LUZON

NCR (NCR NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION)

Manila, Quezon City, Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina,
Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela

➢ TAGALOG

CAR (CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION)

Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Mountain Province

➢ IGOROT
REGION I (ILOCOS REGION)

Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union & Pangasinan

➢ TINGGUIAN
➢ ILOCANO

REGION II (CAGAYAN VALLEY)

Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirina

➢ IBANAG
➢ IVATAN

REGION III (CENTRAL LUZON)

Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac & Zambale

➢ AETA OR AGTA

AURORA

➢ ALTA
➢ ILONGOT
➢ AGTA
➢ DOMAGET

BATAAN

➢ AYTA MAGBUKUN
➢ AYTA AMBALA

NUEVA ECIJA

➢ KALANGUYA
➢ DUMAGAT/DOMAGET

TARLAC

➢ ABELLING/ABELLEN
➢ AYTA MAGANTSI
ZAMBALES

➢ ΑΥΤΑ AMBALA
➢ AYTA SAMBAL
➢ ABELLING / ABELLEN

MIGRANT IP
➢ APPLAI
➢ KANGKANA – EY
 ➢ BONTOK
➢ KALINGA
➢ IBALOI/IBALOY

REGION IV-A (CALABARZON)

Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon

➢ BADJAO

REGION V (BICOL REGION)

Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate, and Sorsogon

➢ AETA OR ITOM
➢ KABIHUG

VISAYAS
REGION VI (WESTERN VISAYAS)

Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, and Iloilo

➢ ILONGGO
➢ WARAY
➢ HILIGAYNON
➢ CALUYANON
➢ AKLANON
➢ CAPIZNON

REGION VII (CENTRAL VISAYAS)

Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, and Siquijor

➢ BOHOLANO
➢ ESKAYA
➢ CEBUANO
➢ MAGAHAT
➢ POROHANON

REGION VIII (EASTERN VISAYAS)

Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar (Western Samar), and Southern Leyte

➢ ABAKNON

MINDANAO
REGION IX (ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA)
Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, and Zamboanga City

➢ SUBANEN

REGION X (NORTHERN MINDANAO)

Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, and Misamis Oriental (Cagayan De
Oro)

➢ MANOBO

REGION XI (DAVAO REGION)

Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, and Davao Oriental
 ➢ SAMA
➢ KLATA OR GUIANGAN
➢ IRANUN
➢ MAGUINDANAON

REGION XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)

Cotabato (North Cotabato), Cotabato City (Highly Urbanized City), Sarangani, South Cotabato,
and Sultan Kudarat

➢ BLAAN
➢ BIAO

REGION XIII (CARAGA)

Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Norte, and Surigao del Sur

➢ MAMANWA
➢ HIGAONON
➢ SAMA

BARMM (BANGSAMORO AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO)

Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi

➢ BADJAO
➢ LUMAD

MIMAROPA REGION

Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan

➢ MANGYAN
➢ PALAWAN TRIBES
➢ KARAY-A

PHIL. CONSTITUTION 1987

The state recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within
the framework of national unity and development.

RA 8371

An act to recognizes, protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural

communities/people creating a national commission indigenous people establishing implementing
mechanism opportunity funds therefor and other purposes.

RA 10866

The state recognize, respect and protects the rights of indigenous cultural communities to
preserve and develop their culture traditions and institution and consider these rights in the
formulation of national plans and policies.

UNDRIP

United Nation Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People.

NCIP

National Commission on Indigenous People.

CADT

Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title

4 PILLARS OF IPRA (indigenous peoples right act) LAW

• Rights to Ancestral Lands and Domain

• Rights to self governance and empowerment
• Rights to social justice and human rights
• Rights to cultural integrity.

CUSTOMARY LAW: Customary law is a set of laws based on the traditions, customs, or norms
of a local community. It is applied in many countries around the world, often in conjunction with
civil, common, and religious legal systems. The content and features of customary law regimes
vary by country or region and may evolve over time, in keeping with changes in local customs. In
countries with weak formal justice systems, the use of customary law is more prevalent. The role
of indigenous customs, laws, livelihood and technology in the promotion of indigenous
peoples’self-determination and subsistence economy. This ambivalence promotes the lack of
understanding of the role of indigenous customs and tradition among IP groups. It also results in a
discrimination of indigenous juristic laws and a lack of space for its promotion in the national legal
system.

INDIGENOUS LIVELIHOOD:This refers to the traditional ways of earning a living practiced

by indigenous communities. It encompasses activities such as hunting, fishing, gathering,
agriculture, and craftsmanship that are deeply intertwined with their cultural practices, land
stewardship, and sustainable resource management.

INDIGENOUS PHILOSOPHY: Indigenous philosophy encompasses the beliefs, values,

worldviews, and ways of thinking that guide indigenous peoples’ understanding of themselves,
their relationship with nature, and their place in the world. It often emphasizes concepts such as
interconnectedness, reciprocity, respect for nature, and holistic approaches to life.

INDIGENOUS SPIRITUAL: Indigenous spirituality refers to the religious beliefs, rituals,

ceremonies, and practices observed by indigenous peoples that are deeply connected to their
cultural identity, ancestral traditions, and relationship with the natural world. It encompasses a
diverse range of spiritual beliefs and practices that vary among different indigenous cultures but
often emphasize harmony with nature, reverence for ancestors, and connection to the land.

ARTS AND CRAFTS: In northern Luzon, the Ilocanos are known for the craftsmanship of the
cotton fabric inabel and the folk dance binatbatan. Whether it be visual arts, song and dance,
handicrafts, tapestries and clothing or pottery, each region boasts of exceptional talent, skill and
creativity

EXAMPLES OF RIDDLES

1. “I am tall when I’m young, and short when I’m old. What am I?”

Answer: A candle.
Indigenous Group: This riddle is common among various indigenous groups in the Philippines,
including the Igorot people of the Cordillera region.

2. “I have a head, a tail, but no body. What am I?”

Answer: A coin.

Indigenous Group: This riddle is shared among different indigenous communities in the
Philippines, including the Lumad peoples of Mindanao and various groups in the Visayas and
Luzon regions.

Meaning: This riddle may symbolize the importance of trade and economic exchange in Lumad
communities, where traditional barter systems were once prevalent.

3. “In the morning, it walks on four legs. At noon, it walks on two legs. In the evening, it
walks on three legs.”
Answer: Man

Indigenous Group: Visayan (Visayas and parts of Mindanao)

Meaning: This riddle reflects the stages of human life, with “four legs” representing infancy
(crawling), “two legs” representing adulthood (walking), and “three legs” representing old age
(walking with a cane).

RITUALS:

1. Pagdiwata Ritual: Originating from the Tagbanua people of Palawan, the Pagdiwata is a
ritual performed to invoke ancestral spirits for guidance, protection, and blessings,
especially during significant events like harvests or community gatherings.
2. Panagdadapun Ritual: Originating from the Igorot tribes of the Cordillera region,
particularly the Kankanaey and Ibaloi communities, the Panagdadapun is a ritual
performed to seek guidance from the spirits for a bountiful harvest and protection against
natural calamities.
3. Pamalaye Ritual: Originating from the T’boli tribe of South Cotabato, the Pamalaye is a
ritual performed to seek blessings from the spirits for healing, fertility, and prosperity. It
involves offerings, chants, and dances led by a tribal shaman or baylan.
4. Pamalas Ritual: Originating from the Mangyan tribes of Mindoro, particularly the
Hanunuo Mangyan, the Pamalas is a ritual performed to honor and seek guidance from
ancestral spirits for various endeavors such as hunting, farming, or healing. It involves
prayers, offerings, and dances led by tribal elders or shamans.

PROVERBS:

1. Ifugao Proverb: “Muling itik, muling liyag” (literally “A returning duck calls again”). This
proverb emphasizes the idea of perseverance and not giving up, encouraging people to keep
trying until they succeed.
2. T’boli Proverb: “Talunin ang hangin, dumaan sa bato” (literally “Defeat the wind, pass
through the stone”). This proverb conveys the message of overcoming challenges and
obstacles with determination and resilience.
3. Tagalog (Aeta) Proverb: “Ang taong nagigipit, sa patalim kumakapit” (literally “A person
in need clings to the blade”). This proverb reflects the idea of desperation driving people
to extreme measures when faced with difficult situations.
4. Ibaloi Proverb: “Adi mabalin nga agpasiar iti kayo ket isu ti inarakupna” (literally “One
cannot spit at the sky and not get the spit on oneself”). This proverb warns against the
consequences of one’s actions, highlighting the principle of accountability and
responsibility.

EPIC
1. Hudhud: Originating from the Ifugao people of the Cordillera region, particularly in the
province of Ifugao, the Hudhud is an epic chanted during rice planting and harvesting
seasons. It narrates the story of the Ifugao ancestors, their customs, traditions, and beliefs.
The Hudhud is traditionally performed by skilled chanters known as “hudhud hi Aliguyon”
and is passed down orally from generation to generation.
2. Darangan: Hailing from the Maranao people of Lanao del Sur in Mindanao, the Darangan
is an epic poem that recounts the adventures and romantic exploits of mythical heroes and
heroines. It explores themes of love, bravery, and honor, often accompanied by traditional
musical instruments such as the kulintang. The Darangan serves as a repository of Maranao
culture and identity, embodying the rich oral tradition of the community.