over time, cultural shifts and changes in livelihoods have also played a role
in the decline of Akamba involvement in the Indian Ocean trade. As younger generations
have pursued diverse career paths, traditional trading practices have waned.
 Environmental Factors: The unpredictable climate, droughts, and diminishing water
sources in the region have affected the livestock-based economy of the Akamba, impacting
their capacity to participate in trade.