UNIT – 5

INTERNET Basics and WEB Basics

Introduction:
 Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across
the world with each other and to the World Wide Web.
 It uses standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions of
computer users worldwide.
 It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other wireless and
networking technologies.
 At present, internet is the fastest mean of sending or exchanging
information and data between computers across the world.

 It is believed that the internet was developed by "Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency" (DARPA) department of the United States.
And, it was first connected in 1969.

 Internet is different from the WWW(World Wide Web) as the World

Wide Web is a network of computers and servers created by connecting
 them through the internet. So, the internet is the backbone of the web
as it provides the technical infrastructure to establish the WWW .

Features of Internet

1. Accessibility
An Internet is a global service and accessible to all. Today, people
located in a remote part can also use Internet.
2. Easy to Use
The software, which is used to access the Internet (web browser),
is designed very simple; therefore, it can be easily learned and used. It is easy
to develop.
3. Interaction with Other Media
Internet service has a high degree of interaction with other media.
For example, News and other magazine, publishing houses have extended their
business with the help of Internet services.
4. Low Cost
The development and maintenance cost of Internet service are
comparatively low.
5. Extension of Existing IT Technology
This facilitates the sharing of IT technology by multiple users in
organizations and even facilitates other trading partners to use.
6. Flexibility of Communication
Communication through Internet is flexible enough. It facilitates
communication through text, voice, and video too. These services can be
availed at both organizational and individual levels.
7. Security
Internet facility has to a certain extent helped the security system
both at the individual and national level with components such as CCTV
camera, etc.
Applications of Internet / Uses of Internet

1. E-mail: E-mail is an electronic message sent across a network from one

computer user to one or more recipients. It refers to the internet
services in which messages are sent from and received by servers.
2. Web Chat: Web chat is an application that allows you to send and
receive messages in real-time with others.
3. World Wide Web: The World Wide Web is the Internet’s most popular
information exchange service. It provides users with access to a large
number of documents that are linked together using hypertext or
hyperlinks.
4. E-commerce: E-commerce refers to electronic business transactions
made over the Internet. It encompasses a wide range of product and
service-related online business activities.
5. Video conferencing: The term “video conferencing” refers to the use of
voice and images to communicate amongst users.
6. Online Shopping: Today the whole world is doing online shopping
through the internet, that too sitting at home and you can also shop
online from home through the internet.
7. Online Payments: You can make online payments only through the
internet. For example, electricity bill, mobile bill, telephone bill, water
bill, cylinder bill, movie bill, hotel bill, restaurant bill, shopping bill, etc.
8. Social Networking: Social networking is also a good platform, through
which you talk to people. Example are Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,
LinkedIn, YouTube etc,.
9. E-Banking or Internet Banking: Bank customers can now do all banking
work sitting at home. There are many benefits of using e-banking. Such
as - online account opening, money transfer, NEFT, passbook check, bill
payment, loan, etc.
10. E-Learning: You can study from online live class through e-learning
sitting at home. Through e-learning, you can study any subject or you can
also prepare for any competitive exam. There are many Internet
applications through which students can study.
 Services of Internet: Internet Services allows us to access huge
amount of information such as text, graphics, sound and software over
the internet. Following diagram shows the four different categories of
Internet Services.

1. Communication services:
S.NO Service Description
1 Electronic Mail
Used to send electronic message over the internet.
2 Telnet
Used to log on to a remote computer that is attached to internet.
3 Newsgroup
Offers a forum for people to discuss topics of common interests.
4 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Allows the people from all over the world to communicate in real time.
5 Mailing Lists
Used to organize group of internet users to share common information through e-
mail.
6 Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Allows the internet users to talk across internet to any PC equipped to receive the
call.
7 Instant Messaging
Offers real time chat between individuals and group of people. Eg. Yahoo messenger,
MSN messenger.
 2. Information Retrieval Services

S.N Service Description

.
1 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Enable the users to transfer files.
2 Archie
It’s updated database of public FTP sites and their content. It helps to search a file by its
name.
3 Gopher
Used to search, retrieve, and display documents on remote sites.
4 Very Easy Rodent Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Achieved (VERONICA)
VERONICA is gopher based resource. It allows access to the information resource stored on
gopher’s servers.

3. Web Services
Web services are software that uses defined messaging protocols and are made
accessible for usage by a client or other web-based programs through an
application service provider’s web server. Web services allow information to be
exchanged across web-based applications. Using Utility Computing, web services
can be provided.

4. World Wide Web

The internet is a vast network of interconnected computers. Using this network,
you can connect to the world wide web (abbreviated as ‘www’ or ‘web’) is a
collection of web pages. The web browser lets you access the web via the
internet.

Logical Address(IP address): It is a unique address that identifies the device on

the network. The Internet Service Provider (ISP) assigns IP addresses to all
devices on its network. IP addresses are not generated at random.
IP Version Types :
There are 2 different versions of IP as follows.
1. IPv4 (IP version 4) –
IPv4 employs a 32-bit address. It is composed of four numbers separated by
 a ‘dot’ i.e., periods called an octet (byte). Each number in the octet can
range from 0 to 255.
Example – 172.166.3.28
2. IPv6 (IP version 6) –
IPv6 is the next generation of Internet Protocol addresses. In comparison to
IPV4, IPv6 has a larger address space. IPv6 has a length of 128 bits and is
written in hexadecimal. It is composed of eight fields, each of which
contains two octets. As a result, IPv6 has 16 octets in total.
Example – 3221:1cd7:74b6:6da7:0000:0000:7349:6472

Physical Addres(MAC Address): A MAC address is a one-of-a-kind identification

assigned to a NIC (Network Interface Controller/Card). The full form of MAC
address is Media Access Control address. MAC addresses are 48 bits long and
these addresses could not be routed between networks. MAC Address is a 12
digit hexadecimal number.

Internet Service Provider(ISP):

ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. It is a company that provides
access to the internet and similar services such as Website designing and
virtual hosting.
Types of ISP
1. DSL: DSL, which stands for 'digital subscriber line' is an
advanced version of the dial-up Internet access method. It uses
high frequency to execute a connection over the telephone
network and allows the internet and the phone connection to
run on the same telephone line. This method offers an
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber (ADSL), where the upload speed is
less than the download speed, and a Symmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (SDSL), which offers equal upload and download
speeds. Out of these two, ADSL is more popular among users
and is popularly known as DSL.
2. Wireless Broadband (WiBB): It allows high-speed wireless
internet within a large area. To use this technology, you are
required to place a dish on the top of your house and point it to
the transmitter of your Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP).

3. Wi-Fi Internet: It is the short form for "wireless fidelity," which is

a wireless networking technology that provides wireless high-
speed Internet connections using radio waves.

4. ISDN: It is a short form of Integrated Services Digital Network. It

is a telephone system network which integrates a high-quality
digital transmission of voice and data over the same standard
phone line.

5. Ethernet: It is a wired LAN (Local Area Network) where

computers are connected within a primary physical space. It may
provide different speeds such as 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps and 10
Gbps.