Horse Breeds Volume 1

Horse Breeds - Volume 1
A Wikipedia Compilation
by
Michael A. Linton
Contents
Articles
Abtenauer 1
Abyssinian horse 2
Aegidienberger 3
Akhal-Teke 4
Albanian horse 12
Altai horse 13
American Cream Draft 14
American Indian horse 18
American Paint Horse 20
American Quarter Horse 25
American Saddlebred 33
American Warmblood 39
Andalusian horse 41
Andravida horse 51
Anglo-Arabian 52
Anglo-Kabarda 54
Appaloosa 56
AraAppaloosa 68
Arabian horse 70
Ardennes horse 97
Arenberg-Nordkirchen 100
Asturcón 101
Percheron 102
Australian Draught Horse 109
Australian Stock Horse 111
Austrian Warmblood 114
Auvergne horse 117
Auxois 119
Azerbaijan horse 124
Azteca horse 126
Baise horse 129
Balearic horse 130
Balikun horse 131
Baluchi horse 132
Ban'ei 133
Banker horse 137
Barb horse 143
Bardigiano 146
Basque mountain horse 148
Bavarian Warmblood 149
Belgian horse 152
Belgian Warmblood 155
Black Forest Horse 159
Blazer horse 160
Boulonnais horse 161
Brandenburger 166
Brazilian Sport Horse 168
Breton horse 169
Brumby 173
Budyonny horse 181
Burguete horse 183
Byelorussian Harness (horse) 184
Calabrese horse 185
Camargue horse 186
Camarillo White Horse 190
Campolina 193
Canadian horse 197
Carolina Marsh Tacky 202
Caspian horse 205
Castillonnais 210
Catria horse 213
Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale 214
Chilean horse 216
Choctaw horse 219
Cleveland Bay 220
Clydesdale horse 226
Colorado Ranger 231
Coldblood trotter 234
Comtois horse 236
Costa Rican Saddle Horse 238
Criollo horse 239
Croatian Coldblood 242
Cuban Criollo horse 244
Cumberland Island horse 246
Curly Horse 249
Czech warm blood 252
References
Article Sources and Contributors 254
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 258
Article Licenses
License 263
Abtenauer 1
Abtenauer
Abtenauer
Distinguishing features Small draft breed
Country of origin Austria
Horse (Equus ferus caballus)
The Abtenauer is a rare draft horse breed. It is the smallest variant of the Noriker horse, but is very strong despite its
small size. Bred in the isolated valley of Abtenau, south of Salzburg in Austria, it is a consolidated population in
itself.[1]
Characteristics
The Abtenauer has a quiet, willing disposition and stands between 14.3 to 15 hands high. Of lighter bone than the
Noriker, the Abtenauer breeds true to type and is well adapted to the poor soil on which it lives.
The breed is known for its easy, flowing trotting action. The Abtenauer is elegantly built with a well-shaped head
and strong legs. Abtenauers are usually black, chestnut, or blue roan; black is the most common color but all colors
are accepted, except leopard spotting.
Mares and foals spend the summers in pasture high in the mountains and are fed salt once a week to prevent them
from becoming feral. They spend the summer freely roaming the alpine meadows with cattle. Often foals are born
with peculiar curly coats that are lost when the baby hair is shed.
Uses
Because of its agility and good sense of balance, this breed is valuable for work in mountain forests.[2]
References
[1] Hendricks, B: International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, page 3. University of Oklahoma Press : Norman and London, 1995
[2] Hendricks, B: International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, page 3. University of Oklahoma Press : Norman and London, 1995
Abyssinian horse 2
Abyssinian horse
Abyssinian
Image from C.G.Wrangel: Die Rassen des Pferdes
Country of origin Ethiopia
The Abyssinian is a light horse breed that originated in Ethiopia.
Characteristics
They generally stand around 13.3 hands high but show wide variability in coloration, size and conformation.
The breed's coat is generally short and harsh, but unique in that it displays many 'rosettes' and ridges, and also
generally grows a moustache around its nose. Many breeders, especially those in England, have worked to improve
this rosette pattern. Because the hair grows in so many directions, it can be hard to brush, and great care must be
taken to keep the coat clean and free of dirt. Most are green eyed, due to uncommon genes.
Breed history
The Abyssinian has spread from Ethiopia along the coastline of the Red Sea. The breed was first exported to
England in 1861. Abyssinian horses also live in Sudan.
Uses
Despite its small size, the Abyssinian has been bred for strength and for the ability to live and work in mountainous
areas.[1]
References
[1] "The Abyssnian Horse, Ethiopian/Gala." (http:/ / horsecare. stablemade. com/ _articles/ abyssinian. htm) Accessed December 20. 2007
External links
• Abyssinian (http://cowboyfrank.net/fortvalley/breeds/Abyssinian.htm)
Aegidienberger 3
Aegidienberger
Aegidienberger
Aegidienberger horse
Distinguishing features Small, gaited horse.
Country of origin Germany
The Aegidienberger is a small gaited riding horse from Germany. Like the Icelandic horse, it can naturally perform
[1][2]
a gait known as the tölt. They were developed in Aegidienberg and first recognized as a breed in 1994.
The Aegidienberger is a cross between the Peruvian Paso and the Icelandic horse, created to produce a horse that was
larger than the Icelandic, but still small and hardy enough to navigate difficult terrain. They generally stand between
13 and 15 hands high. All colors are permitted for this breed.
There have never been more than 100 members of this breed at any one time, and the breed numbers have been in
decline since the inception of the stud book.[3]
Breeding method
The first generation, generation F1, was born after crossbreeding a pure Peruvian Paso stallion with a pure Icelandic
mare. The F1 generation was than crossbred with a pure Icelandic horse, this resulted in the R1 generation. Finally
the generations F1 and R1 were crossed and the modern Aegidienberger was born: a 5/8 crossbreed between
Icelandic horse and Peruvian Paso, with 5/8 Icelandic blood and 3/8 Peruvian blood.[4]
References
[1] Gestüt Aegidienberg (http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/ ), updated 27 March 2007
[2] "Horse Breeds A to Z: The Aegidienberger" (http:/ / www. askthefarrier. com/ horse-breeds-a-to-z-the-aegidienberger/ ). Ask the Farrier.
Accessed 5/5/08.
[3] "Aegidienberger/Germany" (http:/ / dad. fao. org/ cgi-bin/ EfabisWeb. cgi?sid=-1,reportsreport8a_50008301) DAD-IS. Accessed 5/5/08.
[4] Aegidienberger (http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/ aegidienberger/ index. html/ ), Gestüt Aegidienberg, archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/
web/ 20060719150948/ http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/ aegidienberger/ index. html) at the Internet Archive, 19 July 2006
Aegidienberger 4
External links
• http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=-1,reportsreport8a_50008301
• http://www.aegidienberger.de/
Akhal-Teke
Akhal-Teke
Akhal-Teke
Distinguishing features Riding horse bred for endurance; noted for 'metallic' coat of some individuals
Country of origin Turkmenistan
Breed standards
Akhal-Teke Association of America [1]

Breed standards
International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeding (MAAK) Breed standards [2]
The Akhal-Teke (/ˌækəlˈtɛk/ or /ˌækəlˈtɛki/; from Turkmen Ahalteke, [ahalˈteke]) is a horse breed from
Turkmenistan, where they are a national emblem. They have a reputation for speed and endurance, intelligence, and
a distinctive metallic sheen. The shiny coat of palominos and buckskins led to their nickname "Golden Horses".[3]
These horses are adapted to severe climatic conditions and are thought to be one of the oldest extant horse breeds.[4]
There are currently about 6,600 Akhal-Tekes in the world, mostly in Turkmenistan and Russia, although they are
also found throughout Europe and North America.[5]
There are several theories regarding the original ancestry of the Akhal-Teke, some dating back thousands of years.
The tribes of Turkmenistan selectively bred the horses, recording their pedigrees orally and using them for raiding.
The breed was used in the losing fight against the Russian Empire, and was subsumed into the Empire along with its
country. The Akhal-Teke has influenced many other breeds, including several Russian breeds. There has also been
some crossbreeding with the Thoroughbred to create a fast, long-distance racehorse, but the resulting horses did not
have the endurance of the purebred Akhal-Teke. The studbook was closed in 1932 [6] The Russians printed the first
stud book for the breed in 1941, including over 700 horses.
Akhal-Teke 5
Breed characteristics
The Akhal-Teke typically stands between 14.2 and 16 hands (58 and
64 inches, 147 and 163 cm). These horses are well known for those
individuals who have a golden buckskin or palomino color, a result of
the cream gene, a dilution gene that also produces the perlino and
cremello colors. A number of other colors are recognized, including
bay, black, chestnut, and grey. Aficionados of the breed claim that the
color pattern served as camouflage in the desert. Many Akhal-Tekes
have a natural metallic sheen to their coat, particularly noticeable in
those with cream gene colors. Akhal-Tekes are not thought to carry the
An Akhal Teke stallion dun gene or roan gene.
The Akhal-Teke has a refined head with predominantly a straight or

slightly convex profile, and long ears. It can also have almond-shaped
or "hooded" eyes.[7] The mane and tail are usually sparse. The long
back is lightly muscled, and is coupled to a flat croup and long, upright
neck. The Akhal-Teke possess sloping shoulders and thin skin. These
horses have strong, tough, but fine limbs. They have a rather slim body
and ribcage (like an equine version of the greyhound), with a deep
chest. The conformation is typical of horses bred for endurance over
distance. The Akhal-Tekes are lively and alert, with a reputation for Perlino Akhal -Teke. Many members of this
bonding to only one person. breed carry a gene for the cream dilution.
The breed is tough and resilient, having adapted to the harshness of

Turkmenistan lands, where horses must live without much food or water. This has also made the horses good for
sport. The breed is known for its endurance,[8] as shown in 1935 when a group of Turkmen riders rode the 2500
miles from Ashgabat to Moscow in 84 days, including a three-day crossing of 235 miles of desert without water.[9]
The Akhal-Teke is also known for its form and grace as a show jumper.
The quality of the Akhal Teke horses are determined by the studbook manager. Depending on type, conformation,
pedigree, quality of offspring and achievement in sport, the horses are designated as either Elite or Class I or Class
II.[10] There are usually 2 annual grading events in Moscow, Russia called the "International Sport Meeting and
World Championship “Heavenly Argamak”" and "Golden Akhal-Teke Cup Shael" where breeders present their best
horses to a group of judges. At the World Championship a group of judges evaluate the horses in age and gender
categories as well as in various sport disciplines and a halter class.
Akhal-Teke 6
History
The ancestors of the breed may date back to animals living 3,000 years
ago, known by a number of names, but most often as the Nisean horse.
The precise ancestry is difficult to trace, however, because prior to
about 1600 AD, horse breeds in the modern sense did not exist; rather,
horses were identified by local strain or type.
According to one theory of origin, the Akhal-Teke were kept hidden by
tribesmen in the area where the breed first appeared, the Turkmenistan
desert Kara Kum, which is a rocky, flat desert surrounded by
1848 French image of a "Turkmene" horse mountains. Others claim that the horses are descendants of the mounts
of Mongol raiders of the thirteenth and fourteenth century.
The breed is very similar to, and possibly the direct descendant of the Turkoman horse, a breed believed to be
extinct, though a related strain may be bred today in Iran. Other breeds or strains with Turkoman roots also include
the Yomud, Goklan and the Nokhorli.[11] Some historians believe that the two are different strains of the same breed.
It is a disputed "chicken or egg" question whether the influential Arabian was either the ancestor of the breed or was
developed out of this breed. But a substantial number of Arabian mares have reportedly been used to improve the
breed in the 14th and 19th century.[12] It is also possible that the so-called "hot blooded" breeds, the Arabian,
Turkoman, Akhal-Teke, and the Barb all developed from a single "oriental horse" predecessor.[13]
Tribal people in what today is Turkmenistan first used the Akhal-Teke
for raiding. The horses were their most treasured possession since they
were crucial for income and survival. They selectively bred their
horses, keeping records of the pedigrees via an oral tradition. Horses
were managed and trained in very specific ways. Stallions were
tethered next to the tent while mares and foals were free to seek forage.
The stallions were covered from head to tail with up to seven layers of
felt, which kept their coat short and shiny. Before raids they were put
on a sparse diet to prepare them for the long ride through the desert
with no water and hardly any feed.[14] The horses were called
Argamaks (divine or Sacred Horses) by the Russians,[15] and were
cherished by those who valued their speed and stamina in the desert
and loyalty to their owner. Han emperors from China sacrificed armies
to obtain just a few of the precious "Argamaks".[16]
Akhal-Teke stallion Mele Koush, foaled 1909In 1881, Turkmenistan became part of the Russian Empire. The tribes
fought with the tsar, eventually losing. In the process, however, the
Russian general Kuropatkin developed a fondness for horses he had seen while fighting the tribesmen, founded a
breeding farm after the war and renamed the horses, "Akhal-Tekes", after the Teke Turkmen tribe that lived around
the Akhal oasis (near Geok Tepe). The Russians closed the studbook in 1932 which included 287 stallions and 468
mares. Stallions are not gelded in Central Asia. The studbook was printed in 1941.
The Akhal-Teke has had influence on many breeds, possibly including the Thoroughbred; the Byerly Turk, which
may have been Akhal-Teke, an Arabian, or a Turkoman Horse), was one of the three major foundation stallions of
the breed. Three other stallions thought to be of Turkoman origin, known as the "Lister Turk", the "White Turk", and
the "Yellow Turk" were among a number of minor stallions from the orient who contributed to the foundation
bloodstock of the Thoroughbred breed.[17] The Trakehner has also been influenced by the Akhal-Teke, most notably
by the stallion, Turkmen-Atti, as have the Russian breeds Don, Budyonny, Karabair, and Karabakh.
Akhal-Teke 7
The breed suffered greatly when the Soviet Union required horses to be slaughtered for meat, even though local
Turkmen refused to eat them. At one point only 1,250 horses remained and export from the Soviet Union was
banned. The government of Turkmenistan now uses the horses as diplomatic presents as well as auctioning a few to
raise money for improved horse breeding programs.[18]
In the early twentieth century, crossbreeding between the Thoroughbred and the Akhal-Teke took place, aiming to
create a faster long-distance racehorse. The Anglo Akhal-Tekes were not so resilient however, as their Akhal-Teke
ancestors, and many died due to the harsh conditions of Central Asia. After the 2,600 mile endurance race from
Ashkabad to Moscow in 1935, when the purebreds finished in much better condition than the part-breds, the
studbook management decided to consider all crossbred horses born after 1936, as not purebred. Horses with English
Thoroughbred ancestors born prior to that date were allowed to remain inside the studbook (e.g. 044 Tillyakush,
grandson of Thoroughbred Burlak, 831 Makh, granddaughter of Thoroughbred Blondelli and
great-great-granddaughter of Thoroughbred Junak, and line founder 9 Ak Belek, a direct descendent in the male line
of the Thoroughbred stallion Fortingbrass). Since 1973, all foals must be blood typed to be accepted in the stud book
in order to protect the integrity of the breed. From 2014 on, a DNA test based on hair follicles is sufficient if the
DNA of the parents is on file.[19] A stallion not producing the right type of horse may be removed. Nowadays,
artificial insemination is allowed as well as embryo transfer. The surrogate mother, however, needs to be a pureblood
Akhal Teke mare for the foal to be registered in the General Studbook as a pureblood Akhal Teke.
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan has a separate agency, Turkmen Atlary, responsible for the breeding, training and maintenance of
Akhal-Teke horses.[20] However, the agency's work has been the focus of criticism from the President of the country,
who holds the agency responsible for decreasing numbers of horses and inadequate facilities for their breeding,
training and management.[21] At present Akhal-Teke horses in Turkmenistan are not registered with any other
studbook. The main reason for this are allegations of a heavy infusion of Thoroughbred blood into the breed to create
faster horses for racing in Turkenistan. There are estimates that as many as 30% of the horses in the Ashgabat
hippodrome were not purebred.[22] This may have also been a main reason for the fabricated charges against the first
horse minister of Turkmenistan, Geldy Kyarizov, who tried to avoid and remedy the secretive outcrossing and found
himself in severe opposition to fellow breeders.[]
Turkmen Atlary, in its capacity as the administrative arm of the International Akhal-Teke Horse Association, hosts a
meeting of the association once or twice a year upon invitation in Ashgabat. Most of the bigger breeding farms and
national Akhal Teke associations as well as Akhal Teke owners and representatives of the horse industry from
around the world attend.[23][24] There is a horse racing organization called "Galkinysh" .[25] In Ashgabat, the
Ahalteke equestrian complex,[26] one of the largest in Central Asia, is a horse-breeding center. The former
Akhal-Teke horse Holiday, celebrated on the last Sunday in April, has been renamed 'Turkmen Horse Day'[27][28]
Akhal-Teke 8
Uses
The Akhal-Teke, due to its natural athleticism, can be a sport horse,
good at dressage, show jumping, eventing, racing, and endurance
riding. A noted example was the Akhal-Teke stallion, Absent, who won
the Grand Prix de Dressage at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome,
while being ridden by Sergei Filatov. He went again with Filatov to
win the bronze individual medal in Tokyo in the 1964 Summer
Olympics, and won the Soviet team gold medal under Ivan Kalita at
the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.[29] Other notable
Akhal-Tekes include the 1986 winner of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe,
Akhal-Teke under saddle
Dancing Brave.
Free jumping Akhal-Teke
Breeders
Akhal-Teke horses are bred all over the world. In addition to their
motherland there are breeders in Russia and Central Asia, in Germany
and other European countries and USA, Uruguay and Australia.[31]
Genetic diseases
There are several genetic diseases of concern to Akhal-Teke breeders.
The genetic diversity of the breed is relatively low with an AVK
(Ancestor Loss Coefficient [32]) of 30-50%,Wikipedia:Disputed
statement which raises concerns for dealing with an increase in carriers
of these conditions, and even some risk of inbreeding
depression.Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources To date, there are no [30]
The horse Yanardag of the first president of
DNA tests for these conditions. Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov on the arms of
Turkmenistan
• Naked Foal Syndrome or Hairless Foal Syndrome is most likely an
autosomal, lethal recessive gene, though the exact inheritance
pattern has not yet been verified. It appears to be similar in clinical signs, though not identical to, junctional
epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) found in the Belgian horse and another condition of a similar nature identified in the
American Saddlebred. The defect causes foals to be born without any hair coat, mane or tail. In some cases, the
front teeth are in at birth or molars grow abnormally from normal jaws. Other symptoms include persistent
diarrhea, frequent digestive disorders, and laminitis-like, treatment-resistant rotation of the coffin bones in the
Akhal-Teke 9
hooves. Due the lack of normal skin protection, secondary symptoms include scaly, dry, and inflamed skin, as
well as severe cases of sunburn in summer, and frequent pulmonary infections during winter. NFS is always fatal,
most foals die within weeks of birth, although some horses have survived up to the age of two years. Early demise
is usually caused by digestive problems, whereas older horses need to be humanely euthanized because of severe
laminitis-induced pain. Cases were recorded within the Akhal-Teke breed as early as 1938. Some 35 carriers have
been ascertained,Wikipedia:Disputed statement including 943 Arslan, 736 Keymir, 2001 Mariula, or 1054
Gilkuyruk, but the estimated number of unknown cases is likely higher, as several Russian and Turkmenian
breeders have acknowledged that NFS foals are often just reported as stillborn or aborted.[33][34]
• Hereditary cryptorchidism exists within the Akhal-Teke breed and affected stallions can be traced through
multiple generations. The influential foundation sire, 2a Boinou was a cryptorchid according to experts of the
breed. Other verified cryptorchids include 779 Peren, 1248 Orlan, 971 Khalif, Sayvan, Saburbek, and Garayusup.
1069 Kortik produced a cryptorchid. Unlike many European and North American breed organisations, neither
Russia nor Turkmenistan bar cryptorchids from breeding. Cryptorchidism is said to be related to health and
behavior problems. Affected horses are more expensive to castrate. There are no studbook regulations related to
the use of cryptorchid stallions. Breeders balance the risk of cryptorchidism against propagating other desirable
qualities. Some national Akhal Teke associations, however, ban Cryptorchidism from breeding.
• The Akhal-Teke is one of many light riding horse breeds that may be prone to cervical vertebral malformation
(CVM), commonly called Wobbler syndrome, and to Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD). These
conditions are seen in a number of other breeds, including the Thoroughbred. There is likely a genetic component
to Wobbler's, but the mechanism has not been clearly identified. There also is a possible connection to
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD).
Others
Akhal-Teke is presented in the official coat of arms and banknotes of Turkmenistan, as well as on stamps of both the
Turkmenistan and other countries.
Akhal-Teke horse in [[postage stamps]] and [[Currency|bank notes]]
Azerbaijan (1993) Azerbaijan (1997) Kazakhstan (2002) USSR

(1968)
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmen manat

(1992) (2001):Miniature 2001):Miniature
sheet sheet
Akhal-Teke 10
Monuments
In different cities of Turkmenistan are monuments to the Akhal-Teke.[35] The largest number of sculptures located in
Ashgabat.
Monument in Ashgabat Monument in International Equestrian Sports Complex
References
[1] http:/ / www. akhal-teke. org/ breed-standard. html
[2] http:/ / www. maakcenter. org/ ENG/ BREED/ grading. html
[3] Metallic Sheen as Observed in Individuals of the Akhal-Teke Breed (http:/ / www. cgakhaltekes. com/ index_files/ Page2110. htm); By
Danielle Westfall, Zoology major, Ohio Wesleyan University
[4] Cieslak, Michael, et al. "Origin and history of mitochondrial DNA lineages in domestic horses." (http:/ / www. plosone. org/ article/ info:doi/
10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0015311) PLoS One 5.12 (2010): e15311. "Eleven out of these 39 haplotypes were lineages that were confined to a
single primitive breed (B/Arabian; D2d/Cheju; G1/Akhal Teke; H/Garrano; H1/Marismeno; H1a/Lusitano; K2b1/Sicilian Oriental Purebred;
K3b/ Yakut; X1/Pottoka; X2a/Debao; X3c/Lusitano; X5/Fulani). "
[5] 01.10.2012, 1st Report from WATO President Christoph Vogel (http:/ / www. shael-teke. ru/ en/ publications/ 30/ ), The breed of Akhal-Teke
is facing a crisis: "In her world census for 2012, Jessica Eile-Keith estimated a world population of about 6’600 Akhal-Teke: Turkmenistan ±
3’000, Russia ± 1’600, Central Asia ± 300, USA ± 450, Western Europe ±1’300. With a total of 6’600 Akhal-Teke, one or two specialisation
would be justifiable."
[6] International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeding (MAAK); OPEN LETTER TO MAAK MEMBERS. Subject: Akhal-Teke studbook (http:/
/ www. maakcenter. org/ ENG/ announce. html)
[7] Breed Standard (http:/ / www. akhal-teke. org/ breed-standard. html), Akhal-Teke Association of America
[8] Leisson, K., et al. "Myosin heavy chain pattern in the Akhal-Teke horses." animal 5.5 (2010): 658.
[9] VIDEO: Amazing equine trek from Ashkhabad to Moscow in 84 days over 4,300km (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=cCLIu31HXSE)
[10] Grading Rules for Purebred Akhal-Teke Horses: http:/ / www. maakcenter. org/ ENG/ BREED/ grading. html
[11] A Look at the Turkoman Horse in Iran (http:/ / www. museumofthehorse. org/ journal/ a-look-at-the-turkoman-horse-in-iran/ )
[12] Moser, Henri. À travers l'Asie Centrale. — Paris : E. Plon, Nourrit ..., 1886. — 463 p. incl. front. : ill., plates, ports., fold. map. page 320
http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ cu/ lweb/ digital/ collections/ cul/ texts/ ldpd_6345164_000/ pages/ ldpd_6345164_000_00000360. html
[13] Firouz, L. "The original ancestors of the Turkoman, Caspian horses." Proc. 1st Int. Conference on Turkoman Horse, Ashgabad,
Turkmenistan, May. 1998. http:/ / www. endangeredequines. com/ archivesdocuments/ 1998. pdf
[14] À travers l'Asie Centrale: la Steppe kirghize, le Turkestan russe, Boukhara, Khiva, le pays des Turcomans et la Perse, impressions de
voyage; Author: Henri Moser; Publisher: Plon, 1885; pp. 321-322 in Original from Princeton University; Digitized Jun 2, 2009; Length 463
pages
[15] Khiva and Turkestan (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=v3cEAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r&
cad=0#v=snippet& q=argamaks& f=false), translated from Russian by Captain Henry Spalding FRGS, London, Chapman and Hall, 1874, p.
216
[16] page 114 in Mirrors of the Unseen: Journeys in Iran By Jason Elliot, 2007: http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=vnnxV3SHHx4C&
pg=PA114& dq=china+ turkoman+ horse& hl=en& sa=X& ei=8NgHUrjuDabgyQG69oHoAQ& ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&
q=china%20turkoman%20horse& f=false and The Wars for Blood-Sweat Horses: http:/ / www. ourorient. com/
the-wars-for-blood-sweat-horses
[17] Summerhayes, RS, Horses and Ponies, Warne & Co, London & New York, 1948
[18] Turkmenistan: Arkadag Rides Again! (http:/ / www. eurasianet. org/ node/ 67086)
Akhal-Teke 11
[19] To register horses in the General Studbook, parentage used to be verified by blood typing. Bloodtyping is becoming obsolete: http:/ / www.
akhal-teke. org/ registration. html
[20] official website of Turkmen Atlary, the State Department for horses in Turkmenistan (http:/ / www. turkmenatlary. gov. tm)
[21] Turkmenistan’s President Rages at Poor Horse Industry (http:/ / www. eurasianet. org/ node/ 66574)
[22] The History of the Akhal-Teke Horses, Yesterday And Today, Retrieved on Feb 21, 2014 (http:/ / www. turanianhorse. org/ yesterday. html)
[23] http:/ / thbcc. com/ iatha/ IATHA
[24] Turkmenistan: Arkadag’s Day at the Races Redux (http:/ / www. eurasianet. org/ node/ 66992)
[25] Heavenly horses canter around ring (http:/ / www. sb. by/ files/ MT/ 12/ N46/ 10. pdf)
[26] Президент Туркменистана посетил Ахалтекинский конный комплекс (http:/ / tdh. gov. tm/ ?id=4586)
[27] Turkmenistan marks Fair and Conference marking Turkmen Horse Day opened in Ashgabat (http:/ / www. turkmenistan. ru/ en/ articles/
17162. html)
[28] Turkmenistan: Land Of The Akhal Teke (http:/ / www. chronofhorse. com/ turkmenistan-akhal-teke?page=3)
[29] Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes|Médailles, Résultats, Sports et Athlètes des Jeux Olympiques (http:/ / www. olympic. org/
content/ results-and-medalists/ eventresultpagegeneral/ ?athletename=& country=& sport2=31517& games2=& event2=& mengender=true&
womengender=true& mixedgender=true& goldmedal=true& silvermedal=true& bronzemedal=true& worldrecord=false&
olympicrecord=false& teamclassification=true& individualclassification=true& winter=true& summer=true& searchpageipp=10&
searchpage=3)
[30] Yanardag is visible in the video from ~30 sec onward: http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=REl9VDNgrs0
[31] Breeders from around the world: http:/ / www. akhaltekehorse. org/ links. htm
[32] AVK is the loss of ancestors of possible ancestors in the pedigree due to some ancestors showing up more than once in the pedigree
[33] "The Stavropol Sphinx", Akhal Teke Inform 2006
[34] e.g. "10th Studbook, tome II, page 160": 2860 Mriya, naked foal (dead) b.2000, by 1201 Kavkas, published in 2005 by VNIIK, Ryasan
[35] Во славу ахалтекинского коня (http:/ / tdh. gov. tm/ ?id=6765)
External links
• The European Akhal-Teke Horse Association (http://www.akhaltekehorse.org/)
• (MAAK) International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeders (http://www.maakcenter.org/)
• Turkmenistan Akhal Teke government website (http://www.ahalteke.gov.tm/)
• Akhal-Teke Association of America (http://www.akhal-teke.org/)
• Akhal-Teke World association (http://www.akhaltekeforsale.com/akhal-teke_links_association.html/)
• Akhal-Teke Switzerland (http://achal-tekkiner.ch/)
• Czech Akhal Teke Association (http://www.achalteke.cz/)
• The French Akhal-Teke Horse Association (http://www.akhal-teke.fr/)
Albanian horse 12
Albanian horse
Albanian
Country of origin Albania
The Albanian is a small horse which belongs to the Balkan group. It is reputed to be hardy and very efficient. The
Myzeqea type of Albanian is larger and can grow up to 13.2 hands high, while the Mountain type averages about
12.2 to 12.3 hands.[1]
Characteristics
There are two types of native Albanian horse, referred to as Mountain and Myzeqea (which refers to the Myzeqe
plain). Due to recent interbreeding between the two types, the distinction is becoming less clear. The Myzeqea horse
is exceptionally strong for its size and has an easily-ridden ambling gait, making it useful as a long distance horse.
Coloring is usually black, chestnut, gray or bay.
Temperament
The Albanian horse is known for its high energy and endurance as well as sure-footedness, agility, and balance
making them excellent horses for general riding, transportation, and pack animals.
Breed history
During the reign of the Ottoman Empire in Albania, a great deal of Arabian blood influenced the local horses. The
indigenous stock were thought to be various combinations of Tarpan, Turkmenian and Mongolian horse stock.
Since 1980, there has been a great increase in the number of horses in Albania. In the early 1990s, measures were
taken to promote and increase the number of Albanian horses and to improve them for agricultural work.
The goals of Albanian breeders today are to increase the number of horses and improve their quality. Purebred
Arabian, Nonius and Haflinger horses are crossed with the Albanian and several improved types are emerging.
Nonius horses are bred at the Zootechnic Station at Shkodër, and stallions and mares are distributed to other areas for
breed improvement.
The main reason for this crossbreeding is increased size for better agricultural work. The Haflinger pony was
imported from Austria to help improve the working abilities of horses in hilly regions of the country.
Uses
Albanian horses are used as carriage horses and for riding and light draft work.
References
[1] Hendricks, Bonnie L. (1995). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC&
pg=PA10), pp 10-11. University of Oklahoma Press.
Altai horse 13
Altai horse
Altai
An Altai with rider
Country of origin Central Asia
The Altai is a horse breed developed in the Altai Mountains of Central Asia.
Characteristics
The Altai has a head with a slightly dished profile, set on a relatively short neck. They have a strong back, a
well-developed croup, and short cannon bones. They stand an average of 13.2 - 13.3 hands high, and their coat
colors are chestnut, bay, black, gray, and sometimes leopard spotted.
Crossing Altais with other breeds usually results in larger, stronger horses that still retain the healthiness and easy
management of the Altai. In the past, the Altai has been crossed with Lithuanian, Russian, and Soviet Heavy Draft
horses.
Breed history
The Altai has been influenced significantly by the harsh climate in which it was developed and the need for survival
on only year-round pasture grazing. They were bred for the characteristics most needed by the mountain tribesmen
and nomads, including strong cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and skeletal systems. They are also surefooted
over steep mountain trails.
References
American Cream Draft

American Cream Draft
American Cream Draft Horses in Minnesota State Fair Parade
Distinguishing features Cream color, medium-heavy build
Country of origin United States
Breed standards
American Cream Draft Association Breed standards [1]
The American Cream Draft is a rare draft horse breed, the only such breed developed in the United States that is
still in existence. It is recognized by its cream color, known as "gold champagne", produced by the action of the
champagne gene upon a chestnut base color, and by its amber eyes, also characteristic of the gene; the only other
color found in the breed is chestnut. Like several other breeds of draft horses, the American Cream is at risk for the
autosomal recessive genetic disease junctional epidermolysis bullosa.
The breed was developed in Iowa during the early 20th century, beginning with a cream-colored mare named Old
Granny. The Great Depression threatened the breed's existence, but several breeders worked to improve the color
and type of the breed, and in 1944 a breed registry was formed. The mechanization of farming in the mid-20th
century led to a decrease in the breed's population and the registry became inactive for several decades. It was
reactivated in 1982 and population numbers have slowly grown since then. However, population numbers are still
considered critical by The Livestock Conservancy and the Equus Survival Trust.
Characteristics
American Creams have refined heads, with flat facial profiles that are neither concave nor convex. They have wide
chests, sloping shoulders and short, strong backs. Their ribs are well sprung, and they are short-coupled with
well-muscled hindquarters and with strong well-proportioned legs set well apart. They are sure-footed with strong
hooves, and their movement is free and easy. According to enthusiasts, the breed has a calm, willing temperament,
particularly suited for owners who are new to handling draft horses. Mares stand 15–16 hands (60–64 inches,
152–163 cm) high and weigh 1,500–1,600 pounds (680–730 kg), while stallions and geldings stand 16–16.3 hands
(64–67 inches, 163–170 cm) and weigh 1,800 pounds (820 kg) or more.
The ideal coat color for the breed is a medium cream with pink skin, amber eyes and a white mane and tail. The
characteristic cream color of the breed is produced by the champagne gene. Recognized colors include light, medium
and dark cream, with amber or hazel eyes. A cream mare with dark skin and a light mane and tail may be accepted
by the registry as foundation stock, while stallions must have pink skin and white manes and tails to be registered.
Purebred American Cream foals that are too dark to be accepted into the main breed registry may be recorded into an
appendix registry. The appendix will also accept half-bred Cream Draft horses crossed with other draft bloodlines if
they meet certain requirements, and the registry provides an upgrade system that uses appendix horses to strengthen
genes, increase breed numbers, and allow more diversified bloodlines.
Color genetics
The champagne gene produces diluted color, and the gold champagne body color, light skin, light eyes, and ivory
mane and tail associated with the American Cream Draft are produced by the action of the champagne gene on a
chestnut base coat. In the adult horse, the skin is pink with abundant dark freckles or mottling, and the eyes are hazel
or amber. The eyes of champagne foals are blue at birth, darkening as they age, and a foal's skin is bright pink. The
breed registry describes foals' eyes as "almost white", which is consistent with the nature of the champagne blue foal
eye, which is creamier than other types of blue eye.
Champagne is a dominant trait, based on a mutation in the SLC36A1
gene. The mapping of the gene was announced in 2008, and the
American Cream Draft cross was among the breeds studied. The
authors of this study noted that it was difficult to distinguish between
homozygous and heterozygous animals, thus distinguishing champagne
from incomplete dominant dilutions such as the cream gene. However
they noted that homozygotes may have less mottling or a slightly
lighter hair color than heterozygotes. Anecdotal reports also note mild
Skin freckling is slightly visible around the differences, including lighter freckling, skin and hair coat, though eye
muzzle of this resting horse color remains the same.
Dark-skinned American Cream Draft horses are actually chestnuts, as the breed is not homozygous for the
champagne gene; only one allele is needed to produce the proper color. Champagne dilutes any base coat color, and
in the American Cream Draft, the underlying genetic base color is chestnut. As of 2003, scientists have not found the
breed to carry the cream gene, even though breeders refer to the desired color as "cream". The American Cream
Draft is never cremello or white, and though the gold coat color with a white mane and tail resembles palomino, the
breed's defining characteristics are the result of the champagne gene.
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa

The autosomal recessive genetic disease junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) has been found in some American
Cream Drafts. This is a lethal genetic disorder that causes newborn foals to lose large areas of skin and have other
abnormalities, normally leading to euthanasia of the animal. It is most commonly associated with Belgian horses, but
is also found in other draft breeds. A DNA test was developed in 2002, and JEB can be avoided as long as two
carriers are not bred to one another. The American Cream registry states that it has "been pro-active in testing its
registered animals since JEB was discovered".
Breed history
The American Cream is the only breed of draft horse developed in the
United States that is still in existence today. The breed descends from a
foundation mare named Old Granny. She was probably foaled between
1900 and 1905, and was first noticed at an auction in Story County,
Iowa, in 1911 and purchased by Harry Lakin, a well known stock
dealer. She was eventually sold to Nelson Brothers Farm in Jewell,
Iowa. Her breeding is not known, but she was cream-colored and many
of her foals were as well; they sold for above-average prices because of
their color. Her cream-colored coat, pink skin and amber eyes are
Head and shoulders of an American Cream
defining standards for the breed, and the color is now known as gold
champagne. In 1946, two years after the breed registry was formed, 98
percent of the horses registered could be traced back to Old Granny.
In 1920, a colt of Old Granny's named Nelson's Buck No. 2 impressed veterinarian Eric Christian to the point that
Christian asked the Nelsons not to geld him. They agreed to let him remain a stallion, and he sired several
cream-colored foals, though only one was registered: a colt named Yancy No. 3, whose dam was a black mare of
Percheron breeding. Yancy sired Knox 1st, born in 1926 to an unregistered bay mare of mixed Shire ancestry. From
this sire line, in 1931, a great-great-grandson of Nelson's Buck was born, named Silver Lace No. 9. Silver Lace was
to become one of the most influential stallions of the American Cream breed. His dam was a Belgian mare with light
chestnut coloring, and she is credited with Silver Lace's size – at 2,230 pounds (1,010 kg) he weighed considerably
more than most of his bloodline. Silver Lace quickly became a popular stallion in Iowa. However, stallions standing
for public stud service in Iowa were required to be registered with the Iowa Department of Agriculture, and this
agency only allowed horses of recognized breeds. As Silver Lace was not registered with any breed registry, his
owners created a breeding syndicate, and mare owners who bought shares in the "Silver Lace Horse Company" could
breed their mares to him. However, his main breeding career coincided with the economic struggles of the Great
Depression, and Silver Lace was at one point hidden in a neighbor's barn to prevent his sale at auction. Another
significant foundation stallion was Ead's Captain, whose bloodlines appear in about one-third of all American Cream
Drafts.
Around 1935, despite the Depression, a few breeders started to linebreed and inbreed cream-colored horses to fix
their color and type. In particular, C.T. Rierson began buying cream-colored mares sired by Silver Lace and
developing the American Cream breed in earnest. In 1944, a breed association, the American Cream Association,
was formed by 20 owners and breeders and granted a corporate charter in the state of Iowa. In 1950, the breed was
finally recognized by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, based on a 1948 recommendation by the National Stallion
Enrollment Board.
The mechanization of farming in the mid-20th century led to a decrease in the overall draft horse population, and
with Rierson's death in 1957, American Cream Draft numbers began to decline. By the late 1950s there were only
200 living American Creams registered, owned by only 41 breeders. The registry became inactive until 1982, when
three families who had retained their herds reactivated and reorganized the registry. In 1994, the organization
officially changed its name to the American Cream Draft Horse Association (ACDHA).
1990s to the present

In 1982, owners began blood-typing their horses, and by 1990, genetic testing found that "compared with other draft
breeds and based upon gene marker data, the Creams form a distinct group within the draft horses." The American
Cream Draft was found to have a genetic relationship with the Belgian breed that was no closer than the ones it had
with the Percheron, Suffolk Punch and Haflinger breeds. Registry records dating to the early 20th century show no
bloodlines other than draft breeding. As of 2000 there were 222 registered horses, a number that increased to 350 as
of 2004. Of these, 40 were "tracking horses" – either purebred American Creams that did not meet color
requirements or crossbred horses that mix American Cream and other draft blood, but still meet the physical
requirements for the registry. These tracking horses are allowed by certain regulations to be used as breeding stock,
with the resulting foals able to be registered as purebred American Creams. Around 30 new horses are registered
each year. The Livestock Conservancy considers the breed to be at "critical" status, meaning that the estimated
global population of the breed is less than 2,000 and there are less than 200 registrations annually in the US. The
Equus Survival Trust also considers the population to be "critical", meaning that there are between 100 and 300
active adult breeding mares in existence today. To help replenish numbers, the ACDHA has developed regulations to
permit foals to be registered when produced via methods such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer. Careful
use of the appendix registry also allows numbers to increase.
The American Creams that live in Colonial Williamsburg have been called "the most famous of all American Cream
Draft horses". In the village they are used for wagon and carriage rides, and as of 2006 there is a breeding program
run by Colonial Williamsburg that is working to increase breed numbers.
References
[1] http:/ / www. acdha. net
External links
• American Cream Draft Horse Association (http://www.acdha.net/)
American Indian horse

American Indian Horse
Country of origin North America
Breed standards
American Indian Horse Registry Breed standards [1]
The American Indian Horse is any horse of Spanish origin that has evolved to adapt to a particular environment
within North America, with or without breeding from humans. The title American Indian Horse does not refer to one
specific breed; rather, it applies to any breed that has proved itself capable of withstanding a distinct ecotone,
whether it be the high plains of the Midwest or the low swamplands of the South.
History
The diverse nature of the "American Indian horse" results in a range of historical origins. Its earliest origin is from
the Arabian breed that was imported to Spain, then bred with Barb and Andalusian stock to become the Iberian
horses which were brought over to the Americas by the conquistadors in the 16th century.
The American Indian Horse Registry, established in 1961, has created five categories in which to group the horse:
• Class A are those with unknown pedigrees, such as Bureau of Land Management horses
• Class AA have at least a 50 percent traceable pedigree to distinct American Indian tribe horses
• Class M horses have modern type breed blood, such as Quarter Horse and Appaloosa.
• Class O horses are those horses which follow a distinct bloodline that follows back to specific Indian tribes
• Class P is reserved for ponies of Indian type.
There is no single characteristic typical of this type, because the American Indian Horse Registry has not just one
single breed or stock but is rather a group that has developed over time in the Americas from Spanish stock. At the
most general, the American Indian Horse stands between 13 and 15 hands high and comes in any color from solid to
lilac roan or peacock spotted leopard. It does not have small feet in comparison to the body structure, overly
muscled/fat body style of the 'modern' horse breeds or overly straight legs.
References
• American Indian Horse Registry [1]
• American Indian Horse [2]
References
[1] http:/ / www. indianhorse. com/
[2] http:/ / www. redoaktree. org/ indianhorse/ index. htm
American Paint Horse

Distinguishing features Broad pinto spotting patterns of white and dark hair
Alternative names Paint
Common nicknames Paint
Breed standards
APHA [1]
Breed standards
The American Paint Horse is a breed of horse that combines both the conformational characteristics of a western
stock horse with a pinto spotting pattern of white and dark coat colors. Developed from a base of spotted horses with
Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred bloodlines, the American Paint Horse Association (APHA) breed registry is now
one of the fastest-growing in North America. The registry allows some non-spotted animals to be registered as "Solid
Paint Bred ," and considers the American Paint Horse to be a horse breed with distinct characteristics, not merely a
color breed.
Registration
The American Paint Horse's combination of color and conformation has made the American Paint Horse Association
(APHA) the second-largest breed registry in the United States.[2] While the colorful coat pattern is essential to the
identity of the breed, American Paint Horses have strict bloodline requirements and a distinctive stock-horse body
type. To be eligible for registry, a Paint's sire and dam must be registered with the American Paint Horse
Association, the American Quarter Horse Association, or the Jockey Club (Thoroughbreds). At least one of the
parents must be a registered American Paint Horse. There are two categories of registration, regular, for horses with
color, and solid Paint-bred, for those without color.
Regular APHA registration

In addition to bloodlines, to be eligible for the Regular Registry of the
American Paint Horse Association (APHA), the horse must also
exhibit a "natural paint marking", meaning either a predominant hair
coat color with at least one contrasting area of solid white hair of the
required size with some underlying unpigmented skin present on the
horse at the time of its birth. Or, in the case of a predominantly white
hair coat, at least one contrasting area of the required size of colored
hair with some underlying pigmented skin present on the horse.
Natural Paint markings usually must cover more than two inches and
A regular registry Paint
be located in certain designated areas of the body.[3]
Solid Paint-Bred
Solid colored offspring of two registered Paint parents, called "Solid
Paint-Breds" or "Breeding Stock Paints," are also eligible for
registration, with certain restrictions.[4] They are able to participate in
some recognized Paint breed shows, and there are alternative programs
offered, and many incentive programs within the registry are available
to Solid Paint-bred horses. If a solid-colored horse is bred to a regular
registry Paint horse, it is possible to produce a spotted foal. In some
Solid Paint-bred foal. Sire was a sorrel and white cases, such as the recessive sabino patterns, described below, even a
tobiano, dam is a black and white tovero. Foal is solid colored horse may still carry genes for color. However, in the
a solid Chestnut.
case of the dominant tobiano pattern, a Breeding Stock Paint will not
carry these color genes, though it may retain other desirable traits.
Color
Each Paint Horse has a particular combination of white and another
color of the equine spectrum. Most common are horses with white
spots combined with black, bay, brown, and chestnut or sorrel. Less
common are horses with spot colors influenced by dilution genes such
as palomino, buckskin, cremello, perlino, pearl or "Barlink factor", and
champagne,[5] various shades of roan, or various shades of dun,
including grullo.[6] Paints may also carry the gray gene and have spots
that eventually fade to white hair, though retaining pigmented skin
underneath the areas that were once dark.
Spots can be any shape or size, except leopard complex patterning,

A tobiano Paint
which is characteristic of the Appaloosa, and located virtually
anywhere on the Paint's body. Although Paints come in a variety of
colors with different markings and different underlying genetics, these are grouped into only four defined coat
patterns: overo (includes frame, splash and sabino), tobiano and tovero and solid.[7]
Breeding Stock Paints can sometimes showcase small color traits, particularly if they carry sabino genetics. Such
traits include blue eyes, pink skin on lips and nostrils, roan spots, and minimal roaning.
Terms for color patterns defined

• Tobiano: The most common spotting pattern, characterized by
rounded markings with white legs and white across the back
between the withers and the dock of the tail, usually arranged in
a roughly vertical pattern and more white than dark, with the
head usually dark and with markings like that of a normal
horse. i.e. star, snip, strip, or blaze.
• Overo: A group of spotting patterns characterized by sharp,
irregular markings with a horizontal orientation, usually more
dark than white, though the face is usually white, sometimes
with blue eyes. The white rarely crosses the back, and the lower
An Overo Paint
legs are normally dark. The APHA recognizes three overo
patterns:
• Frame: The most familiar overo pattern, the gene for frame has been genetically mapped and in the
homozygous form, results in Lethal White Syndrome (LWS). Visually identified frames have no health defects
connected to their color, and are characterized by ragged, sharp white patches on the sides of the body, leaving
a "frame" of non-white color that typically includes the topline.
• Sabino: Often confused with roan or rabicano, sabino is a slight spotting pattern characterized by high white on
legs, belly spots, white markings on the face extending past the eyes and/or patches of roaning patterns
standing alone or on the edges of white markings.
• Splashed white: The least common spotting pattern, splashed whites typically have blue eyes and crisp,
smooth, blocky white markings that almost always include the head and legs. The tail is often white or
white-tipped, and body markings originate under the belly and extend "upwards".
• Tovero: spotting pattern that is a mix of tobiano and overo coloration, such as blue eyes on a dark head.
• Solid: A horse otherwise eligible for registration as a Paint that does not have any white that constitutes a
recognized spotting pattern.
• "Color": An informal term meaning that the horse has a spotting pattern. (The opposite of "Solid.")
• "Chrome": An informal term of approval used in some geographic regions to describe a particularly flashy
spotting pattern.
Paint or Pinto?
The terms "paint" and "pinto" are sometimes both used to describe spotted horses, but in modern use there is a clear
difference between the two terms. A pinto differs from a Paint solely due to bloodlines. A pinto may be of any breed
or combination of breeds, though some Pinto registries may have additional restrictions. (Some do not register draft
horses or mules, for example.) For a horse to be registered as an American Paint Horse however, it must have
registered American Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse, or Thoroughbred parents. Therefore, all Paint horses
(except for the small number of "solids" allowed into the Paint registry) could be registered as pintos, but not all
pintos qualify to be registered as Paints.
History
The American Paint Horse shares a common ancestry with the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred. A
registered Paint horse should conform to the same "stock horse" body type desired in Quarter Horses: a muscular
animal that is heavy but not too tall, with a low center of gravity for maneuverability, and powerful hindquarters
suitable for rapid acceleration and sprinting.
When the American Quarter Horse Association emerged in 1940 to preserve horses of the "stock" type, it excluded
those with pinto coat patterns and "crop out" horses, those born with white body spots or white above the knees and
hocks. Undeterred, fans of colorful stock horses formed a variety of organizations to preserve and promote Paint
horses. In 1965 some of these groups merged to form the American Paint Horse Association.
Genetic Problems
One medical issue associated with the breed is the genetic disease lethal white syndrome (LWS). Also called Overo
Lethal White Syndrome (OLWS) or, less often, White Foal Syndrome (WFS), it is linked to a recessive gene
associated with the frame overo pattern. Horses that are heterozygous carriers of the gene do not develop the
condition and are physically healthy. However, when a foal is born that is homozygous for the LWS gene, it should
be humanely euthanized shortly after birth, or else will die within a few days from complications involving an
underdeveloped intestinal tract. A DNA test is available for LWS so that horses who are carriers of this gene are not
bred to one another. Horses can carry the LWS gene and not visibly exhibit overo coloring; cases have appeared in
the offspring of both tobiano and solid-colored parents, though all cases to date are horses that had overo ancestors.
LWS is also not unique to Paint Horses; it can occur in any equine breed where the frame overo coat pattern is
found.
Due to the heavy influx of American Quarter Horse breeding, some Paints may also carry genetic disorders such as
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP), Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), Equine
polysaccharide storage myopathy (called PSSM - polysaccharide storage myopathy - in Paints, Quarter Horses and
Appaloosas), Malignant hyperthermia (MH) and Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED). The influence of
Thoroughbred breeding puts some bloodlines at higher risk for Wobbler's syndrome.
References
[1] http:/ / www. apha. com/
[2] American Paint Horse Association (http:/ / www. apha. com/ )
[3] APHA Color Requirements (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ colorreq. html)
[4] Solid Paint-Breds (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ solidpaint-bred. html)
[5] (http:/ / www. painthorsejournal. com/ archives/ pdfs/ TrueChampagneOct08. pdf) Stamatelakys, Irene (October 2008). "True Champagne."
Paint Horse Journal.
[6] APHA coat colors. (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ coatcolors. html)
[7] APHA web site (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ index. html)
• Paul D. Vrotsos RVT and Elizabeth M. Santschi DVM. University of Minnesota Genetics Group. "Stalking the
Lethal White Syndrome". Paint Horse Journal. July 1998. (http://www.apha.com/breed/lethalwhites03.html)
• Bowling, Ann T. "Coat Color Genetics: Positive Horse Identification" (http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/~lvmillon/
coatcolor/coatclr3.html) from Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of
California, Davis. Web site accessed February 9, 2007
External links
• American Paint Horse Association (http://www.apha.com/)
• Paint Horse Journal (http://www.painthorsejournal.com/)
• Paint Racing (http://www.paintracing.com/)
• Paint Horse Legends (http://painthorselegends.googlepages.com/)
American Quarter Horse

American Quarter Horse
A palomino American Quarter Horse shown at halter.
Distinguishing features Great sprinting speed over short distances; short, refined head; strong, well-muscled body, featuring a broad
chest and powerful, rounded hindquarters
Alternative names Quarter Horse
Common nicknames "America's Horse"

"World's Fastest Athlete"
Breed standards
American Quarter Horse [1]

Breed standards
Association
The American Quarter Horse is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances. Its name came
from its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less; some individuals have been
clocked at speeds up to 55 mph (88.5 km/h). The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United
States today, and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world, with more than 5
million American Quarter Horses registered.
The American Quarter Horse is well known both as a race horse and for its performance in rodeos, horse shows and
as a working ranch horse. The compact body of the American Quarter Horse is well-suited to the intricate and
speedy maneuvers required in reining, cutting, working cow horse, barrel racing, calf roping, and other western
riding events, especially those involving live cattle. The American Quarter Horse is also shown in English
disciplines, driving, and many other equestrian activities.
Breed history
Colonial era
In the 17th century, colonists on the eastern seaboard of what today is the United States began to cross imported
English Thoroughbred horses with assorted "native" horses such as the Chickasaw horse, which was a breed
developed by Native American people from horses descended from Spain, developed from Iberian, Arabian and
Barb stock brought to what is now the Southeastern United States by the Conquistadors.[2]
One of the most famous of these early imports was Janus, a Thoroughbred who was the grandson of the Godolphin
Arabian. He was foaled in 1746, and imported to colonial Virginia in 1756.[3] The influence of Thoroughbreds like
Janus contributed genes crucial to the development of the colonial "Quarter Horse."[4][5] The breed is sometimes
referred to as the "Famous American Quarter Running Horse." The resulting horse was small, hardy, and quick, and
was used as a work horse during the week and a race horse on the weekends.
As flat racing became popular with the colonists, the Quarter Horse gained even more popularity as a sprinter over
courses that, by necessity, were shorter than the classic racecourses of England, and were often no more than a
straight stretch of road or flat piece of open land. When matched against a Thoroughbred, local sprinters often
won.[citation needed] As the Thoroughbred breed became established in America, many colonial Quarter Horses were
included in the original American stud books,[] starting a long association between the Thoroughbred breed and what
would later become officially known as the "Quarter Horse," named after the distance at which it excelled,[citation
needed]
with some individuals being clocked at up to 55 mph.
Westward expansion
In the 19th century, pioneers heading West needed a hardy, willing horse. On the Great Plains, settlers encountered
horses that descended from the Spanish stock Hernán Cortés and other Conquistadors had introduced into the
viceroyalty of New Spain, which today includes the Southwestern United States and Mexico. These horses of the
west included herds of feral animals known as Mustangs, as well as horses domesticated by Native Americans,
including the Comanche, Shoshoni and Nez Perce tribes.[citation needed] As the colonial Quarter Horse was crossed
with these western horses, the pioneers found that the new crossbred had innate "cow sense," a natural instinct for
working with cattle, making it popular with cattlemen on ranches.[6]
Development as a distinct breed

Early foundation sires of Quarter horse type included Steel Dust,
foaled 1843; Shiloh (or Old Shiloh), foaled 1844; Old Cold Deck
(1862); Lock's Rondo, one of many "Rondo" horses, foaled in 1880;
Old Billy—again, one of many "Billy" horses—foaled circa 1880;
Traveler, a stallion of unknown breeding, known to have been in Texas
by 1889;[7] and Peter McCue, foaled 1895, registered as a
Thoroughbred but of disputed pedigree.
The main duty of the ranch horse in the American West was working
A photograph of Peter McCue, taken in
Oklahoma around 1905.
cattle. Even after the invention of the automobile, horses were still
irreplaceable for handling livestock on the range. Thus, major Texas
cattle ranches, such as the King Ranch, the 6666 (Four Sixes) Ranch, and the Waggoner Ranch played a significant
role in the development of the modern Quarter Horse. The skills needed by cowboys and their horses became the
foundation of the rodeo, a contest which began with informal competition between cowboys and expanded to
become a major competitive event throughout the west. To this day, the Quarter Horse dominates the sport both in
speed events and in competition that emphasizes the handling of live cattle.[citation needed]
However, sprint races were also popular weekend entertainment and racing became a source of economic gain for
breeders as well. As a result, more Thoroughbred blood was added back into the developing American Quarter Horse
breed. The American Quarter Horse also benefitted from the addition of Arabian, Morgan and even Standardbred
bloodlines.[citation needed]
In 1940, the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) was formed by a group of horsemen and ranchers from
the southwestern United States dedicated to preserving the pedigrees of their ranch horses.[8] The horse honored with
the first registration number, P-1, was Wimpy, a descendant of the King Ranch foundation sire Old Sorrel. Other
sires alive at the founding of the AQHA were given the earliest registration numbers Joe Reed P-3, Chief P-5,
Oklahoma Star P-6, Cowboy P-12, and Waggoner's Rainy Day P-13.[9] The Thoroughbred race horse Three Bars,
alive in the early years of the AQHA, is recognized by the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame as one of the
significant foundation sires for the Quarter Horse breed. Other significant Thoroughbred sires seen in early AQHA
pedigrees include Rocket Bar, Top Deck and Depth Charge.[10]
"Appendix" and "Foundation" horses

Since the American Quarter Horse formally established itself as a breed, the AQHA stud book has remained open to
additional Thoroughbred blood via a performance standard. An "Appendix" American Quarter Horse is a first
generation cross between a registered Thoroughbred and an American Quarter Horse or a cross between a
"numbered" American Quarter Horse and an "appendix" American Quarter Horse. The resulting offspring is
registered in the "appendix" of the American Quarter Horse Association's studbook, hence the nickname. Horses
listed in the appendix may be entered in competition, but offspring are not initially eligible for full AQHA
registration. If the Appendix horse meets certain conformational criteria and is shown or raced successfully in
sanctioned AQHA events, the horse can earn its way from the appendix into the permanent studbook, making its
offspring eligible for AQHA registration
Since Quarter Horse/Thoroughbred crosses continue to enter the official registry of the American Quarter Horse
breed, this creates a continual gene flow from the Thoroughbred breed into the American Quarter Horse breed,
which has altered many of the characteristics that typified the breed in the early years of its formation. Some
breeders, who argue that the continued infusion of Thoroughbred bloodlines is beginning to compromise the
integrity of the breed standard, favor the earlier style of horse, have created several separate organizations to promote
and register "Foundation" Quarter Horses.
Quarter Horses today

The American Quarter Horse is best known today as a show horse, race
horse, reining and cutting horse, rodeo competitor, ranch horse, and
all-around family horse. Quarter horses compete well in rodeo events
such as barrel racing, calf roping and team roping;[citation needed] and
gymkhana or O-Mok-See.[11] Other stock horse events such as cutting
and reining are open to all breeds but also dominated by American
Quarter Horse. Large purses allow top competitors to earn over a
million dollars in some of these events.[citation needed]
The breed is not only well-suited for western riding and cattle work.
Many race tracks offer Quarter Horses a wide assortment of
pari-mutuel horse racing with purses in the millions.[citation needed]
Quarter Horses have also been trained to compete in dressage and can
be good jumpers. They are also used for recreational trail riding and in
mounted police units.
The American Quarter Horse has also been exported worldwide.

The Quarter Horse is well-suited for the western
European nations such as Germany and Italy have imported large
disciplines.
numbers of Quarter Horses. Next to the American Quarter Horse
Association (which also encompasses Quarter Horses from Canada),
the second largest registry of Quarter Horses is in Brazil, followed by Australia.[12] With the internationalization of
the discipline of reining and its acceptance as one of the official seven events of the World Equestrian Games, there
is a growing international interest in Quarter Horses. Countries like Japan, Switzerland and Israel that did not have
traditional stock horse industries have begun to compete with American Quarter Horses in their own nations and
internationally.[citation needed] The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today, and
the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world, with over 5 million American
Quarter Horses registered worldwide.
The modern Quarter Horse has a small, short, refined head with a
straight profile, and a strong, well-muscled body, featuring a broad
chest and powerful, rounded hindquarters. They usually stand between
14 and 16 hands high, although some Halter-type and English
hunter-type horses may grow as tall as 17 hands.[citation needed]
There are two main body types: the stock type and the hunter or racing
type. The stock horse type is shorter, more compact, stocky and well
muscled, yet agile. The racing and hunter type Quarter Horses are
somewhat taller and smoother muscled than the stock type, more
closely resembling the Thoroughbred.[citation needed]
Stock type
Reining and cutting horses are smaller in stature, with quick, agile
movements and very powerful hindquarters. Western pleasure show
horses are often slightly taller, with slower movements, smoother gaits,
and a somewhat more level topline – though still featuring the
powerful hindquarters characteristic of the Quarter Horse. [citation A halter-type Quarter Horse
needed]
Halter type
Horses shown in-hand in Halter competition are larger yet, with a very heavily muscled appearance, while retaining
small heads with wide jowls and refined muzzles. There is controversy amongst owners, breeder and veterinarians
regarding the health effects of the extreme muscle mass that is currently fashionable in the specialized halter horse,
which typically is 15.2 to 16 hands and weighs in at over 1,200 pounds (540 kg) when fitted for halter competition.
Not only are there concerns about the weight to frame ratio on the horse's skeletal system, but the massive build is
also linked to HYPP.[citation needed] (See Genetic diseases below))
Racing and hunter type

Quarter Horse race horses are bred to sprint short distances ranging
from 220 to 870 yards. Thus, they have long legs and are leaner than
their stock type counterparts, but are still characterized by muscular
hindquarters and powerful legs. Quarter horses race primarily against
other Quarter horses, and their sprinting ability has earned them the
nickname, "the world's fastest athlete." The show hunter type is
slimmer, even more closely resembling a Thoroughbred, usually
reflecting a higher percentage of appendix breeding. They are shown in
hunter/jumper classes at both breed shows and in open USEF-rated A quarter horse competing in an open hunter
horse show competition.[citation needed] show
Colors
Quarter Horses come in nearly all colors. The most common color is sorrel, a brownish red, part of the color group
called chestnut by most other breed registries. Other recognized colors include bay, black, brown, buckskin,
palomino, gray, dun, red dun, grullo (also occasionally referred to as blue dun), red roan, blue roan, bay roan,
perlino, cremello, and white. In the past, spotted color patterns were excluded, but now with the advent of DNA
testing to verify parentage, the registry accepts all colors as long as both parents are registered.
Genetic diseases
There are several genetic diseases of concern to Quarter Horse breeders:
• Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), which is caused by an autosomal dominant gene linked to the stallion
Impressive. It is characterized by uncontrollable muscle twitching and substantial muscle weakness or paralysis
among affected horses. Because it is a dominant gene, only one parent has to have the gene for it to be transmitted
to offspring. There is a DNA test for HYPP, which is required by the AQHA. Since 2007, the AQHA bars
registration of horses who possess the homozygous form (H/H) of the gene,[13] and though heterozygous (H/N)
horses, are still eligible for registration, altering that status is currently being discussed. Additionally all Quarter
Horses born 2007 or later that are confirmed to be descendants of Impressive must carry a note about the risks of
HYPP on their registration papers. Due to HYPP, the halter classes are undergoing significant changes. Halter
classes are dominated by the Impressive bloodline. Impressive, a very prolific halter horse, brought to the stock
breeds the muscle mass that is popular in halter competition today. This muscle mass is linked to HYPP, and as
the condition is reduced within the breed, the style of horse in halter classes is also likely to change. Already there
have been rule changes, including the creation of a "Performance Halter class" in which a horse must possess a
Register of Merit in performance or racing before it can compete.
• Malignant hyperthermia. A causative mutated allele, ryanodine receptor 1 gene (RyR1) at nucleotide C7360G,
generating a R2454G amino acid substitution.[14] has been identified in the American Quarter Horse and breeds
with Quarter Horse ancestry, inherited as an autosomal dominant[15][16] It can be caused by overwork, anesthesia,
or stress.
• Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), also known as hyperelastosis cutis (HC). This is caused
by an autosomal recessive gene, and thus, unlike HYPP, HERDA can only be transmitted if both parents carry the
gene. When a horse has this disease, there is a collagen defect that results in the layers of skin not being held
firmly together. Thus, when the horse is ridden under saddle or suffers trauma to the skin, the outer layer often
splits or separates from the deeper layer, or it can tear off completely. It rarely heals without disfiguring scars.
Sunburn can also be a concern. In dramatic cases, the skin can split along the back and even roll down the sides,
with the horse literally being skinned alive. Most horses with HERDA are euthanized for humane reasons
between the age of two and four years. The very hotly debated and controversial theory, put forth by researchers
at Cornell University and Mississippi State University is that the sire line of the great foundation stallion Poco
Bueno is implicated as the origin of the disease. As of May 9, 2007, Researchers working independently at
Cornell University and at the University of California, Davis announced that a DNA test for HERDA has been
developed. Over 1,500 horses were tested during the development phase of the test, which is now available to the
general public through both institutions.[17]
• Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED) is a genetic disease where the horse is lacking an enzyme
necessary for storing glycogen, the horse's heart muscle and skeletal muscles cannot function, leading to rapid
death. The disease occurs in foals who are homozygous for the lethal GBED allele, meaning both parents carry
one copy of the gene. The stallion King P-234 has been linked to this disease. There is a DNA blood test for this
gene.
• Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy, also called EPSM or PSSM, is a metabolic muscular condition in
horses that causes tying up, and is also related to a glycogen storage disorder.[18] While also seen in some draft
horse breeds, PSSM has been traced to three specific but undisclosed bloodlines in Quarter Horses, with an
autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. 48% of Quarter Horses with symptoms of neuromuscular disease have
PSSM. To some extent it can be diet controlled with specialized low-starch diets, but genetic testing is advised
before breeding, as the condition exists at a subclinical level in approximately 6% of the general Quarter Horse
population.[19]
• Lethal White Syndrome. Although "cropout" Quarter Horses with Paint markings were not allowed to be
registered for many years, the gene for such markings is a recessive and continued to periodically appear in
Quarter Horse foals. Thus, it is believed that some Quarter Horses may carry the gene for Lethal White
Syndrome. There is a DNA test for this condition.
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. aqha. com/
[2] Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 4–8
[3] Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 20–32
[4] Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 106
[7] Close, Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares.
[8] Denhardt Quarter Horse pp. 143–167
[9] American Quarter Horse Association Combined Stud Book 1-2-3-4-5 p. 1
[10] Wiggins Great American Speedhorse p. 166
[11] National Saddle Clubs Association (http:/ / www. omoksee. com/ )
[12] The Canadian Quarter Horse Association (http:/ / www. cqha. ca/ )
[13] Details on AQHA HYP rules for registration (http:/ / www. aqha. com/ association/ registration/ hypp. html)
[14] Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 (C7360G) Mutation in Quarter Horses - Aleman - 2009 - Journal of
Veterinary Internal Medicine - Wiley Online Librar... (http:/ / onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ 10. 1111/ j. 1939-1676. 2009. 0274. x/ abstract)
[15] http:/ / manc. umd. edu/ Abstracts2010/ LenzHYPP%20abstract. pdf
[16] ftp:/ / ftp. aave. inv. org. ar/ IVIS/ aaep/ Equine%20Malignant%20Hyperthermia.pdf
[17] Sellnow, " HERDA (http:/ / www. thehorse. com/ viewarticle. aspx?ID=9687)", The Horse Online News
[18] Valberg et al., " Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ sites/
entrez?cmd=Retrieve& db=PubMed& list_uids=10659313& dopt=AbstractPlus)", Equine Vet Journal Supplement, pp. 533–38
[19] Church, " ACVIM 2006 (http:/ / www. thehorse. com/ ViewArticle. aspx?ID=7628)", The Horse Online News
References
• American Quarter Horse Association (1961). Official Stud Book and Registry Combined Books 1-2-3-4-5.
Amarillo, TX: American Quarter Horse Association.
• Church, Stephanie L. (2006-09-14). "ACVIM 2006: Prevalence of PSSM in Quarter Horses" (http://www.
thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=7628). The Horse Online News (# 7628). Archived (http://web.archive.
org/web/20080606212010/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=7628) from the original on 6
June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
• Close, Pat (1994). Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares. Colorado Springs: Western
Horseman. ISBN 0-911647-30-9.
• Denhardt, Robert M. (1979). The Quarter Running Horse: America's Oldest Breed. Norman, OK: University of
Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1500-9.
• Mackay-Smith, Alexander (1983). The Colonial Quarter Race Horse. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson.
• Sellnow, Les (2007-05-28). "HERDA: DNA Tests Available for Disfiguring Skin Disease" (http://www.
thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9687). The Horse Online News. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
• Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, MacLeay JM, Lentz L, de la Corte F (July 1999). "Exertional
rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies". Equine Vet Journal
Supplement 30: 533–8. PMID 10659313 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10659313).
• Wiggins, Walt (1978). The Great American Speedhorse: A Guide to Quarter Racing. New York: Sovereign
Books. ISBN 0-671-18340-0.
Further reading
• Denhardt, Robert Moorman (1997). Foundation Sires of the American Quarter Horse. University of Oklahoma
Press. ISBN 0-8061-2947-6.
External links
• American Quarter Horse Association (http://www.aqha.com)
• Information about Quarter Horses in Europe (http://www.quarter-horse-europe.net/)
• Quarter Horse in New Caledonia (http://www.membres.lycos.fr/equitationwestern/)
• Czech Quarter Horse Association (http://www.czqha.cz/)
American Saddlebred
American Saddlebred
Distinguishing features High stepping with exaggerated action
Alternative names Saddlebred, American Saddle Horse, American Saddler
Country of origin United States (Kentucky)
Breed standards
American Saddlebred Horse Association Breed standards [1]
The American Saddlebred is a horse breed from the United States. Descended from riding-type horses bred at the
time of the American Revolution, the American Saddlebred includes the Narragansett Pacer, Canadian Pacer,
Morgan and Thoroughbred among its ancestors. Developed into its modern type in Kentucky, it was once known as
the "Kentucky Saddler", and used extensively as an officer's mount in the American Civil War. In 1891, a breed
registry was formed in the United States. Throughout the 20th century, the breed's popularity continued to grow in
the United States, and exports began to South Africa and Great Britain. Since the formation of the US registry,
almost 250,000 American Saddlebreds have been registered, and can now be found in countries around the world,
with separate breed registries established in Great Britain, Australia, continental Europe, and southern Africa.
Averaging 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm) in height Saddlebreds are known for their sense of
presence and style, as well as for their spirited, yet gentle, temperament. They may be of any color, including pinto
patterns, which have been acknowledged in the breed since the late 1800s. They are considered a gaited breed, as
some Saddlebreds are bred and trained to perform four-beat ambling gaits, one being a "slow gait" that historically
was one of three possible ambling patterns, and the much faster rack. The breed does have a hereditary
predisposition to lordosis, a curvature of the spine, as well as occupational predispositions to upper respiratory and
lameness issues.
Since the mid-1800s, the breed has played a prominent part in the US horse show industry, and is called the
"peacock of the horse world". They have attracted the attention of numerous celebrities, who have become breeders
and exhibitors, and purebred and partbred American Saddlebreds have appeared in several films, especially during
the Golden Age of Hollywood. Saddlebreds are mainly known for their performance in the show ring, but can also
be seen in competition in several other English riding disciplines and combined driving, as well as being used as a
pleasure riding horse.
Characteristics
American Saddlebreds stand 15 to 17 hands (60 to 68 inches, 152 to
173 cm) high, averaging 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to
163 cm), and weigh between 1,000 and 1,200 pounds (450 and
540 kg). Members of the breed have well-shaped heads with a straight
profile, long, slim, arched necks, well-defined withers, sloping
shoulders, correct leg conformation, and strong level backs with
well-sprung ribs. The croup is level with a high-carried tail.
Enthusiasts consider them to be spirited, yet gentle, animals. Any color
is acceptable, but most common are chestnut, bay, brown and black.
Some are gray, roan, palomino and pinto. The first-known pinto High-stepping action is typical of the Saddlebred,
Saddlebred was a stallion foaled in 1882. In 1884 and 1891, two as seen in this "five-gaited" horse, performing the
rack.
additional pintos, both mares, were foaled. These three horses were
recorded as "spotted", but many other pinto Saddlebreds with minimal
markings were recorded only by their base color, without making note of their markings. This practice continued into
the 1930s, at which time breeders came to be more accepting of "colored" horses and began recording markings and
registering horses as pinto. The Saddlebred has been called the "world's most beautiful horse" by admirers, and is
known as the "peacock of the horse world". The United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) describes the
Saddlebred as follows: "He carries himself with an attitude that is elusive of description—some call it "class",
presence, quality, style, or charm. This superior air distinguishes his every movement."
Saddlebreds are popularly known as show horses, with horses being shown saddle seat in both three-gaited and
five-gaited classes. The former are the three common gaits seen in most breeds, the walk, trot and canter. The latter
includes the three regular gaits, plus two four-beat ambling gaits known as the slow gait and the rack. The slow gait
today is a four-beat gait in which the lateral pairs of legs leave the ground together, but strike the ground at different
times, the hind foot connecting slightly before the forefoot. In the show ring, the gait should be performed with
restraint and precision. The rack is also a four-beat gait, but with equal intervals between each footfall, making it a
smooth gait to ride. In the show ring, the gait is performed with speed and action, appearing unrestrained.
Historically, the slow gait could be either a running walk, the stepping pace, or the fox trot, however, the modern
five-gaited Saddlebred usually performs the stepping pace.
Lordosis, also known as swayback, low back or soft back, has been found to have a hereditary basis in Saddlebreds
and a recessive mode of inheritance. The precise mutation has not yet been located, but researchers believe it to be
somewhere on horse chromosome 20. Researching this condition may help more than just the Saddlebred breed as it
may "serve as a model for investigating congenital skeletal deformities in horses and other species." Due to the head
position common in the show ring, Saddlebreds can have impairments to the upper respiratory system, while the
shoeing and movement required of the horses can cause leg and hoof injuries and increased lameness. A swayback is
penalized as a fault at shows, in addition to other conformation flaws.
History
The Saddlebred has origins in the Galloway and Hobby horses of the British Isles, animals sometimes called
palfreys, which had ambling gaits and were brought to the United States by early settlers. These animals were further
refined in America to become a now-extinct breed called the Narragansett Pacer, a riding and driving breed known
for its ambling and pacing gaits. When colonists imported Thoroughbreds to America, beginning in 1706, they were
crossed with the Narragansett Pacer, which, combined with massive exports, ultimately led to the extinction of the
Narragansett as a purebred breed. To preserve important bloodlines, Canadian Pacers were introduced instead. By
the time of the American Revolution, a distinct type of riding horse had developed with the size and quality of the
Thoroughbred, but the ambling gaits and stamina of the Pacer breeds. This animal was called the American Horse.
Its existence was first documented in a 1776 letter when an American diplomat wrote to the Continental Congress
asking for one to be sent to France as a gift for Marie Antoinette.
19th century
Other breeds which played a role in the development of the Saddlebred in the 1800s include the Morgan,
Standardbred and Hackney. The Canadian Pacer had a particularly significant impact. The breed, originally of
French origin, was also influential in the development of the Standardbred and Tennessee Walking Horse. The most
influential Canadian Pacer on Saddlebred lines was Tom Hall, a blue roan stallion foaled in 1806. After being
imported to the United States from Canada, he was registered as an American Saddlebred and became the foundation
stallion of several Saddlebred lines.
The American Horse was further refined in Kentucky, where the
addition of more Thoroughbred blood created a taller and
better-looking horse that became known as the Kentucky Saddler.
There were originally seventeen foundation stallions listed by the breed
registry, but by 1908 the registry decided to list only one and the
remainder were identified as "Noted Deceased Sires." Today, two
foundation sires of the breed are recognized, both Thoroughbred
crosses. The first was Denmark, son of an imported Thoroughbred,
Yearlings at a farm in Kentucky
who for many years was the only recognized foundation stallion. His
son, Gaines' Denmark, was in the pedigrees of over 60 percent of the
horses registered in the first three volumes of the breed's studbook. A second foundation sire was recognized in
1991, Harrison Chief. This sire was a descendent of the Thoroughbred Messenger, who is also considered a
foundation stallion for the Standardbred breed.
During the American Civil War, American Saddlebreds were commonly used by the military, and known for their
bravery and endurance. Many officers used them as mounts, and included in their numbers are General Lee's
Traveller, General Grant's Cincinnati, General Sherman's Lexington, and General Jackson's Little Sorrell. Other
generals who used them during the conflict include John Hunt Morgan and Basil W. Duke during his time with
Morgan's Raiders. Kentucky Saddlers were used during brutal marches with the latter group, and the historical
record suggests that they held up better than horses of other breeds.
The American Saddlebred Horse Association was formed in 1891, then called the National Saddle Horse Breeders
Association (NSHBA). Private individuals had produced studbooks for other breeds, such as the Morgan, as early as
1857, but the NSHBA was the first national association for an American-developed breed of horse. A member of
Morgan's Raiders, General John Breckinridge Castleman, was instrumental in forming the NSHBA. In 1899, the
organization name was changed to the American Saddle Horse Breeders Association, clarifying the breed's name as
the "American Saddle Horse," not simply "Saddle Horse."
20th century to present

After World War I, the American Saddlebred began to be exported to
South Africa, and it is now the most popular non-racing breed in that
country. Saddlebred horse show standards continued to evolve through
the 1920s, as the popularity of the breed grew. The Saddlebred industry
slowed during World War II, but began to grow again post-war, with
Mexico, Missouri earning the title "Saddle Horse Capital of the
World". Exports continued, and though attempts to begin a South
African breed registry had started in 1935, it was not until 1949 that
the Saddle Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa was formed. The
1950s saw continued growth of the Saddlebred breed, and The Lemon
Drop Kid, a fine harness horse, became the first, and only, Saddlebred
to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated. In the late 1950s, the
Saddle Horse Capital became centered in Shelby County, Kentucky,
American Saddlebred mare, circa 1906
largely due to the success of breeders Charles and Helen Crabtree, the
latter a renowned equitation coach. Although individual Saddlebreds
had been exported to Great Britain throughout the breed's history, the first breeding groups were transported there in
1966. For the next three decades, enthusiasts worked to establish a breeding and showing platform for the breed in
the UK.
In 1980, the name of the American Saddle Horse Breeder's Association was changed to the American Saddlebred
Horse Association (ASHA), membership was opened to non-breeders, and the group began to focus on breed
promotion. In 1985, the ASHA became the first breed registry to have their headquarters at the Kentucky Horse Park
in Lexington, Kentucky. A decade later, in 1995, the United Saddlebred Association – UK was formed to register
Saddlebreds in Great Britain, and acts as the British affiliate of the ASHA. Since the founding of the American
registry, almost 250,000 horses have been accepted, with almost 3,000 new foals registered annually. It is the oldest
still-functioning breed registry in the US. Most common in the eastern US, the breed is also found throughout North
America, Europe, Australia, and in South Africa.
Located at the Kentucky Horse Park is the American Saddlebred Museum, which curates a large collection of
Saddlebred-related items and artwork, as well as a 2,500-volume library of breed-related works. There are two
magazines which focus on the American Saddlebred: The National Horseman and Saddle and Bridle.
Show ring history

As a show horse, Saddlebreds were exhibited in Kentucky as early as
1816, and were a prominent part of the first national horse show in the
United States, held at the St. Louis Fair in 1856. The Kentucky State
Fair began running a World Championship show in 1917, offering a
$10,000 prize for the champion five-gaited horse. Also in 1917, the
American Horse Shows Association, now the United States Equestrian
Federation, formed and began to standardize show formats and rules.
In 1957, the American Saddlebred Pleasure Horse Association was
formed to regulate English pleasure classes. Today, the most
Saddlebreds exhibited in "three-gaited" classes
prestigious award in the breed industry is the American Saddlebred
usually have a "roached" mane and trimmed tail
as shown here "Triple Crown": Winning the five-gaited championships at the
Lexington Junior League horse show, the Kentucky State Fair World's
Championship Horse Show, and American Royal horse show; a feat that has only been accomplished by six horses.
The breed's show history also paralleled major historical developments. Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis,
who owned and exhibited Saddlebreds into the 1940s, organized the first "All-Negro" horse show in Utica,
Michigan, allowing greater opportunities for African-American people to exhibit horses at a time when there was
significant racial segregation in the United States. Gas shortages in the 1970s and 1980s put pressure on the
recreational dollar, and saw the growth of single breed shows at the expense of the multi-breed traditional horse
show. At the beginning of the 21st century, the number of women showing Saddlebreds increased, with female
competitors winning several world championships.
Uses
Today, the Saddlebred is exhibited in the United States in multiple
divisions, including assorted in-hand classes; ridden in saddle seat
classes for three- and five-gaited horses in both Park and pleasure
classes, hunter country pleasure, and western pleasure; plus pleasure
driving, fine harness, roadster harness classes. In five-gaited
competition, they are shown with a full tail, often augmented with an
artificial switch, and a full mane. Three-gaited horses are shown with a
shaved off "roached" mane and with the hair at the top of their tails, an
area called the dock, trimmed short. While use of a set tail in certain A Saddlebred in harness
types of competition was common, today, tailsets are generally not
allowed on the show grounds, except for horses in the Park Pleasure division, and horses with unset tails are not
penalized in any division. Gingering is prohibited.
Outside of breed-specific shows, the Saddlebred is also promoted as suitable for competitive trail riding, endurance
riding, dressage, combined driving, eventing, and show jumping. Some Saddlebreds are also suitable for fox hunting,
cutting and roping. Because they are so closely affiliated with their traditional show ring competition, they are
sometimes mistaken for warmbloods or Thoroughbred crosses when participating in other equine events. They are
also suitable family horses used for trail and pleasure riding and ranch work.
Film and celebrity affiliation

Many film and television horses of the Golden Age of Hollywood were
also Saddlebreds, including the horses used in lead roles in My Friend
Flicka, National Velvet, Fury and one version of Black Beauty. A
half-Saddlebred played the lead role in the TV series Mr. Ed, and a
Saddlebred was used in a prominent role in Giant. In the 1990s,
William Shatner, an actor and Saddlebred breeder, rode one of his own
horses, a mare named Great Belles of Fire, in his role as James T. Kirk
in Star Trek Generations. Numerous other celebrities have been
owners and exhibitors of the breed, including Clark Gable, Will
Rogers, Joe Louis, and Carson Kressley.
References
[1] http:/ / www. asha. net
External links
• American Saddlebred Horse Association (http://www.saddlebred. William Shatner on a horse, wearing Saddle seat
com/) show attire, 2011
• American Saddlebred Horse Association of Australia (http://www.

saddlebredaustralia.org.au/news.html)
• American Saddlebred Horse Association of Canada (http://www.saddlebredcanada.com/)
• United Saddlebred Association-UK (http://www.american-saddlebred.co.uk/)
• Saddle Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa (http://www.studbook.co.za/Society/saddlehorse/)
• ASHA of Scandinavia (http://saddlebred-sweden.com/index.html)
• ASHA of Europe (http://www.american-saddlebred.org/)
• Namibian Saddle Horse Association (http://www.namibiansaddlehorses.com/)
American Warmblood
American Warmblood
American Warmblood filly, three months old
Distinguishing features Sport horse type, can be any size or color, but are primarily 16-17 hands and solid colored
Country of origin United States of America
Breed standards
American Warmblood Society Breed standards [1]
The American Warmblood is a horse of warmblood type, intended primarily for the traditional sport horse
disciplines of (dressage, show jumping, eventing) and combined driving.
Characteristics
The American Warmblood is usually between 15 and 17 hands high and all colors are accepted, though the solid
colors are the most common. Horses of nearly all bloodlines are eligible for registration as American Warmbloods,
as long as they are of a sport horse or warmblood type, and are able to meet the appropriate studbook selection or
performance criteria.
The emphasis is on the quality of each individual horse, for both registration and breeding approval. Horses which
are 100% hot or cold blooded are not eligible for registration, but may be "Nominated" if they are able to meet the
registry's standards (this would include draft horses, Arabians, and Thoroughbreds).
Breeding stock must be approved for breeding through studbook inspection, which requires mares and stallions to
meet even more stringent inspection and/or performance criteria.
Horses which fail to meet these criteria may still be issued recording papers, but are not considered registered
American Warmbloods.[]
Breed history
There are two registries in the United States which recognize American Warmbloods - the American Warmblood
Society and the American Warmblood Registry, both of which are recognized by the World Breeding Federation for
Sport Horses (WBFSH).
The American Warmblood is more of a "type" than a "breed". Like most of the European warmbloods, the American
Warmblood has an "open" book. There is more emphasis on producing quality sport horses, rather than the
preservation of any particular bloodlines, which allows for much diversity in the bloodlines of American
Warmbloods.[2][3]
The American Warmblood has been influenced by the European warmbloods, the Thoroughbred and the Arabian, as
well as some draft horse breeds.
References
[1] http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. org/ requirements/ index. htm
[2] American Warmblood Society (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. org)
[3] Background on American Warmbloods (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. com/ background. php/ )
• American Warmblood Society (http://www.americanwarmblood.org/)

• American Warmblood Registry (http://www.americanwarmblood.com/)
Andalusian horse 41
Andalusian horse
Andalusian
Andalusian horse
Distinguishing features Strongly built, compact, elegant, thick mane and tail
Alternative names Spanish Horse, Pura Raza Española
Country of origin Spain, Iberian Peninsula
Common nicknames Horse of Kings
Breed standards
ANCCE [1]
Breed standards
IALHA [2]
Breed standards
Australasia Andalusian Association Breed standards [3]
The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE (Pura Raza Española), is a horse breed from the
Iberian Peninsula, where its ancestors have lived for thousands of years. The Andalusian has been recognized as an
individual breed since the 15th century, and its conformation has changed very little over the centuries. Throughout
its history, it has been known for its prowess as a war horse, and was prized by the nobility. The breed was used as a
tool of diplomacy by the Spanish government, and kings across Europe rode and owned Spanish horses. During the
19th century, warfare, disease and crossbreeding reduced herd numbers dramatically, and despite some recovery in
the late 19th century, the trend continued into the early 20th century. Exports of Andalusians from Spain were
restricted until the 1960s, but the breed has since spread throughout the world, despite their low population. In 2010,
there were more than 185,000 registered Andalusians worldwide.
Strongly built, and compact yet elegant, Andalusians have long, thick manes and tails. Their most common coat
color is gray, although they can be found in many other colors. They are known for their intelligence, sensitivity and
docility. A sub-strain within the breed known as the Carthusian, is considered by breeders to be the purest strain of
Andalusian, though there is no genetic evidence for this claim. The strain is still considered separate from the main
breed however, and is preferred by breeders because buyers pay more for horses of Carthusian bloodlines. There are
several competing registries keeping records of horses designated as Andalusian or PRE, but they differ on their
definition of the Andalusian and PRE, the purity of various strains of the breed, and the legalities of stud book
Andalusian horse 42
ownership. At least one lawsuit is in progress as of 2011[4], to determine the ownership of the Spanish PRE stud
book.
The Andalusian is closely related to the Lusitano of Portugal, and has been used to develop many other breeds,
especially in Europe and the Americas. Breeds with Andalusian ancestry include many of the warmbloods in Europe
as well as western hemisphere breeds such as the Azteca. Over its centuries of development, the Andalusian breed
has been selected for athleticism and stamina. The horses were originally used for classical dressage, driving,
bullfighting, and as stock horses. Modern Andalusians are used for many equestrian activities, including dressage,
show jumping and driving. The breed is also used extensively in movies, especially historical pictures and fantasy
epics.
Characteristics
Andalusians stallions and geldings average
15.11⁄ hands (61.5 inches, 156 cm) at the
2
withers and 512 kilograms (1,129 lb) in
weight; mares average 151⁄2 hands
(60.5 inches, 154 cm) and 412 kilograms
(908 lb).[5] The Spanish government has set
the minimum height for registration in Spain
at 15.0 hands (60 inches, 152 cm) for males
and 14.3 hands (59 inches, 150 cm) for
mares - this standard is followed by the
Association of Purebred Spanish Horse
Breeders of Spain (Asociación Nacional de
Criadores de Caballo de Pura Raza
A "cobra" of Andalusians, that is, a group of mares shown by a single handler
Española or ANCCE) and the Andalusian
Horse Association of Australasia. The
Spanish legislation also requires that in order for animals to be approved as either "qualified" or "élite" breeding
stock, stallions must stand at least 15.1 hands (61 inches, 155 cm) and mares at least 151⁄4 hands (60.25 inches,
153 cm).
Andalusian horses are elegant and strongly built. Members of the breed have heads of medium length, with a straight
or slightly convex profile. Ultra convex and concave profiles are discouraged in the breed, and are penalized in breed
shows. Necks are long and broad, running to well-defined withers and a massive chest. They have a short back and
broad, strong hindquarters with a well-rounded croup. The breed tends to have clean legs, with no propensity for
blemishes or injuries, and energetic gaits. The mane and tail are thick and long, but the legs do not have excess
feathering. Andalusians tend to be docile, while remaining intelligent and sensitive. When treated with respect they
are quick to learn, responsive, and cooperative.
There are two additional characteristics unique to the Carthusian strain, believed to trace back to the strain's
foundation stallion Esclavo. The first is warts under the tail, a trait which Esclavo passed to his offspring, and a trait
which some breeders felt was necessary to prove that a horse was a member of the Esclavo bloodline. The second
characteristic is the occasional presence of "horns", which are frontal bosses, possibly inherited from Asian
ancestors. The physical descriptions of the bosses vary, ranging from calcium-like deposits at the temple to small
horn-like protuberances near or behind the ear. However, these "horns" are not considered proof of Esclavo descent,
unlike the tail warts.
In the past, most coat colors were found, including spotted patterns. Today most Andalusians are gray or bay; in the
US, around 80 percent of all Andalusians are gray. Of the remaining horses, approximately 15 percent are bay and 5
Andalusian horse 43
percent are black, dun or palomino or chestnut. Other colors, such as buckskin, pearl, and cremello, are rare, but are
recognized as allowed colors by registries for the breed.
In the early history of the breed, certain white markings and whorls were considered to be indicators of character and
good or bad luck.[6] Horses with white socks on their feet were considered to have good or bad luck, depending on
the leg or legs marked. A horse with no white markings at all was considered to be ill-tempered and vice-ridden,
while certain facial markings were considered representative of honesty, loyalty and endurance.[7] Similarly, hair
whorls in various places were considered to show good or bad luck, with the most unlucky being in places where the
horse could not see them – for example the temples, cheek, shoulder or heart. Two whorls near the root of the tail
were considered a sign of courage and good luck.[8]
The movement of Andalusian horses is extended, elevated, cadenced and harmonious, with a balance of roundness
and forward movement. Poor elevation, irregular tempo, and excessive winging (sideways movement of the legs
from the knee down) are discouraged by breed registry standards. Andalusians are known for their agility and their
ability to learn difficult moves quickly, such as advanced collection and turns on the haunches. A 2001 study
compared the kinematic characteristics of Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses while moving at the trot.
Andalusians were found to overtrack less (the degree to which the hind foot lands ahead of the front hoof print) but
also exhibit greater flexing of both fore and hind joints, movement consistent with the more elevated way of going
typically found in this breed. The authors of the study theorized that these characteristics of the breed's trot may
contribute to their success as a riding and dressage horse.
A 2008 study found that Andalusians experience ischaemic (reduced blood flow) diseases of the small intestine at a
rate significantly higher than other breeds; and stallions had higher numbers of inguinal hernias, with risk for
occurrence 30 times greater than other breeds. At the same time, they also showed a lower incidence of large
intestinal obstruction. In the course of the study, Andalusians also showed the highest risk of laminitis as a medical
complication related to the intestinal issues.
History
Early development
... the noblest horse in the world, the most beautiful that can be. He is of great spirit and of great courage and docile; hath the
proudest trot and the best action in his trot, the loftiest gallop, and is the lovingest and gentlest horse, and fittest of all for a king in
his day of triumph.
—William Cavendish, the Duke of Newcastle, 1667
The Andalusian horse is descended from the Iberian horses of Spain and Portugal, and derives its name from its
place of origin, the Spanish region of Andalusia.[9] Cave paintings show that horses have been present on the Iberian
Peninsula as far back as 20,000 to 30,000 BCE. Although Portuguese historian Ruy d'Andrade hypothesized that the
ancient Sorraia breed was an ancestor of the Southern Iberian breeds, including the Andalusian, genetic studies using
mitochondrial DNA show that the Sorraia is part of a genetic cluster that is largely separated from most Iberian
breeds.
Throughout history, the Iberian breeds have been influenced by many different peoples and cultures who occupied
Spain, including the Celts, the Carthaginians, the Romans, various Germanic tribes and the Moors. The Iberian horse
was identified as a talented war horse as early as 450 BCE. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the modern Andalusian
horse of the Iberian peninsula and Barb horse of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed
the Strait of Gibraltar and were used for breeding with each other, influencing one another's bloodlines. Thus, the
Andalusian may have been the first European "warmblood", a mixture of heavy European and lighter Oriental
horses.[10] Some of the earliest written pedigrees in recorded European history were kept by Carthusian monks,[11]
beginning in the 13th century. Because they could read and write, and were thus able to maintain careful records,
monastics were given the responsibility for horse breeding by certain members of the nobility, particularly in Spain.
Andalusian horse 44
Andalusian stud farms for breeding were formed in the late 15th century in Carthusian monasteries in Jerez, Seville
and Cazalla.
The Carthusians bred powerful, weight-bearing horses in Andalusia for the Crown of Castile, using the finest
Spanish Jennets as foundation bloodstock.[12] These horses were a blend of Jennet and warmblood breeding, taller
and more powerfully built than the original Jennet.[13] By the 15th century, the Andalusian had become a distinct
breed, and was being used to influence the development of other breeds. They were also noted for their use as
cavalry horses. Even though in the 16th and 17th centuries Spanish horses had not reached the final form of the
modern Andalusian, by 1667 William Cavendish, the Duke of Newcastle, called the Spanish horse of Andalusia the
"princes" of the horse world, and reported that they were "unnervingly intelligent".[14] The Iberian horse became
known as the "royal horse of Europe" and was seen at many royal courts and riding academies, including those in
Austria, Italy, France and Germany. By the 16th century, during the reigns of Charles V (1500–1558) and Phillip II
(1556–1581), Spanish horses were considered the finest in the world.[15] Even in Spain, quality horses were owned
mainly by the wealthy. During the 16th century, inflation and an increased demand for harness and cavalry horses
drove the price of horses extremely high. The always expensive Andalusian became even more so, and it was often
impossible to find a member of the breed to purchase at any price.[16]
Dissemination
Spanish horses also were spread widely as a tool of diplomacy by the
government of Spain, which granted both horses and export rights to
favored citizens and to other royalty. As early as the 15th century, the
Spanish horse was widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean,
and was known in northern European countries, despite being less
common and more expensive there. As time went on, kings from
across Europe, including every French monarch from Francis I to
Louis XVI, had equestrian portraits created showing themselves riding
Spanish-type horses. The kings of France, including Louis XIII and
Louis XIV, especially preferred the Spanish horse; the head groom to A 1743 engraving of a "Spanish horse"
Henri IV, Salomon de la Broue, said in 1600, "Comparing the best

horses, I give the Spanish horse first place for its perfection, because it is the most beautiful, noble, graceful and
courageous".[17] War horses from Spain and Portugal began to be introduced to England in the 12th century, and
importation continued through the 15th century. In the 16th century, Henry VIII received gifts of Spanish horses
from Charles V, Ferdinand II of Aragon and the Duke of Savoy and others when he wed Katherine of Aragon. He
also purchased additional war and riding horses through agents in Spain.[18] By 1576, Spanish horses made up one
third of British royal studs at Malmesbury and Tutbury.[19] The Spanish horse peaked in popularity in Great Britain
during the 17th century, when horses were freely imported from Spain and exchanged as gifts between royal
families. With the introduction of the Thoroughbred, interest in the Spanish horse faded after the mid-18th century,
although they remained popular through the early 19th century.[20] The Conquistadors of the 16th century rode
Spanish horses, particularly animals from Andalusia, and the modern Andalusian descended from similar
bloodstock. By 1500, Spanish horses were established in studs on Santo Domingo, and Spanish horses made their
way into the ancestry of many breeds founded in North and South America. Many Spanish explorers from the 16th
century on brought Spanish horses with them for use as war horses and later as breeding stock.[21] By 1642, the
Spanish horse had spread to Moldovia, to the stables of Transylvanian prince George Rakoczi.[22]
Andalusian horse 45
19th century to present

Despite their ancient history, all living Andalusians trace to a small
number of horses bred by religious orders in the 18th and
19th centuries. An influx of heavy horse blood beginning in the 16th
century, resulted in the dilution of many of the bloodlines; only those
protected by selective breeding remained intact to become the modern
Andalusian. During the 19th century, the Andalusian breed was
threatened because many horses were stolen or requisitioned in
wartime, including the War of the Oranges, the Peninsular War and the
three Carlist Wars. Napoleon's invading army also stole many horses.
One herd of Andalusians was hidden from the invaders however, and
subsequently used to renew the breed.[23] In 1822, breeders began to
An Andalusian performing dressage at the 2007
add Norman blood into Spanish bloodlines, as well as further infusions
World Cup Finals
of Arabian blood. This was partially because increasing mechanization
and changing needs within the military called for horses with more
speed in cavalry charges as well as horses with more bulk for pulling gun carriages. In 1832, an epidemic seriously
affected Spain's horse population, from which only one small herd survived in a stud at the monastery in Cartuja.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, European breeders, especially the Germans, changed from an emphasis on
Andalusian and Neapolitan horses (an emphasis that had been in place since the decline of chivalry), to an emphasis
on the breeding of Thoroughbreds and warmbloods, further depleting the stock of Andalusians.[24] Despite this
change in focus, Andalusian breeding slowly recovered, and in 1869, the Seville Horse Fair (originally begun by the
Romans), played host to between ten and twelve thousand Spanish horses.[25] In the early 20th century, Spanish
horse breeding began to focus on other breeds, particularly draft breeds, Arabians, Thoroughbreds and crosses
between these breeds, as well as crosses between these breeds and the Andalusian. The purebred Andalusian was not
viewed favorably by breeders or the military, and their numbers decreased significantly.
Andalusians only began to be exported from Spain in 1962. The first Andalusians were imported into Australia in
1971, and in 1973 the Andalusian Horse Association of Australasia was formed for the registration of these
Andalusians and their offspring. Strict quarantine guidelines prohibited the importation of new Andalusian blood to
Australia for many years, but since 1999, regulations have been relaxed and more than half a dozen new horses have
been imported. Bloodines in the United States also rely on imported stock, and all American Andalusians can be
traced directly to the stud books in Portugal and Spain. There are around 8,500 animals in the United States, where
the International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association (IALHA) registers around 700 new purebred foals
every year. These numbers indicate that the Andalusian is a relatively rare breed in the United States. In 2003, there
were 75,389 horses registered in the stud book, and they constituted almost 66 percent of the horses in Spain. Breed
numbers have been increasing during the 21st century. At the end of 2010, a total of 185,926 Pura Raza Española
horses were recorded in the database of the Spanish Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino. Of
these, 28,801 or about 15% were in other countries of the world; of those in Spain, 65,371 or about 42% were in
Andalusia.
Strains and sub-types

The Carthusian Andalusian or Cartujano is generally considered the purest Andalusian strain, and has one of the
oldest recorded pedigree lines in the world. The pure sub-type is rare, as only around 12 percent of the Andalusian
horses registered between the founding of the stud book in the 19th century and 1998 were considered Carthusians.
They made up only 3.6 percent of the overall breeding stock, but 14.2 percent of the stallions used for breeding. In
the past, Carthusians were given preference in breeding, leading to a large proportion of the Andalusian population
claiming ancestry from a small number of horses and possibly limiting the breed's genetic variability. A 2005 study
Andalusian horse 46
compared the genetic distance between Carthusian and non-Carthusian horses. They calculated a Fixation index
(F ) based on genealogical information and concluded that the distinction between the two is not supported by
ST
genetic evidence. However, there are slight physical differences; Carthusians have more "oriental" or concave head
shapes and are more often gray in color, while non-Carthusians tend toward convex profiles and more often exhibit
other coat colors such as bay.
The Carthusian line was established in the early 18th century when two Spanish brothers, Andrés and Diego Zamora,
purchased a stallion named El Soldado and bred him to two mares. The mares were descended from mares purchased
by the Spanish king and placed at Aranjuez, one of the oldest horse breeding farms in Spain.[26] One of the offspring
of El Soldado, a dark gray colt named Esclavo, became the foundation sire of the Carthusian line. One group of
mares sired by Esclavo in about 1736 were given to a group of Carthusian monks to settle a debt. Other animals of
these bloodlines were absorbed into the main Andalusian breed; the stock given to the monks was bred into a special
line, known as Zamoranos. Throughout the following centuries, the Zamoranos bloodlines were guarded by the
Carthusian monks, to the point of defying royal orders to introduce outside blood from the Neapolitan horse and
central European breeds. They did, however, introduce Arabian and Barb blood to improve the strain.[27] The
original stock of Carthusians was greatly depleted during the Peninsular Wars, and the strain might have become
extinct if not for the efforts of the Zapata family.[28] Today, the Carthusian strain is raised in state-owned stud farms
around Jerez de la Frontera, Badajoz and Cordoba, and also by several private families. Carthusian horses continue
to be in demand in Spain, and buyers pay high prices for members of the strain.
Influence on other breeds

Spain's worldwide military activities between the 14th and 17th
centuries called for large numbers of horses, more than could be
supplied by native Spanish mares. Spanish custom also called for
mounted troops to ride stallions, never mares or geldings. Due to these
factors, Spanish stallions were crossed with local mares in many
countries, adding Spanish bloodlines wherever they went, especially to
other European breeds.[]
Because of the influence of the later Habsburg families, who ruled in

both Spain and other nations of Europe, the Andalusian was crossbred An Andalusian performing the passage
with horses of Central Europe and the Low Countries and thus was
closely related to many breeds that developed, including the Neapolitan horse, Groningen, Lipizzaner and
Kladruber.[29] Spanish horses have been used extensively in classical dressage in Germany since the 16th century.
They thus influenced many German breeds, including the Hanoverian, Holstein, East Friesian and Oldenburg.[30]
Dutch breeds such as the Friesian and Gelderland also contain significant Spanish blood, as do Danish breeds such as
the Fredericksborg and Knabstrupper.
Andalusians were a significant influence on the creation of the Alter Real, a strain of the Lusitano,[31] and the
Azteca, a Mexican breed created by crossing the Andalusian with American Quarter Horse and Criollo bloodlines.
The Spanish jennet ancestors of the Andalusian also developed the Colonial Spanish Horse in America, which
became the foundation bloodstock for many North and South American breeds. The Andalusian has also been used
to create breeds more recently, with breed associations for both the Warlander (an Andalusian/Friesian cross) and the
Spanish-Norman (an Andalusian/Percheron cross) being established in the 1990s.
Andalusian horse 47
Naming and registration

Until modern times, horse breeds throughout Europe were known primarily by the name of the region where they
were bred.[32] Thus the original term "Andalusian" simply described the horses of distinct quality that came from
Andalusia in Spain. Similarly, the Lusitano, a Portuguese horse very similar to the Andalusian, takes its name from
Lusitania, an ancient Roman name for Portugal.
The Andalusian horse has been known historically as the Iberian Saddle Horse, Iberian War Horse, Spanish Horse,
Portuguese, Peninsular, Extremeno, Villanos, Zapata, Zamaranos, Castilian, and Jennet.[33] The Portuguese name
refers to what is now the Lusitano, while the Peninsular, Iberian Saddle Horse and Iberian War Horse names refer to
horses from the Iberian Peninsula as a whole. The Extremeno name refers to Spanish horses from the Extremadura
province of Spain and the Zapata or Zapatero name to horses that come from the Zapata family stud. The Villano
name has occasionally been applied to modern Andalusians, but originally referred to heavy, crossbred horses from
the mountains north of Jaen.[34] The Carthusian horse, also known as the Carthusian-Andalusian and the Cartujano,
is a sub-type of the Andalusian, rather than a distinct breed in itself. A common nickname for the Andalusian is the
"Horse of Kings". Some sources state that the Andalusian and the Lusitano are genetically the same, differing only in
the country of origin of individual horses.
In many areas today, the breeding, showing, and registration of the
Andalusian and Lusitano are controlled by the same registries. One
example of this is the International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse
Association (IALHA), claimed to have the largest membership of any
Andalusian registering organization. Other organizations, such as The
Association of Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders of Spain (Asociación
Nacional de Criadores de Caballo de Pura Raza Española or
ANCCE), use the term "Pura Raza Española" or PRE to describe the
true Spanish horse, and claim sole authority to officially register and
issue documentation for PRE Horses, both in Spain and anywhere else
in the world. In most of the world the terms "Andalusian" and "PRE"
A Pure Spanish Horse
are considered one and the same breed, but the public position of the
ANCCE is that terms such as "Andalusian" and "Iberian horse" refer
only to crossbreds, which the ANCCE considers to be horses that lack quality and purity, without official
documentation or registration from official Spanish Stud Book.
In Australasia, the Australasia Andalusian Association registers Andalusians (which the registry considers an
interchangeable term for PRE), Australian Andalusians, and partbred Andalusians. They share responsibility for the
Purebred Iberian Horse (an Andalusian/Lusitano cross) with the Lusitano Association of Australasia. In the
Australian registry, there are various levels of crossbred horses. A first cross Andalusian is a crossbreed that is 50
percent Andalusian, while a second cross Andalusian is the result of crossing a purebred Andalusian with a first
cross – resulting in a horse of 75 percent Andalusian blood. A third cross, also known by the registry as an
Australian Andalusian, is when a second cross individual is mated with a foundation Andalusian mare. This
sequence is known as a "breeding up" program by the registry.
Pure Spanish Horse

The name Pura Raza Española (PRE), translated as "Pure Spanish Horse," is the term used by the ANCCE, a private
organization, and the Ministry of Agriculture of Spain. The ANCCE uses neither the term "Andalusian" nor "Iberian
horse", and only registers horses that have certain recognized bloodlines. In addition, all breeding stock must
undergo an evaluation process. The ANCCE was founded in 1972. Spain's Ministry of Agriculture recognizes the
ANCCE as the representing entity for PRE breeders and owners across the globe, as well as the administrator of the
breed stud book. ANCCE functions as the international parent association for all breeders worldwide who record
Andalusian horse 48
their horses as PRE. For example, the United States PRE association is affiliated with ANCCE, follows ANCCE
rules, and has a wholly separate governance system from the IALHA.
A second group, the Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE Mundial, has begun another PRE registry as an
alternative to the ANCCE. This new registry claims that all of their registered horses trace back to the original stud
book maintained by the Cria Caballar, which was a branch of the Spanish Ministry of Defense, for 100 years. Thus,
the PRE Mundial registry asserts that their registry is the most authentic, purest PRE registry functioning today.
As of August 2011[4], there is a lawsuit in progress to determine the legal holder of the PRE stud book. The Unión
de Criadores de Caballos Españoles (UCCE or Union of Spanish Horse Breeders) has brought a case to the highest
European Union courts in Brussels, charging that the Ministry of Spain's transfer of the original PRE Libro de
Origen (the official stud book) from the Cria Caballar to ANCCE was illegal. In early 2009, the courts decided on
behalf of UCCE, explaining that the Cria Caballar formed the Libro de Origin. Because it was formed by a
government entity, it is against European Union law for the stud book to be transferred to a private entity, a law that
was broken by the transfer of the book to ANCCE, which is a non-governmental organization. The court found that
by giving ANCCE sole control of the stud book, Spain's Ministry of Defense was acting in a discriminatory manner.
The court held that Spain must give permission to maintain a breed stud book (called a Libro Genealógico) to any
international association or Spanish national association which requests it. Based on the Brussels court decision, an
application has been made by the Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse to maintain the United States stud book for
the PRE. As of March 2011[4], Spain has not revoked ANCCE's right to be the sole holder of the PRE stud book,
and has instead reaffirmed the organization's status.
Uses
The Andalusian breed has over the centuries been consistently selected
for athleticism. In the 17th century, referring to multi-kilometer races,
Cavendish said, "They were so much faster than all other horses known
at that time that none was ever seen to come close to them, even in the
many remarkable races that were run."[35] In 1831, horses at five years
old were expected to be able to gallop, without changing pace, four or
five leagues, about 12 to 15 miles (19 to 24 km). By 1925, the
Portuguese military expected horses to "cover 40 km over uneven
terrain at a minimum speed of 10 km/h, and to gallop a flat course of 8
km at a mimimum speed of 800 metres per minute carrying a weight of
at least 70 kg", and the Spanish military had similar standards.
From the very beginning of their history, Andalusians have been used
for both riding and driving. Among the first horses used for classical
dressage, they are still making a mark in international competition in
dressage today. At the 2002 World Equestrian Games, two
An Andalusian jumping
Andalusians were on the bronze-medal winning Spanish dressage
team, a team that went on to take the silver medal at the 2004 Summer
Olympics. Today, the breed is increasingly being selectively bred for increased aptitude in classical dressage.
Historically, however, they were also used as stock horses, especially suited to working with Iberian bulls, known for
their aggressive temperaments. They were, and still are, known for their use in mounted bull fighting. Mares were
traditionally used for la trilla, the Spanish process of threshing grain practiced until the 1960s. Mares, some pregnant
or with foals at their side, spent full days trotting over the grain. As well as being a traditional farming practice, it
also served as a test of endurance, hardiness and willingness for the maternal Andalusian lines.[36]
Andalusian horse 49
Andalusians today are used for show jumping, western pleasure and many other classes at horse shows. The current
Traveler, the mascot of the University of Southern California, is an Andalusian. The dramatic appearance of the
Andalusian horse, with its arched neck, muscular build and energetic gaits, has made it a popular breed to use in
film, particularly in historical and fantasy epics. Andalusians have been present in films ranging from Gladiator to
Interview with a Vampire, and Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life to Braveheart. The horses have also been
seen in such fantasy epics as The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, King Arthur, and The Chronicles of Narnia: The
Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. In 2006, a rearing Andalusian stallion, ridden by Mexican conquistador Don Juan
de Oñate, was recreated as the largest bronze equine in the world. Measuring 36 feet (11 m) high, the statue currently
stands in El Paso, Texas.
Footnotes
[1] http:/ / www. ancce. es/ ver_contenido. php?id=TXT_MORFOLOGIA& menu=1
[2] http:/ / www. ialha. org
[3] http:/ / www. ahaa. org. au/ purespanishhorse. aspx
[4] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Andalusian_horse& action=edit
[5] (To access, click "Breeds", then "Breed Data Sheet", then select "Spain", then "Espanola/Spain")
[6] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, p. 313
[7] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 316–321
[9] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 159
[10] Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 77
[12] Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 139–140
[13] Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 161–163
[14] Raber, "A Horse of a Different Color" in The Culture of the Horse, p. 225
[17] Quoted in Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 83
[18] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 76
[19] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, p. 60
[20] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, pp. 94–95
[26] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 111
[27] Bongianni, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies, Entry 6
[31] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 14
[33] Walker and Summerhays Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for Horsemen (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6MgSAQAAMAAJ) p. 7
Andalusian horse 50
References
• Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (1st ed.). Solvang, CA: Amigo
Publications Inc. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6.
• Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. New York, NY: Simon &
Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-66068-3.
• Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma
Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.
• Jankovich, Miklos, translated by Anthony Dent (1971). They Rode Into Europe: The Fruitful Exchange in the Arts
of Horsemanship between East and West. London: George G. Harrap & Co, Ltd. ISBN 0-684-13304-0.
• Llamas, Juan, translated by Jane Rabagliati (1997). This is the Spanish Horse. London: J.A. Allen.
ISBN 0-85131-668-9.
• Loch, Sylvia (1986). The Royal Horse of Europe: The Story of the Andalusian and Lusitano. London: J. A. Allen.
ISBN 0-85131-422-8.
• Raber, Karen (2005). "A Horse of a Different Color: Nation and Race in Early Modern Horsemanship Treatises".
In Raber, Karen and Treva J. Tucker. The Culture of the Horse: Status, Discipline, and Identity in the Early
Modern World. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1-4039-6621-4.
• Walker, Stella A; Summerhays, R. S. (1975). Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for Horsemen. London: F. Warne.
ISBN 978-0-7232-1763-3.
External links
• International Andalusian & Lusitano Horse Association (http://www.ialha.org/)
• United States P.R.E. Association (http://usprea.com/)
• The Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse (http://www.prehorse.org/)
• Australasia Andalusian Association (http://www.ahaa.org.au/)
• National Association of Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders of Spain (http://www.ancce.es/index.php)
Andravida horse 51
Andravida horse
Andravida
Country of origin Greece
The Andravida or Ellis valley horse,[citation needed] is a light riding draft breed found in the region of Ilia in
Greece.[citation needed] It owes its development to the crossing of Anglo-Norman with local breeds with additional
crosses of Nonius stallions after 1920. The breed is nearly extinct and its stud book was only established in 1995.
The newest development in the history of the Elis valley horse may in fact lead the breed from extinction. In the
early 90s, the Andravida's Selle Francais stallion Calin de Nanteuil renamed Pegasus covered some females, which
colts were sent to breeders throughout western Greece. However, its numbers are still small, and the Andravida's
without characteristics horse is at high risk of extinction.
References
Further reading
• Abstract of Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics article (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.
1439-0388.2001.00272.x/full)
• PDF of a conference on rare breeds in Greece (http://www.agrobiodiversity.net/greece/pdf/
Conclusions_Agrinio.pdf)
• Abstract of an Italian Journal of Zoology article (http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/
content~db=all~content=a908272242)
External links
• Forumish post at Everything2.com (http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1512016)
Anglo-Arabian 52
Anglo-Arabian
Anglo-Arabian
A gray Anglo-Arabian
Distinguishing features Well-formed, powerful, good gaits, sport horse characteristics. Combines traits of both Arabian and
Thoroughbred breeds
Alternative names Anglo-Arab
Country of origin Worldwide, most popular in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States
Breed standards
Association Nationale [1]

Breed standards
Anglo-Arabe
Arabian Horse Association [2]

Breed standards
The Anglo-Arabian or Anglo-Arab is a crossbred, part-Arabian horse that now also has its own status as a horse
breed. It is a Thoroughbred (thus, the prefix "Anglo") crossed with an Arabian. The cross can be made between a
Thoroughbred stallion and an Arabian mare, or vice-versa. It can also be a cross between either an Anglo-Arab and a
Thoroughbred or, alternatively, an Anglo-Arab and an Arabian. Another permitted cross is between two
Anglo-Arabians. No matter the cross, a horse must have a minimum 12.5% of Arabian blood to be considered an
Anglo-Arabian.
France is one of the greatest producers of Anglo-Arabians. The French Anglo-Arab traces back to two stallions: the
Arabian stud Massoud and Aslam, a "Turkish" horse, probably of the now-extinct Turkoman or "Turkmene" breed.
These Syrian imports were then crossed with a trio of Thoroughbreds, specifically, the Comus Mare, the Selim Mare,
and Daer. Some years later, three of their daughters — Clovis, Danae, and Delphine — formed the foundation of the
French Anglo-Arabian breeding program. The program's primary Anglo-Arab breeding farm, Pompadour National
Anglo-Arab Stud, is located in Arnac-Pompadour, a commune of central France's Corrèze department, home to the
famous Château de Pompadour. In addition, the area serves as the French National Stud's headquarters. The
Anglo-Arabian possesses one of France's oldest studbooks, and the Selle Francais, the country's leading sport horse,
still bears the stamp of significant Anglo-Arab influence.
In the past, the Anglo-Arab has been used for military purposes. However, at present, its most prominent occupation
is that of a general riding or sport horse. The breed does well in eventing, due to its stamina, speed, and jumping
ability. In the United States, the Anglo-Arabian is considered a "part-bred" Arabian and, consequently, is registered
within a separate section of the Arabian Horse Association.
Anglo-Arabian 53
Breed Characteristics
As a result of different crosses that can produce an Anglo-Arabian, the
size and appearance is noticeably variable. However, on average, an
Anglo-Arabian is a bit taller than the average Arabian and of somewhat
less refined type. The largest horses are usually produced by breeding a
Thoroughbred mare to an Arabian stallion. The best examples of this
breed inherit the refinement, good bone, and endurance of the Arabian,
as well as the speed and scope of the Thoroughbred.
Anglo-Arabians average 15.2–16.3 hands (62–67 inches,
157–170 cm) high. The most common colors are chestnut, bay
Anglo-Arabian competing in eventing.
(sometimes called "brown") or gray. The breed ideal is for a horse to
have conformation that more strongly resembles the Arabian, though
they should not look entirely like either a Thoroughbred or an Arabian.
They have a long neck, prominent withers, a compact and strong body
(sturdier than the Thoroughbred), a deep chest, and solid bone.
Anglo-Arabians should have small, fine heads, similar to an Arabian,
but they should not be overly "dished" in profile.
Anglo-Arabian breed brand References

• Arnac - Pompadour [3]
• Pays de Pompador – Horse Town [4]
References
[1] http:/ / www. anaa. fr/
[2] http:/ / www. arabianhorses. org
[3] http:/ / www. correze. org/ communes/ arn_pomp. htm
[4] http:/ / www. pompadour. net/ HTML_GB/ citecheval. htm
Anglo-Kabarda 54
Anglo-Kabarda
Anglo-Kabarda
Anglo-Kabarda mare
Country of origin Russia
The Anglo-Kabarda or Anglo-Kabardin (also known as the Anglo-Kabardinskaya porodnaya gruppa) is a breed of
horse that is a cross between the Kabarda and the Thoroughbred.
Characteristics
Representatives of the breed may have between 25 percent and 75 percent Thoroughbred blood. The Anglo-Kabarda
is divided into three different types: "basic," "oriental" and "massive." Horses belonging to the basic type are of
medium size with a well-shaped head and are well muscled; those of the oriental type are smaller and lighter, they
have smaller heads with large expressive eyes and smaller ears and clean legs; the massive type are heavier and taller
with a build similar to carriage horses. These horses usually stand between 15.2 and 16 hands (62 and 64 inches, 157
and 163 cm) tall. They have legs which are long and strong with well-developed joints giving them the speed of the
Thoroughbred and the resistance of the Kabarda. The breed's temperament is considered spirited and energetic but
very reliable.[1] This breed is generally hardy, although due to the Thoroughbred blood, they may not necessarily be
easy keepers and may require some supplemental nutrition.[2]
History
The cross was developed beginning in the 1920s and 1930s to produce a horse that was larger and faster than the
native Kabarda, but adapted to the climate of the northern Caucasus region of Russia and able to maneuver in
mountainous terrain.
Use
This breed has been used as saddle horses both locally in the Caucasus mountains and to compete in international
Olympic events.
Anglo-Kabarda 55
References
[1] http:/ / www. ponynhorse. com/ breed/ Anglo-Kabarda. html/
[2] http:/ / www. petmd. com/ horse/ breeds/ c_hr_anglo_kabarda#. UB8FKk1lRxA/
• "Anglo-Kabarda." Breeds of Livestock, Oklahoma State University. Web site accessed June 18, 2007 at http://
www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/anglokabarda/index.htm
Appaloosa 56
Appaloosa
Appaloosa
Appaloosa horse
Distinguishing Most representatives have colorful spotted coat patterns, striped hooves, mottled skin and white sclera visible around the
features iris when the eye is in a normal position.
Breed standards
Appaloosa Horse Club Breed standards [1]
The Appaloosa is a horse breed best known for its colorful leopard-spotted coat pattern. There is a wide range of
body types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history. Each
horse's color pattern is genetically the result of various spotting patterns overlaid on top of one of several recognized
base coat colors. The color pattern of the Appaloosa is of interest to those who study equine coat color genetics, as it
and several other physical characteristics are linked to the leopard complex mutation (LP). Appaloosas are prone to
develop equine recurrent uveitis and congenital stationary night blindness; the latter has been linked to the leopard
complex.
Artwork depicting prehistoric horses with leopard spotting exists in prehistoric cave paintings in Europe. Images of
domesticated horses with leopard spotting patterns appeared in artwork from Ancient Greece through the early
modern period; the Nez Perce people of what today is the United States Pacific Northwest developed the original
American breed. Appaloosas were once referred to by settlers as the "Palouse horse", possibly after the Palouse
River, which ran through the heart of Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into "Appaloosa".
The Nez Perce lost most of their horses after the Nez Perce War in 1877, and the breed fell into decline for several
decades. A small number of dedicated breeders preserved the Appaloosa as a distinct breed until the Appaloosa
Horse Club (ApHC) was formed as the breed registry in 1938. The modern breed maintains bloodlines tracing to the
foundation bloodstock of the registry; its partially open stud book allows the addition of some Thoroughbred,
American Quarter Horse and Arabian blood.
Today, the Appaloosa is one of the most popular breeds in the United States; it was named the official state horse of
Idaho in 1975. It is best known as a stock horse used in a number of western riding disciplines, but is also a versatile
Appaloosa 57
breed with representatives seen in many other types of equestrian activity. Appaloosas have been used in many
movies; an Appaloosa is the mascot for the Florida State Seminoles. Appaloosa bloodlines have influenced other
horse breeds, including the Pony of the Americas, the Nez Perce Horse, and several gaited horse breeds.
The Appaloosa is best known for its distinctive, preferred leopard complex
spotted coat. Spotting occurs in several overlay patterns on one of several
recognized base coat colors. There are three other distinctive, "core"
characteristics: mottled skin, striped hooves, and eyes with a white sclera. Skin
mottling is usually seen around the muzzle, eyes, anus, and genitalia. Striped
hooves are a common trait, quite noticeable on Appaloosas, but not unique to the
breed. The sclera is the part of the eye surrounding the iris; although all horses
show white around the eye if the eye is rolled back, to have a readily visible
white sclera with the eye in a normal position is a distinctive characteristic seen
more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Because the occasional individual
is born with little or no visible spotting pattern, the ApHC allows "regular"
registration of horses with mottled skin plus at least one of the other core
characteristics. Horses with two ApHC parents but no "identifiable Appaloosa
characteristics" are registered as "non-characteristic," a limited special
registration status.
Mottling on the skin is particularly
visible around the eyes and muzzle. There is a wide range of body types in the Appaloosa, in part because the leopard
The sclera of an Appaloosa's eye is complex characteristics are its primary identifying factors, and also because
white. several different horse breeds influenced its development. The weight range
varies from 950 to 1,250 pounds (430 to 570 kg), and heights from 14 to
16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm). However, the ApHC does not allow pony or draft breeding.
The original "old time" or "old type" Appaloosa was a tall, narrow-bodied, rangy horse.[2] The body style reflected a
mix that started with the traditional Spanish horses already common on the plains of America before 1700. Then,
18th-century European bloodlines were added, particularly those of the "pied" horses popular in that period and
shipped en masse to the Americas once the color had become unfashionable in Europe.[3] These horses were similar
to a tall, slim Thoroughbred-Andalusian type of horse popular in Bourbon-era Spain.[3][4] The original Appaloosa
tended to have a convex facial profile that resembled that of the warmblood-Jennet crosses first developed in the
16th century during the reign of Charles V.[2][5] The old-type Appaloosa was later modified by the addition of draft
horse blood after the 1877 defeat of the Nez Perce, when U.S. Government policy forced the Indians to become
farmers and provided them with draft horse mares to breed to existing stallions.[2] The original Appaloosas
frequently had a sparse mane and tail, but that was not a primary characteristic as many early Appaloosas did have
full manes and tails.[6] There is a possible genetic link between the leopard complex and sparse mane and tail
growth, although the precise relationship is unknown.[7]
After the formation of the Appaloosa Horse Club in 1938, a more modern type developed after the addition of
American Quarter Horse and Arabian bloodlines. The addition of Quarter Horse lines produced Appaloosas that
performed better in sprint racing and in halter competition. Many cutting and reining horses resulted from old-type
Appaloosas crossed on Arabian bloodlines, particularly via the Appaloosa foundation stallion Red Eagle.[8] An
infusion of Thoroughbred blood was added during the 1970s to produce horses more suited for racing.[9] Many
current breeders also attempt to breed away from the sparse, "rat tail" trait, and therefore modern Appaloosas have
fuller manes and tails.[6]
Appaloosa 58
Color and spotting patterns

The coat color of an Appaloosa is a combination of a base color with
an overlaid spotting pattern. The base colors recognized by the
Appaloosa Horse Club include bay, black, chestnut, palomino,
buckskin, cremello or perlino, roan, gray, dun and grulla. Appaloosa
markings have several pattern variations. It is this unique group of
spotting patterns, collectively called the "leopard complex", that most
people associate with the Appaloosa horse. Spots overlay darker skin,
and are often surrounded by a "halo", where the skin next to the spot is
also dark but the overlying hair coat is white.[10]
Few spot leopard Appaloosa with wet coat
It is not always easy to predict a grown Appaloosa's color at birth. showing "halo" effect of dark skin under white
Foals of any breed tend to be born with coats that darken when they coat around spots.
shed their baby hair. In addition, Appaloosa foals do not always show
classic leopard complex characteristics. Patterns sometimes change over the course of the horse's life although some,
such as the blanket and leopard patterns, tend to be stable. Horses with the varnish roan and snowflake patterns are
especially prone to show very little color pattern at birth, developing more visible spotting as they get older.[10]
The ApHC also recognizes the concept of a "solid" horse, which has a base color "but no contrasting color in the
form of an Appaloosa coat pattern". Solid horses can be registered if they have mottled skin and one other leopard
complex characteristic.
Base colors are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specific
category. These patterns are described as follows:
Pattern Description [11]

Image
Spots General term that refers to a horse that has white or dark spots over all or a portion of its body.
Blanket or snowcap [7]

A solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with a contrasting base color.
Blanket with spots A white blanket which has dark spots within the white. The spots are usually the same color as the
horse's base color.
Leopard A white horse with dark spots that flow out over the entire body. Considered an extension of a
[7]
blanket to cover the whole body.
Few spot leopard [7]

A mostly white horse with a bit of color remaining around the flank, neck and head.
Snowflake A horse with white spots, flecks, on a dark body. Typically the white spots increase in number and
[7]
size as the horse ages.
Appaloosa 59
Appaloosa roan, marble

A distinct version of the leopard complex. Intermixed dark and light hairs with lighter colored area
on the forehead, jowls and frontal bones of the face, over the back, loin and hips. Darker areas may
or varnish roan
appear along the edges of the frontal bones of the face as well and also on the legs, stifle, above the
eye, point of the hip and behind the elbow. The dark points over bony areas are called "varnish
[7]
marks" and distinguish this pattern from a traditional roan.
Mottled [7]
A fewspot leopard that is completely white with only mottled skin showing.
Roan blanket or Frost Horses with roaning over the croup and hips. The blanket normally occurs over, but is not limited
[7]
to, the hip area.
Roan blanket with spots A horse with a roan blanket that has white and/or dark spots within the roan area.
Color genetics
Any horse that shows Appaloosa core characteristics of coat pattern, mottled
skin, striped hooves, and a visible white sclera, carries at least one allele of the
dominant "leopard complex" (LP) gene. The use of the word "complex" is used
to refer to the large group of visible patterns that may occur when LP is present.
LP is an autosomal incomplete dominant mutation in the TRPM1 gene located at
horse chromosome 1 (ECA 1). All horses with at least one copy of LP show
leopard characteristics, and it is hypothesized that LP acts together with other
patterning genes (PATN) that have not yet been identified to produce the
different coat patterns. Horses that are heterozygous for LP tend to be darker than
homozygous horses, but this is not consistent.[12]
Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRPM1 gene have been

identified as closely associated with the LP mutation, although the mechanism by
which the pattern is produced remains unclear. A commercially available DNA Striped hooves are a characteristic
based test is likely to be developed in the near future, which breeders can use to trait.
determine if LP is present in horses that do not have visible Appaloosa
characteristics.
Not every Appaloosa exhibits visible coat spotting, but even apparently solid-colored horses that carry at least one
dominant LP allele will exhibit characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white sclera of the eye, and mottled
skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. Appaloosas may also exhibit sabino or pinto type markings, but because
pinto genes may cover-up or obscure Appaloosa patterns, pinto breeding is discouraged by the ApHC, which will
deny registration to horses with excessive white markings. The genes that create these different patterns can all be
present in the same horse. The Appaloosa Project, a genetic study group, has researched the interactions of
Appaloosa and pinto genes and how they affect each other.
Appaloosa 60
History
Recent research has suggested that Eurasian prehistoric cave paintings
depicting leopard-spotted horses may have accurately reflected a
phenotype of ancient wild horse. Domesticated horses with leopard
complex spotting patterns have been depicted in art dating as far back
as Ancient Greece, Ancient Persia, and the Han Dynasty in China; later
depictions appeared in 11th-century France and 12th-century England.
French paintings from the 16th and 17th centuries show horses with
spotted coats being used as riding horses, and other records indicate
they were also used as coach horses at the court of Louis XIV of
France.[13] In mid-18th-century Europe, there was a great demand for
A 1674 painting of Louis XIV on a spotted horse
horses with the leopard complex spotting pattern among the nobility
and royalty. These horses were used in the schools of horsemanship,
for parade use, and other forms of display. Modern horse breeds in Europe today that have leopard complex spotting
include the Knabstrupper and the Pinzgau, or Noriker horse.
The Spanish probably obtained spotted horses through trade with southern Austria and Hungary, where the color
pattern was known to exist.[14] The Conquistadors and Spanish settlers then brought some vividly marked horses to
the Americas when they first arrived in the early 16th century.[14][15] One horse with snowflake patterning was listed
with the 16 horses brought to Mexico by Cortez,[16] and additional spotted horses were mentioned by Spanish writers
by 1604.[17] Others arrived in the western hemisphere when spotted horses went out of style in late 18th-century
Europe,[3] and were shipped to Mexico, California and Oregon.[3]
Nez Perce people

The Nez Perce people lived in what today is eastern Washington,
Oregon, and western Idaho,[18] where they engaged in agriculture as
well as horse breeding.[19] The Nez Perce first obtained horses from
the Shoshone around 1730. They took advantage of the fact that they
lived in excellent horse-breeding country, relatively safe from the raids
of other tribes, and developed strict breeding selection practices for
their animals, establishing breeding herds by 1750. They were one of
the few tribes that actively used the practice of gelding inferior male
horses and trading away poorer stock to remove unsuitable animals
from the gene pool, and thus were notable as horse breeders by the Two Nez Perce men with an Appaloosa, about
early 19th century. 1895
Early Nez Perce horses were considered to be of high quality. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
wrote in his February 15, 1806, journal entry: "Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly
[sic] formed, active and durable: in short many of them look like fine English coarsers [sic] and would make a figure
in any country."[20] Lewis did note spotting patterns, saying, "... some of these horses are pided [pied] with large
spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with the black brown bey [sic] or some other dark colour".[20] By
"pied", Lewis may have been referring to leopard-spotted patterns seen in the modern Appaloosa,[20][21] though
Lewis also noted that "much the larger portion are of a uniform colour".[20] The Appaloosa Horse Club estimates that
only about ten percent of the horses owned by the Nez Perce at the time were spotted. While the Nez Perce originally
had many solid-colored horses and only began to emphasize color in their breeding some time after the visit of Lewis
and Clark, by the late 19th century they had many spotted horses.[22] As white settlers moved into traditional Nez
Appaloosa 61
Perce lands, a successful trade in horses enriched the Nez Perce, who in 1861 bred horses described as "elegant
chargers, fit to mount a prince."[23] At a time when ordinary horses could be purchased for $15, non-Indians who had
purchased Appaloosa horses from the Nez Perce turned down offers of as much as $600.[24]
Nez Perce War

Peace with the United States dated back to an alliance arranged by Lewis and Clark,[25] but the encroachment of gold
miners in the 1860s and settlers in the 1870s put pressure on the Nez Perce.[26] Although a treaty of 1855 originally
allowed them to keep most of their traditional land, another in 1863 reduced the land alloted to them by
90 percent.[27] The Nez Perce who refused to give up their land under the 1863 treaty included a band living in the
Wallowa Valley of Oregon, led by Heinmot Tooyalakekt, widely known as Chief Joseph.[28] Tensions rose, and in
May 1877, General Oliver Howard called a council and ordered the non-treaty bands to move to the
reservation.[26][29] Chief Joseph considered military resistance futile, and by June 14, 1877, had gathered about 600
people at a site near present-day Grangeville, Idaho.[25] But on that day a small group of warriors staged an attack on
nearby white settlers,[26] which led to the Nez Perce War.[25] After several small battles in Idaho,[25] more than
800 Nez Perce, mostly non-warriors, took 2000 head of various livestock including horses and fled into Montana,
then traveled southeast, dipping into Yellowstone National Park.[26][28] A small number of Nez Perce fighters,
probably fewer than 200, successfully held off larger forces of the U.S. Army in several skirmishes, including the
two-day Battle of the Big Hole in southwestern Montana.[26] They then moved northeast and attempted to seek
refuge with the Crow Nation; rebuffed, they headed for safety in Canada.[26]
Throughout this journey of about 1,400 miles (2,300 km) the Nez Perce relied heavily on their fast, agile and hardy
Appaloosa horses.[30] The journey came to an end when they stopped to rest near the Bears Paw Mountains in
Montana, 40 miles (64 km) from the Canadian border. Unbeknownst to the Nez Perce, Colonel Nelson A. Miles had
led an infantry-cavalry column from Fort Keogh in pursuit. On October 5, 1877, after a five-day fight, Joseph
surrendered. The battle—and the war—was over.[30][31] With most of the war chiefs dead, and the noncombatants
cold and starving, Joseph declared that he would "fight no more forever".[31][32]
Aftermath of the Nez Perce War

When the U.S. 7th Cavalry accepted the surrender of Chief Joseph and the remaining Nez Perce, they immediately
took more than 1,000 of the tribe's horses, sold what they could and shot many of the rest. But a significant
population of horses had been left behind in the Wallowa valley when the Nez Perce began their retreat, and
additional animals escaped or were abandoned along the way. The Nez Perce were ultimately settled on reservation
lands in north central Idaho,[33]</ref> were allowed few horses, and were required by the Army to crossbreed to
draft horses in an attempt to create farm horses.[34] The Nez Perce tribe never regained its former position as
breeders of Appaloosas. In the late 20th century, they began a program to develop a new horse breed, the Nez Perce
horse, with the intent to resurrect their horse culture, tradition of selective breeding, and horsemanship.
Although a remnant population of Appaloosa horses remained after 1877, they were virtually forgotten as a distinct
breed for almost 60 years. A few quality horses continued to be bred, mostly those captured or purchased by settlers
and used as working ranch horses. Others were used in circuses and related forms of entertainment, such as Buffalo
Bill's Wild West Show.[35] The horses were originally called "Palouse horses" by settlers, a reference to the Palouse
River that ran through the heart of what was once Nez Perce country.[36] Gradually, the name evolved into
"Apalouse", and then "Appaloosa".[36] Other early variations of the name included "Appalucy", "Apalousey" and
"Appaloosie". In one 1948 book, the breed was called the "Opelousa horse", described as a "hardy tough breed of
Indian and Spanish horse" used by backwoodsmen of the late 18th century to transport goods to New Orleans for
sale. By the 1950s, "Appaloosa" was regarded as the correct spelling.
Appaloosa 62
Revitalization
The Appaloosa came to the attention of the general public in January 1937 in Western Horseman magazine when
Francis D. Haines, a history professor from Lewiston, Idaho, published an article describing the breed's history and
urging its preservation.[24] Haines had performed extensive research, traveling with a friend and Appaloosa
aficionado named George Hatley, visiting numerous Nez Perce villages, collecting history, and taking
photographs.[37] The article generated strong interest in the horse breed, and led to the founding of the Appaloosa
Horse Club (ApHC) by Claude Thompson and a small group of other dedicated breeders in 1938.[38] The registry
was originally housed in Moro, Oregon;[38] but in 1947 the organization moved to Moscow, Idaho, under the
leadership of George Hatley.[37] The Appaloosa Museum foundation was formed in 1975 to preserve the history of
the Appaloosa horse. The Western Horseman magazine, and particularly its longtime publisher, Dick Spencer,
continued to support and promote the breed through many subsequent articles.[39]
A significant crossbreeding influence used to revitalize the Appaloosa was the Arabian horse, as evidenced by early
registration lists that show Arabian-Appaloosa crossbreeds as ten of the first fifteen horses registered with the
ApHC.[40] For example, one of Claude Thompson's major herd sires was Ferras, an Arabian stallion bred by W.K.
Kellogg from horses imported from the Crabbet Arabian Stud of England. Ferras sired Red Eagle, a prominent
Appaloosa stallion added to the Appaloosa Hall of Fame in 1988. Later, Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse lines were
added, as well as crosses from other breeds, including Morgans and Standardbreds.[41] In 1983 the ApHC reduced
the number of allowable outcrosses to three main breeds: the Arabian horse, the American Quarter Horse and the
Thoroughbred.
By 1978 the ApHC was the third largest horse registry for light horse breeds. From 1938 to 2007 more than
670,000 Appaloosas were registered by the ApHC. The state of Idaho adopted the Appaloosa as its official state
horse on March 25, 1975, when Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus signed the enabling legislation. Idaho offers a custom
license plate featuring an Appaloosa horse, the first state to offer a plate featuring a state horse.
Registration
Located in Moscow, Idaho, the ApHC is the principal body for the
promotion and preservation of the Appaloosa breed and is an
international organization. Affiliate Appaloosa organizations exist in
many South American and European countries, as well as South
Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico and Israel. The
Appaloosa Horse Club has 33,000 members as of 2010, circulation of
the Appaloosa Journal, which is included with most types of
membership, was at 32,;00 in 2008. The American Appaloosa
Association was founded in 1983 by members opposed to the
A Pinto horse (left) has different markings than a
registration of plain-colored horses, as a result of the color rule
Leopard Appaloosa (right). Photo credit:
Jean-Pol Grandmont controversy. Based in Missouri, it has a membership of more than
2,000 as of 2008. Other "Appaloosa" registries have been founded for
horses with leopard complex genetics that are not affiliated with the ApHC. These registries tend to have different
foundation breeding and histories than the North American Appaloosa. The ApHC is by far the largest Appaloosa
horse registry, and it hosts one of the world's largest breed shows.[42]
The Appaloosa is "a breed defined by ApHC bloodline requirements and preferred characteristics, including coat
pattern". In other words, the Appaloosa is a distinct breed from limited bloodlines with distinct physical traits and a
desired color, referred to as a "color preference". Appaloosas are not strictly a "color breed". All ApHC-registered
Appaloosas must be the offspring of two registered Appaloosa parents or a registered Appaloosa and a horse from an
approved breed registry, which includes Arabian horses, Quarter Horses, and Thoroughbreds. In all cases, one parent
Appaloosa 63
must always be a regular registered Appaloosa. The only exception to the bloodline requirements is in the case of
Appaloosa-colored geldings or spayed mares with unknown pedigrees; owners may apply for "hardship registration"
for these non-breeding horses. The ApHC does not accept horses with draft, pony, Pinto, or Paint breeding, and
requires mature Appaloosas to stand, unshod, at least 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm). If a horse has excessive white
markings not associated with the Appaloosa pattern (such as those characteristic of a pinto) it cannot be registered
unless it is verified through DNA testing that both parents have ApHC registration.
Certain other characteristics are used to determine if a horse receives "regular" registration: striped hooves, white
sclera visible when the eye is in a normal position, and mottled (spotted) skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. As
the Appaloosa is one of the few horse breeds to exhibit skin mottling, this characteristic "...is a very basic and
decisive indication of an Appaloosa." Appaloosas born with visible coat pattern, or mottled skin and at least one
other characteristic, are registered with "regular" papers and have full show and breeding privileges. A horse that
meets bloodline requirements but is born without the recognized color pattern and characteristics can still be
registered with the ApHC as a "non-characteristic" Appaloosa. These solid-colored, "non-characteristic" Appaloosas
may not be shown at ApHC events unless the owner verifies the parentage through DNA testing and pays a
supplementary fee to enter the horse into the ApHC's Performance Permit Program (PPP). Solid-colored Appaloosas
are restricted in breeding.
Color rule controversy

During the 1940s and 1950s, when both the Appaloosa Horse Club
(ApHC) and the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) were in
their formative years, minimally marked or roan Appaloosas were
sometimes used in Quarter Horse breeding programs.[43] At the same
time, it was noted that two solid-colored registered Quarter Horse
parents would sometimes produce what Quarter Horse aficionados call
a "cropout", a foal with white coloration similar to that of an
Appaloosa or Pinto. For a considerable time, until DNA testing could
verify parentage, the AQHA refused to register such horses. The Mare and foal. The ApHC encourages early foal
registration, even though coat patterns may
ApHC did accept cropout horses that exhibited proper Appaloosa
change later.
traits, while cropout pintos became the core of the American Paint
Horse Association. Famous Appaloosas who were cropouts included
Colida, Joker B, Bright Eyes Brother and Wapiti.
In the late 1970s, the color controversy went in the opposite direction within the Appaloosa registry. The ApHC's
decision in 1982 to allow solid-colored or "non-characteristic" Appaloosas to be registered resulted in substantial
debate within the Appaloosa breeding community.[44] Until then, a foal of Appaloosa parents that had insufficient
color was often denied registration, although non-characteristic Appaloosas were allowed into the registry. But
breeder experience had shown that some solid Appaloosas could throw a spotted foal in a subsequent generation, at
least when bred to a spotted Appaloosa. In addition, many horses with a solid coat exhibited secondary
characteristics such as skin mottling, the white sclera, and striped hooves. The controversy stirred by the ApHC's
decision was intense. In 1983 a number of Appaloosa breeders opposed to the registration of solid-colored horses
formed the American Appaloosa Association, a breakaway organization.
Appaloosa 64
Uses
Appaloosas are used extensively for both Western and English riding. Western
competitions include cutting, reining, roping and O-Mok-See sports such as
barrel racing (known as the Camas Prairie Stump Race in Appaloosa-only
competition) and pole bending (called the Nez Percé Stake Race at breed shows).
English disciplines they are used in include eventing, show jumping, and fox
hunting. They are common in endurance riding competitions, as well as in casual
trail riding. Appaloosas are also bred for horse racing, with an active breed
racing association promoting the sport. They are generally used for
middle-distance racing at distances between 350 yards (320 m) and 0.5 miles
(0.80 km); an Appaloosa holds the all-breed record for the 4.5 furlongs (3,000 ft;
910 m) distance, set in 1989.[45]
Appaloosas are often used in Western movies and television series. Examples A leopard Appaloosa is part of the
[46] mascot team for the Florida State
include "Cojo Rojo" in the Marlon Brando film The Appaloosa, "Zip
University Seminoles.
Cochise" ridden by John Wayne in the 1966 film El Dorado and "Cowboy", the
mount of Matt Damon in True Grit. An Appaloosa horse is part of the
controversial mascot team for the Florida State Seminoles, Chief Osceola and Renegade, even though the Seminole
people were not directly associated with Appaloosa horses.
Influence
There are several American horse breeds with leopard coloring and Appaloosa ancestry. These include the Pony of
the Americas and the Colorado Ranger. Appaloosas are crossbred with gaited horse breeds in an attempt to create a
leopard-spotted ambling horse.[47] Because such crossbred offspring are not eligible for ApHC registration, their
owners have formed breed registries for horses with leopard complex patterns and gaited ability. In 1995 the Nez
Perce tribe began a program to develop a new and distinct horse breed, the Nez Perce Horse, based on crossbreeding
the Appaloosa with the Akhal-Teke breed from Central Asia. Appaloosa stallions have been exported to Denmark, to
add new blood to the Knabstrup breed.
Health issues
Genetically linked blindness

Appaloosas have an eightfold greater risk of developing Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) than all other breeds
combined. Up to 25 percent of all horses with ERU may be Appaloosas. Uveitis in horses has many causes,
including eye trauma, disease, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, but ERU is characterized by recurring
episodes of uveitis, rather than a single incident. If not treated, ERU can lead to blindness, which occurs more often
in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Eighty percent of all uveitis cases are found in Appaloosas with physical
characteristics including roan or light-colored coat patterns, little pigment around the eyelids and sparse hair in the
mane and tail denoting the most at-risk individuals. Researchers may have identified a gene region containing an
allele that makes the breed more susceptible to the disease.
Appaloosas that are homozygous for the leopard complex (LP) gene are also at risk for congenital stationary night
blindness (CSNB). This form of night blindness has been linked with the leopard complex since the 1970s, and in
2007 a "significant association" between LP and CSNB was identified. CSNB is a disorder that causes an affected
animal to lack night vision, although day vision is normal. It is an inherited disorder, present from birth, and does not
progress over time. Studies in 2008 and 2010 indicate that both CSNB and leopard complex spotting patterns are
linked to TRPM1.
Appaloosa 65
Drug rules
In 2007 the ApHC implemented new drug rules allowing Appaloosas to show with the drugs furosemide, known by
the trade name of Lasix, and acetazolamide. Furosemide is used to prevent horses who bleed from the nose when
subjected to strenuous work from having bleeding episodes when in competition, and is widely used in horse racing.
Acetazolamide ("Acet") is used for treating horses with the genetic disease hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP),
and prevents affected animals from having seizures.[48] Acet is only allowed for horses that test positive for HYPP
and have HYPP status noted on their registration papers. The ApHC recommends that Appaloosas that trace to
certain American Quarter Horse bloodlines be tested for HYPP, and owners have the option to choose to place
HYPP testing results on registration papers. Foals of AQHA-registered stallions and mares born on or after January
1, 2007 that carry HYPP will be required to be HYPP tested and have their HYPP status designated on their
registration papers.
Both drugs are controversial, in part because they are considered drug maskers and diuretics that can make it difficult
to detect the presence of other drugs in the horse's system. On one side, it is argued that the United States Equestrian
Federation (USEF), which sponsors show competition for many different horse breeds,[49] and the International
Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI), which governs international and Olympic equestrian competition, ban the use
of furosemide.[50] On the other side of the controversy, several major stock horse registries that sanction their own
shows, including the American Quarter Horse Association, American Paint Horse Association, and the Palomino
Horse Breeders of America,[51] allow acetazolamide and furosemide to be used within 24 hours of showing under
certain circumstances.
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. appaloosa. com/
[2] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 392.
[6] Richardson, Appaloosa, pp. 27–28.
[7] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, pp. 90–91.
[9] Harris, Horse Breeds of the West, p. 12.
[10] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 92.
[11] Based on images from Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, pp. 153–156.
[12] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 93.
[14] Crowell, Cavalcade, p. 299.
[18] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 7.
[19] Malone Roeder & Lang, Montana, p. 134.
[20] Moulton, Lewis and Clark Journals, p. 333.
[22] Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 390, 392.
[24] Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses", p. 82.
[25] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", pp. 5–6.
[26] Malone Roeder & Lang, Montana, pp. 135–136.
[29] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", pp. 14–15.
[30] Haines, Appaloosa, pp. 92–95.
[31] Malone Roeder & Lang, Montana, p. 138.
[32] Richardson, Appaloosa, p. 23.
Appaloosa 66
[33] Chief Joseph and his band were settled in central Washington on the Colville Indian Reservation.<ref name="FOOTNOTEWest, "Nez
Perce and Their Trials"4">West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 4.
[34] Richardson, Appaloosa, p. 24–25.
[35] Haines, Appaloosa, pp. 96–98.
[36] Crowell, Cavalcade, pp. 296–297.
[37] Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses", p. 83.
[38] Haines, Appaloosa, p. 98.
[39] Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses", pp. 83–84.
[40] Appaloosa Horse Club, Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 1.
[41] Appaloosa Horse Club, Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 2 & 3.
[42] Evans, Horses, p. 132.
[43] Holmes, Spotted Pride, p. 165.
[44] Stanger, Fifty Years of Appaloosa History, p. 163.
[45] Dutson, Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America, pp. 74–78.
[46] Wilson, Animal Movies Guide, p. 161.
[47] Such breeds include the Walkaloosa, Spanish Jennet Horse and Tiger horse
[48] Acetazolamide is not to be confused with acepromazine ("Ace"), a tranquilizer, which is illegal in all forms of competition.
[49] Note: Specifically lists Furosemide.
[50] Note: Specifically lists Furosemide.
[51] The PHBA does not allow Lasix within 24 hours of show and only allows Acetazolamide for HYPP horses.
Footnotes
References
• Appaloosa Horse Club. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 1. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club.
OCLC 9494129 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9494129).
• Appaloosa Horse Club. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 2 & 3. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club.
OCLC 9494129 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9494129).
• Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (1st ed.). Solvang, California: Amigo
Publications. ISBN 978-0-9658533-0-9.
• Ciarloni, Diane (January 2011). "Shaping Stock Horses". Western Horseman: 76–84.
• Crowell, Pers (1951). Cavalcade of American Horses. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1428574 (http://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/1428574).
• Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. North Adams,
Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58017-612-5.
• Evans, J. Warren (2000). Horses: A Guide to Selection, Care and Enjoyment. New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 132.
ISBN 978-0-7167-4255-5.
• Haines, Francis (1975) [1946]. Appaloosa: The Spotted Horse in Art and History. Austin, Texas: University of
Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-912830-21-6.
• Harris, Freddie S. (1973). Horse Breeds of the West. Houston, Texas: Cordovan Corp. OCLC 1583675 (http://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/1583675).
• Holmes, Frank (2003). Spotted Pride. Abilene, Kansas: Loft Enterprises. ISBN 978-0-9714998-3-6.
• Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991). Montana: A History of Two Centuries. Seattle,
Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97129-2.
• Moulton, Gary E., ed. (2003). The Lewis and Clark Journals. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
ISBN 978-0-8032-8039-7.
• Richardson, Bill; Richardson, Dona (1968). The Appaloosa. New York: A. S. Barnes. ISBN 978-0-498-06787-7.
• Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). Equine Color Genetics (http://books.google.com/?id=ihTMGxdBXb8C)
(Second ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-8138-0759-1.
• Stanger, Edith M. (1997). Fifty Years of Appaloosa History. (No location listed): Double Arrow Appaloosas.
ISBN 978-0-9661160-4-5.
Appaloosa 67
• West, Elliott (Autumn 2010). "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars". Montana: the
Magazine of Western History 60 (3): 3–18.
• Wilson, Staci Layne (2007). Animal Movies Guide (http://books.google.com/?id=dGYzZLrBrS4C&
pg=PA161&dq=animal+movies+guide+appaloosa). (No location listed): Running Free Press.
ISBN 978-0-9675185-3-4.
External links
• The Appaloosa Horse Club (http://www.appaloosa.com/)
• American Appaloosa Association (http://www.amappaloosa.com/mainpage.cfm)
• Appaloosa Horse Club of Canada (http://www.appaloosa.ca/)
• Appaloosa Horse Club of Denmark (http://www.appaloosa.dk/)
• Appaloosa Horse Club of Germany (http://www.aphcg.com/)
• American Appaloosa Horse Club Holland (http://www.appaloosa.nl/)
• Appaloosa Horse Association of New Zealand (http://www.appaloosaassn.co.nz/)
• Appaloosa Horse Club of the United Kingdom (http://www.aphcuk.org/)
AraAppaloosa 68
AraAppaloosa
AraAppaloosa
Distinguishing features Combination of Arabian and Appaloosa traits
The AraAppaloosa, also known as the Araloosa, Arappaloosa and the Ara-Appaloosa, is a horse breed that is a
part-Arabian cross between an Arabian horse and an Appaloosa, combining the refined phenotype of the Arabian
with the leopard-spotted coloring of the Appaloosa. As both breeds are noted for endurance and intelligence, the
resulting cross is usually able to excel at endurance riding as well as other disciplines performed by either breed,
including ranch work, and a variety of horse show disciplines.
An AraAppaloosa with one purebred Arabian parent may be registered as a half-Arabian with the Arabian Horse
Association, and because the Appaloosa breed still has an open stud book to horses of Arabian breeding, many
Arappaloosas can also be registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC). However, they also have their own
organization, the AraAppaloosa and Foundation Breeders' International (AAFBI)
History
The AAFBI was established in an effort to protect the original or "foundation" Appaloosa, and promotes the
incorporation of Arabian bloodlines into "foundation-bred" Appaloosa Breeding programs, preserving what they
consider to be the original type of Appaloosa horse. According to AAFBI, the AraAppaloosa of today is considered a
re-establishment or preservation of the best examples of the Appaloosa breed originally developed by the Nez Perce
people of the American Pacific Northwest in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The AAFBI believes that the backgrounds of leopard-spotted horses and the Arabian breed have much in common,
with prototypes of each dating to antiquity. AAFBI notes that certain "oriental"-type horses were often particolored,
as shown in Ancient Near East and Ancient Egyptian art. The association also promotes the standards set by one of
the founders of the Appaloosa Horse Club, Claude Thompson, who, beginning in the 1930s, used Arabian blood in
his Appaloosa breeding program and believed that Arabian blood was a crucial part of the Appaloosa genome.
AraAppaloosa 69
Characteristics
The AraAppaloosa exhibits the "leopard" or "Lp" gene and thus must have one of the color patterns found on the
Appaloosa. They average between 14 and 15 hands high. They are to have the general conformation of the Arabian,
including a refined head, high-carried tail and overall elegance. Like both the Arabian and the Appaloosa, they are to
possess considerable endurance, sure-footedness, and intelligence. Overall, an AraAppaloosa will be of a more
refined build than the more common type of Appaloosa, those with a high percentage of American Quarter Horse
breeding, more commonly seen in the modern show ring.
References
• Oklahoma State [1]
• Cowboy Frank [2]
• Central Pets [3]
References
[1] http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ araappaloosa/ index. htm
[2] http:/ / cowboyfrank. net/ fortvalley/ breeds/ AraAppaloosa. htm
[3] http:/ / www. centralpets. com/ animals/ mammals/ horses/ hrs214. html
Arabian horse 70
Arabian horse
Arabian horse
An Arabian mare
Distinguishing features finely chiseled bone structure, concave profile, arched neck, comparatively level croup, high-carried
tail.
Alternative names Arabian, Arab
Country of origin Developed in the Middle East, most notably Arabian peninsula
Breed standards
Arabian Horse Association (USA) [2]

Breed standards
The Arabian Horse Society of [1]

Breed standards
Australia
The Arab Horse Society (UK) [2]

Breed standards
World Arabian Horse Organization [3]

Breed standards
The Arabian or Arab horse (Arabic: ‫ [ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ħisˤaːn ʕarabiː], DMG ḥiṣān ʿarabī) is a breed of horse that
originated on the Arabian Peninsula. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the
most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is also one of the oldest breeds, with archaeological evidence
of horses in the Middle East that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian
horses have spread around the world by both war and trade, used to improve other breeds by adding speed,
refinement, endurance, and strong bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed of
riding horse.
The Arabian developed in a desert climate and was prized by the nomadic Bedouin people, often being brought
inside the family tent for shelter and protection from theft. Selective breeding for traits including an ability to form a
cooperative relationship with humans created a horse breed that is good-natured, quick to learn, and willing to
please. The Arabian also developed the high spirit and alertness needed in a horse used for raiding and war. This
combination of willingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horse owners to handle their horses with
competence and respect.
The Arabian is a versatile breed. Arabians dominate the discipline of endurance riding, and compete today in many
other fields of equestrian activity. They are one of the top ten most popular horse breeds in the world. They are now
found worldwide, including the United States and Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, continental Europe, South
Arabian horse 71
America (especially Brazil), and its land of origin, the Middle East.
Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads,
a broad forehead, large eyes, large nostrils, and
small muzzles. Most display a distinctive concave,
or "dished" profile. Many Arabians also have a
slight forehead bulge between their eyes, called the
jibbah by the Bedouin, that adds additional sinus
capacity, believed to have helped the Arabian
horse in its native dry desert climate.[4][5] Another
breed characteristic is an arched neck with a large,
well-set windpipe set on a refined, clean
throatlatch. This structure of the poll and
throatlatch was called the mitbah or mitbeh by the
Bedouin. In the ideal Arabian it is long, allowing
flexibility in the bridle and room for the windpipe.
A purebred Arabian stallion, showing dished profile, arched neck, level
croup and high-carried tail Other distinctive features are a relatively long,
level croup, or top of the hindquarters, and
naturally high tail carriage. The USEF breed standard requires Arabians have solid bone and standard correct equine
conformation. Well-bred Arabians have a deep, well-angled hip and well laid-back shoulder.[6] Within the breed,
there are variations. Some individuals have wider, more powerfully muscled hindquarters suitable for intense bursts
of activity in events such as reining, while others have longer, leaner muscling better suited for long stretches of flat
work such as endurance riding or horse racing.[7] Most have a compact body with a short back. Arabians usually
have dense, strong bone, and good hoof walls. They are especially noted for their endurance,[8] and the superiority of
the breed in Endurance riding competition demonstrates that well-bred Arabians are strong, sound horses with
superior stamina. At international FEI-sponsored endurance events, Arabians and half-Arabians are the dominant
performers in distance competition.
Arabian horse 72
Skeletal analysis
Some Arabians, though not all, have 5 lumbar
vertebrae instead of the usual 6, and 17 pairs of
ribs rather than 18.[9] A quality Arabian has both a
relatively horizontal croup and a properly angled
pelvis as well as good croup length and depth to
the hip (determined by the length of the pelvis),
that allows agility and impulsion.[10] A
misconception confuses the topline of the croup
with the angle of the "hip" (the pelvis or ilium),
leading some to assert that Arabians have a flat
pelvis angle and cannot use their hindquarters
properly. However, the croup is formed by the
sacral vertebrae. The hip angle is determined by
the attachment of the ilium to the spine, the
structure and length of the femur, and other aspects
of hindquarter anatomy, which is not correlated to Mounted skeleton of an Arabian horse, showing underlying structure of
the topline of the sacrum. Thus, the Arabian has breed characteristics including short back, high-set tail, distinction
conformation typical of other horse breeds built for between level croup and well-angulated hip. This specimen also has only 5
lumbar vertebrae.
speed and distance, such as the Thoroughbred,
where the angle of the ilium is more oblique than
that of the croup.[11][12][13] Thus, the hip angle is not necessarily correlated to the topline of the croup. Horses bred
to gallop need a good length of croup and good length of hip for proper attachment of muscles, and so unlike angle,
length of hip and croup do go together as a rule.
Size
The breed standard stated by the United States Equestrian Federation, describes Arabians as standing between 14.1
to 15.1 hands (57 to 61 inches, 145 to 155 cm) tall, "with the occasional individual over or under." Thus, all
Arabians, regardless of height, are classified as "horses", even though 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) is the
traditional cutoff height between a horse and a pony.[14] A common myth is that Arabians are not strong because
they are relatively small and refined. However, the Arabian horse is noted for a greater density of bone than other
breeds, short cannons, sound feet, and a broad, short back, all of which give the breed physical strength comparable
to many taller animals. Thus, even a smaller Arabian can carry a heavy rider. For tasks where the sheer weight of the
horse matters, such as farm work done by a draft horse,[15] any lighter-weight horse is at a disadvantage. However,
for most purposes, the Arabian is a strong and hardy light horse breed able to carry any type of rider in most
equestrian pursuits.[]
Arabian horse 73
Temperament
For centuries, Arabian horses lived in the desert in close association
with humans. For shelter and protection from theft, prized war mares
were sometimes kept in their owner's tent, close to children and
everyday family life.[16] Only horses with a naturally good disposition
were allowed to reproduce, with the result that Arabians today have a
good temperament that, among other examples, makes them one of the
few breeds where the United States Equestrian Federation rules allow
children to exhibit stallions in nearly all show ring classes, including
those limited to riders under 18.[17]
On the other hand, the Arabian is also classified as a "hot-blooded"

breed, a category that includes other refined, spirited horses bred for
speed, such as the Akhal-Teke, the Barb and the Thoroughbred. Like
other hot-bloods, Arabians' sensitivity and intelligence enable quick
learning and greater communication with their riders; however, their
Arabians are noted for both intelligence and a
intelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as good
spirited disposition
ones,[18] and they do not tolerate inept or abusive training practices.[19]
Some sources claim that it is more difficult to train a "hot-blooded"
horse. Though most Arabians have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans, when treated badly, like any horse,
they can become excessively nervous or anxious, but seldom become vicious unless seriously spoiled or subjected to
extreme abuse. At the other end of the spectrum, romantic myths are sometimes told about Arabian horses that give
them near-divine characteristics.[20]
Colors
The Arabian Horse Association registers purebred horses with the coat colors bay, gray, chestnut, black, and roan.
[21]
Bay, gray and chestnut are the most common; black is less common. The classic roan gene does not appear to
exist in Arabians;[22] rather, Arabians registered by breeders as "roan" are usually expressing rabicano or, sometimes,
sabino patterns with roan features. All Arabians, no matter their coat color, have black skin, except under white
markings. Black skin provided protection from the intense desert sun.[23]
Gray and white
Although many Arabians appear to have a "white"

hair coat, they are not genetically "white". This
color is usually created by the natural action of the
gray gene, and virtually all white-looking Arabians
are actually grays. A specialized colorization seen
in some older gray Arabians is the so-called
"bloody-shoulder", which is a particular type of
"flea-bitten" gray with localized aggregations of
pigment on the shoulder.
There are a very few Arabians registered as

"white" having a white coat, pink skin and dark
A gray Arabian; note white hair coat but black skin eyes from birth. These animals are believed to
Arabian horse 74
manifest a new form of dominant white, a result of a nonsense mutation in DNA tracing to a single stallion foaled in
1996. This horse was originally thought to be a sabino, but actually was found to have a new form of dominant white
mutation, now labeled W3. It is possible that white mutations have occurred in Arabians in the past or that mutations
other than W3 exist but have not been verified by genetic testing.
Sabino
One spotting pattern, sabino, does exist in purebred Arabians. Sabino coloring is characterized by white markings
such as "high white" above the knees and hocks, irregular spotting on the legs, belly and face, white markings that
extend beyond the eyes or under the chin and jaw, and sometimes lacy or roaned edges.
The genetic mechanism that produces sabino patterning in Arabians is undetermined, and more than one gene may
be involved. Studies at the University of California, Davis indicate that Arabians do not appear to carry the
autosomal dominant gene "SB1" or sabino 1, that often produces bold spotting and some completely white horses in
other breeds. The inheritance patterns observed in sabino-like Arabians also do not follow the same mode of
inheritance as sabino 1.
Rabicano or roan?
There are very few Arabians registered as roan, and according to

researcher D. Phillip Sponenberg, roaning in purebred Arabians is
actually the action of rabicano genetics. Unlike a genetic roan,
rabicano is a partial roan-like pattern; the horse does not have
intermingled white and solid hairs over the entire body, only on the
midsection and flanks, the head and legs are solid-colored. Some
people also confuse a young gray horse with a roan because of the
intermixed hair colors common to both. However, a roan does not
A chestnut rabicano Arabian horse
consistently lighten with age, while a gray does.
Colors that do not exist in purebreds

Purebred Arabians never carry dilution genes.[24] Therefore, purebreds cannot be colors such as dun, cremello,
[25]
palomino or buckskin. However, there is pictorial evidence from pottery and tombs in Ancient Egypt suggesting
that spotting patterns may have existed on ancestral Arabian-type horses in antiquity.[26] Nonetheless, purebred
Arabians today do not carry genes for pinto or Leopard complex ("Appaloosa") spotting patterns, except for sabino.
Spotting or excess white was believed by many breeders to be a mark
of impurity until DNA testing for verification of parentage became
standard. For a time, horses with belly spots and other white markings
deemed excessive were discouraged from registration and excess white
was sometimes penalized in the show ring.
To produce horses with some Arabian characteristics but coat colors
not found in purebreds, they have to be crossbred with other breeds.
Though the purebred Arabian produces a limited range of potential
colors, they do not appear to carry any color-based lethal disorders
such as the frame overo gene ("O") that can produce lethal white A tobiano patterned National Show Horse, a type
syndrome (LWS). Because purebred Arabians cannot produce LWS of partbred Arabian
foals, Arabian mares were used as a non-affected population in some
of the studies seeking the gene that caused the condition in other breeds. Nonetheless, partbred Arabian offspring
can, in some cases, carry these genes if the non-Arabian parent was a carrier.[27]
Arabian horse 75
Genetic disorders
There are six known genetic disorders in Arabian horses. Two are inevitably fatal, two are not inherently fatal but are
disabling and usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal; the remaining conditions can usually be treated.
Three are thought to be autosomal recessive conditions, which means that the flawed gene is not sex-linked and has
to come from both parents for an affected foal to be born; the others currently lack sufficient research data to
determine the precise mode of inheritance.[28] Arabians are not the only breed of horse to have problems with
inherited diseases; fatal or disabling genetic conditions also exist in many other breeds, including the American
Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse, American Saddlebred, Appaloosa, Miniature horse, and Belgian.
Genetic diseases that can occur in purebred Arabians, or in partbreds with Arabian ancestry in both parents, are the
following:
• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Recessive disorder, fatal when homozygous, carriers
(heterozygotes) show no signs. Similar to the "bubble boy" condition in humans, an affected foal is born with a
complete lack of an immune system, and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection, usually before the age
of three months. There is a DNA test that can detect healthy horses who are carriers of the gene causing SCID,
thus testing and careful, planned matings can now eliminate the possibility of an affected foal ever being born.
• Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS), also called Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL). Recessive disorder, fatal when
homozygous, carriers show no signs. The condition has its name because most affected foals are born with a coat
color dilution that lightens the tips of the coat hairs, or even the entire hair shaft. Foals with LFS are unable to
stand at birth, often have seizures, and are usually euthanized within a few days of birth.[29] In November 2009,
Cornell University announced that a DNA test has been developed to detect carriers of LFS. Simultaneously, the
University of Pretoria also announced that they had also developed a DNA test.[30]
• Cerebellar abiotrophy (CA or CCA). Recessive disorder, homozygous horses are affected, carriers show no signs.
An affected foal is usually born without clinical signs, but at some stage, usually after six weeks of age, develops
severe incoordination, a head tremor, wide-legged stance and other symptoms related to the death of the purkinje
cells in the cerebellum. Such foals are frequently diagnosed only after they have crashed into a fence or fallen
over backwards, and often are misdiagnosed as suffering from a head injury caused by an accident. Severity
varies, with some foals having fast onset of severe coordination problems, others showing milder signs. Mildly
affected horses can live a full lifespan, but most are euthanized before adulthood because they are so
accident-prone as to be dangerous. As of 2008, there is a genetic test that uses DNA markers associated with CA
to detect both carriers and affected animals. Clinical signs are distinguishable from other neurological conditions,
and a diagnosis of CA can be verified by examining the brain after euthanasia.
• Occipital Atlanto-Axial Malformation (OAAM). This is a condition where the occiput, atlas and axis vertebrae in
the neck and at the base of the skull are fused or malformed. Symptoms range from mild incoordination to the
paralysis of both front and rear legs. Some affected foals cannot stand to nurse, in others the symptoms may not
be seen for several weeks. This is the only cervical spinal cord disease seen in horses less than 1 month of age,
and a radiograph can diagnose the condition. There is no genetic test for OAAM, and the hereditary component of
this condition is not well researched at present.
• Equine juvenile epilepsy, or Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy, sometimes referred to as "benign" epilepsy, is not
usually fatal. Foals appear normal between epileptic seizures, and seizures usually stop occurring between 12 and
18 months. Affected foals may show signs of epilepsy anywhere from two days to six months from birth.[31]
Seizures can be treated with traditional anti-seizure medications, which may reduce their severity. Though the
condition has been studied since 1985 at the University of California, Davis, the genetic mode of inheritance is
unclear, though the cases studied were all of one general bloodline group. Recent research updates suggest that a
dominant mode of inheritance is involved in transmission of this trait. One researcher hypothesized that epilepsy
may be linked in some fashion to Lavender Foal Syndrome due to the fact that it occurs in similar bloodlines and
some horses have produced foals with both conditions.
Arabian horse 76
• Guttural Pouch Tympany (GPT) occurs in horses ranging from birth to 1 year of age and is more common in
fillies than in colts. It is thought to be genetic in Arabians, possibly polygenic in inheritance, but more study is
needed. Foals are born with a defect that causes the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube to act like a
one-way valve – air can get in, but it cannot get out. The affected guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a
characteristic nonpainful swelling. Breathing is noisy in severely affected animals.[32] Diagnosis is based on
clinical signs and radiographic examination of the skull. Medical management with NSAID and antimicrobial
therapy can treat upper respiratory tract inflammation. Surgical intervention is needed to correct the malformation
of the guttural pouch opening, to provide a route for air in the abnormal guttural pouch to pass to the normal side
and be expelled into the pharynx. Foals that are successfully treated may grow up to have fully useful lives.[33]
The Arabian Horse Association in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts to
uncover the roots of genetic diseases. The organization F.O.A.L. (Fight Off Arabian Lethals) is a clearinghouse for
information on these conditions. Additional information is available from the World Arabian Horse Association
(WAHO).
Mythology
Arabian horses are the topic of many myths and
legends. One origin story tells how Muhammad
chose his foundation mares by a test of their
courage and loyalty. While there are several
variants on the tale, a common version states that
after a long journey through the desert,
Muhammad turned his herd of horses loose to race
to an oasis for a desperately needed drink of water.
Before the herd reached the water, Muhammad
called for the horses to return to him. Only five
mares responded. Because they faithfully returned
to their master, though desperate with thirst, these
mares became his favorites and were called Al
Khamsa, meaning, the five. These mares became An Arabian horse in the desert. Antoine-Jean Gros, c. 1810
the legendary founders of the five "strains" of the

Arabian horse.[34] Although the Al Khamsa are generally considered fictional horses of legend,[35] some breeders
today claim the modern Bedouin Arabian actually descended from these mares.[36]
Another origin tale claims that King Solomon was given a pure Arabian-type mare named Safanad ("the pure") by
the Queen of Sheba. A different version says that Solomon gave a stallion, Zad el-Raheb or Zad-el-Rakib ("Gift to
the Rider"), to the Banu Azd people when they came to pay tribute to the king. This legendary stallion was said to be
faster than the zebra and the gazelle, and every hunt with him was successful, thus when he was put to stud, he
became a founding sire of legend.[37]
Yet another creation myth puts the origin of the Arabian in the time of Ishmael, the son of Abraham.[38] In this story,
the Angel Jibril (also known as Gabriel) descended from Heaven and awakened Ishmael with a "wind-spout" that
whirled toward him. The Angel then commanded the thundercloud to stop scattering dust and rain, and so it gathered
itself into a prancing, handsome creature - a horse - that seemed to swallow up the ground. Hence, the Bedouins
bestowed the title "Drinker of the Wind" to the first Arabian horse.[39]
Finally, a Bedouin story states that Allah created the Arabian horse from the south wind and exclaimed, "I create
thee, Oh Arabian. To thy forelock, I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins.
I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings." Other versions of the story
Arabian horse 77
claim Allah said to the South Wind: "I want to make a creature out of you. Condense." Then from the material
condensed from the wind, he made a kamayt-colored animal (a bay or burnt chestnut) and said: "I call you Horse; I
make you Arabian and I give you the chestnut color of the ant; I have hung happiness from the forelock which hangs
between your eyes; you shall be the Lord of the other animals. Men shall follow you wherever you go; you shall be
as good for flight as for pursuit; you shall fly without wings; riches shall be on your back and fortune shall come
through your meditation."[40]
Origins
Arabians are one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world. The progenitor stock, the Oriental
subtype or "Proto-Arabian" was a horse with oriental characteristics similar to the modern Arabian. Horses with
these features appeared in rock paintings and inscriptions in the Arabian Peninsula as far back as 2500 BC. In
ancient history throughout the Ancient Near East, horses with refined heads and high-carried tails were depicted in
artwork, particularly that of Ancient Egypt in the 16th century BC.[41]
Some scholars of the Arabian horse once theorized that the Arabian came from a separate subspecies of horse,[42]
known as equus caballus pumpelli. Other scholars, including Gladys Brown Edwards, a noted Arabian researcher,
believe that the "dry" oriental horses of the desert, from which the modern Arabian developed, were more likely
Equus ferus caballus with specific landrace characteristics based on the environments in which they lived, rather
than being a separate subspecies. Horses with similar, though not identical, physical characteristics include the
Marwari horse of India, the Barb of North Africa, the Akhal-Teke of western Asia and the now-extinct Turkoman
Horse.
Desert roots
There are different theories about where the ancestors of the Arabian
originally lived. Most evidence suggests the proto-Arabian came from
the area along the northern edge of the Fertile Crescent.[] Another
hypothesis suggests the southwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula,
in modern-day Yemen, where three now-dry riverbeds indicate good
natural pastures existed long ago, perhaps as far back as the Ice
Age.[43] This hypothesis has gained renewed attention following a
2010 discovery of artifacts dated between 6590 and 7250 BCE in
Al-Magar, in southwestern Saudi Arabia, that appeared to portray
horses.
The proto-Arabian horse may have been domesticated by the people of

the Arabian peninsula known today as the Bedouin, some time after
they learned to use the camel, approximately 4,000–5,000 years
ago.[44] Other scholars, noting that horses were common in the Fertile
Crescent but rare in the Arabian peninsula prior to the rise of Islam,
theorize that the breed as it is known today only developed in large
numbers when the conversion of the Persians to Islam in the 7th
Carl Raswan pictured on an Anazeh warmare
century brought knowledge of horse breeding and horsemanship to the
Bedouin. The oldest depictions in the Arabian Peninsula of horses that
are clearly domesticated date no earlier than 1800-2000 BCE.
Regardless of origin, climate and culture ultimately created the Arabian. The desert environment required a
domesticated horse to cooperate with humans to survive; humans were the only providers of food and water in
certain areas, and even hardy Arabian horses needed far more water than camels in order to survive (most horses can
Arabian horse 78
only live about 72 hours without water). Where there was no pasture or water, the Bedouin fed their horses dates and
camel's milk.[45] The desert horse needed the ability to thrive on very little food, and to have anatomical traits to
compensate for life in a dry climate with wide temperature extremes from day to night. Weak individuals were
weeded out of the breeding pool, and the animals that remained were also honed by centuries of human warfare.[46]
The Bedouin way of life depended on camels and horses: Arabians were bred to be war horses with speed,
endurance, soundness, and intelligence. Because many raids required stealth, mares were preferred over stallions as
they were quieter, and therefore would not give away the position of the fighters. A good disposition was also
critical; prized war mares were often brought inside family tents to prevent theft and for protection from weather and
predators.[47] Though appearance was not necessarily a survival factor, the Bedouin bred for refinement and beauty
in their horses as well as for more practical features.
Strains and pedigrees

For centuries, the Bedouin tracked the ancestry of each horse through an oral tradition. Horses of the purest blood
were known as Asil and crossbreeding with non-Asil horses was forbidden. Mares were the most valued, both for
riding and breeding, and pedigree families were traced through the female line. The Bedouin did not believe in
gelding male horses, and considered stallions too intractable to be good war horses, thus they kept very few colts,
selling most, and culling those of poor quality.[48]
Over time, the Bedouin developed several sub-types or strains of Arabian horse, each with unique characteristics,
and traced through the maternal line only.[49] According to the Arabian Horse Association, the five primary strains
were known as the Keheilan, Seglawi, Abeyan, Hamdani and Hadban. Carl Raswan, a promoter and writer about
Arabian horses from the middle of the 20th century, held the belief that there were only three strains, Kehilan,
Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan felt that these strains represented body "types" of the breed, with the Kehilan being
"masculine", the Seglawi being "feminine" and the Muniqi being "speedy".[50] There were also lesser strains,
sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.[51] Therefore, many Arabian horses were not only Asil, of pure
blood, but also bred to be pure in strain, with crossbreeding between strains discouraged, though not forbidden, by
some tribes. Purity of bloodline was very important to the Bedouin, and they also believed in telegony, believing if a
mare was ever bred to a stallion of "impure" blood, the mare herself and all future offspring would be
"contaminated" by the stallion and hence no longer Asil.[52]
This complex web of bloodline and strain was an integral part of Bedouin culture; they not only knew the pedigrees
and history of their best war mares in detail, but also carefully tracked the breeding of their camels, Saluki dogs, and
their own family or tribal history. Eventually, written records began to be kept; the first written pedigrees in the
Middle East that specifically used the term "Arabian" date to 1330 AD. As important as strain was to the Bedouin,
modern studies of mitochondrial DNA suggest that Arabian horses alive today with records stating descent from a
given strain may not actually share a common maternal ancestry.[53]
Arabian horse 79
Historic development
Role in the ancient world

Fiery war horses with dished faces and
high-carried tails were popular artistic subjects in
Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, often depicted
pulling chariots in war or for hunting. Horses with
oriental characteristics appear in later artwork as
far north as that of Ancient Greece and the Roman
Empire. While this type of horse was not called an
"Arabian" in the Ancient Near East until later, (the
word "Arabia" or "Arabaya" first appeared in
Hittite chariot (drawing of an Egyptian relief) writing in Ancient Persia, c. 500 BC)[54] these
proto-Arabians shared many characteristics with
the modern Arabian, including speed, endurance, and refinement. For example, a horse skeleton unearthed in the
Sinai peninsula, dated to 1700 BC and probably brought by the Hyksos invaders, is considered the earliest physical
evidence of the horse in Ancient Egypt. This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eye sockets and small muzzle, all
characteristics of the Arabian horse.[55]
In Islamic history
Following the Hijra in AD 622 (also sometimes spelled Hegira), the Arabian horse spread across the known world of
[56]
the time, and became recognized as a distinct, named breed. It played a significant role in the History of the
Middle East and of Islam. By 630, Muslim influence expanded across the Middle East and North Africa, by 711
Muslim warriors had reached Spain, and they controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula by 720. Their war horses were
of various oriental types, including both Arabians and the Barb horse of North Africa.
Arabian horses also spread to the rest of the world via the Ottoman Empire, which rose in 1299. Though it never
fully dominated the heart of the Arabian Peninsula, this Turkish empire obtained many Arabian horses through trade,
diplomacy and war. The Ottomans encouraged formation of private stud farms in order to ensure a supply of cavalry
horses,[57] and Ottoman nobles, such as Muhammad Ali of Egypt also collected pure, desert-bred Arabian horses.
El Naseri, or Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt (1290–1342) imported and bred numerous Arabians in Egypt. A
stud farm record was made of his purchases describing many of the horses as well as their abilities, and was
deposited in his library, becoming a source for later study.[][58] Through the Ottomans, Arabian horses were often
sold, traded, or given as diplomatic gifts to Europeans and, later, to Americans.
Egypt
Historically, Egyptian breeders imported horses bred in the deserts of Palestine and the Arabian peninsula as the
[59]
source of their foundation bloodstock. By the time that the Ottoman Empire dominated Egypt, the political elites
of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for horse racing, and some continued
to return to the deserts to obtain pure-blooded Arabians. One of the most famous was Muhammad Ali of Egypt, also
known as Muhammad Ali Pasha, who established an extensive stud farm in the 19th century.[60][61] After his death,
some of his stock was bred on by Abbas I of Egypt, also known as Abbas Pasha. However, after Abbas Pasha was
assassinated in 1854, his heir, El Hami Pasha, sold most of his horses, often for crossbreeding, and gave away many
others as diplomatic gifts.[62] A remnant of the herd was obtained by Ali Pasha Sherif, who then went back to the
desert to bring in new bloodstock. At its peak, the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif had over 400 purebred Arabians.[63]
Unfortunately, an epidemic of African horse sickness in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses throughout Egypt
Arabian horse 80
decimated much of his herd, wiping out several irreplaceable bloodlines. Late in his life, he sold several horses to
Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt, who exported them to Crabbet Park Stud in England. After his death, Lady Anne was
also able to gather many remaining horses at her Sheykh Obeyd stud.[64]
Meanwhile, the passion brought by the Blunts to
saving the pure horse of the desert helped Egyptian
horse breeders to convince their government of the
need to preserve the best of their own remaining
pure Arabian bloodstock that descended from the
horses collected over the previous century by
Muhammad Ali Pasha, Abbas Pasha and Ali Pasha
Sherif. The government of Egypt formed the Royal
Agricultural Society (RAS) in 1908,[65] which is
known today as the Egyptian Agricultural
Organization (EAO).[66] RAS representatives
traveled to England during the 1920s and
"Mameluck en Attaque" 18th-century painting by Carle Vernet
purchased eighteen descendants of the original
Blunt exports from Lady Wentworth at Crabbet
Park, and returned these bloodlines to Egypt in order to restore bloodlines had been lost. Other than several horses
purchased by Henry Babson for importation to the United States in the 1930s,[67] and one other small group exported
to the USA in 1947, relatively few Egyptian-bred Arabian horses were exported until the overthrow of King Farouk I
in 1952.[68] Many of the private stud farms of the princes were then confiscated and the animals taken over by the
EAO. In the 1960s and 1970s, as oil development brought more foreign investors to Egypt, some of whom were
horse fanciers, Arabians were exported to Germany and to the United States, as well as to the former Soviet
Union.[69] Today, the designation "Straight Egyptian" or "Egyptian Arabian" is popular with some Arabian breeders,
and the modern Egyptian-bred Arabian is an outcross used to add refinement in some breeding programs.
Arabian horse 81
Arrival in Europe
Probably the earliest horses with Arabian
bloodlines to enter Europe came indirectly,
through Spain and France. Others would have
arrived with returning Crusaders—beginning in
1095, European armies invaded Palestine and
many knights returned home with Arabian horses
as spoils of war. Later, as knights and the heavy,
armored war horses who carried them became
obsolete, Arabian horses and their descendants
were used to develop faster, agile light cavalry
horses that were used in warfare into the 20th
century.
Another major infusion of Arabian horses into

Europe occurred when the Ottoman Turks sent
300,000 horsemen into Hungary in 1522, many of
whom were mounted on pure-blooded Arabians,
captured during raids into Arabia. By 1529, the Battle of La Higueruela, 1431. Spanish fighting the Moorish forces of
Ottomans reached Vienna, where they were Nasrid Sultan Muhammed IX of Granada. Note the differences in tail
stopped by the Polish and Hungarian armies, who carriage of the various horses in the painting. The Arabian's high-carried
tail is a distinctive trait that is seen even in part-blooded offspring.
captured these horses from the defeated Ottoman
cavalry. Some of these animals provided
foundation bloodstock for the major studs of eastern Europe.[70][71]
Polish and Russian breeding programs

With the rise of light cavalry, the stamina and agility of horses with Arabian blood gave an enormous military
advantage to any army who possessed them. As a result, many European monarchs began to support large breeding
establishments that crossed Arabians on local stock, one example being Knyszyna, the royal stud of Polish king
Zygmunt II August, and another the Imperial Russian Stud of Peter the Great.
European horse breeders also obtained Arabian stock directly from the desert or via trade with the Ottomans. In
Russia, Count Alexey Orlov obtained many Arabians, including Smetanka, an Arabian stallion who became a
foundation sire of the Orlov trotter.[72] Orlov then provided Arabian horses to Catherine the Great, who in 1772
owned 12 pure Arabian stallions and 10 mares. By 1889 two members of the Russian nobility, Count Stroganov and
Prince Shcherbatov, established Arabian stud farms to meet the continued need to breed Arabians as a source of pure
bloodstock.
In Poland, notable imports from Arabia included those of Prince Hieronymous Sanguszko (1743–1812), who
founded the Slawuta stud.[73] Poland's first state-run Arabian stud farm, Janów Podlaski, was established by the
decree of Alexander I of Russia in 1817, and by 1850, the great stud farms of Poland were well-established,
including Antoniny, owned by the Polish Count Potocki (who had married into the Sanguszko family); later notable
as the farm that produced the stallion Skowronek.[][74]
Arabian horse 82
Central and western Europe

The 18th century marked the establishment of most of the great
Arabian studs of Europe, dedicated to preserving "pure" Arabian
bloodstock. The Prussians set up a royal stud in 1732, originally
intended to provide horses for the royal stables, and other studs were
established to breed animals for other uses, including mounts for the
Prussian army. The foundation of these breeding programs was the
crossing of Arabians on native horses; by 1873 some English observers
felt that the Prussian calvalry mounts were superior in endurance to
those of the British, and credited Arabian bloodlines for this
superiority.[75]
Other state studs included the Babolna Stud of Hungary, set up in

1789,[76] and the Weil stud in Germany (now Weil-Marbach or the
Marbach stud), founded in 1817 by King William I of
Several noble families of Poland became major
Württemberg.[77] King James I of England imported the first Arabian breeders of Arabian horses. Eustachy Erazm
stallion, the Markham Arabian, to England in 1616.[78] Arabians were Sanguszko, painted by Juliusz Kossak.
also introduced into European race horse breeding, especially in
England via the Darley Arabian, Byerly Turk, and Godolphin Arabian, the three foundation stallions of the modern
Thoroughbred breed, who were each brought to England during the 18th century.[79] Other monarchs obtained
Arabian horses, often as personal mounts. One of the most famous Arabian stallions in Europe was Marengo, the war
horse ridden by Napoleon Bonaparte.
During the mid-19th century, the need for Arabian blood to improve the breeding stock for light cavalry horses in
Europe resulted in more excursions to the Middle East. Queen Isabel II of Spain sent representatives to the desert to
purchase Arabian horses and by 1847 had established a stud book; her successor, King Alfonso XII imported
additional bloodstock from other European nations. By 1893, the state military stud farm, Yeguada Militar was
established in Córdoba, Spain for breeding both Arabian and Iberian horses. The military remained heavily involved
in the importation and breeding of Arabians in Spain well into the early 20th century, and the Yeguada Militar is still
in existence today.
This period also marked a phase of considerable travel to the Middle East by European civilians and minor nobility,
and in the process, some travelers noticed that the Arabian horse as a pure breed of horse was under threat due to
modern forms of warfare, inbreeding and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouin
tribes at a rapid rate.[80] By the late 19th century, the most farsighted began in earnest to collect the finest Arabian
horses they could find in order to preserve the blood of the pure desert horse for future generations. The most famous
example was Lady Anne Blunt, the daughter of Ada Lovelace and granddaughter of Lord Byron.[81]
Arabian horse 83
Rise of the Crabbet Park Stud

Perhaps the most famous of all Arabian breeding
operations founded in Europe was the Crabbet
Park Stud of England, founded 1878.[82] Starting in
1877, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Lady Anne Blunt
made repeated journeys to the Middle East,
including visits to the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif in
Egypt and to Bedouin tribes in the Nejd, bringing
the best Arabians they could find to England. Lady
Anne also purchased and maintained the Sheykh
Obeyd stud farm in Egypt, near Cairo. Upon Lady
Anne's death in 1917, the Blunts' daughter, Judith,
Lady Wentworth, inherited the Wentworth title and
Lady Anne's portion of the estate, and obtained the
remainder of the Crabbet Stud following a
protracted legal battle with her father.[83][84] Lady
Wentworth expanded the stud, added new
bloodstock, and exported Arabian horses
worldwide. Upon her death in 1957, the stud
passed to her manager, Cecil Covey, who ran
Crabbet until 1971, when a motorway was cut
through the property, forcing the sale of the land
Lady Anne Blunt with her favorite Arabian mare, Kasida
and dispersal of the horses.[85] Along with Crabbet,
the Hanstead Stud of Lady Yule also produced
horses of worldwide significance.
Early 20th-century Europe

In the early 20th century, the military was involved in the breeding of Arabian horses throughout Europe,
particularly in Poland, Spain, Germany, and Russia; private breeders also developed a number of breeding programs.
Significant among the private breeders in continental Europe was Spain's Cristobal Colon de Aguilera, XV Duque de
Veragua, a direct descendant of Christopher Columbus, who founded the Veragua Stud in the 1920s.[86]
Modern warfare and its impact on European studs

Between World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, many historic European
stud farms were lost; in Poland, the Antoniny and Slawuta Studs were wiped out except for five mares.[87] Notable
among the survivors was the Janów Podlaski Stud. The Russian Revolution, combined with the effects of World War
I, destroyed most of the breeding programs in Russia, but by 1921, the Soviet government reestablished an Arabian
program, the Tersk Stud, on the site of the former Stroganov estate, which included Polish bloodstock as well as
some importations from the Crabbet Stud in England.[88] The programs that survived the war re-established their
breeding operations and some added to their studs with new imports of desert-bred Arabian horses from the Middle
East. Not all European studs recovered. The Weil stud of Germany, founded by King Wilhelm I, went into
considerable decline; by the time the Weil herd was transferred to the Marbach State Stud in 1932, only 17 purebred
Arabians remained.
The Spanish Civil War and World War II also had a devastating impact on horse breeding throughout Europe. The
Veragua stud was destroyed, and its records lost, with the only survivors being the broodmares and the younger
Arabian horse 84
horses, who were rescued by Francisco Franco.[89] Crabbet Park, Tersk, and Janów Podlaski survived. Both the
Soviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arabian bloodlines as spoils of war, which they used to
strengthen their breeding programs. The Soviets had taken steps to protect their breeding stock at Tersk Stud, and by
utilizing horses captured in Poland they were able to re-establish their breeding program soon after the end of World
War II. The Americans brought Arabian horses captured in Europe to the United States, mostly to the Pomona U.S.
Army Remount station, the former W.K. Kellogg Ranch in California.[90]
In the postwar era, Poland,[91] Spain,[] and Germany developed or re-established many well-respected Arabian stud
farms.[92] The studs of Poland in particular were decimated by both the Nazis and the Soviets, but were able to
reclaim some of their breeding stock and became particularly world-renowned for their quality Arabian horses,
tested rigorously by racing and other performance standards.[93] During the 1950s, the Russians also obtained
additional horses from Egypt to augment their breeding programs.[94]
After the Cold War

While only a few Arabians were exported from behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, those who did come to
the west caught the eye of breeders worldwide. Improved international relations between eastern Europe and the
west led to major imports of Polish and Russian-bred Arabian horses to western Europe and the United States in the
1970s and 1980s.[95] The collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, greater political stability in Egypt, and the
rise of the European Union all increased international trade in Arabian horses. Organizations such as the World
Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) created consistent standards for transferring the registration of Arabian horses
between different nations. Today, Arabian horses are traded all over the world.[96]
In America
The first horses on the American mainland since the end of the Ice Age arrived with the Spanish Conquistadors.
Hernán Cortés brought 16 horses of Andalusian, Barb, and Arabian ancestry to Mexico in 1519. Others followed,
such as Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who brought 250 horses of similar breeding to America in 1540.[97] More
horses followed with each new arrival of Conquistadors, missionaries, and settlers. Many horses escaped or were
stolen, becoming the foundation stock of the American Mustang.[98][99]
Early imports
Colonists from England also brought horses of Arabian breeding to the eastern seaboard. One example was
Nathaniel Harrison, who imported a horse of Arabian, Barb and Turkish ancestry to America in 1747.
Arabian horse 85
One of George Washington's primary mounts

during the American Revolutionary War was a
gray half-Arabian horse named "Blueskin", sired
by the stallion "Ranger", also known as "Lindsay's
Arabian", said to have been obtained from the
Sultan of Morocco.[100] Other Presidents are linked
to ownership of Arabian horses; in 1840, President
Martin Van Buren received two Arabians from the
Sultan of Oman, and in 1877, President Ulysses S.
Grant obtained an Arabian stallion, Leopard, and a
Barb, Linden Tree, as gifts from Abdul Hamid II,
the "Sultan of Turkey."[101]
Washington Taking Control of the American Army, at Cambridge,
A. Keene Richard was the first American known to
Massachusetts July 1775. Copy of lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1876.
have specifically bred Arabian horses. He traveled
to the desert in 1853 and 1856 to obtain breeding
stock, which he crossed on Thoroughbreds, and also bred purebred Arabians. Unfortunately, his horses were lost
during the Civil War and have no known purebred Arabian descendants today.[102] Leopard is the only stallion
among the early imports who left known purebred descendants in America.[103] In 1888 Randolph Huntington
imported the desert-bred Arabian mare *Naomi, and bred her to Leopard, producing Leopard's only purebred
Arabian son, Anazeh, who sired eight purebred Arabian foals, four of whom still appear in pedigrees today.[104]
Development of purebred breeding in America

In 1908, the Arabian Horse Registry of America
was established, recording 71 animals, and by
1994, the number had reached half a million.
Today there are more Arabians registered in North
America than in the rest of the world put together.
The origins of the registry date to 1893, when the
Hamidie Society sponsored an exhibit of Arabian
horses from what today is Syria at the World Fair
in Chicago. This exhibition raised considerable
interest in Arabian horses. Records are unclear if
40 or 45 horses were imported for the exposition,
but seven died in a fire shortly after arrival. The 28
horses that remained at the end of the exhibition
stayed in America and were sold at auction when Exhibitor from Syria holding an Arabian horse at the Hamidie Society
the Hamidie Society went bankrupt. These horses exhibition, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893.
[105]
caught the interest of American breeders,
including Peter Bradley of the Hingham Stock Farm, who purchased some Hamidie horses at the auction, and Homer
Davenport, another admirer of the Hamidie imports.
Major Arabian importations to the United States included those of Davenport and Bradley, who teamed up to
purchase several stallions and mares directly from the Bedouin in 1906. Spencer Borden of the Interlachen Stud
made several importations between 1898 and 1911;[106] and W.R. Brown of the Maynesboro Stud, interested in the
Arabian as a cavalry mount, imported many Arabians over a period of years, starting in 1918. Another wave of
imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as W.K. Kellogg, Henry Babson, Roger Selby, James Draper,
Arabian horse 86
and others imported Arabian bloodstock from Crabbet Park Stud in England, as well as from Poland, Spain and
Egypt.[107] The breeding of Arabians was fostered by the U. S. Army Remount Service, which stood purebred
stallions at public stud for a reduced rate.[108]
Several Arabians, mostly of Polish breeding, were captured from Nazi Germany and imported to the U.S.A.
following World War II.[109] In 1957, two deaths in England led to more sales to the United States: first from
Crabbet Stud on the demise of Lady Wentworth,[110] and then from Hanstead with the passing of Gladys Yule. As
the tensions of the Cold War eased, more Arabians were imported to America from Poland and Egypt, and in the late
1970s, as political issues surrounding import regulations and the recognition of stud books were resolved, many
Arabian horses were imported from Spain and Russia.[111]
Modern trends
In the 1980s, Arabians became a popular status symbol and were marketed similarly to fine art. Some individuals
also used horses as a tax shelter.[112] Prices skyrocketed, especially in the United States, with a record-setting public
auction price for a mare named NH Love Potion, who sold for $2.55 million in 1984, and the largest syndication in
history for an Arabian stallion, Padron, at $11,000,000. The potential for profit led to over-breeding of the Arabian.
When the Tax Reform Act of 1986 closed the tax-sheltering "passive investment" loophole, limiting the use of horse
farms as tax shelters,[113] the Arabian market was particularly vulnerable due to over-saturation and artificially
inflated prices, and it collapsed, forcing many breeders into bankruptcy and sending many purebred Arabians to
slaughter. Prices recovered slowly, with many breeders moving away from producing "living art" and towards a
horse more suitable for amateur owners and many riding disciplines. By 2003, a survey found that 67% of purebred
Arabian horses in America are owned for recreational riding purposes. As of 2013[114], there are more than 660,000
Arabians that have been registered in the United States, and the US has the largest number of Arabians of any nation
in the world.
In Australia
Early imports
Arabian horses were introduced to Australia in the earliest days of
European Settlement. Early imports included both purebred Arabians
and light Spanish "jennets" from Andalusia, many Arabians also came
from India. Based on records describing stallions "of Arabic and
Persian blood", the first Arabian horses were probably imported to
Australia in several groups between 1788 and 1802.[115] About 1803, a
merchant named Robert Campbell imported a bay Arabian stallion,
Hector, from India; Hector was said to have been owned by Arthur
The Arabian stallion Hector, or "Old Hector" was
an early import to Australia whose bloodlines are Wellesley, who later became known as the Duke of Wellington.[116] In
still found today in the pedigrees of some 1804 two additional Arabians, also from India, arrived in Tasmania
Australian Thoroughbreds. one of whom, White William, sired the first purebred Arabian foal
born in Australia, a stallion named Derwent.
Throughout the 19th century, many more Arabians came to Australia, though most were used to produce crossbred
horses and left no recorded purebred descendants. The first significant imports to be permanently recorded with
offspring still appearing in modern purebred Arabian pedigrees were those of James Boucaut, who in 1891 imported
several Arabians from Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt's Crabbet Arabian Stud in England.[117] Purebred Arabians
were used to improve racehorses and some of them became quite famous as such; about 100 Arabian sires are
included in the Australian Stud Book (for Thoroughbred racehorses). The military was also involved in the
Arabian horse 87
promotion of breeding calvalry horses, especially around World War I. They were part of the foundation of several
breeds considered uniquely Australian, including the Australian Pony, the Waler and the Australian Stock Horse.[118]
In the 20th and 21st centuries

In the early 20th century, more Arabian horses, mostly of Crabbet bloodlines, arrived in Australia. The first Arabians
of Polish breeding arrived in 1966, and Egyptian lines were first imported in 1970. Arabian horses from the rest of
the world followed, and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the world, next to that of
the United States.
Modern breeding
Arabian horses today are found all over the world.
They are no longer classified by Bedouin strain, but
are informally classified by the nation of origin of
famed horses in a given pedigree. Popular types of
Arabians are labeled "Polish", "Spanish", "Crabbet",
"Russian", "Egyptian", and "Domestic" (describing
horses whose ancestors were imported to the United
States prior to 1944, including those from programs
such as Kellogg, Davenport, Maynesboro, Babson,
Dickenson and Selby). In the USA, a specific
mixture of Crabbet, Maynesboro and Kellogg
bloodlines has acquired the copyrighted designation
"CMK."
Each set of bloodlines has its own devoted

followers, with the virtues of each hotly debated.
Most debates are between those who value the
Arabian most for its refined beauty and those who
value the horse for its stamina and athleticism; there
are also a number of breeders who specialize in
preservation breeding of various bloodlines.
Controversies exist over the relative "purity" of
certain animals; breeders argue about the genetic
"purity" of various pedigrees, discussing whether A postage stamp from the Soviet Union featuring the Arabian horse
some horses descend from "impure" animals that
cannot be traced to the desert Bedouin.[119] The major factions are as follows:
• The Arabian Horse Association (AHA) states, "The origin of the purebred Arabian horse was the Arabian desert,
and all Arabians ultimately trace their lineage to this source." In essence, all horses accepted for registration in the
United States are deemed to be "purebred" Arabians by AHA.
• The World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) has the broadest definition of a purebred Arabian. WAHO states,
"A Purebred Arabian horse is one which appears in any purebred Arabian Stud Book or Register listed by WAHO
as acceptable." By this definition, over 95% of the known purebred Arabian horses in the world are registered in
stud books acceptable to WAHO. WAHO also researched the purity question in general, and its findings are on its
web site, describing both the research and the political issues surrounding Arabian horse bloodlines, particularly
in America.
Arabian horse 88
• At the other end of the spectrum, organizations focused on bloodlines that are the most meticulously documented
to desert sources have the most restrictive definitions. For example, The Asil Club in Europe only accepts "a
horse whose pedigree is exclusively based on Bedouin breeding of the Arabian peninsula, without any
crossbreeding with non-Arabian horses at any time." Likewise, the Al Khamsa organization takes the position that
"The horse...which are called "Al Khamsa Arabian Horses," are those horses in North America that can
reasonably be assumed to descend entirely from bedouin Arabian horses bred by horse-breeding bedouin tribes of
the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without admixture from sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa." Most
restrictive of all are horses identified as "straight Egyptian" by the Pyramid Society, which must trace in all lines
to the desert and also to horses owned or bred by specific Egyptian breeding programs. By this definition, straight
Egyptian Arabians constitute only 2% of all Arabian horses in America.
• Ironically, some pure-blooded desert-bred Arabians in Syria had enormous difficulties being accepted as
registrable purebred Arabians because many of the Bedouin who owned them saw no need to obtain a piece of
paper to verify the purity of their horses. However, eventually the Syrians developed a stud book for their animals
that was accepted by the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) in 2007.
Influence on other horse breeds

Because of the genetic strength of the desert-bred
Arabian horse, Arabian bloodlines have played a
part in the development of nearly every modern
light horse breed, including the Thoroughbred,
Orlov Trotter,[120] Morgan,[121] American
[122]
Saddlebred, American Quarter Horse, and
Warmblood breeds such as the Trakehner.[123]
Arabian bloodlines have also influenced the
development of the Welsh Pony, the Australian
Stock Horse, Percheron draft horse, Appaloosa,
and the Colorado Ranger Horse.
Today, people cross Arabians with other breeds to The Darley Arabian, a foundation sire of the Thoroughbred.
add refinement, endurance, agility and beauty. In
the USA, Half-Arabians have their own registry within the Arabian Horse Association, which includes a special
section for Anglo-Arabians (Arabian-Thoroughbred crosses). Some crosses originally registered only as
Half-Arabians became popular enough to have their own breed registry, including the National Show Horse (an
Arabian-Saddlebred cross), the Quarab (Arabian-Quarter Horse), the Pintabian the Welara (Arabian-Welsh Pony),
and the Morab (Arabian-Morgan). In addition, some Arabians and Half Arabians have been approved for breeding
by some Warmblood registries, particularly the Trakehner registry.
There is intense debate over the role the Arabian played in the development of other light horse breeds. Before
DNA-based research developed, one hypothesis, based on body types and conformation, suggested the light, "dry",
oriental horse adapted to the desert climate had developed prior to domestication;[124] DNA studies of multiple horse
breeds now suggest that while domesticated horses arose from multiple mare lines, there is very little variability in
the Y-chromosome between breeds. Following domestication of the horse, due to the location of the Middle East as a
crossroads of the ancient world, and relatively near the earliest locations of domestication,[125] oriental horses spread
throughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times. There is little doubt that humans crossed "oriental"
blood on that of other types to create light riding horses; the only actual questions are at what point the "oriental"
prototype could be called an "Arabian", how much Arabian blood was mixed with local animals, and at what point in
history.[126]
Arabian horse 89
For some breeds, such as the Thoroughbred, Arabian influence of specific animals is documented in written stud
books.[127] For older breeds, dating the influx of Arabian ancestry is more difficult. For example, while outside
cultures, and the horses they brought with them, influenced the predecessor to the Iberian horse in both the time of
Ancient Rome and again with the Islamic invasions of the 8th century, it is difficult to trace precise details of the
journeys taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they traveled from the Middle East to North Africa and
across Gibraltar to southern Europe. Mitochondrial DNA studies of modern Andalusian horses of the Iberian
peninsula and Barb horses of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the Strait of
Gibraltar and influenced one another.[128] Though these studies did not compare Andalusian and Barb mtDNA to
that of Arabian horses, there is evidence that horses resembling Arabians, whether before or after the breed was
called an "Arabian", were part of this genetic mix. Arabians and Barbs, though probably related to one another, are
quite different in appearance,[129] and horses of both Arabian and Barb type were present in the Muslim armies that
occupied Europe. There is also historical documentation that Islamic invaders raised Arabian horses in Spain prior to
the Reconquista; the Spanish also documented imports of Arabian horses in 1847, 1884 and 1885 that were used to
improve existing Spanish stock and revive declining equine populations.
Uses
Arabians are versatile horses that compete in many equestrian fields, including horse racing, the horse show
disciplines of saddle seat, Western pleasure, and hunt seat, as well as dressage, cutting, reining, endurance riding,
show jumping, eventing, youth events such as equitation, and others. They are used as pleasure riding, trail riding,
and working ranch horses for those who are not interested in competition.
Competition
Arabians dominate the sport of endurance riding because of their stamina. They are the leading breed in competitions
such as the Tevis Cup that can cover up to 100 miles (160 km) in a day, and they participate in FEI-sanctioned
endurance events worldwide, including the World Equestrian Games.
There is an extensive series of horse shows in the United States and Canada for Arabian, Half-Arabian, and
Anglo-Arabian horses, sanctioned by the USEF in conjunction with the Arabian Horse Association. Classes offered
include Western pleasure, reining, hunter type and saddle seat English pleasure, and halter, plus the very popular
"Native" costume class. "Sport horse" events for Arabian horses have become popular in North America, particularly
after the Arabian Horse Association began hosting a separate Arabian and Half Arabian Sport Horse National
Championship in 2003 that by 2004 grew to draw 2000 entries. This competition draws Arabian and part-Arabian
horses that perform in hunter, jumper, sport horse under saddle, sport horse in hand, dressage, and combined driving
competition.
Other nations also sponsor major shows strictly for purebred
and partbred Arabians, including Great Britain France,[130]
Spain, Poland, and the United Arab Emirates.
Purebred Arabians have excelled in open events against other
breeds. One of the most famous examples in the field of
western riding competition was the Arabian mare Ronteza,
who defeated 50 horses of all breeds to win the 1961 Reined
Cow Horse championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco,
California.[131] Another Arabian competitive against all breeds
was the stallion Aaraf who won an all-breed cutting horse
An Arabian horse in "native" costume, used in both competition at the Quarter Horse Congress in the 1950s.[132] In
exhibition and competition
Arabian horse 90
show jumping and show hunter competition, a number of Arabians have competed successfully against other breeds
in open competition, including the purebred gelding Russian Roulette, who has won multiple jumping classes against
horses of all breeds on the open circuit, and in eventing, a purebred Arabian competed on the Brazilian team at the
2004 Athens Olympics.
Part-Arabians have also appeared at open sport horse events and even Olympic level competition. The
Anglo-Arabian Linon was ridden to an Olympic silver medal for France in Dressage in 1928 and 1932, as well as a
team gold in 1932, and another French Anglo-Arabian, Harpagon, was ridden to a team gold medal and an individual
silver in dressage at the 1948 Olympics. At the 1952 Olympics, the French rider Pierre d'Oriola won the Gold
individual medal in show jumping on the Anglo-Arabian Ali Baba. Another Anglo-Arabian, Tamarillo, ridden by
William Fox-Pitt, represents the United Kingdom in FEI and Olympic competition, winning many awards, including
first place at the 2004 Badminton Horse Trials. More recently a gelding named Theodore O'Connor, nicknamed
"Teddy", a 14.1 (or 14.2, sources vary) hand pony of Thoroughbred, Arabian, and Shetland pony breeding, won two
gold medals at the 2007 Pan American Games and was finished in the top six at the 2007 and 2008 Rolex Kentucky
Three Day CCI competition.
Other activities
Arabians are involved in a wide variety of activities, including fairs, movies, parades, circuses and other places
where horses are showcased. They have been popular in movies, dating back to the silent film era when Rudolph
Valentino rode the Kellogg Arabian stallion Jadaan in 1926's Son of the Sheik,[133] and have been seen in many other
films, including The Black Stallion featuring the stallion Cass Ole, The Young Black Stallion, which used over 40
Arabians during filming, as well as Hidalgo[134] and the 1959 version of Ben-Hur.[135]
Arabians are mascots for football teams, performing crowd-pleasing activities on the field and sidelines. One of the
horses who serves as "Traveler", the mascot for the University of Southern California Trojans, has been a purebred
Arabian. "Thunder", a stage name for the purebred Arabian stallion J B Kobask, was mascot for the Denver Broncos
from 1993 until his retirement in 2004, when the Arabian gelding Winter Solstyce took over as "Thunder II".[136] Cal
Poly Pomona's W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center Equestrian Unit has made Arabian horses a regular sight at the
annual Tournament of Roses Parade held each New Year's Day in Pasadena, California.
Arabians also are used on search and rescue teams and occasionally for police work. Some Arabians are used in polo
in the USA and Europe, in the Turkish equestrian sport of Cirit (pronounced [dʒiˈɾit]), as well as in circuses,
therapeutic horseback riding programs, and on guest ranches.
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. ahsa. asn. au/
[2] http:/ / www. arabhorsesociety. org/ registrationguidelines. htm
[3] http:/ / www. waho. org/
[4] Upton, Arabians pp. 21–22
[5] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 89–92
[6] Edwards, Gladys Brown (January 1989). "How I Would 'Build' an Arabian Stallion". Arabian Horse World. p. 542. Reprinted in Parkinson,
pp. 157–158.
[7] Schofler, Flight Without Wings, pp. 11–12
[8] Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 245–246
[10] Schofler, Flight Without Wings, p. 8
[11] Typically the hip angle is about 35 degrees, while the croup is about 25 degrees
[12] Edwards, "Chapter 6: The Croup", Anatomy and Conformation of the Horse, pp. 83–98
[13] Edwards, Gladys Brown. "An Illustrated Guide to Arabian Horse Conformation." Arabian Horse World Quarterly, Spring, 1998, p. 86.
Reprinted in Parkinson, p. 121
[14] Plumb, Types and Breeds of Farm Animals, p. 168
[15] Ensminger, Horses and Horsemanship p. 84
Arabian horse 91
[16] Upton, Arabians, p. 19

[17] Stallions may be shown in most youth classes, except for 8 and under walk-trot: 2008 USEF Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian
Division Rule Book, Rule AR-112 (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 05-AR. pdf)
Breeds not allowing stallions in youth classes include, but are not limited to, Rule 404(c) American Quarter Horse (http:/ / www. aqha. com/
Resources/ Handbook. aspx); Rule 607 Appaloosa (http:/ / www. appaloosa. com/ pdfs/ rulebook12. pdf); SB-126 Saddlebreds (http:/ / www.
usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 26-SB. pdf); PF-106 Paso Finos - no children under 13 (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/
2008/ 23-PF. pdf); MO-104 Morgans (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 20-MO. pdf); 101 Children's and Junior Hunters
(http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 19-JH. pdfJH); HP-101 Hunter Pony (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/
2008/ 17-HP. pdf); HK-101 Hackney (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 14-HK. pdf); FR-101 Friesians (http:/ / www. usef.
org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 13-FR. pdf); EQ-102 Equitation - stallions prohibited except if limited only to breeds that allow stallions
(http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 11-EQ. pdf); CP-108 Carriage and Pleasure Driving (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/
ruleBook/ 2008/ 07-CP. pdf); WS 101 Western division (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 30-WS. pdf).
Other breeds allowing stallions in youth classes include AL-101, Andalusians (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 04-AL.
pdf), CO-103 Connemaras (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 06-CO. pdf) and
[18] Pavord, Handling and Understanding the Horse, p. 19
[19] Rashid, A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color, p. 50
[20] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 28
[21] Ammon, Historical Reports on Arab Horse Breeding and the Arabian Horse, p. 152
[22] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 69
[23] Stewart, The Arabian Horse, p. 34
[24] Beaver, Horse color, p. 98
[25] Gower, Horse Color Explained, p. 30
[27] Parry, "xc overo/lethal white", Compendium, pp. 945–950
[28] Goodwin-Campiglio, et al. "Caution and Knowledge", pp. 100–105
[29] Fanelli, "Coat Color Dilution Lethal" (http:/ / onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ 10. 1111/ j. 2042-3292. 2005. tb00386. x/ abstract), Equine
Veterinary Education, pp. 260–263
[30] "Bierman, A., 4 November 2009, Lavender Foal Syndrome - Genetic test developed in South Africa" (http:/ / web. up. ac. za/ default.
asp?ipkCategoryID=11671& articleID=3268)
[31] Equus Staff, "Good news about recovery from foal epilepsy", Equus
[32] Marcella, "The mysterious guttural pouch" (http:/ / www. thoroughbredtimes. com/ horse-health/ 2006/ January/ 30/
The-mysterious-guttural-pouch. aspx), Thoroughbred Times
[33] Blazyczek, "Inheritance of Guttural Pouch Tympany in the Arabian Horse" (http:/ / jhered. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ content/ full/ 95/ 3/
195#F01P01), Journal of Heredity, pp. 195–199
[36] Schofler, Flight Without Wings, pp. 3–4
[37] Chamberlin, Horse, pp. 166–167
[38] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 2
[39] Raswan, The Raswan Index and Handbook for Arabian Breeders, Section: "The Kuhaylat", p. 6.
[40] Sumi, Description in Classical Arabic Poetry, p. 19
[43] Edwards, The Arabian, pp.6–7
[44] Lumpkin, "Camels: Of Service and Survival" (http:/ / nationalzoo. si. edu/ Publications/ ZooGoer/ 1999/ 5/ camelservicesurvival. cfm),
Zoogoer
[47] Schofler, "Daughters of the Desert" (http:/ / www. usef. org/ pressbox/ images/ magazine/ pdf/ 9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b. pdf),
Equestrian Magazine
[49] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 104–105
[51] Forbis Classic Arabian Horse pp. 274–289
[53] Bowling, "A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial d-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses", Animal Genetics, p. 1
Arabian horse 92
[57] Derry, Horse and Society, p. 106

[59] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, p. 178
[61] Greely Arabian Exodus pp. 27–33
[62] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 191–192
[63] Jobbins, "Straight Down the Line", Al-Ahram Weekly Online
[64] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 41
[68] Derry Bred for Perfection p. 123
[69] Carpenter Arabian Legends p. 102-111
[70] Harrigan, "The Polish Quest For Arabian Horses" (http:/ / weekly. ahram. org. eg/ 2004/ 717/ feature. htm), Saudi Aramco World
[75] Derry, Horses in Society, pp. 107–108
[78] Derry, Horses in Society, p. 31
[81] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, p. 70
[82] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 11–15.
[84] Greely Arabian Exodus p. 54
[85] Archer et al., The Crabbet Arabian Stud: Its History and Influence, pp. 201-202
[86] Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 198–199
[97] Green, "The Arabian Horse in America" (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 198602/ the. arabian. horse-in. america. htm), Saudi
Aramco World
[98] Forbis Classic Arabian Horse p. 15
[99] Patten Light Horse Breeds p. 24
[100] Hur, "Washington's Best Saddle Horse" (http:/ / cmkarabians. com/ articles/ BHWashingtonsRanger. html), Western Horseman
[105] Derry, Horses in Society, pp. 137–139
[108] Derry, Horses in Society, p. 236
[111] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 78–80.
[114] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Arabian_horse& action=edit
Arabian horse 93
[115] Upton, Arabians, pp. 74–75

[116] Barrie, The Australian Bloodhorse, p. 96
[118] Gordon, "A Condensed History of the Arabian Horse Society of Australia" (http:/ / www. arabianlines. com/ online_mag/ apr2006/ april
edition 2006. htm), Arabian Lines
[120] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp.113–114
[122] Arabian influence via the Thoroughbred
[124] Bennett, Conquerors, p.7
[125] Matossian Shaping World History p. 43 See also:
[128] Royo, "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA" (http:/ / jhered. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 96/ 6/
663), Journal of Heredity, pp. 663–669
[130] Mazzawi " The Arabian Horse In Europe (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 198602/ the. arabian. horse-in. europe. htm)" Saudi
Aramco World
[132] "America's First Lady of Arabs", Women and Horses, pp. 21–25
[133] Roeder, "Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron" (http:/ / www. csupomona. edu/ ~library/ specialcollections/ history/ jadaan. html), The
Cal Poly Scholar, pp. 99–103
[134] Francaviglia, et al., Lights, camera, history, p. 86
[135] Cyrino, Big Screen Rome, p. 63
[136] Train, "Thundering Down the Field", Arabian Horse Magazine, pp. 94–101
References
• "America's First Lady of Arabs: Bazy Tankersley and the Horses of Al-Marah". Women and Horses 1 (3).
September 2005.
• Ammon, Karl Wilhelm, translated by H. Staubli (1993). Historical Reports on Arab Horse Breeding and the
Arabian Horse: Collected Reports from Early Travellers to Arabia (http://books.google.com/
?id=-NJJ7bmvlpcC&pg=PA151&dq=arabian+horse+color). Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN 3-487-08261-6.
• Archer, Rosemary (1992). The Arabian Horse. Allen Breed Series. London: J. A. Allen. ISBN 0-85131-549-6.
• Archer, Rosemary, Colin Pearson and Cecil Covey. (1978). The Crabbet Arabian Stud: Its History and Influence.
Northleach. Gloucestershire: Alexander Heriot & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-906382-00-9.
• Barrie, Douglas M. (1956). The Australian Bloodhorse. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
• Beaver, Bonnie V. G.; Sponenberg, D. Phillip (1983). Horse color. College Station: Texas A&M University
Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-89096-155-7.
• Bennett, Deb. (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (1st ed.). Lincoln: Amigo
Publications Inc. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6.
• Blazyczek, I., H. Hamann, B. Ohnesorge, E. Deegen, and O. Distl (2004). "Inheritance of Guttural Pouch
Tympany in the Arabian Horse" (http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/3/195#F01P01).
Journal of Heredity 95 (3): 195–9. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esh041 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esh041).
PMID 15220385 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15220385). Retrieved 2007-12-03.
• Bowling, A. T., A. Del Valle, M. Bowling (January 2000). "A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial d-loop
DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses". Animal Genetics 31 (1): 1–7. doi:
10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00558.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00558.x). PMID
10690354 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10690354).
• Carpenter, Marian K; Close, Pat (1999). Arabian Legends: Outstanding Arabian Stallions and Mares. Colorado
Springs, CO: Western Horseman. ISBN 0-911647-48-1.
Arabian horse 94
• Chamberlin, J. Edward (2006). Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations. Bluebridge.
ISBN 0-9742405-9-1.
• Cyrino, Monica Silveira (2005). Big Screen Rome (http://books.google.com/?id=32gPTvDhLAMC). Blackwell
Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-1684-6.
• Derry, Margaret Elsinor (2003). Bred for Perfection: Shorthorn Cattle, Collies, and Arabian Horses since 1800.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7344-4.
• Derry, Margaret Elsinor (2006). Horses in Society: A Story of Animal Breeding and Marketing, 1800–1920.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-9112-1.
• Edwards, Gladys Brown (1966, 1967, 1973). Anatomy and Conformation of the Horse. Dreenan Press, Ltd.
ISBN 0-88376-025-8.
• Edwards, Gladys Brown. (1973). The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse (Revised Collector's ed.). Covina,
California: Rich Publishing, Inc.
• Equus Staff (April 2007). "Good news about recovery from foal epilepsy". Equus 335. citing Aleman, Monica,
DVM (November–December 2006). "Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy in Egyptian Arabian foals: 22 cases
(1988–2005)". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
• Fanelli, H.H. (2005). "Coat Color Dilution Lethal ("lavender foal syndrome"): A Tetany Condition of Arabian
Foals". Equine Veterinary Education 17 (5): 260. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00386.x (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00386.x).
• Forbis, Judith (1976). The Classic Arabian Horse. New York: Liveright. ISBN 0-87140-612-8.
• Francaviglia, Richard, Jerry Rodnitzky, Peter C. Rollins and Robert A. Rosenstone (2007). Lights, camera,
history: portraying the past in film. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-580-0.
• General Stud Book. London: C. & J. Weatherby. 1858. OCLC 58896847 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/
58896847).
• Goodwin-Campiglio, Lisa, Beth Minnich, Brenda Wahler, AHA Equine Stress, Research Education Committee
(August/September 2007). "Caution and Knowledge" (http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/genetic/docs/
Caution&Knowledge.pdf) (PDF). Modern Arabian Horse (Arabian Horse Association): 100–105. Retrieved
2008-10-01.
• Gordon, Coralie (April 2006). "A Condensed History of the Arabian Horse Society of Australia" (http://www.
arabianlines.com/online_mag/apr2006/april edition 2006.htm). Arabian Lines. Archived (http://web.archive.
org/web/20080517172107/http://www.arabianlines.com/online_mag/apr2006/april edition 2006.htm) from
the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
• Gower, Jeanette (2000). Horse Color Explained. North Pomfret, Vt: Trafalgar Square Publishing.
ISBN 1-57076-162-0.
• Greely, Margaret (1975). Arabian Exodus (Revised edition 1985 ed.). London: J A Allen. ISBN 0-85131-223-3.
• Green, Betty Patchin and Susann Heidrich (March–April 1986). "The Arabian Horse in America" (http://www.
saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.america.htm). Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved
2008-05-28.
• Harrigan, Peter (November–December 2001). "The Polish Quest For Arabian Horses" (http://www.
saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200106/the.polish.quest.for.arabian.horses.htm). Saudi Aramco World.
Retrieved 2008-05-28.
• Hur, Ben (January–February 1946). "Washington's Best Saddle Horse" (http://cmkarabians.com/articles/
BHWashingtonsRanger.html). Western Horseman. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
• Jobbins, Jenny (18–24 November 2004). "Straight Down the Line" (http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/717/
feature.htm). Al-Ahram Weekly Online (717). Retrieved 2010-08-11.
• Lumpkin, Susan (September–October 1999). "Camels: Of Service and Survival" (http://nationalzoo.si.edu/
Publications/ZooGoer/1999/5/camelservicesurvival.cfm). Zoogoer. Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/
20080523134029/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/1999/5/camelservicesurvival.cfm) from
Arabian horse 95
the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-28.

• Marcella, Kenneth L., D.V.M. (30 January 2006). "The mysterious guttural pouch" (http://www.
thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/2006/January/30/The-mysterious-guttural-pouch.aspx). Thoroughbred
Times. Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20080422054922/http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/
horse-health/2006/January/30/The-mysterious-guttural-pouch.aspx) from the original on 22 April 2008.
• Mazzawi, Rosalind (March–April 1986). "The Arabian Horse in Europe" (http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/
issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.europe.htm). Saudi Aramco World 37 (2). Retrieved 2009-09-12.
• Parry, Nicola M.A. BSc, MSc, BVSc, DACVP (December 2005). "xc overo/lethal white" (http://www.vetgen.
com/equine-xc-overo.html). Compendium 27 (12). Retrieved 2008-01-11.
• Patten, John W. (1959). The Light Horse Breeds: Their Origin, Characteristics, and Principal Uses. New York:
Bonanza Books.
• Parkinson, Mary Jane (2006). Gladys Brown Edwards: Artist, Scholar, Author. Cambria, California: Arabian
Horse World. ISBN 978-1-929164-38-7.
• Pavord, Marcy and Tony Pavord (2001). Handling and Understanding the Horse (http://books.google.com/
?id=MG4uX8Jq2_wC&pg=PA19&dq=hot+blood+horse+training). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-58574-369-0.
• Plumb, Charles Sumner (1920). Types and Breeds of Farm Animals (http://books.google.com/
?id=GbxBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168&dq=horse+pony+height). Ginn.
• Rashid, Mark (1996). A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color. Lincoln: Johnson Printing.
• Raswan, Carl (1967, 1969, 1990). The Raswan Index and Handbook for Arabian Breeders. Volume 1 (1990 ed.).
Richmond, Virginia: The William Byrd Press.
• Roeder, Walter H. (Fall 1988). "Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron" (http://www.csupomona.edu/
~library/specialcollections/history/jadaan.html). The Cal Poly Scholar 1.
• Royo, LJ; Alvarez, I; Beja-Pereira, A; Molina, A; Fernández, I; Jordana, J; Gómez, E; Gutiérrez, JP; Goyache, F
(2005). "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA" (http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/
cgi/content/abstract/96/6/663). Journal of Heredity 96 (6): 663–669. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esi116 (http://dx.
doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esi116). PMID 16251517 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251517).
• Schofler, Patti (November 2004). "Daughters of the Desert" (http://www.usef.org/_staffIframes/pressbox/
images/magazine/pdf/9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b.pdf) (PDF). Equestrian. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
• Schofler, Patti (2006). Flight Without Wings: The Arabian Horse and the Show World (http://books.google.
com/?id=VV9S-jqaIpsC&printsec=frontcover#PPA3,M1). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-800-6.
• Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). Equine Color Genetics (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-8138-0759-X.
• Stewart, Gail (1995). The Arabian Horse (http://books.google.com/?id=GwsLqHgBdy8C&pg=PA34&
dq=arabian+horse+color). Capstone Press. ISBN 1-56065-244-6.
• Sumi, Akiko Motoyoshi. (2003). ""Contest as ceremony: A pre-Islamic Poetic Contest in horse description of
Imru' Al-Qays vs 'Alqaman Al-Fahl" Quoting Letter of the Emir Abd-el-Kader to General E. Daumas in Daumas,
The Horses of the Sahara.". Description in Classical Arabic Poetry: Waṣf, Ekphrasis, and Interarts. Brill.
ISBN 90-04-12922-7.
• Train, Amy (December 2006). "Thundering Down the Field". Arabian Horse Magazine (Arabian Horse
Association) 28 (6). ISSN 1543-8597 (http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1543-8597).
• Upton, Peter and Amirsadeghi, Hossein (editor), Rik van Lent, photographer. (2006) [1998]. Arabians. Lincoln:
First Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-5401-9.
• Walker, Dawn (February 1997). "Lethal Whites: A Light at the End of the Tunnel" (http://www.apha.com/
breed/lethalwhites01.html). Paint Horse Journal. Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20071212025916/
http://www.apha.com/breed/lethalwhites01.html) from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved
2008-01-11.
Arabian horse 96
• Watson AG, Mayhew IG (May 1986). "Familial congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in the
Arabian horse". Spine 11 (4): 334–9. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198605000-00007 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/
00007632-198605000-00007). PMID 3750063 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3750063).
• Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. (1979). The Authentic Arabian Horse (3rd ed.). George Allen &
Unwin Ltd.
Further reading
• Budiansky, Stephen (1997). The Nature of Horses. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-82768-9.
External links
Registries and related organizations
• Arabian Horse Association (USA) (http://www.arabianhorses.org/)
• Arabian Horse Breeders Alliance (USA) (http://www.arabianhorsebreeders.org/)
• Arabian Horse Society of Australia (http://www.ahsa.asn.au/)
• Argentine Arabian Horse Association (http://www.aacca.com.ar/)
• International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing Authorities (IFAHR) (http://www.ifahr.net/)
• Weatherbys (UK) Maintainer of the General Stud Book (http://www.weatherbys.co.uk/)
• World Arabian Horse Organisation (http://www.waho.org/)
Educational organizations and articles
• Al Khamsa Organization (http://www.alkhamsa.org/)
• Frequently asked questions about Arabian horses (http://www.arabianhorses.org/home/faq/AskExpert4.asp)
• "History of the Australian Colonial Arabian" (http://www.hyksosarabians.com/index.
php?pr=Original_Colonials)
• "The Egyptian Arabian Horse" - The Pyramid Society (http://pyramidsociety.org/horse)
• "Horse of the Desert Bedouin" (http://www.arabianhorses.org/education/education_history_bedouin.asp)
• Korona Polish Arabian Breeders society (http://korona.com/)
• Spanish Arabian Horse Society (http://www.spanisharabianhorsesociety.org/)
• W.K.Kellogg Arabian Horse Library (http://www.csupomona.edu/~wkkahl/)
Ardennes horse 97
Ardennes horse
Ardennes horse
Ardennes stallion
Distinguishing features Draft horse breed
Alternative names Ardennais

French Ardennais
Belgian Ardennes
Cheval de Trait Ardennais
Country of origin France, Belgium, Luxembourg
Breed standards
Les Haras Nationaux (France) [1]

Breed standards
Stud-Book du Cheval de Trait Ardennais (Belgium) Breed standards [2]
The Ardennes or Ardennais is one of the oldest breeds of draft horse, and originates from the Ardennes area in
Belgium, Luxembourg and France. They are heavy-boned with thick legs and are used for draft work. The Ardennes
is found in many colors, although black horses are very rare and are not allowed to be registered with the breed
registry. Their history reaches back to Ancient Rome, and throughout the years blood from several other breeds has
been added to the Ardennes, although only the Belgian breed had any significant impact. The first Ardennes were
imported to the United States in the early 20th century, and the first breed registry was established in Europe in
1929. The horses have been used throughout history as war horses, both as cavalry mounts and to draw artillery, and
are used today mainly for heavy draft and farm work, meat production and competitive driving events. They have
also been used to influence or create several other horse breeds throughout Europe and Asia.
Description
In France, Ardennes stallions stand about 1.62 metres (16 hands) high, and mares about 1.60 m (15.3 hands), while
in Belgium these are the maximum allowable heights.[3] They weigh 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,500 to 2,200 lb).[]
Their heads are heavy, with a broad face and a straight or slightly convex profile. Their conformation is broad and
muscular, with a compact body, short back, and short, sturdy legs with strong joints. Their fetlocks are feathered.
Their coats may be bay, roan, chestnut, gray, or palomino. Bay and roan are the two most common colors. Black is
very rare and is excluded from registration. White markings are small, usually restricted to a star or blaze. The breed
matures early, and they are said to be easy keepers, economical to feed despite their size. The Ardennes is a
free-moving, long-striding breed, despite their compact body structure.
Ardennes horse 98
History
The Ardennes breed could be a direct descendent of the prehistoric
Solutre horse, and is thought to be descended from the type of horse
described by Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico. Caesar
described these horses of Belgium as "rustic, hard and tireless", and
recommended them for use in heavy cavalry units. The early type was
used by many later Roman emperors for military applications. The
breed's ancestors are thought to have been bred for 2,000 years on the
Ardennes plains, and it is one of the oldest documented European
heavy draft breeds. In the Roman era, the breed stood only around
Grazing Ardennes
14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm) high. Later, Napoleon added Arabian
blood to increase stamina and endurance and used the breed in his
Russian campaign. In 1780, the breed still stood only 1.42 to 1.52 metres (14.0 to 15.0 hands) and weighed around
500 kilograms (1,100 lb).
Percheron, Boulonnais and Thoroughbred blood were also added, although they had little impact. In the 19th
century, Belgian draft blood was added to give the breed the heavier conformation it has today. The extra weight and
size was desired to turn the breed into a very heavy draft breed, after their role as an artillery horse had diminished
through the advent of mechanization, as well as a desire for a meat animal. The breed increased in size from an
average of 550 kilograms (1,210 lb) to their current weight, which at the same time had the consequence of reducing
their vigor and endurance. Breed registries have been in existence since 1929. Today there are three separate
studbooks in France, Belgium and Luxembourg, although there is extensive interbreeding between the three. The
Ardennes Horse Society of Great Britain was also formed in the late 20th century to preserve and promote the horses
of that country, but today is not recognized as a studbook or passport issuing organization by the British government
and may not exist in any form.
It is difficult to determine when the first Ardennes horses were imported to the United States because originally,
when imported to the United States, Ardennes horses were eligible for registration with the now-defunct National
French Draft Horse Association of America or French Draft Horse Society. This organization published a stud book
and registered six individual French draft breeds as one breed, combining the information so that no totals of
individual breeds are known. Many of these horses were imported to the United States with their breed being
considered simply "French draft" and no individual type being specified. Some Ardennes horses imported to the
United States before 1917 were called Belgians when they were imported and subsequently registered as Belgians.
Ardennes horses have continued to be imported into the United States from Belgium, with imports occurring as late
as 2004.
Ardennes horse 99
Uses
Horses from the Ardennes region were used in the Crusades in the 11th
century by knights led by Godfrey of Bouillon. They were used during
the 17th century by Marshal Turenne as remounts for his cavalry. In
the French Revolution, they were considered to be the best artillery
horse available, due to their temperament, stamina and strength.
Napoleon used large numbers of Ardennes horses to pull artillery and
transport supplies during his 1812 Russian campaign. They were said
to be the only breed used by Napoleon that was hardy enough to
withstand the winter retreat from Moscow, which they did while
pulling a large amount of the army's wagon train. They were also used An Ardennes horse in harness
to pull artillery in World War I, when they were depended upon by the
French and Belgian armies. Their calm, tolerant disposition, combined with their active and flexible nature, made
them an ideal artillery horse. The breed was considered so useful and valuable that when the Germans established the
Commission for the Purchase of Horses in October 1914 to capture Belgian horses, the Ardennes was one of two
breeds specified as important, the other being the Brabant.
Today, the breed is used mainly for meat, due to its extensive musculature. Horse meat is a dietary staple in many
European countries, including France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland. However, they are increasingly used for
farm, forest and leisure work. Their nimble action, stamina and good temper make them increasingly used for
competitive driving across Europe, and they have also been used as mounts for therapeutic horseback riding. The
breed is known for its ability to work in rough, hilly terrain.
Ardennes horses have been used as foundation bloodstock to develop several other draft horse breeds and subgroups.
These include the Baltic Ardennes and Russian Heavy Draft. The Swedish Ardennes is well established in that
country, where it is in demand for use in forestry. It was first recognized as a separate sub-group in the 19th century,
but today is considered a separate breed, even though its ancestry is entirely from the Ardennes horses of Belgium
and France. Another closely related breed is the Auxois. Ardennes horses were also used in the 1920s to improve the
Comtois by adding size. Along with the Breton and the Anglo-Norman, the Ardennes horse was used to create the
Sokolsky horse. Similarly, the Trait Du Nord was created through a mixture of Ardennes and Belgian blood.
References
[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ ardennais. html
[2] http:/ / www. chevaldetraitardennais. be/ index. php?lg=fpdb/ chev_fr& page1=c-standard_de_la_race. htm
[3] Standard de la race (http:/ / www. chevaldetraitardennais. be/ index. php?lg=fpdb/ chev_fr& page1=c-standard_de_la_race. htm) Stud-Book
du Cheval de Trait Ardennais (in French) Accessed August 2011 "Breed standard"
Arenberg-Nordkirchen 100
Arenberg-Nordkirchen
Arenberg-Nordkirchen
The Arenberg-Nordkirchen horse, also called the Arenberg Pony is a light horse breed, originating in Germany. It
is considered a critically endangered breed; there are only 13 known Arenberg-Nordkirchen horses left in the world.
They are found in a variety of colors – black, chestnut, bay or gray, and are kept mostly as pleasure horses.[1]
Characteristics
This breed measures about 13.3 hands (55 inches, 140 cm) at the withers. It is a resilient, healthy pony with a
reputation for having a good disposition and being an easy keeper. It is used most commonly as a riding horse for
children and light adults, is a good jumper, and are also used for driving. Their gaits are elastic. The breed ideal is
strong, harmonic and friendly saddle pony with a correct structured anatomy and good gaits. The predominant
colours are bay, brown, grullo and black.[2]
History
This breed originated on a stud farm in Nordkirchen near Münster, Westfalen. It was founded in the late 1920 by the
heir to the throne of Arenberg, a cousin of the duke of Croy, in his wild park of 1500 acres. The foundation
bloodstock of the Aneberg-Nordkirchen were Lithuanian mares crossed on Dülmen Pony stallions. The herd was
sold in 1968 to a Mr. Orthmann from Nordkirchen.
References
[1] Arenberg-Nordkirchen. (http:/ / www. equinekingdom. com/ breeds/ light_horses/ arenberg_nordkirchen. htm) Retrieved February 23, 2011.
[2] http:/ / www. pferde-rassen. de/ rassen/ n/ NordkirchenerPony. htm/
Asturcón 101
Asturcón
Asturcon
Asturcon
Alternative names Asturian Pony
Country of origin Spain, Asturias
The Asturcón is a pony from the Asturias region of northern Spain. The ancient breed's ancestry is not known,
although it is thought to have been from crosses between the Sorraia, Garrano, and the ancient Celtic pony. The
breed has historically faced near extinction, but recently activist groups have been formed to protect the pony.
The ponies are hardy and resourceful, able to survive in the harshest areas. They are obedient and easily
domesticated, and are used for riding, driving, and as pack horses. They tend to have a small but heavy head, a thin
neck with a large mane, low withers, a deep chest, straight shoulders and strong legs. They are rounded through the
barrel, and have a sloping croup with a low-set tail.
The Asturian pony has a naturally ambling gait that is comfortable for the rider. As a result, a large portion of the
population was taken to Ireland to produce the Irish Hobby.
The ponies are usually brown or black, with minimal white markings. They stand between 11.2 and 12.2 hands (46
and 50 inches, 117 and 127 cm).
References
• Asturcones en La Montaña Mágica [1]
• Breeds of Livestock-Asturian [2]
External links
• Media related to Asturcón at Wikimedia Commons
References
[1] http:/ / www. llanes. as/ magica/ asturcon. htm
[2] http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ asturian/
Percheron 102
Percheron
Percheron
A Percheron in harness
Distinguishing features Agile draft horse breed. Mostly gray or black. Clean-limbed, powerful and docile.
Country of origin France
Breed standards

Breed standards
Percheron Horse Association of America Breed standards [2]
British Percheron Horse Society [3]

Breed standards
The Percheron is a breed of draft horse that originated in the Huisne river valley in northern France, part of the
former Perche province from which the breed takes its name. Usually gray or black in color, Percherons are
well-muscled, and known for their intelligence and willingness to work. Although their exact origins are unknown,
the ancestors of the breed were present in the valley by the 17th century. They were originally bred for use as war
horses. Over time, they began to be used for pulling stage coaches and later for agriculture and hauling heavy goods.
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Arabian blood was added to the breed. Exports of Percherons from France
to the United States and other countries rose exponentially in the late 19th century, and the first purely Percheron
stud book was created in France in 1883.
Before World War I, thousands of Percherons were shipped from France to the United States, but after the war
began, an embargo stopped shipping. The breed was used extensively in Europe during the war, with some horses
being shipped from the US back to France to help in the fighting. Beginning in 1918, Percherons began to be bred in
Great Britain, and in 1918 the British Percheron Horse Society was formed. After a series of name and studbook
ownership changes, the current US Percheron registry was created in 1934. In the 1930s, Percherons accounted for
70 percent of the draft horse population in the United States, but their numbers declined substantially after World
War II. However, the population began to recover and as of 2009, around 2,500 horses were registered annually in
the United States alone. The breed is still used extensively for draft work, and in France they are used for food. They
have been crossed with several light horse breeds, such as the Criollo, to produce horses for range work and
competition. Purebred Percherons are used for forestry work and pulling carriages, as well as work under saddle,
including competition in English riding disciplines such as show jumping.
Percheron 103
Characteristics
The ideal size for the Percheron varies between countries. In France, height ranges from 15.1 to 18.1 hands (61 to
73 inches, 155 to 185 cm) and weight from 1,100 to 2,600 pounds (500 to 1,200 kg). Percherons in the United States
generally stand between 16.2 and 17.3 hands (66 and 71 inches, 168 and 180 cm), with a range of 15 and 19 hands
(60 and 76 inches, 152 and 193 cm). American Percherons average 1,900 pounds (860 kg), and their top weight is
around 2,600 pounds (1,200 kg). In Great Britain, 16.2 hands (66 inches, 168 cm) is the shortest acceptable height
for stallions and 16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm) for mares, while weights range from around 2,000 to 2,200 pounds
(910 to 1,000 kg) for stallions and 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (820 to 910 kg) for mares. They are generally gray or black
in coloring, although the American registry also allows the registration of roan, bay and chestnut horses. Only gray
or black horses may be registered in France and Britain. Many horses have white markings on their heads and legs,
but registries consider excessive white to be undesirable. The head has a straight profile, broad forehead, large eyes
and small ears. The chest is deep and wide and the croup long and level. The feet and legs are clean and heavily
muscled. The overall impression of the Percheron is one of power and ruggedness. Enthusiasts describe the
temperament as proud and alert, and members of the breed are considered intelligent, willing workers with good
dispositions. They are considered easy keepers and adapt well to many conditions and climates. In the 19th century,
they were known to travel up to 60 kilometres (37 mi) a day at a trot.[4] Horses in the French registry are branded on
the neck with the intertwined letters "SP", the initials of the Société Hippique Percheronne.
History
The Percheron breed originated in the Huisne river valley in France,[5]
which arises in Orne, part of the former Perche province, from which
the breed gets its name. Several theories have been put forth as to the
ancestry of the breed, though its exact origins are unknown. One
source of foundation bloodstock may have been mares captured by
Clovis I from the Bretons some time after 496 AD, and another may
have been Arabian stallions brought to the area by Muslim invaders in
the 8th century. Other possibilities are captured Moorish cavalry horses
from the Battle of Poitiers in 732 AD, some of which were taken by
warriors from Perche. A final theory posits that the Percheron and the
Boulonnais breed are closely related, and that the Boulonnais
A four-in-hand team
influenced the Percheron when they were brought to Brittany as
reinforcements for the legions of Caesar. It is known that during the
8th century, Arabian stallions were crossed with mares native to the area, and more Oriental horse blood was
introduced by the Comte de Perche upon his return from the Crusades and expeditions into territory claimed by
Spain. Blood from Spanish breeds was added when the Comte de Rotrou imported horses from Castile.[6] No matter
the theory of origin, breed historians agree that the terrain and climate of the Perche area had the greatest influence
on the development of the breed.[7] A possible reference to the horse is made in the 13th-century romance Guillaume
de Dole, in which the titular character asks for "the Count of Perche's horse" to be made ready, possibly indicating
the "'great horse,' which could accommodate an armored knight" and was bred in the geographical setting of the
poem.[8]
During the 17th century, horses from Perche, the ancestors of the current Percheron, were smaller, standing between
15 and 16 hands (60 and 64 inches, 152 and 163 cm) high, and more agile. These horses were almost uniformly gray;
paintings and drawings from the Middle Ages generally show French knights on mounts of this color. After the days
of the armored knight, the emphasis in horse breeding was shifted so as to develop horses better able to pull heavy
stage coaches at a fast trot. Gray horses were preferred because their light coloring was more visible at night. This
Percheron 104
new type of horse was called the "Diligence Horse", because the stage coaches they pulled were named "diligences".
After the stage coach was replaced by rail, the modern Percheron type arose as a slightly heavier horse for use in
agriculture and heavy hauling work moving goods from docks to railway terminals.
19th century
Arabian stallions were made available to Percheron
breeders for use in breeding army mounts,
beginning in 1760 at the royal stud at Le Pin.[9]
Between 1789 and the early 1800s, the Percheron
was in danger of becoming extinct as horse
breeding was suppressed during the French
Revolution and its aftermath. Early histories of the
breed point to two gray Arabian stallions from Le
Pin, Godolphin and Gallipoly, as the blood that A mid-1800s painting by Rosa Bonheur, depicting a French horse fair that
helped to restart Percheron breeding. However, includes Percherons
later research found that Godolphin was a chestnut
Arabian of ordinary conformation and no special worth, while Gallipoly was a gray saddle horse of unknown
breeding. Modern breed historians contest that there was enough breeding stock left after the early 19th century to
restart the breed without further Arabian influence, and state that it is unlikely that two horses of unremarkable
breeding and conformation had a significant influence on the breed.[10] Jean le Blanc, a founding stallion of the
Percheron breed, was foaled in 1823. Today, all Percherons trace their ancestry to this stallion. At this time the breed
also became larger, with horses from other French districts being imported to Perche to change the Percheron from a
coach horse averaging 1,200 to 1,400 pounds (540 to 640 kg) to a draft horse averaging 2,000 pounds (910 kg). In
1893, the first Percheron stud book was created in France. By 1910, French registrations had risen to almost 32,000
horses. Between 1880 and 1920, Percheron breeders in France exported horses all over the world, including South
Africa, South America, Australia and North America.
In the United States and Great Britain

Percherons were first imported into the United States in 1839, although only one of the initial four horses survived
the ocean trip. Soon after, two stallions and two mares were imported; one mare died shortly after arrival and one
stallion went blind and was retired within a year. Although the first importations of Percherons were less than
successful, the remaining stallion, named Diligence, was credited with siring almost 400 foals. In 1851, three
stallions were imported: Normandy 351, Louis Napoleon 281 and Gray Billy. Throughout their stud careers, each
had significant influence on United States draft horse stock.[11] In the mid-19th century in the United States,
Percheron stallions were crossed with homebred mares to improve the local stock, resulting in thousands of
crossbred horses.[12] After the American Civil War in the 1860s greatly reduced the number of horses, there was a
significant need for large draft horses, especially in growing cities and in the expanding West. Large numbers of
Percherons were imported to the United States beginning in the early 1870s, and they became popular with draft
horse breeders and owners. In the 1880s, approximately 7,500 horses were exported to the United States. This
extensive importation lasted until 1893, when the US experienced a financial panic, and virtually no Percheron
imports occurred between 1894 and 1898. In addition, many existing horses were lost as people were too poor to
purchase or care for large draft horses. In 1898, importations began again as abruptly as they had ceased, with an
average of 700 horses a year imported between 1898 and 1905. In 1906 alone, over 13,000 horses were imported to
the United States from France. In the American traveling circuses of the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Percheron
was the most frequently seen draft horse. Drivers appreciated the breed's agility, stamina and quick-footed gait.[13]
Percheron 105
In 1876, the Norman-Percheron Association was formed by a group of

Percheron breeders in Chicago, Illinois, and at the same time the stud
book was begun. The Norman-Percheron Association was the United
States' first purebred livestock association. In 1877, the word
"Norman" was dropped from the name. Later, in the panic of 1893, the
Percheron Association went bankrupt and ceased to function. In 1905,
also in Chicago, Percheron breeders met again to reform as the
Percheron Society of America. Since 1934, the group has been known
as the Percheron Horse Association of America. At its height, the
organization was the largest draft horse association in the world, in the
A 1904 drawing of a Percheron
early 20th century registering over 10,000 horses annually.
In the late 19th century, Percherons also began to be exported from the United States to Great Britain, where they
were used to pull horse-drawn buses in large cities. The first Percherons imported to Britain included some of the
thousands of crossbreds from the United States. In Britain, many of the horses, once they finished their bus-pulling
career, were sold to farmers. Other imported horses were sold to the British Army, and in 1900, 325 horses were
shipped to South Africa for use in the Boer War.
20th and 21st centuries

In 1911, the French society restricted registration to horses with both parents already registered with the society.[14]
In the early 20th century, the Percheron was one of the four major draft horse breeds, along with the Belgian, the
Clydesdale and the Shire. Breeders could sell their horses for significant amounts of money, especially in the United
States and Canada, where breeding stock brought a premium price.[15]
Prior to World War I, a flourishing trade route for Percherons existed
between Nogent-le-Rotrou, Le Havre and the United States.[16]
However, after the war began, an embargo was placed on French
Percherons, disallowing them from exportation. Other than an
exception in April 1916 to allow 59 horses to be shipped from France
to the US, this embargo remained in place until the end of the war. The
war took its toll on the Percheron breed as horses, fodder, and handlers
were requisitioned for the fighting, and even after the embargo was
lifted France did not have the quality or quantity of stock to fulfill the
In harness with a small carriage
needs of American breeders. The embargo created a breeding boom in
the US, replacing the previous practice of importing the majority of
Percherons from France, and late in the war horses were shipped the other way – from the US to Europe – to supply
those needed in the war.[17] The lack of feathering on the Percheron's lower legs made them easier to care for in the
mud that they often worked in during wartime. Their quick trot on paved roads made them more versatile than
motorized vehicles, and they were useful for work with guns and in forward units due to their calm temperaments.
Between 1918 and 1922, over 350 Percherons were imported to Britain from France and, combined with stock from
the US and Canada, were used as breeding stock to establish the breed in the country. In 1918, the British Percheron
Horse Society was formed. British breeders and owners continue to import Percherons from France, and also
occasionally from Canada, when not prohibitively expensive.
By the 1930s, Percherons accounted for over 70 percent of the purebred draft horses in the United States, and all of
the major land grant universities maintained stables of Percherons. A 1930 census of horses found over 33,000
Percherons in the United States, with the next most popular breed, the Belgian, having a population of less than
10,000. One Percheron historian attributes this popularity to the breed's "strength, energy, activity, robustness and
Percheron 106
endurance".[18] After World War II, increasing mechanization prompted a decline in the Percheron population. In
1954, only 85 Percherons were registered in the US, a record low. The 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s were bad years
for the US Percheron population, and breeding was reduced to only a few farms. These breeders kept the American
population alive through these years, however, and the 1980s saw renewed interest in the breed.[19]
In 1966, the French stud book was changed to include draft types from
other areas of France that were closely related to the Percheron –
including horses from Berrichon, Nivernais, Marne, Augeron,
Bourbonnais, Loire and Saone-et-Loire. French Percherons were also
hit hard by the advent of mechanization, and between 1970 and 1990
focus was placed on breeding horses of greater mass for the meat
market. The largest and heaviest stallions were selected for
breeding.[20] Beginning at the 1989 World Percheron Congress, French
breeders realized that they needed a lighter breed for tourism, export to
A stallion led out for inspection at a French stud
Japan for draft work, and other markets.[21] In 1993, a trend of
importing American stallions to France was started with the gray
stallion Silver Shadows Sheik. This stallion and others were used to create a more elegant, smaller and sleeker look
in the French Percheron, while still retaining the traditional bone and foot structure. All other imported stallions were
black, reviving the popularity of black Percherons in France. French breeders continue to import American-bred
Percheron stallions in order to produce lighter foals, moving away from the heavier meat-type horses of the late 20th
century.[22] Also in 1993, the Société Hippique Percheronne anticipated the increasing tourist and exportation
markets by prohibiting docking, which was not prohibited for other draft breeds until 1996. This was partly at the
request of the Germans, and partly due to the influence of magazines such as Cheval.[23]
In 1988 there were 1,088 Percherons in the United States, rising to 2,257 by 1998. As of 2009, the Percheron Horse
Association of America had horses registered in all 50 states, and had nearly 3,000 members, with around 2,500 new
horses being registered annually. The French Société Hippique Percheronne de France (Percheron Horse Society of
France) registered between 750 and 885 horses in each year between 2007 and 2010. As of 2012, the American
Livestock Breeds Conservancy considers the Percheron to be "recovering", meaning that the breed has exceeded the
numbers required to be in one of the "watch" categories, but still needs to be monitored.
Augeron
The Augeron, also known as Caen or Virois, was developed from the Percheron during the 19th century and was
merged back into the Percheron in the 1960s. Bred mainly in the Pays d'Auge region, it previously had its own
studbook, registered by the Société hippique du trait augeron. The status of the subtype has been repeatedly debated
because of its origin from Percherons bred in Pays d'Auge, a breeding group that was modified from the original
breed standard due to the influence of soil and climate over the years, creating the Augeron type. Augerons are light
gray in color, tall, strong, well-built, and energetic. They stand between 158–170 cm (15.2–16.3 hands) in height,
but those horses bred in Vire are known to be smaller than the standard.
In the 19th century, the existence of the Augeron population was, despite its popularity, generally ignored by
authors.[24] In Paris, they were named "Caen" and "Virois", after their region of origin, although specialists included
the "Caen Virois" breed with the Augeron in a 1904 text. In the 19th century, these horses were sold at fairs in
Argences and Bayeux in Lower Normandy. They were noticed several times for their homogeneity, beauty, and high
value. In 1858, Augerons were sold for between 600 and 1200 francs.
The Société hippique du trait augeron, or Augeron Horse Society, was formed in 1913 by breeders in Auge to record
these horses in a breed registry. One reason for this lay in the desire to protect the cradle of breeding Percheron
horses: only animals born near the Perche were entitled to registration in the studbook, and hence to use the name of
"Percheron". This limitation excluded several nearby populations of horses foaled outside of Perche, such as the
Percheron 107
Maine and the Augeron.
Uses
The Percheron is the most famous and populous of all French draft
breeds in the world today.[25] They were used to improve both the
Ardennes and Vladimir Heavy Draft horses,[26] and to create the
Spanish-Norman breed, a cross between the Andalusian and the
Percheron. By the end of the 19th century, Percherons made up the
majority of driving horses in Paris.[27] The Percheron is still used
extensively for draft work and, like other draft breeds, it is also used in
France for meat production. Around the world, Percherons are used for
The breed is sometimes used under saddle
parades, sleigh rides and hayrides, as well as being used to pull
carriages in large cities. The largest team of working Percherons in
Europe is found at Disneyland Paris, where the breed makes up 30 percent of the horses in the park and the horses
work to pull trams on the main park street.[28] One of the most famous horse teams in the United States is the Heinz
hitch of Percherons, having appeared multiple times at the Tournament of Roses Parade.
In Great Britain, the Percheron is used for advertising and publicity, as well as forestry and farm work. They are
crossbred with lighter horses by breeders of heavy hunters in order to increase size and improve disposition.
Purebred Percherons are also ridden, and some have proven useful at show jumping. Crossbred Percherons have
been used successfully in dressage. In both the Falkland Islands and northern Australia, Percherons have been
crossed with local mares, primarily Criollos in the Falklands, to produce larger stock horses with greater stamina.
These crossbred horses are used extensively in both the sub-Antarctic climate of the Falklands and the sub-tropical
climate of Australia for working stock. In Australia they are also crossed with Thoroughbreds for use as mounted
police horses.
In 1978, the first World Percheron Congress was held in Great Britain, and has been held annually ever since.
Although the majority of the shows have been held in North America, four – in 1980, 1989, 2001 and 2011 – have
been held in France. Each year, in July, the French national breed show is held in Haras du Pin.[29]
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ fileadmin/ bibliotheque/ Reglementation/ Stud-books/ Chevaux_de_trait/
Reglement_Percheron-01-04-2011. pdf
[2] http:/ / www. percheronhorse. org
[3] http:/ / www. percheron. org. uk
[4] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 28
[5] Dugast, Sur les traces du cheval percheron, cover copy
[6] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, pp. 335–337
[7] Mavré, Attelages et attelées, p. 40
[8] Terry and Durling, The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume de Dole, pp. 32, 96
[9] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 94–95
[10] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 30–31
[12] McDermott, The Working Horse Manual, pp. 22–23
[13] Fox, Circus Baggage Stock, pp. 3–4
[19] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, p. 21
Percheron 108

[21] Audiot, Races d'hier pour l'élevage de demain, p. 26
[23] Roger & Beaune, Maîtres et protecteurs de la nature, p. 292
[24] Original quote in French: "généralement passée sous silence par les auteurs"
[25] Edwards, Les chevaux, p. 192
[26] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 262, 276
References
• Audiot, Annick (1995). Races d'hier pour l'élevage de demain: Espaces ruraux (in French). Éditions Quae.
ISBN 978-2-7380-0581-6.
• Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. Simon & Schuster, Inc.
ISBN 0-671-66068-3.
• Dal'Secco, Emmanuelle (2006). Les chevaux de trait (in French). Artemis Éditions. ISBN 978-2-84416-459-9.
• Dugast, Jean-Léo (2007). Sur les traces du cheval percheron. L'Étrave. ISBN 2-909599-80-9.
• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (2006). Les chevaux (in French). De Borée. ISBN 978-2-84494-449-8.
• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). Dorling Kindersley.
ISBN 1-56458-614-6.
• Fox, Charles Philip (1983). Circus Baggage Stock: A Tribute to the Percheron. Heart Prairie Press.
ISBN 0962266302.
• Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press.
ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.
• Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (in French). France Agricole
Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7.
• McDermott, Rowena (1998). "The British Percheron". The Working Horse Manual. Farming Press.
ISBN 0-85236-401-6.
• Mischka, Joseph (1991). The Percheron Horse in America. Heart Prairie Press. ISBN 0-9622663-5-3.
• Roger, Alain and Beaune, Jean-Claude (1991). Maîtres et protecteurs de la nature. Éditions Champ Vallon.
ISBN 2-87673-099-5.
• Terry, Patricia; Nancy Vine Durling (1993). The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume De Dole. University of
Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1388-2.
External links
• Société hippique Percheronne de France (http://www.percheron-france.org/)
• Percheron Horse Association of America (http://www.percheronhorse.org/)
• British Percheron Horse Society (http://www.percheron.org.uk/)
• Percheron Horse Breeders Association of Australia (http://www.percheron.com.au/)
Australian Draught Horse

Australian Draught Horse
Australian Draught Horse competition, Woolbrook, NSW
Country of origin Australia
The Australian Draught Horse is a hardy breed of Australian draught horse noted for its strength and a good
temperament.
Characteristics
The Australian Draught Horse was developed over the years as a result of the crossbreeding of the four recognized
pure draught horse breeds which were in Australia since the colonial days. These breeds are the Clydesdale,
Percheron, Shire, Suffolk Punch, (plus the later imported Belgians) and occasionally some light horse bloodlines, as
seen in the part draughts.[1] [2]
The characteristics of these breeds can be found in the Australian Draught Horse, which has produced many colours
and types within the breed. All solid colours are accepted, excessive white is not favoured on the face or body, white
below the knee is acceptable.[3]
History
The roots of the Australian Draught Horse date back to the c.1854
importation of stallions and mares of various English and Flemish
cart breeds to Australia. Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) was
at the forefront of breeding cart and farm horses with the part
played by the Van Diemen’s Land Company. This company also
imported Shire Horses which were later imported to Western
Australia and South Australia in the late 1830s.
Bullocks did most of the heavy draught work until the 1850s. The
development of the agricultural industry after the gold rushes
required a ready of draught horses to provide faster load A team of Australian draught horses with a record load
movements. Scottish settlers did much to promote the use of the of 150 bales of wool.
Clydesdale horses owing to their familiarity with them.
Weinholt Brothers formed a notable draught horse stud at Maryvale, Queensland in 1885. Most states preferred Shire
horses, but in Victoria the Clydesdale was more popular. Suffolk Punch horses were favoured in northern NSW and
on the black soil country.

The Clydesdale Stud Book was established in Australia in 1915, prior to which breeding was somewhat haphazard.
After 1918 tractors were rapidly replacing draught horses until the 1930s depression when there was renewed
interest in them. By 1950 tractors had virtually replaced the draught horse on rural properties in Australia.
The Australian Draught Horse Stud Book Society was established in c.1979 to promote these horses and breeding
programs. Today the Australian Draught Horse used in led, novelty, ridden and draught competitions and is still
valued as a working horse on small farms throughout Australia.[4] [5]
References
[1] Draught Horses (http:/ / www. breedersales. com/ Learn/ Horse/ Draught-Horses. html) Retrieved 2010-6-12
[2] Horse Breeds: The Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / www. gattonheavyhorses. com/ ?page_id=5) Retrieved 2010-6-12
[3] Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / www. gattonheavyhorses. com/ AustralianDraught. htm) Retrieved on 15 October 2008
[4] Draught Horses (http:/ / www. breedersales. com/ Learn/ Horse/ Draught-Horses. html) Retrieved 2010-6-12
[5] Horse Breeds: The Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / www. gattonheavyhorses. com/ ?page_id=5) Retrieved 2010-6-12
External links
• Australian Draught Horse (http://australiandraught.pbwiki.com)
Australian Stock Horse

Breed standards
Australian Stock Horse Society Breed standards [1]
The Australian Stock Horse (or Stockhorse), has been especially bred for Australian conditions. It is a hardy breed
of horse noted for endurance, agility and a good temperament. Its ancestry dates to the arrival of the first horses in
Australia, brought from Europe, Africa and Asia. It is used today in a wide variety of disciplines, and is still valued
as a working horse by stockmen throughout Australia.
History
The roots of the Australian Stock Horse date back to the earliest importation of nine horses to Australia, with the
arrival of the First Fleet in Botany Bay in January, 1788.[2] Some of the original horse breeds in these early imports
included the Thoroughbred, Cape of Good Hope Horse (largely descended from the Barb and Spanish horse),
Arabian, Timor Pony and Welsh Mountain pony.[3]
Horses in Australia were bred for their stamina and strength, with weaker animals culled and only the strongest
allowed to breed on. In the 1830s, additional Thoroughbreds were imported into Australia to improve the local
strains, and the mid-20th century saw infusions from the American Quarter Horse.
The Australian Stock Horse and the Waler horse come from similar roots, though today they are separate breeds. The
"station horse" that was an ancestor of both breeds was used by the Australian Army in the First World War and was
renowned for its toughness and endurance.[4]
However, the modern Australian Stock Horse differs from the Waler horse in that it is not as big. The horses shipped
abroad to fight in war and kept at home to be bred on as Walers were the larger animals, as they were required to
carry a rider with the considerable extra weight of weapons and a full pack. Some of the heaviest animals were also
required pull water carts and carriages. However, the characteristics of toughness and endurance remain with the
Australian Stock Horse of today.
Formal recognition of Australian Stock Horses as a distinct breed began in June 1971 when over 100 campdrafters
and horse breeders met in Tamworth, New South Wales, to form the Australian Stock Horse Society. Many of these
people bred stock horses using bloodlines tracing back to native stock, along with some Arabians, Thoroughbreds,
and a few ponies of outstanding merit. Most of the early ASH registrations were of horses bred with bloodlines that
excelled at both campdrafting and cattle work in the rugged Great Dividing Range.
Initially, horses were inspected for registraton by three classifiers who assessed them for conformation, breeding and
athletic ability. The best were accepted for inclusion in the Stud Book, some were approved for the registry
appendix, and those not meeting the criteria for registration were rejected.
Fourteen specific foundation sires are responsible for most of the bloodlines accepted into the Society Australia-wide
and most well-bred Australian Stock Horses trace to one of these foundation sires. These included horses bred from
colonial stock: Saladin, Cecil and his son Radium, Medlow and Bobbie Bruce. The others were Thoroughbreds:
Rivoli, Commandant, Panzer, Midstream, Young Valais, Gibbergunyah, Bushfire, Silvius and Deo Juvante also
exerted considerable influence. Since then Rivoli Ray, Blue Moon Mystic, Eliotts Creek Cadet, Warrenbri Romeo
and some American Quarter Horses have also had a large influence on the breed.
The use of Quarter Horse bloodlines is somewhat controversial, with some breeders preferring to stay with older
lines. Those who wish to bring in outside blood are required to pay very high fees to the Society, thus providing an
incentive for breeders to only bring in worthwhile horses.
Characteristics
The Australian Stock Horse is bred for intelligence,
courage, toughness and stamina. The horse will be
sound, agile and quick moving with a surefooted walk.
It will have a calm, responsive temperament. All
colours are acceptable. Height ranges from 14 hands to
16.2 hands.
The ideal Australian Stock Horse is well proportioned

in all respects according to its size. Desired traits
include a finely cut, expressive head with large eye and
a broad forehead. The neck is long, arched, with head An Australian Stock Horse
well set on. The withers should be well defined.
Overall conformation is well-muscled but not bulky, with correct conformation that includes a deep chest,
well-sprung ribs, strong and broad back, and powerful hindquarters. The hooves are hard and well-conformed.
Breed today
There are approximately 170,000 Australian Stock Horses registered or foals
recorded with the Australian Stock Horse Society. The Stock Horse is used in
many competitive disciplines, including polo, polocrosse, dressage,
campdrafting, show jumping, eventing and endurance riding. It is also used
for stockman challenges, Pony Club activities, general hacking, and stock
work on cattle stations.
While horses are now often being replaced in the flatter Outback and Top End
by motorcycles and helicopters, they are still necessary today for mustering
(roundups) in rugged mountain terrain.
International publicity
There was a tribute to the Australian Stock Horse during the 2000 Sydney An Australian Stock Horse competing in
Olympics Opening Ceremony when an Australian Stock Horse reared and eventing.
then a further 120 Stock Horses were ridden into the Stadium and performed
intricate maneuvers to the music of the specially-written Olympics version of the main theme of the film The Man
from Snowy River by Australian composer Bruce Rowland. The Australian Stock Horse Crown Law has represented
Australia in World Championship and Olympic dressage competition.
The Australian Outback Spectacular uses 42 Australian Stock Horses in its show on the Gold Coast, Queensland, 31
[5]
of which are used in a show on a rotational basis.
References
[1] http:/ / www. ashs. com. au/ horses/ standard. asp
[2] Keith R. Binney, Horsemen of the First Frontier (1788-1900) and the Serpents Legacy, Volcanic Productions, Sydney, 2005, ISBN
0-646-44865-X
[3] Gower, Jeanette. "Australian Stock Horse History" (http:/ / chalani. net/ ashistory. php)
[4] "Australian Stock Horse Society" (http:/ / www. ashs. com. au/ horses/ default. asp#Statistics)
[5] "Horsewyse, March 2008, p.8
• Australian Stock Horse Society: Horses of Significance (PDF) (http://www.ashs.com.au/downloads/

Horsesofsignifcance.pdf)
• Gower, Peter. Australian Stock Horse - Stallion Pedigree Book, Vol. 1
• Starr, Joan. The Horse that Calls Australia Home
External links
• Australian Stock Horse or Waler (http://imh.org/imh/bw/austock.html)
• Australian Stock Horse (http://www.ashs.com.au) Australian Stock Horse Society
• History of the Australian Stock Horse Society (http://www.ozpets.com.au/horses/articles/HH10003.shtml) at
the OzPets website
Austrian Warmblood
Austrian Warmblood
Distinguishing features Warmblood type suitable for competitive dressage or show jumping, as well as recreational
riding.
Country of origin Austria
Breed standards
Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Warmblutzucht in [1]

Breed standards
Österreich
An Austrian Warmblood is a warmblood type of horse registered with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Warmblutzucht
in Österreich (Association of Warmblood Breeding in Austria (AWÖ)). Although the studbook is made up of
jumping and dressage horses from many other countries, the mare base consists of native horses with a long history.
The AWÖ keeps an open studbook, in which mares and stallions must pass rigorous inspections before becoming
breeding stock.
Characteristics
According to the written standard, the Austrian Warmblood is built on a mare base of old Austrian cavalry horses
such as the Nonius, Furioso-North Star, Shagya and Gidran. Foreign warmblood sport horse bloodlines have been
and will continue to be used to produce a horse more suitable for modern-day dressage and show jumping.
Refinement comes from Thoroughbred, Shagya Arabian and Trakehner blood. The combination of the plain Nonius
type and the Arabian-influenced Shagya and Gidran suggest a broad range of distinctive types, particularly about the
head. Stock breeds such as Quarter Horses, Lipizzaners, Kladrubers, ponies, trotters, gaited horses and other
specialty breeds are not permitted in the pedigrees of Austrian Warmbloods.
The Austrian Warmblood is bred for dressage and show jumping, but also for recreational riding by amateurs,
following strict selection procedures that keep horses that do not fit the standard from breeding. The standard reads:
"Desirable is a noble, long-lined, correct and powerful Warmblood horse with good movement and
jumping ability, suited to any type of recreational riding. The breeding aim shall be achieved through a
comprehensive system of performance tests for mares and stallions, leading to improved selection for
dressage or jumping qualities. Of great importance for the Austrian Warmblood breeders are rideability,
good character, willingness, and balanced temperament."
While all breeding stock must measure at least 158 cm (15.2 hands high) at the withers, the ideal height is from 164
to 168 cm (16.0 to 16.2hh). Shagya Arabians are an exception, as they are permitted so long as they reach 150 cm
(14.3hh). The ideal cannon bone circumference is 20 to 22 cm (7.9" to 8.7").
While the AWÖ does not disallow any colors or markings, the Old Austrian Warmbloods tended to be of uniform
color, allowing them to be matched better in harness configurations. For instance, the Nonius is almost uniformly
dark and unmarked, the Gidran is entirely chestnut, the Shagya largely grey, and so on. Therefore, coat colors apart
from the usual black, brown, bay, chestnut, and grey would likely need to be introduced from an outside source.
While there is a Pinto studbook under the ZAP, none of the stallions presently standing for Austria are of unusual
coat colors.
In the past, Austrian horses had little variation in registered names. Most horses had their family's name (Furioso, for
example) and a combination of Roman and Arabic numbers. Today, an Austrian Warmblood colt has a name
beginning with the same letter as his sire's name (Belmondo by Belluno), and a filly has a name beginning with the
same letter as her dam's name (Dragona out of Dravida).

The most reliable way to recognize an Austrian Warmblood is by the brand, which is given to foals on their left hip
and is in the form of a stylized "A".
History
Foundation
The Austro-Hungarian empire was known for its horse breeding programs which were based on a number of
imperial stud farms. The role of these farms was to produce farm horses for the citizens, riding and carriage horses
for the nobility, cavalry mounts and artillery horses for the military. Although the former empire is also famed for
producing the Kladruber and Lipizzaner, prominent among these stud farms were those located at Mezőhegyes and
Bábolna. The former was founded in 1785, the latter was purchased by the government in 1789, and both are located
in modern-day Hungary. Mezőhegyes produced the Nonius, which was similar to the western Heavy Warmbloods,
used for light agricultural work and for pulling artillery wagons. Beginning in the 1840s, Thoroughbred stallions -
Furioso and North Star prominent among them - were bred to the Nonius mares to produce strains of more refined
cavalry mounts and carriage horses. Bábolna was originally an extension of Mezőhegyes, but in 1816 the
administration decided to use only Arabian and Arab-bred stallions to achieve their cavalry goals. Born in Syria in
1830, the part-Arabian horse Shagya became the most famous of these Arabian-bred stallions. He came to Bábolna
in 1836 and founded a strain of light cavalry and carriage horses which were taller and heavier than purebred
Arabians, but which retained distinct Arabian type. A chestnut Arabian named Gidran followed soon after, crossed
on mares who were more Thoroughbred in type. Respectively, these two sires founded the Shagya Arabian and
Gidran Anglo-Arabian breeds.
The Nonius, Furioso-North Star, Shagya, Gidran, and several other strains are often collectively referred to as the
Altösterreichische Pferderassen ("Old-Austrian Horse Breeds"). These horses formed the native mare base on which
the Austrian Warmblood was founded.
Registry
Mechanization set in on the heels of World War II, making the use of horses in agriculture and transportation largely
obsolete. The notion of changing to the breeding of recreational riding horses germinated at the Federal Stud Farm of
Piber. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Warmblutzucht in Österreich (AWÖ) or Association for Warmblood Breeding
in Austria was founded in 1964. Today it operates under the Zentralen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer
Pferdezüchter (ZAP) or Central Association of Austrian Horse Breeders, and is composed of regional member
associations.
The stallion licensing for Austrian Warmbloods occurs in Stadl-Paura during February. It follows closely the
procedures used in Germany; exceptional young stallions are given the title Prämienhengst (Premium Stallion), a
champion and reserve champion are awarded, and the announcement of results is followed by an auction. The
performance test is also held in Stadl-Paura, commencing in June. Mare and foal shows are held by the regional
member associations. Mares that exceed the standard in terms of pedigree, conformation, movement, and
performance in Austria can also earn the Staatsprämienstute (States Premium Mare) title. The "premium" was
formerly awarded to bribe breeders into keeping their top mares in the region.
Though the AWÖ is a young registry, their history of amending the criteria for breeding stock suggests a progressive
attitude towards producing the best riding horse possible. The AWÖ is a member of the World Breeding Federation
for Sport Horses (WBFSH).
The studbooks comprise about 2,500 mares and 80 stallions.
Uses
The Austrian Warmblood is bred specifically as a recreational riding horse, and competitive dressage and show
jumping horse. As yet, the AWÖ is unranked in the WBFSH standings for Jumping, Dressage, or Eventing, likely
due to the small size of their breeding population. However, the 1995 grey mare Amanita and 1997 bay mare
Westminster both compete on the international scene in show jumping (for Poland and Italy, respectively). Laredo, a
1994 chestnut gelding competes under a German rider in dressages' Big Tour.
The best place to see Austrian Warmbloods is in Austria. In addition to the auction of young stallion candidates and
gelding prospects that follows the stallion licensing, there are a number of auctions for foals, riding horses, and elite
horses throughout the year, usually in Stadl-Paura.
Medical issues
Like other warmblood registries, the AWÖ does not give breeding licenses to stallions with congenital disorders
including cryptorchidism, malocclusion, osteochondritis, or impaired breathing. As a result, Austrian Warmbloods
are healthy and robust.
See related
• Dutch Warmblood
• Belgian Warmblood
• Holstein (horse)
• Hanoverian (horse)
• Westphalian (horse)
• Oldenburg (horse)
• Bavarian Warmblood
• Trakehner
• Thoroughbred
• Shagya Arabian
References
[1] http:/ / www. pferdezucht-austria. at/ download/ text/ 1766/ zbo-2007. pdf
Auvergne horse 117
Auvergne horse
Auvergne horse
Auvergne horse
Alternative names Cheval d'Auvergne (French)
Country of origin Auvergne region of France
Breed standards
Association Nationale du Cheval de Race Auvergne Breed standards [1]
The Auvergne horse (French cheval d'Auvergne) is a breed of light draught horse from the Auvergne region of
south central France. It stands 143 to 147 centimetres (14.0 to 14.2 hands) at the withers, and weighs 450–650
kilograms (990–1,430 lb). Coat colours are bay or seal brown. It is used mainly for trekking. It is not recognised as a
breed by the Haras Nationaux, the French association of horse breeders. The standard is published by a breeders'
association, the Association Nationale du Cheval de Race Auvergne.
This breed has been crossbred several times throughout its history, with several distinct breeds sharing the name
"Auvergne horse". A small riding horse known as the "half-blood of Auvergne" was primarily ridden by the cavalry
at the beginning of the 19th century, but has since disappeared. Other work horses of Auvergne were used as a
means of transportation before the advent of modern roads. The work horse was crossbred to become a light draught
horse and subsequent ancestor of the modern Auvergne horse. It was used for varying field work by the inhabitants
of the region.
As with most of Europe's draught breeds, the Auvergne almost disappeared with the spread of mechanized
transportation in the 1960s and 70s. It was crossed with other draught horses, such as the Comtois horse, and was
used as a source of horsemeat. In 1994, an association was created to save the last remaining animals and to fight for
the recognition of the breed in France. Since then, several actions have been levied to promote the continued
existence of the Auvergne horse. However, the breed is still extremely rare outside of Auvergne. 200 were
represented in a census at the beginning of the 21st century.
Auvergne horse 118
History
As with other local draught horses, the use of the Auvergne horse has declined with the rise of mechanized travel.
Defining the horse is difficult in the absence of recent scientific publications and official recognition. Documents
mentioning the "cheval d'Auvergne" in fact speak of many different breeds which have rarely, or never, been
recognized as an independent breed throughout their history.
Origin
No scientific studies exist concerning the origin of the Auvergne horse, but there are several theories:
• According to the Association of the Auvergne Breed, the breed is the distant descendant of the oriental races
abandoned by the Saracens in the plains of Vouillé circa 732. Their horses remained in the same area (the
departments of Corrèze, of Creuse, and of Haute-Vienne) until the barons of the country took possession of them.
The horses would presumably been the root of those which had spread over the course of the following centuries
into all of Limousin, followed by Auvergne, to become the ancestors of the Limousin horse, a close relative of the
Auvergne horse.
• According to Lætitia Bataille, a specialist in equine management in France, the Auvergne horse was the product
of the ancient Navarrin horse's crossbreeding with the Thoroughbred.
• According to the inhabitants of the Auvergne region, the breed is native to the region, and lived there "depuis la
nuit des temps" (since the dawn of time.) According to their theory, it is descended from prehistoric animals who
had simply wandered into the region.
There seems to have been two types of Auvergnal horses throughout the region's history: the smaller horse, or
"half-blood Auvergnal", was a riding horse destined to the light cavalry; the common, "all-purpose" horse was used
by locals until the improvement of automobile roads, at which time it was crossbred again to better handle divers
agricultural duties.
Antiquity to 17th century

If one believes the inhabitants of Auvergne, Vercingetorix used a "Auvergnat cob" for his battles. True or not, the
Auvergne horse seems to have been popular in the Middle Ages.
In 1577, the Duke of Bouillon mentions, in a Classical French text, that he rode an animal from Auvergne in leaving
Turenne: "I'm leaving Turenne, and I'm coming to sleep at M. de Beynac's home with Bousolles, Alagnac, La
Vilatte, and Annal to whom I have given pages, Bouschant of Auvergne, all without any arms other than our swords,
and all having this strong, bad horse; Bouschant had a little, rather good horse from Auvergne; my horse went with a
large gate, not knowing how to turn and even less how to run ...."
The existence of the Auvergne horse is suggested in the documents from the 18th century which describe a little,
rustic, mountain horse of oriental build and rather closely related to oriental breeds. Under the rule of Henry IV, the
"barbe auvergnat" was a prized mount of cavaliers, and according to tradition, the famous white horse of the king
himself came from a farm in Barra, near Aurillac.
It was Louis XIV who, with the creation of the French National Breeding Farm during the 17th century, tried to
better the horse in the hopes of using it in his cavalry. To breed the horse, he called upon stallions of Turkish and
Barbary descent, and upon the Frisian and Dutch stallions. But, the cross-breeding was largely unsuccessful, mostly
because of the poor breeding management.
Auvergne horse 119
References
[1] http:/ / www. chevalauvergne. fr/ race/ 238
Auxois
Auxois
An Auxois horse at the Salon International de l'Agriculture 2013 in Paris
Breed standards
Centre de promotion de la race du cheval de trait auxois Breed standards [1]
The Auxois is a horse breed from eastern France. It is a large breed, with some individuals weighing over 910
kilograms (2,010 lb), bred for horse meat, agricultural work and leisure pursuits. Overall, members of the breed are
solid and muscular in appearance. They are usually bay or bay roan in color, although some other colors are accepted
by the breed registry, and are known for their power and docility.
The Auxois is a direct descendant of the Bourguignon of the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, blood was added
from other French draft breeds before the creation of a stud book in 1912. After the creation of the stud book, only
purebred Auxois or Ardennais and Trait du Nord crosses could be registered. World War I interrupted efforts to set
the breed standard, but testing resumed in 1920, and between then and World War II the Auxois was the pride of
regional farmers. The breed reached its peak in the 1930s, but by the 1960s began to decline with the advent of
mechanization.
By the 1970s, the Auxois had almost become extinct, and the French government began pushing the breeding of all
native draft horses for meat production, as opposed to agricultural usage. However, the meat of the Auxois was not
considered high quality, and this, combined with a lower-than-expected market for meat, led to a continued decline
in French draft horse populations. In the 1990s, the French government reversed its position on breeding for meat,
and began promoting draft breeds for leisure pursuits. The Auxois continues to be rare, having the eighth-smallest
population numbers of the nine native French draft breeds. An annual breed show is held in Semur-en-Auxois, and
the Auxois is frequently seen at the Paris International Agricultural Show.
Auxois 120
The Auxois is a horse of great size, larger than the Ardennais and
almost as large as the Trait du Nord. It is massively muscular in build,
built for heavy pulling. The average height is 15.3 to 16.3 hands (63 to
67 inches, 160 to 170 cm), with an ideal height of 16.1 hands
(65 inches, 165 cm) to 16.33⁄4 hands (67.75 inches, 172 cm) for
stallions and 16 to 16.3 hands (64 to 67 inches, 163 to 170 cm) for
mares. They weigh from 700 kilograms (1,500 lb) to more than 910
kilograms (2,010 lb), depending on whether an individual horse is bred
for meat, agricultural work or leisure pursuits.
The head and neck of an Auxois at the Cluny
The head is relatively short, with a wide forehead. The neck is also Stud
relatively short and muscular, the shoulders long and sloping and the
chest wide and deep. The body is solid, with a broad, short back and loins. The hindquarters are well-muscled. The
legs are robust, although they can appear small in relation to the mass of the body. They usually have less feathering
on the legs than other French draft horse breeds. Horses registered with the studbook may be branded on the left side
of the neck with the letters "TX". This brand is generally applied during breed competitions, and only after the age of
two.
Auxois horses are usually bay or bay roan in color, although they can also be chestnut or red roan, similar to the
[2]
Ardennais. gray and seal brown (the latter called black pangaré by the breed registry, although these horses are
genetically brown, not black with pangaré markings) are also accepted for registration; all other colors are excluded.
The Auxois is known for its power and docility, having a calm and gentle temperament. Like the Ardennais, it is an
easy keeper, able to survive outdoors in all seasons, even in the harsh climatic conditions sometimes seen in Morvan
and Nievre.
The majority of Auxois are still bred for meat production, and in 2001, 50% of the horses bred were intended for
slaughter. However, the power and gaits of the breed make them valued for competitive and leisure driving, as well
as equestrian tourism. The smaller horses of the breed are used for milk production. The Auxois is used for
celebrations, such as weddings, and historical reenactments. It is also used for logging, and in recent years, has been
increasingly used in agriculture, being found in vineyards, gardens and farms. The use of them for the maintenance
of rural roads is also in planning.[3]
History
The history of the Auxois is closely tied to its homeland, for which it is
named. The rich pastures of the Auxois area, including the French
Gold Coast, parts of Yonne, the Saone-et-Loire and northern Nievre,
are conducive to the breeding of large draft horses.[][4] The recognition
of the Auxois dates back to the early 20th century, making it relatively
new compared to other French draft breeds.[5]
The Auxois is a direct descendant of the Bourguignon of the Middle

Ages, a small, robust, tough horse used for riding and driving. A
now-discredited theory once held that the Auxois was a descendant of
An Ardennais horse, one of the breeds used to
the even older Solutre horse, the bones of which were found in the area create the Auxois
where the breed was developed.[] Originally the Morvan horse also
existed in the same area, but was absorbed into the Auxois after extensive crossbreeding. During the 1840s,
Auxois 121
Percheron blood was introduced to the breed, followed by Boulonnais blood in the 1860s and Ardennais and
possibly Nivernais blood in the late 19th century. Care was not taken to fix a specific breed type, though, and so the
physical characteristics were variable.[6]
Breeders introduced foreign stallions before creating a stud book for the breed. The breed took its name from the
"rich valley of Auxois", where the crossbreeding and selection for the new breed took place.[7] The local mares
created from 19th century breeding were crossed with Ardennais and Trait du Nord stallions, sought after for their
large size and power, which made them valuable for agricultural work. The birthplace of the breed is around the
Cluny Stud, and it was originally considered to be a sub-type of the Ardennais breed.[8]
The first attempts to create a breed registry in 1903 and 1904 failed. In 1912, another attempt was made, this time
successful, and a stud book was created in Dijon in 1913. With the creation of the stud book, only purebred Auxois
or Ardennais and Trait du Nord crosses could be registered.[9] However, by 1917, the physical characteristics of the
breed were still not fixed, and leaders of the equine community were critical, and doubtful of whether the Auxois
was a breed in its own right or still merely a subtype of the Ardennais. They were also unsure whether it was a good
idea to accept the recognition of another regional breed, of which France had many.[10]
World War I and World War II

World War I interrupted the efforts to secure a breed standard, with stud book selection not resuming until 1920.
Within a few years, the ideal height was set around 15.3 hands (63 inches, 160 cm), and its breeding spread
throughout Auxois and neighboring regions.
Between World War I and World War II, the Auxois was the pride of regional farmers. Before the advent of
motorization, it was the preferred pulling animal, even for slow work, winning out over the local Charolais cattle
breed used as oxen. The Auxois was bred solely for agricultural work, and used exclusively for this purpose.[] The
strongest horses were used for multi-horse hitches in the fields and for logging. The Auxois competed in popularity
with the Nivernais horse, and it was not uncommon for farmers in the region to have both the black-coated Nivernais
and the red-coated Ardennais and Auxois to satisfy the color preferences of all potential buyers.[11]
In the early 1930s the Auxois reached the peak of its physical development.[12] It was described, like the Ardennais
and the Trait du Nord, as a born plowhorse, with a neck naturally held so low that the nose almost touched the
ground. It was developed entirely for traction, and its conformation allowed it to move huge weights over short
distances.[13] At the same time, it became more popular than the Nivernais, and was considered a southern
representation of the Ardennais breed. Merchants visiting Burgandy horse fairs appreciated the breed, and deemed its
bay coloration better able to hide dirt than that of the light gray Percheron or black Nivernais.[14] The peak
populations and usage of the Auxois and other French draft horses was short due to the advent of mechanization in
the 1960s.[15]
Post-war to 1990s
During World War II, fuel stocks were used by the armies, and were unavailable to farmers. This allowed horses to
remain a key aspect of agriculture and transportation until the end of the war.[16] After the war, farmers rapidly
mechanized their operations. The Auxois and other draft breeds were quickly abandoned in favor of machines, and
population numbers began to fall in the early 1950s and collapsed completely in the 1960s.[17] By the 1970s, the
Auxois had almost disappeared, although many villages in the breed's homeland retained a small number of mares
for traditional competitions.
In the early 1970s, Henry Blanc was appointed as the new director of the French National Stud, and began the
conversion of French draft breeds into animals bred for slaughter into horse meat. The stud encouraged farmers who
could no longer find buyers for their animals to fatten them for resale to the slaughter markets. Breeding for the
production of meat helped to safeguard the Auxois breed by keeping its gene pool intact, but also transformed the
previously powerful breed into one bred solely for weight — the main consideration in pricing at slaughter. In 1976,
Auxois 122
an official French decree changed the name of the category in which the Auxois fit from "draft horses" to "heavy
horses" and encouraged farmers to select the heaviest breeding stallions possible, to increase the average weight of
the breed. The National Stud approved this change,[18] and between the 1950s and the 1980s, the average weight of
the Auxois increased from 650 to 800 kilograms (1,430 to 1,760 lb) to 800 to 1,000 kilograms (1,800 to 2,200 lb) or
more.[19]
The conversion to meat was unfavorable for the Auxois, however. The
Percheron was preferred for the quality of the meat and the Ardennais
and closely related Auxois were considered to have some of the lowest
quality meat.[20] In addition, the promised market for horse meat did
not materialize, and French slaughterhouses were overwhelmed by
imports of cheap horses from the Americas and Eastern Europe.
Because of this lack of profitability, the population of most French
breeds, including the Auxois, continued to decline until 1994. The
collapse in prices then forced the National Stud to redirect its draft
In ridden competition at the 2011 Salon
horse-related activities.[21]
International de l'Agriculture
In the early 1990s, recreational riding enjoyed a revival in France,
while the consumption of horse meat dropped. In 1991, the Agricultural College in Semur-en-Auxois began the
production of horse milk using Auxois mares in Bierre-les-Semur. In 1994, the French Official Journal published a
decree restoring the name of "draft horse" from the almost 20-year use of "heavy horse". In 1996, another decree
prohibited the docking of tails of all French horses. French farmers moved towards the production of animals for
recreation or agricultural uses, and the National Stud began supporting this aim. In July 1998, a promotional center
for the Auxois opened in Bierre-les-Semur, through regional and departmental grants and using the National Stud to
promote the breed. It focuses mainly on the training of young horses for riding and driving, and showcases various
performances, as well as providing shoeing services and birthing assistance. In 1999, a study was undertaken of
Auxois breeders, which showed opposition to changes in the breed. The author recommended expanding the breed
standard to open new markets and save the Auxois from extinction.
Present
As it has been since the creation of the Auxois stud book, only
purebred horses and Ardennes and Trait du Nord crosses are allowed to
be registered. This is to ensure selection for the desired breed
characteristics, which are now a lighter and more active horse than was
seen during the time of breeding for horse meat. Horses bred through
artificial insemination and embryo transfer are allowed to be
registered; those potentially bred through cloning are not. The Syndicat
du Cheval de Trait Auxois (Auxois Draft Horse Association) is the
national registry, managing the stud book, breed standard and
A stallion being driven at the Cluny Stud
promotion of the breed. An annual breed competition is held in
September in Semur-en-Auxois. The Burgandy region continues to
celebrate the breed, and there is a museum dedicated to it in Bierre-les-Semur. The Auxois is also regularly seen at
the International Agriculture Show in Paris.
The population of Auxois is very low, and it is one of the rarest of the nine French draft horse breeds. In 2001, it had
the eighth-smallest population of the nine breeds, making the threats of inbreeding and extinction very real. In 2006,
250 active breeding mares and 32 stallions were reported, with 125 breeders[22] (the term breeder applying to any
person owning at least one active breeding mare). The Auxois represented 1 percent of total French draft horse
Auxois 123
registrations in 2007. Burgandy is by far the main breeding area, with a few horses in the Rhone-Alpes and
Auvergne regions. There are no known registered Auxois living outside of France, and it is almost unknown outside
of its home region, even within the rest of France. Of the nine French draft horse breeds, the Auxois is the only one
that is not exported. Between 1992 and 2011, between 80 and 146 foals were born each year, with numbers ranging
from 105 to 128 between 2007 and 2011.
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ auxois. html
[2] Collective 1951, p. 151
[4] Sourdillat, p. 330
[7] Lizet, p. 232
[8] Bataille, p. 135
[10] Lizet, p. 233
[11] Lizet, pp. 234–236
[12] Mavre, p. 38
[13] Mavre, p. 42
[14] Lizet, p. 260
[15] Mavre, p. 43
[16] Mavre, p. 66
[17] Mavre, pp. 34–35
[18] Mavre, p. 31
[19] Mavre, p. 150
[20] Lizet, p. 263
[21] Collective 2002, pp. 106–107
[22] Bataille, p. 138
References
• Bataille, Lætitia (2008). Races équines de France [Equine breeds of France] (in French). France Agricole
Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-154-6.
• Collective (1951). La Revue de l'élevage [The magazine of breeding] (http://books.google.com/
books?id=mcZGAAAAYAAJ) (in French) 6. Revue de l'élevage.
• Collective (2002). Chevaux et poneys [Horses and ponies] (in French). Éditions Artemis. ISBN 2-84416-338-6.
• Lizet, Bernadette (1989). La bête noire: à la recherche du cheval parfait [The black beast, in search of the perfect
horse] (http://books.google.com/?id=as-LaWSon8EC&dq=Cheval+du+Morvan). France Mission du
patrimoine ethnologique (in French). Éditions MSH. ISBN 2-7351-0317-X.
• Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (http://books.google.com/
?id=Vc9jtpoFM-IC&lpg=PA203&dq=trait Auxois&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q=trait du Nord&f=false) (in
French). France Agricole Editions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7.
• Sourdillat, Jean-Marie (1929). "Un pays d'élevage : l'Auxois" [A land for breeding : The Auxois] (http://www.
persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geo_0003-4010_1929_num_38_214_9760). Annales de
Géographie (in French) 3 (214): 330–338. doi: 10.3406 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3406). Retrieved 2013-04-10.
Azerbaijan horse
Azerbaijan Horse
Karabakh horse. Nikolay Sverchkov, 1865
Country of origin Azerbaijan
The Azerbaijan horse (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan atı) is a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse. It is named after
the geographic region where the horse was originally developed, Azerbaijan in the Caucasus. The average speed by
running of Azerbaijan horse is 1600 metres in 2 minute, 66 seconds.
Features
• Height - 138 cm
• Length of the body - 139 cm
• Chest circumference - 161 cm
• Live weight - 280–350 kg. Under packs 120–140 kg Azerbaijani horses are 60–70 km per day.
• Maximum capacity - 3000–3200 kg.
• Average agility-year-olds at a distance of 1600 m - 2 minutes 22.6 seconds.
Types
• Karabakh horse, is named after the geographic region where
the horse was originally developed, Karabakh.
• Daliboz, formed in the Qazakh, Agstafa and Tovuz regions of
Azerbaijan. Some early sources describe it as the "Kazakh"
horse. The Daliboz types has a clean, short head with a broad
forehead and narrow nose, a compact heavy neck, a ribbed
massive body with a good top line and an even, long back and
loin. Legs are clean and well proportioned and the cannon
bone girth is larger than that of other horses. They usually
have a pacing or racking gait. A unique feature is a peculiar
lengthwise fold on the tongue giving the impression of a Daliboz horse on Azerbaijan's stamp
forked tongue. Average withers height is 152 cm, chest girth

172 cm and cannon bone girth 19.4 They are often used as riding and racing horses.
• Quba horse.
• Shirvan horse.
Karabakh horses on Azerbaijan's stamps
Khan. 1867 Zaman. 1952 Servan. 1987 Gar-gar. 2001
Source
• Azerbaijan horse [1] in Big Soviet Encyclopedia.
References
[1] http:/ / slovari. yandex. ru/ ~книги/ БСЭ/ Азербайджанская%20лошадь/
Azteca horse 126
Azteca horse
Azteca
Azteca horse
Country of origin Mexico
The Azteca is a horse breed from Mexico, with a subtype, called the "American Azteca", found in the United States.
They are well-muscled horses that may be of any solid color, and the American Azteca may also have pinto
coloration. Aztecas are known to compete in many western riding and some English riding disciplines. The Mexican
registry for the original Azteca and the United States registries for the American Azteca have registration rules that
vary in several key aspects, including ancestral bloodlines and requirements for physical inspections. The Azteca
was first developed in Mexico in 1972, from a blend of Andalusian, American Quarter Horse and Mexican Criollo
bloodlines. From there, they spread to the United States, where American Paint Horse blood was added.
The three foundation breeds of the Azteca are the Andalusian (defined by the Mexican registry as either Pura Raza
Española or Lusitano), American Quarter Horse, and Mexican Criollo or Criollo militar.[1] They were chosen to
produce a breed that combined athletic ability with a good temperament and certain physical characteristics. Azteca
stallions and geldings measure between 15 and 16.1 hands (60 and 65 inches, 152 and 165 cm) at the withers, while
mares stand between 14.3 and 16 hands (59 and 64 inches, 150 and 163 cm).[2] The ideal height is 14.3–15.1 hands
(59–61 inches, 150–155 cm).[3] Both sexes usually weigh from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds (450 to 540 kg). The facial
profile of the breed is straight or convex and the neck slightly arched. Overall, they are well-muscled horses, with
broad croup and chest, as well as long, sloping shoulders. Gaits are free and mobile, with natural collection derived
from the Andalusian ancestry of the breed. The breed is found in all solid colors, although gray is most often seen.
White markings are allowed on the face and lower legs by breed associations.[] The American Azteca registry also
allows non-solid pinto coloration.[]
Azteca horse 127
Registration
According to the breed standard of the Mexican registry, Azteca horses
cannot have more than 75 percent of their parentage from any one of
the foundation breeds (Andalusian, Quarter Horse and Mexican
Criollo); Criollo blood may be no more than 50%, and only from
unregistered mares within Mexico. Horses are classified in one of six
registration categories, designated with letters A through F, depending
Side view
on their parentage. Only certain crosses between the different classes
are permitted.[4] In Mexico, Azteca horses must conform to a strict
phenotype standard established by the Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación
(SAGARPA), the Mexican agriculture ministry, which requires inspection of foals at seven months for the issue of a
"birth certificate"; a foal that does not meet the breed standards may be denied registration even if both parents are
registered Aztecas approved for breeding. Full registration and approval for breeding are subject to a second and
more detailed inspection at age three or more, and granted only to those horses that fully satisfy the requirements of
the standard.[5]
In the American Azteca registry, horses with American Paint Horse (APHA) breeding are also allowed. However,
horses with more than 25 percent Thoroughbred blood in their pedigrees (common in many Paints and Quarter
Horses) within four generations cannot be registered. American Aztecas have four categories of registration based on
the relative degree of blood from each foundation breed, seeking an ideal blend of 3/8 Quarter Horse and 5/8
Andalusian. Unlike their Mexican counterparts, they do not have to go through physical inspections before being
registered.
History
The Azteca was first bred in 1972 as a horse for charros, the traditional
horsemen of Mexico. Antonio Ariza Cañadilla, along with others, was
instrumental in the creation of the Azteca horse as the national horse of
Mexico and with its official recognition by the Mexican Department of
Agriculture on November 4, 1982. Ariza used imported Andalusians,
crossed with Quarter Horses and Criollos and began to breed the
foundation horses of the Azteca breed at Rancho San Antonio near
Texcoco, Mexico. Early in the Azteca's history, breeders realized the
need for a unified breeding program in order to produce horses that
met the required characteristics. The Azteca Horse Research Center
was created at Lake Texcoco, and in partnership with breeders An Azteca under saddle
developed the phenotype of the breed today. The first official Azteca
was a stallion named Casarejo, who was a cross between an Andalusian stallion named Ocultado and a Quarter
Horse mare named Americana. He was foaled at the Centro de Reproduccion Caballar Domecq in 1972.
The Associacion Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca, or Mexican Breeders Association for the
Azteca Horse, is the original breed registry and still maintains the international registry. The International Azteca
Horse Association and its regional affiliates was formed in 1992. The majority of Aztecas are found in Mexico, and
the Mexican association had registered between 10,000 and 15,000 horses as of 2005, according to the Texas
Department of Agriculture. The Mexican registry adds approximately 1,000 horses per year.
The Azteca Horse Registry of America was formed in 1989 for registering the US portion of the breed, followed by
the Azteca Horse Owners Association in 1996 as an owners association.[6] This registry has slightly different
Azteca horse 128
registration and breeding rules, and is not approved by the Mexican government to register Azteca horses. The
American registry, now called the American Azteca Horse International Association, allows the use of American
Paint horses, which are essentially Quarter Horses with pinto coloration, if they have less than 25 percent
Thoroughbred breeding. However, the US registry does not incorporate Criollo bloodlines. The Mexican registry
allows only the blood of Quarter Horses, Andalusians and Criollos in its registered Aztecas.
Uses
Because of the breeds that make up the Azteca, they are known for their athleticism. They have been seen in
competition in western riding events such as reining, cutting, team penning and roping, as well as English riding
events such as dressage and other events such as polo and bullfighting. They are also used for pleasure riding.
Notes
[1] Estandár (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org. mx/ estandar. html) (in Spanish) AMCCRA Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de
Raza Azteca, A.C. Retrieved 2010-01-03. "Standard".
[2] Caskie, Donald M. (Azteca Horse Association of Canada) Azteca: a horse custom-built for performance, style and tradition (http:/ / www.
equiworld. net/ breeds/ azteca/ index. htm) Retrieved 2012-01-04.
[3] El Caballo Azteca (http:/ / www. alta-escuela. com/ cels/ c_azteca. html) (in Spanish) Alta Escuela Mexicana de Jinetes Domecq, 2010.
Retrieved 2012-01-04. "The Azteca horse".
[4] Esquema de cruzamiento para el caballo azteca (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org/ IMG/ doc/
Esquema_OFICIAL_de_cruzamiento_AMCCRA. doc) (in Spanish) Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca, A.C., y
A.G. Retrieved 2012-01-04. "Official cross-breeding chart for the Azteca horse"
[5] Documentación (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org/ spip. php?article3) (in Spanish) Caballo Azteca Europa. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
"Documentation"
[6] Harris and Langrish, p. 65
References
• Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing.
ISBN 1-58017-613-5.
• Harris, Moira C. and Bob Langrish (2006). America's Horses: A Celebration of the Horse Breeds Born in the
U.S.A (http://books.google.com/books?id=-M-lPnkMRe8C&pg=PA65&dq=azteca+horse&hl=en&
ei=SvjiTZ2rJo7RiAL45KzHBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&
ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=azteca horse&f=false). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-893-6.
• Lynghaug, Fran (2009). The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide: The Complete Guide to the Standards of All
North American Equine Breed Associations (http://books.google.com/books?id=r1baD0KOFPcC&
pg=PA146&dq=azteca+horse&hl=en&ei=SvjiTZ2rJo7RiAL45KzHBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&
resnum=5&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=azteca horse&f=false). Voyageur Press.
ISBN 0-7603-3499-4.
External links
• American Azteca Horse International Association (http://www.americanazteca.com/)
• Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca (http://caballoazteca.org.mx/) (in Spanish)
• - Caballo Azteca Europa (http://www.caballoazteca.org/) (in Spanish)
Baise horse 129
Baise horse
Baise horse
Distinguishing features Small, but both strong and quick; thrives at high altitudes
Alternative names Guangxi
Country of origin China
The Baise horse (also known as the Guangxi) is a pony-sized horse breed native to the autonomous region of
Guangxi, in southeastern China. Like other Asian breeds (the Mongolian horse in particular), it thrives at high
altitudes and roams freely when not working. Guangxi's mild climate has long favored horse breeding; bronze statues
from the third to the first centuries BCE exist of horses very similar in conformation to the Baise.
The Baise horse is small, with an average height of 11 to 11.2 hands (44 to 46 inches, 112 to 117 cm); it is smaller
than other breeds in northern and western China. Its head is heavy, with a straight profile and wide jaw; it has a
medium-length neck, running down to straight shoulders. Its legs are strong and well-developed, with strong hooves
The usual coat colors are black, chestnut, gray and bay. The Baise is strong and quick with a willing, able
temperament. It is used as a riding and pack horse for tourism, on the farm and in harness; it is also used for meat.[1]
Baise horses are an important part of Guangxi village life, and are included in traditional wedding celebrations. The
National Baise Horse Genetic Resources Conservation Area is a protected area in Guangxi.[2]
References
[1] Ling 2010, p. 642.
[2] Baise Horse profile. (http:/ / www. theequinest. com/ breeds/ baise/ ) Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Balearic horse 130
Balearic horse
Balearic horse is a horse breed or breeds originating in the Balearic Islands. A number of works include a breed
entry or grouping called the "Balearic horse" or "Balearic pony."[1][2][3][4][5] However, these sources are unclear
what specific breeds are in this grouping and may or may not include the following breeds found in these islands:
• The Mallorquín horse
• The Menorquín horse
References
[1] Lydekker, Richard. The horse and its relatives - Page 137-138 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3ctEAAAAIAAJ& q="balearic+
horse"& dq="balearic+ horse"& hl=en& ei=Xl_BTtz8GM6IhQfm082aDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2&
ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet& q="balearic"& f=false)
[2] Bauer, Mary Ellen. Which Horse of Course p. 61 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=kzM_To2eC5wC& pg=PT61& dq=balearic+ +
horse& hl=en& ei=_OPCTr6iC-iJiALr5qiRDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&
q=balearic + horse& f=false)
[3] Walker, Stella A. Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for horsemen, p. 23 (1975) (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6MgSAQAAMAAJ&
q=balearic#search_anchor)
[4] Sliver, Caroline. Guide to the Horses of the World, Chartwell Books, 1991 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA& ct=result& id=an8uNRhI3j4C& dq=balearic+ horse& q=balearic+ horse#search_anchor) and
Illustrated Guide to Horses of the World, Longmeadow Press, 1993 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA&
ct=result& id=g3vYtUsCV74C& dq=balearic+ horse& q=balearic#search_anchor) appear to be the same book, p. 102
[5] Nendricks, Bonnie L and Anthony A. Dent. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 60 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC& pg=PA60& dq=balearic+ horse& hl=en& ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA& sa=X& oi=book_result&
ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage& q=balearic horse& f=false)
Balikun horse 131
Balikun horse
Balikun
Country of origin China
The Balikun horse is a light horse breed from China, used for riding, light draft, and pack work.
Characteristics
The Balikun breed stands at 14 hands high or more, and is most commonly bay or chestnut.[1] They have heavy
heads with small ears; the neck is thick, short, and well muscled; withers may be somewhat low; the back is short,
flat, and very strong; the croup is sloped with a low-set tail. The shoulder is somewhat straight but muscular. This
breed has powerful quarters and strong legs with good feet. The coat is very dense and thick, and the Balikun is able
to live on steppe pasture, even at temperatures under -40F.
Breed history
The Balikun comes from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, and descends from Kazakh and Mongolian
horses. In selective breeding for over 200 years, the Balikun became a special breed.
Uses
This pony is very tough and well adapted to its habitat, which is frequently harsh. It is used extensively in the area
for transport, but is also used as a light riding and draft pony. [2] The Balikun can easily carry a pack weighing 220
pounds up to fifty miles in a day. It is considered a native breed in China.
References
[1] "Balikun" (http:/ / www. equinekingdom. com/ breeds/ light_horses/ balikun. htm). Equine Kingdom. Referenced January 12, 2008.
[2] International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. Hendricks, Bonnie. University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. Page 61. ISBN 0-8061-2753-8
Baluchi horse 132
Baluchi horse
Baluchi horse
Distinguishing features Long neck, strong but fine legs, curved ears
Country of origin Pakistan
The Baluchi horse is a breed of horse native to the Baluchistan, Sindh and Punjab Provinces in Pakistan.[1] They are
best recognized by their turned in ears, which resemble those of the Marwari horse from nearby Marwar, India.[2]
Characteristics
The Baluchi horse is usually bay, chestnut, or gray. They are light in build and generally have a fine head, long neck,
strong but fine legs and ears that curve in so the tips of the ears touch. The Baluchi somewhat resembles the Indian
Kathiawari breed. They are also thought to be related to the Barb through the Malian breed known as the
Beledougou or Banamba. Their average height is 14 hands. Due to diluted bloodlines, horses of pure Baluchi lineage
are extremely rare today.
Uses
They are used for riding, light draft work, and pulling tangas.[3]
References
[1] "Baluchi" (http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ baluchi/ index. htm). Oklahoma State University. Referenced 5/16/08.
[2] TheEquinest.com (http:/ / www. theequinest. com/ breeds/ baluchi-horse/ )
[3] TheHorseGuide.com (http:/ / www. thehorseguide. com/ HorseBreeds/ BaluchiHorse. htm)
Ban'ei 133
Ban'ei
Ban'ei
Ban'ei horses in Obihiro Racecourse
Country of origin Japan
Ban'ei (輓曳 or ばんえいHelp:Installing Japanese character sets) is a form of horse racing, unique to the
Tokachi area of Hokkaido, Japan. Powerfully-built horses compete by pulling heavily-weighted sleds up sand ramps
while being urged on by jockeys sitting on top of the sleds.
The horses used in the races are Percheron, Breton, and Belgian breeds.
Formerly held in a number of places, ban'ei races are now only held at the Obihiro Racecourse. The popularity of the
races has waned in recent years and the Obihiro racecourse nearly closed before Softbank, a Japanese mobile phone
company known for its tie-up with Apple and the iPhone, provided funds for the races to continue. Former
racehorses are usually sold for meat rather than put out to pasture until old age.[1]
History
Ban’ei has its probable origin in agricultural work, when horses were used to cultivate crops and pull sleds of wood.
Eventually, the horses were tested for speed in festivals of the late Meiji Era.
The popularity of ban’ei grew, and in 1953, Hokkaido’s four cities (Kitami, Asahikawa, Iwamizawa, and Obihiro)
began to manage ban’ei. They ran the races until three of them closed operations in 2007 due to declining revenues.
Obihiro racecourse is the only one currently active.
Ban'ei 134
Course
The course consists of a flat dirt track, 200 meters long. Two cants are
in the course; the second one is called the “Ban’ei Point”, and turns
very sharply. Horses run the course in their own tracks, separated by
lines. Horses haul sledges which, including jockeys, weigh more than
400kg or even 1t in big races like the “Ban’ei Kinen” (domestic Ban’ei
Grade 1 (BG1)). Thus the winning time of big races is often slower
than lower class races.
Unique Points Separated course by lines
There are some differences between a standard flat race and ban’ei. In
ban’ei, a horse has not finished the race until the end of the sledge passes the finish line. Second, horses can stop
after passing the first cant. Sometimes, jockeys make their horses stop to give them a rest before climbing the second
cant. Third, jockeys do not ride the horse. They sit on the sledge. Fourth, jockeys do not have a riding crop or
horsewhip. They use only the reins for control and to urge the horses.
Horses
Ban’ei horses are larger than other types of racehorses. They were bred by
some heavy or robust breeds: Percheron, Breton, and Belgian and their weight
can surpass 1 metric ton; twice that of a thoroughbred. Today, they are
registered as Nihon Bankei Shu by Japan Equine Affairs Association.
Valuable horses
• Kintaro (1977 - 1992) won 32 races, winning 116,725,000 yen.
A Ban'ei Horse
• Takara Fuji (1981 - ) won 27 races, winning 103,490,000 yen.
• Hikaru Tenryu (1983 - ) won 27 races, winning 104,611,000 yen.

• Asagiri (1985 - ) won 41 races, winning 102,512,000 yen.
• Maruzen Burgi (1986 - ) won 22 races, winning 107,517,000 yen.
• Fukuichi (1989 - ) won 30 races, winning 111,481,000 yen.
• Super Pegasus (1996 - 2007) won 42 races, winning 100,739,000 yen.
Ban'ei 135
Famous jockey
Akihiko Kanayama is a former Ban'ei jockey. He won 3,299 races, and became known by the name of "Mr. Ban'ei".
He is now a Ban'ei horse trainer.
Races (Ban'ei grade race)

All held in Obihiro, over 200 metres.
Two-year-olds
BG1
The Irene Kinen (イレネー記念)
BG2
The Kuroyuri Sho (黒ユリ賞)
BG3
The Nanakamado Sho (ナナカマド賞)
The Young Championship (ヤングチャンピオンシップ)
Three-year-olds
BG1
The Ban'ei Derby (ばんえいダービー)
The Ban'ei Oaks (ばんえいオークス)
BG2
The Ban'ei Kikka Sho (ばんえい菊花賞)
BG3
The Ban'ei Daishoten (ばんえい大賞典)
Four-year-olds
BG1
The Temma Sho (天馬賞)
BG2
The Ginga Sho (銀河賞)
BG3
The Hakurin Sho (柏林賞)
The Queen Cup (クインカップ)
Ban'ei 136
Three and Four-year-olds

BG3
The Hamanasu Sho (はまなす賞)
The Poplar Sho (ポプラ賞)
Three-year-olds and up
BG1
The Ban'ei Grand Prix (ばんえいグランプリ)
The Obihiro Kinen (帯広記念)
The Ban'ei Kinen (ばんえい記念)
BG2
The Ban'ei Tokachi Oddspark Hai (ばんえい十勝オッズパーク杯)
The Iwamizawa Kinen (岩見沢記念)
The Kitami Kinen (北見記念)
The Heroines Cup (ヒロインズカップ)
The Champion Cup (チャンピオンカップ)
BG3
The Asahikawa Kinen (旭川記念)
The Hokuto Sho (北斗賞)
The Dream Age Cup (ドリームエイジカップ)
References
Notes
[1] New York Times article on Ban'ei racing published 25 December 2006, accessed 24 October 2011 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 12/ 25/
world/ asia/ 25japan. html)
External links
• Official (http://www.banei-keiba.or.jp/language/english.html)
• The National Association of Racing (NAR) (http://www.keiba.go.jp/guide/english/index.html)
• Horse Racing in Japan (http://japanracing.jp/)
Banker horse 137
Banker horse
Banker horse
Horses on Corolla Island
Distinguishing features Small, compact conformation
The Banker horse is a breed of feral horse (Equus ferus caballus) living on the islands of North Carolina's Outer
Banks. It is small, hardy, and has a docile temperament. Descended from domesticated Spanish horses and possibly
brought to the Americas in the 16th century, the ancestral foundation bloodstock may have become feral after
surviving shipwrecks or being abandoned on the islands by one of the exploratory expeditions led by Lucas Vázquez
de Ayllón or Sir Richard Grenville. Populations are found on Ocracoke Island, Shackleford Banks, Currituck Banks,
and in the Rachel Carson Estuarine Sanctuary.
Although they can trample plants and ground-nesting animals, and are not considered to be indigenous to the islands,
Bankers are allowed to remain because of their historical significance. They survive by grazing on marsh grasses,
which supply them with water as well as food, supplemented by temporary freshwater pools.
To prevent overpopulation and inbreeding, and to protect their habitat from being overgrazed, the horses are
managed by the National Park Service, the State of North Carolina, and several private organizations. The horses are
monitored for diseases such as equine infectious anemia, an outbreak of which was discovered and subsequently
eliminated on Shackleford in 1996. They are safeguarded from traffic on the North Carolina Highway 12. Island
populations are limited by adoptions and by birth control. Bankers taken from the wild and trained have been used
for trail riding, driving, and occasionally for mounted patrols.
Banker horse 138
Characteristics
The typical Banker is relatively small, standing between 13.0 and
14.3 hands (52 and 59 inches, 132 and 150 cm) high at the withers[1]
and weighing 800 to 1,000 pounds (360 to 450 kg). The forehead is
broad and the facial profile tends to be straight or slightly convex. The
chest is deep and narrow and the back is short with a sloped croup and
low-set tail. Legs have an oval-shaped cannon bone, a trait considered
indicative of "strong bone" or soundness. The callousities known as
chestnuts are small, on some so tiny that they are barely detectable.
Most Bankers have no chestnuts on the hind legs. The coat can be any
color, but is most often brown, bay, dun, or chestnut. Bankers have
long-strided gaits and many are able to pace and amble. They are easy
keepers and are hardy, friendly, and docile.[2]
Several of the Bankers' characteristics indicate that they share ancestry

with other Colonial Spanish Horse breeds. The presence of the genetic
marker "Q-ac" suggests that the horses share common ancestry with
two other breeds of Spanish descent, the Pryor Mountain Mustang and
Paso Fino. These breeds diverged from one another 400 years ago. The
breed shares skeletal traits of other Colonial Spanish horses: the wings
A map showing herd locations
of the atlas are lobed, rather than semi-circular; and they are
short-backed, with some individuals possessing five instead of six
lumbar vertebrae. No changes in function result from these spinal differences. The convex facial profile common to
the breed also indicates Spanish ancestry.
Breed history
Since they are free-roaming, Bankers are often referred to as "wild" horses; however, because they descend from
domesticated ancestors, they are feral horses.[3] It is thought that the Bankers arrived on the barrier islands during the
16th century. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the horses' origins, but none have yet been fully
verified.
One theory is that ancestors of the Banker swam ashore from wrecked Spanish
galleons. Ships returning to Spain from the Americas often took advantage of
both the Gulf Stream and continental trade winds, on a route that brought them
within 20 miles (32 km) of the Outer Banks. Hidden shoals claimed many
victims, and earned this region the name of "Graveyard of the Atlantic". At least
eight shipwrecks discovered in the area are of Spanish origin, dating between
1528 and 1564. These ships sank close enough to land for the horses to have
made the shores. Alternatively, during hazardous weather, ships may have taken
refuge close to shore, where the horses may have been turned loose. However,
the presence of horses on Spanish treasure ships has not been confirmed—cargo
Aerial view of a barrier island in the space was primarily intended for transporting riches such as gold and silver.[4]
North Carolina Outer Banks
Another conjecture is that the breed is descended from the 89 horses brought to
the islands in 1526 by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón. His attempted colonization of San Miguel de
Gualdape (near the Santee River in South Carolina) failed, forcing the colonists to move, possibly to North Carolina.
Banker horse 139
Vázquez de Ayllón and about 450 of the original 600 colonists subsequently died, as a result of desertion, disease,
and an early frost. Lacking effective leadership, the new settlement lasted for only two months; the survivors
abandoned the colony and fled to Hispaniola, leaving their horses behind.[5]
A similar theory is that Sir Richard Grenville brought horses to the islands in 1585, during an attempt to establish an
English naval base. All five of the expedition's vessels ran aground at Wococon (present-day Ocracoke).[6]
Documents indicate that the ships carried various types of livestock obtained through trade in Hispaniola, including
"mares, kyne [cattle], buls, goates, swine [and] sheep."[7] While the smaller vessels were easily refloated, one of
Grenville's larger ships, the Tiger, was nearly destroyed. Scholars believe that as the crew attempted to lighten the
ship, they either unloaded the horses or forced them overboard, letting them swim to shore. In a letter to Sir Francis
Walsingham that same year, Grenville suggested that livestock survived on the island after the grounding of his
ships.[6]
Life on the barrier islands

About 400 Bankers inhabit the long, narrow barrier islands of North
Carolina's Outer Banks. These islands are offshore sediment deposits
separated from the mainland by a body of water such as an estuary or
sound.[1] The islands can be up to 30 miles (48 km) from the shore;
most are less than one mile (1.6 km) wide. Vegetation is sparse and
consists mainly of coarse grasses and a few stunted trees.[8] Each island
in the chain is separated from the next by a tidal inlet.
The Bankers' small stature can be attributed, in part, to limited

nutrients in their diet.[9] They graze mostly on Spartina grasses, but Drinking from a horse-dug water hole on
[10] Shackleford Banks
will feed on other plants such as bulrush (Typha latifolia), sea oats,
and even poison ivy.[11] Horses living closer to human habitation, such
as those on Currituck Banks, have sometimes grazed on residential lawns and landscaping.[10] Domesticated Bankers
raised on manufactured horse feed from an early age tend to exhibit slightly larger frames.[9]
Water is a limiting resource for Bankers, as the islands are surrounded by salt water and have no freshwater springs
or permanent ponds.[8] The horses are dependent on ephemeral pools of rainwater and moisture in the vegetation
they consume.[10] Bankers will dig shallow holes, ranging from 2.5 to 4 feet (0.76 to 1.22 m) in depth, to reach fresh
groundwater.[8] Occasionally, they may resort to drinking seawater. This gives them a bloated appearance, a
consequence of water retention caused by the body's effort to maintain osmotic balance.[12]
Land use controversies

The National Park Service (NPS) is concerned about the impact of Bankers on the environmental health of North
Carolina's barrier islands. Initially, the NPS believed that the non-native Bankers would completely consume the
Spartina alterniflora grasses and the maritime forests, as both were thought to be essential to their survival.[12]
Research in 1987 provided information on the horses' diet that suggested otherwise. Half of their diet consisted of
Spartina, while only 4% of their nutrients came from the maritime forest. The study concluded that sufficient
nutrients were replenished with each ocean tide to prevent a decline in vegetative growth from overgrazing.[13] A
2004 study declared that the greatest impact on plant life was not from grazing but from the damage plants sustained
when trampled by the horses' hooves.[10] Bankers pose a threat to ground-nesting animals such as sea turtles and
shorebirds. Feral horses interrupt nesting activities, and can crush the young.[12]
Banker horse 140
Management and adoption

As the Bankers are seen as a part of North Carolina's coastal heritage, they have been allowed to remain on the
barrier islands.[14] To cope with the expanding population, prevent inbreeding and attempt to minimize
environmental damage, several organizations partner in managing the herds.
Ocracoke
Since 1959, Bankers on Ocracoke Island have been confined to fenced
areas of approximately 180 acres (0.73 km2; 0.28 sq mi). The areas
protect the horses from the traffic of North Carolina Highway 12, as
well as safeguarding the island from overgrazing. The NPS, the
authority managing the Ocracoke herd, supplements the horses' diet
with additional hay and grain. In 2006, as a precaution against
inbreeding, two colts from the Shackleford herd were transported to
Ocracoke.[15]
A banker horse on Ocracoke Island

Shackleford
Public Law 105-229, commonly referred to as the Shackleford Banks Wild Horses Protection Act, states that the
Bankers on Shackleford Island are to be jointly managed by the National Park Service and another qualified
nonprofit entity (currently the Foundation for Shackleford Horses). The herd is limited to 120–130 horses.
Population management is achieved through adoption and by administering the contraceptive vaccine Porcine zona
pellucida (PZP) to individual mares via dart. The island's horse population is monitored by freeze branding numbers
onto each animal's left hindquarter. The identification of individuals allows the National Park Service to ensure
correct gender ratios and to select which mares to inject with PZP.
Since 2000, adoptions of Bankers from Shackleford have been managed by the Foundation for Shackleford Horses.
As of 2007, 56 horses had found new homes, 10 resided with another herd on Cedar Island, and two had been moved
to the Ocracoke herd.[16]
On November 12, 1996, the Shackleford horses were rounded up by
the North Carolina Department of Agriculture's Veterinary Division
and tested for equine infectious anemia (EIA). EIA is a potentially
lethal disease, a lentivirus transmitted by bodily fluids and insects.
Seventy-six of the 184 captured horses tested positive. Those that
tested negative were allowed to remain on the island and those with the
disease were transported to a temporary quarantine facility. Finding a
permanent, isolated area for such a large number of Bankers was a
challenging task for the Foundation; eight days later the state declared
A freeze branded mare on Shackleford
all proposed locations for the herd unsuitable. It ordered the
euthanization of the 76 infected horses. Two more horses died in the
process—one which was fatally injured during the roundup, and an uninfected foal that slipped into the quarantined
herd to be with its mother.[17]
Banker horse 141
Currituck Banks
As a consequence of Corolla's development in the 1980s, horses on Currituck Banks came into contact with humans
more frequently. By 1989, eleven Bankers had been killed by cars on the newly constructed Highway 12. That same
year, the Corolla Wild Horse Fund, a nonprofit organization, was created to protect the horses from human
interference. As a result of its efforts, the remainder of the herd was moved to a more remote part of the island,
where they were fenced into 1,800 acres (7.28 km2; 2.81 sq mi) of combined federal and privately donated land.
Corolla commissioners declared the site a feral horse sanctuary.[12] The population is now managed by adopting out
yearlings, both fillies and gelded colts. Conflicts over the preservation of the wild horses continued into 2012. In
2013, legislation was introduced to help preserve the herd on Carrituck.
Rachel Carson Site, North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve

A herd lives on the Rachel Carson component of the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve, a series of
five small islands and several salt marshes. There were no horses at the Sanctuary until the 1940s. It is unclear
whether the Bankers swam over from nearby Shackleford[18] or if they were left by residents who had used the
islands to graze livestock. They are owned and managed by the State of North Carolina and regarded as a cultural
resource.
No management action was taken until the late 1980s and early 1990s, when after years of flourishing population,
the island's carrying capacity was exceeded. Malnourishment caused by overcrowding resulted in the deaths of
several horses; the reserve's staff instituted a birth control program to regulate the herd to about 40 animals.
Uses
Adopted Bankers are often used for pleasure riding and driving.[14] As they have a calm disposition,[18] they are used
as children's mounts.[14] The breed has also been used in several mounted patrols.[18]
Before 1915, the United States Lifesaving Service used horses for beach watches and rescues. In addition to carrying
park rangers on patrols,[19] the horses hauled equipment to and from shipwreck sites. During World War II, the Coast
Guard used them for patrols. In the 1980s Bankers were used for beach duty at Cape Hatteras National Seashore.[19]
In 1955, ten horses were taken from the Ocracoke herd as a project for Boy Scout Troop 290. After taming and
branding the horses, the scouts trained them for public service activities. The Bankers were ridden in parades and
used as mounts during programs to spray mosquito-ridden salt marshes.[19]
References
Notes
[1] Hendricks 1995, p. 63.
[2] Hendricks 1995, pp. 64–65.
[3] Prioli 2007, pp. 12–13.
[4] Prioli 2007, p. 21.
[5] Prioli 2007, pp. 16–20.
[6] Prioli 2007, pp. 25–27.
[7] Quinn 1955, p. 187.
[8] Blythe & Egeblad 1983, pp. 63–72.
[9] Prioli 2007, p. 12.
[10] Rheinhardt & Rheinhardt 2004, pp. 253–258.
[11] Harrison 2003, pp. 211–213.
[12] Dohner 2001, pp. 400–401.
[13] Wood, Mengak & Murphy 2004, pp. 236–244.
[14] Dutson 2005, pp. 323–325.
[15] Prioli 2007, p. 77.
[16] Prioli 2007, pp. 65–83.
Banker horse 142
[17] Prioli 2007, pp. 61–63.

[18] Hendricks 1995, p. 65.
[19] Prioli 2007, p. 48.
Bibliography
• Blythe, William B.; Egeblad, K. (1983). "The banker ponies of North Carolina and the Ghyben-Herzberg
principle" (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2279567). Transactions of the American Clinical
and Climatological Association 94 (6): 63–72. PMC 2279567 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC2279567). PMID 7186237 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7186237).
• Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). "Equines: Banker". Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds.
Topeka, Kansas: Yale University Press. pp. 400–401. ISBN 978-0-300-08880-9.
pp. 323–325. ISBN 978-1-58017-612-5.
• Harrison, Molly (August 1, 2003). Exploring Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores. Globe
Pequot. pp. 211–213. ISBN 978-0-7627-2609-7.
• Hendricks, Bonnie Lou (1995). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press.
pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-8061-2753-8.
• Prioli, Carmine (2007). The Wild Horses of Shackleford Banks. Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair. pp. 15–27.
ISBN 978-0-89587-334-7.
• Quinn, David, ed. (1955). The Roanoke Voyages: 1584–1590. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 187.
ISBN 978-0-486-26513-1.
• Rheinhardt, Richard; Rheinhardt, Martha (May 2004). "Feral Horse Seasonal Habitat Use on a Coastal Barrier
Spit". Journal of Range Management 57 (3): 253–258. doi:
10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0253:FHSHUO]2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/
1551-5028(2004)057[0253:FHSHUO]2.0.CO;2). ISSN 1551-5028 (http://www.worldcat.org/issn/
1551-5028).
• Wood, Gene W.; Mengak, Michael T.; Murphy, Mark (2004). "Ecological Importance of Feral Ungulates at
Shackleford Banks, North Carolina". American Midland Naturalist 118 (2): 236–244. doi: 10.2307/2425780
(http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2425780).
Barb horse 143
Barb horse
Barb
Berber warriors mounted on Barbs
Country of origin North Africa
Barb horse or Berber horse (Arabic: ‫ )ﺣﺼﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺑﺮﻱ‬is a northern African breed with great hardiness and stamina. The
Barb generally possesses a fiery temperament and an atypical sport-horse conformation, but nevertheless has
influenced modern breeds.
Characteristics
The Barb is a light riding horse noted for its stamina. It has a powerful front end, high withers, short back, a sloping
croup, and carries its tail low. It is hardy with clean legs and sound hooves. It does not have particularly good gaits,
but gallops like a sprinter. It was used as breeding stock to develop racing breeds such as the Thoroughbred,
American Quarter Horse, and Standardbred.[1]
The predominant color is gray, but bay, black, chestnut, and brown horses are also found. The Barb stands 1.47–1.57
metres (14.2–15.2 hands) at the withers.[2]
Breed history
It is not known where the Barb horse developed; some believe the breed originated in northern Africa during the 8th
century, about the time that Muslim invaders reached the region. There is controversy over whether the Barb and
Arabian horses share a common ancestor, or if the Arabian was a predecessor of the Barb. Native horses of the
region may have been influenced by the crossing of "oriental" breeds, including the Arabian horse, Turkmenian or
Akhal-Teke, and Caspian horse, with Iberian horses brought back from Europe by the Berber invaders after they
conquered southern Spain.[3] Today the several varieties of Barb include the Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian.
When imported to Europe, the Barbs were sometimes mistaken for Arabians, although they have distinctly different
physical characteristics. The Europeans saw that their size was similar and their handlers were Berber Muslims who
spoke Arabic. An example of such confusion is that the Godolphin Arabian, one of the foundation sires of the
Thoroughbred, was an Arabian stallion but, due to his Moroccan origins, was referred to as the "Godolphin Barb."[4]
The Barb is now bred primarily in Morocco, Algeria, Spain and southern France. Due to difficult economic times in
North Africa, the number of purebred Barbs is decreasing. The World Organization of the Barb Horse, founded in
Algeria in 1987, was formed to promote and preserve the breed.
Barb horse 144
Influence on other breeds

The Barb may have had more influence on the racing
breeds throughout the world than any other horse
except the Arabian.[5] Berber invaders from North
Africa took their horses, the forerunners of today's
Barbs, to Europe from the early eighth century
onwards. Once established with settlers on the Iberian
peninsula, the Barb horse was bred with Spanish stock
under 300 years of Umayyad patronage to develop the
Andalusian (and the Lusitano). The Andalusian was
highly prized and it was used for major development
stock in horse breeding all over the world.[6]
Historical references to "Barbary" horses include Roan Conformation of the Barb

Barbary, owned by King Richard II of England in the
14th century. The Barb horses were valued by other Europeans, including the Italians, whose noble families
established large racing stables. During the 16th century, Henry VIII purchased a number of Barbary horses from
Federico Gonzaga of Mantua, importing seven mares and a stallion. He continued to buy other Barbs and
Andalusians. After the Royal Stables were sold off under Cromwell, private owners in England continued to value
the Barbs and used them to develop the Thoroughbred. The influence of the Barb is also evident in the Argentinian
Criollo, the Paso Fino, and many other Western Hemisphere breeds, including the American Quarter Horse, the
Mustang and the Appaloosa.
Despite its importance as a progenitor of other breeds, the Barb has less renown than the Arab, possibly because it
was considered a less attractive-looking breed. In other important qualities, the Barb has the same stamina and
endurance, the same ability to thrive on meager rations, and the same sure-footedness and speed over short distances.
The Barb also was valued for its "strong, short-coupled body, perfect for collection— the posture that makes
weight-bearing easiest for the horse—its eagerness to learn and its gentle nature." Because of these characteristics,
beginning in the 16th century, the horses were also trained for dressage, in Paris and other European capitals.
Sixteenth-century and later portraits of royalty on horses frequently portrayed the latter in dressage positions.
Abaco Barbs
The Abaco Barb is an endangered strain of the Spanish Barb horse
breed found on Great Abaco Island in the Bahamas. The Abaco Barb is
said to be descended from horses that were shipwrecked on the island
during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Caribbean.
The population of wild Abaco Barbs that run free on Great Abaco once
numbered over 200 horses. The Abaco Barb is found in colors that are
different from those of the European/African Barb, including pinto
(including the relatively uncommon splashed white), roan, chestnut,
black and other colors. They range between 1.32 to 1.47 m (13.0 to
Capella the Abaco Barb Breyer Horse
14.2 h).
Beginning in the 1960s, several events led to a decline of the breed to just three horses: the paving of new roads
through or near their territory, which caused more conflict with humans; wild dog attacks on foals; and, most fatally,
natives killing off the horses because of an accident involving a child.[7]
Barb horse 145
Some Abaconians intervened and brought the three surviving horses to a farm near Treasure Cay. The herd increased
to 35. Since 1992, however, over half the horses have died. No foals have been born since 1998. (There was one
spontaneous abortion and one fetus aborted for unknown reasons.) By early 2010, the herd had diminished to six. As
of August 2013, only one horse remained: one mare living inside the preserve.[8]
Recently the government joined the renewed effort to preserve the breed. No Abaco Barb horses will be sold on the
commercial market; the remaining herd will run free on the 3,800-acre (15 km2) preserve on Abaco.
An Abaco Barb stallion, Capella, was the model for a 2005 sculpture honoring the breed, as part of a broad-based
publicity campaign to build support for preservation.
References
[1] Reddick, Kate, Horses. New York: Ridge Press, 1976, p. 60.
[2] Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse, London: Dorling Kindersley ISBN 0-7513-0115-9 p.67
[3] Nissen, Jasper, The Young Specialist Looks At Horses. London: Burke Publishing Co. Ltd, 1963, p. 46.
[4] Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. The Authentic Arabian Horse, 3rd ed. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1979.
[5] Jane Waldron Grutz, "The Barb" (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 200701/ the. barb. htm), Saudi Aramco World,
January-February 2007, Retrieved 23 February 2011
[6] Nissen, p. 41.
[7] "Preserving the Abaco Barb horse" (http:/ / www. infohorse. com/ wildhorses. asp), Retrieved February 23, 2011.
[8] "The world's most endangered horse" (http:/ / arkwild. org/ blog/ ), ArkWild. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
External links
• Arkwild.org - The Abaco Wild Horse Fund (http://www.arkwild.org/)
• Aramco World Article - The Barb (http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/the.barb.htm)
• "The Barb or The Berber". http://www.stablemade.com/horsecare/horsebreeds/barb.htm''
• "Preserving the Rare Beauty of the Abaco Barb". http://www.infohorse.com/wildhorses.asp''
Further reading
• Draper, Judith, The Book of Horses and Horse Care
Bardigiano 146
Bardigiano
Bardigiano
Bardigiano
Alternative names Bardi Horse
Country of origin Italy, native to Emilia Romagna
Breed standards
Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, Parma Breed standards [1]
The Bardigiano is a breed of small horse from the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. It takes its name from the town
of Bardi, in the Apennines of Parma, and is principally associated with the surrounding area and the Valle del Ceno.
The mountain environment and steep, rough terrain of the area have contributed to produce a robust, hardy breed,
agile and sure-footed over difficult ground. Although some males and all females are under 14.2 hands (58 inches,
147 cm),[2] the Bardigiano is always considered a horse in its home country. The stud book was established in 1977,
and is held by the Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, the regional animal breeders' association, of Parma. The
breed is widely distributed in Italy, with breeders in 26 Italian provinces; a recent study examined 3556 stud book
entries for living horses. Due to these relatively large numbers, the breed is not considered to be at risk of extinction,
but is classed as "vulnerable".[3]
The Bardigiano is used for activities that range from farm work to competitive driving and riding. They are also used
extensively for pony trekking. In 1994, the breed standard was modified with the intention of increasing the
suitability of the Bardigiano as a saddle horse while preserving its character.
Bardigiano 147
The height range for the Bardigiano is fixed
at 138–149 cm for males and 135–147 cm
for females; horses outside these ranges are
not admitted for registration. The only
recognized coat colour is bay, and dark bay
is preferred. Chestnuts and light bays are not
recognized. Limited rabicano and white
markings on the legs and face are allowed,
but white facial markings with excessive
lateral extension (commonly referred to as Bardigiano ponies in harness.
"bald-faced") are not. Physical

characteristics of the breed include a small head with a straight or concave profile, low withers, straight back, deep
girth, and overall a muscular appearance.
Breed History
The Bardigiano appears to have descended from the horses ridden by Belgian Gauls during their invasions into Italy
during Roman times. This is the same ancestor from which the Haflinger appears to have developed. Over the
centuries, the Bardigiano has adapted to the rough, mountainous habitat in the Northern Apennine region of Italy.
As well as having some relationship to the Haflinger, the breed also bears characteristics similar to the English
Exmoor and Dales ponies as well as the Asturcon.
During World War I and World War II, Bardigiano mares were used to produce first-class mules, and in the process
the number of purebred Bardigianos was significantly reduced. After World War II, in a move that is now widely
considered a mistake, a diverse range of stallions from various breeds were introduced to reestablish the breed.
However, this caused the breed to deteriorate and begin to lose its defining characteristics. Thus, in 1972, a
committee was formed that has since successfully reestablished the Bardigiano breed.
References
[1] http:/ / www. bardigiano. it/ home/ images/ stories/ documenti/ disciplinare. pdf
[2] Breed standard, in Italian (http:/ / www. bardigiano. it/ home/ images/ stories/ documenti/ disciplinare. pdf)
[3] Sabbioni A. and others (n.d.) Caratterizzazione demografica e variabilità genetica nel cavallo Bardigiano attraverso l'analisi dati genealogici
(http:/ / www. bardigiano. it/ home/ images/ stories/ documenti/ Caratterizzazione-demografica. pdf), in Italian with English summary,
accessed Mar 2011
Basque mountain horse 148
Basque mountain horse

Basque Mountain Horse
Basque Mountain Horse mares
Alternative names Basque: Euskal Herriko Mendiko Zaldia, Spanish: Caballo de Monte del País Vasco
Country of origin Spain, France
The Basque Mountain Horse (Spanish: Caballo de Monte del País Vasco or Basque: 'Euskal Herriko Mendiko
Zaldia) is a breed of horse from the Basque Country of Spain and France. It is listed in the Catálogo Oficial de
Razas de Ganado de España in the group of autochthonous breeds in danger of extinction.
References
Bavarian Warmblood
Bavarian Warmblood
Bay Bavarian Warmblood mare.
Distinguishing features Warmblood riding horse bred for competition in the Olympic disciplines and recreational
riding.
Alternative names Bayerisches Warmblut
Country of origin Germany (south)
Breed standards
Landesverband Bayerischer Pferdezuechter [1]

Breed standards
e.V.
The Bavarian Warmblood is a horse breed of southern Germany that developed from an older Bavarian heavy
warmblood breed called the Rottaler. Since mechanization in the mid-20th century, the Bavarian Regional Horse
Breeders' Society has concentrated on producing a riding horse for the Olympic disciplines and recreational riding
based on other European warmblood bloodlines.
Characteristics
The easiest way to recognize a Bavarian Warmblood is by the brand on the left thigh, which is a crowned shield
outside the letter "B". All colors are permitted, though dark, solid colors are preferred. The ideal height is between
158 and 170 cm tall at the withers (15.2-16.2 hands).
Bavarian Warmbloods are similar to other German warmbloods in type, conformation, movement, jumping ability
and interior qualities. Desirable type includes an elegant, attractive horse with dry limbs and head and clear sex
expression. Conformation reflects the stamp of a correct sport horse. Correct movement includes three rhythmic gaits
characterized by energy, a long stride, natural self-carriage and elasticity, with some knee action. Selection processes
aim for enthusiastic, capable jumpers with "bascule" (arc over the fence), "scope" (ability to respond to changes in
the environment), and "tact" (carefully pulling the legs out of the way). Horses that are difficult, nervous, or
aggressive are identified and typically are not allowed to breed.
Breeding stallions and mares are chosen by thorough studbook selection, which eliminates horses that do not fit the
breeding goal from the breeding studbooks. The Bavarian Warmblood is by no means set in type and recognizable
the way that breeds from closed studbooks are; instead, they are recognizable by their athletic ability and
temperament.
Bloodlines
Currently, the stallion roster is 45% Bavarian Warmblood stallions. Holsteiner stallions make up a further 42%.
Other German warmbloods - Hanoverians, Oldenburgs, Westphalians, Wuerttembergers, Rhinelanders, Thuringians,
and German Warmbloods, (Zuchtverband fur deutsche Pferde or ZfDP) - make up 24%.
There are a handful of Dutch Warmblood, Trakehner and Thoroughbred stallions as well, though the Bavarian
studbook is rather unusual for including a Russian Warmblood and two Budyonny stallions.
Of the Bavarian-bred stallions, a few had Bavarian sires, though most were sired by a Hanoverian, Westphalian,
Oldenburg, or Holsteiner. Several Selle Francais sires also have sons in the Bavarian studbook, and one
Bavarian-bred stallion each is by a Trakehner, Thoroughbred, and Anglo-Arabian.
History
The predecessor of the Bavarian Warmblood is the Rottaler, an all-purpose horse very similar to other heavy
warmbloods. The best Rottalers were calm, substantial horses suitable for plowing, carriage driving, and
non-competitive riding. In 1907 a registry for Rottalers was founded. The riding horse direction began in 1963 and
the Rottaler was renamed "Bavarian Warmblood."
Stallions with the old type were replaced by Hanoverians, Westphalians, Holsteiners, Trakehners, and
Thoroughbreds. The Rottaler blood was soon diluted and today comprises the mother line of some approved
stallions. To save the old type from extinction, a preservation society was formed in 1994.
Today, Bavarian Warmblood pedigrees are made up of blood from other German warmbloods, particularly
Holsteiners, Hanoverians, Westphalians, Oldenburgs, Württembergers, Rhinelanders, and Saxony-Thuringian
Warmbloods, plus a number of approved Dutch Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, Trakehners, and even Budyonny
stallions.
In recent years, the Bavarian Regional Horse Breeders' Society has begun co-hosting a stallion licensing event with
the Horse Breeding Societies of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Rheinland-Pfalz Saar, and Saxony-Thueringen. The
South-German Stallion Licensing is held in Munich. They also hold elite foal auctions and free jumping
competitions for young horses. Together, all four registries have nearly 500 stallions and over 11,000 mares. There
are about 150 Bavarian Warmblood stallions and almost 4,000 broodmares.
Uses
The Bavarian Warmblood is seen in international sport horse competition, including eventing, show jumping and
dressage. In the 2006 final standings in international sport, the Bavarian Warmblood was ranked 13th in show
jumping, 15th in dressage, and 12th in eventing.
Bavarian Warmbloods are also popular choices in the sport of combined driving and have been part of several World
Cup teams. In the United States, there are several prominent show hunters with the Bavarian brand.
Medical issues
Thorough health-screening of breeding stallions before they stand stud has resulted in a population largely free of
congenital diseases. The size and growth rate of warmbloods in general has made Osteochondrosis (OCD) the
primary health concern.
References
[1] http:/ / www. bayerns-pferde. de/ landesverband_pferde/ mambo/ content/ view/ 124/ 127/
• "Landesverband Bayerischer Pferdezuechter e.V." (http://www.bayerns-pferde.de/) (in German). Archived

(http://web.archive.org/web/20071229000004/http://www.bayerns-pferde.de/) from the original on 29
December 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
• "Central Documentation for Animal Biological Diversity in Germany" (http://www.genres.de/CF/tgrdeu/) (in
German). Retrieved 2008-01-03.
• "Sueddeutsche Pferdezuchtverbande" (http://www.sueddeutsche-hengsttage.de/) (in German). Archived (http:/
/web.archive.org/web/20080109104649/http://www.sueddeutsche-hengsttage.de/) from the original on 9
January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
• "World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses" (http://www.wbfsh.org/). Archived (http://web.archive.org/
web/20080105190745/http://www.wbfsh.org/) from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
• "United States Equestrian Federation" (http://www.usef.org/). Retrieved 2008-01-03.
External links
• http://www.tiho-hannover.de/einricht/zucht/eaap/descript/1451.htm
• http://www.equiworld.net/UK/HORSECARE/BREEDS/bavarian/index.htm
Belgian horse 152
Belgian horse
Belgian
Belgian draft horse
Distinguishing features Small head, thick and muscular neck, powerful shoulders and quarters, short legs with small amount of feathering.
Chestnut or red roan in colour
Alternative names Brabants trekpaard

Cheval de trait belge
Brabançon
Belgian Heavy Draft
Belgisch Trekpaard
Country of origin Belgium
The Belgian horse or Belgian draft horse, also known as Belgian Heavy Horse, Brabançon,[1] or Brabant, is a draft
horse breed from the Brabant region of modern Belgium, where it is called the Cheval de trait belge or Flemish:
Belgisch Trekpaard or Brabants Trekpaard or Brabander. It is one of the strongest of the heavy breeds. The breed
associations are the Société Royale Le Cheval de Trait Belge/ Koninklijke Maatschappij het Belgisch Trekpaard and
the Eleveurs Wallons du Cheval de Trait Belge/ Vlaamse Fokkers van het Belgisch Trekpaard.
Characteristics
The Belgian Heavy Draft horse stands between 16.2 and 17 hands (66 and 68 inches, 168 and 173 cm). On average
the Belgian grows to weigh slightly over 900 kilograms (2,000 pounds). Most American Belgians are a light chestnut
with a flaxen mane and tail. The head is relatively small and well-shaped. American Belgians in North American are
not as large as the European Brabant but is of a similar build.
Currently, the world's tallest Belgian Draft is Radar, a gelding foaled in 1998 in Iowa. He stands at 19.3½ hands
(2.02 metres) at the withers, and weighs over 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg). The world's largest horse was a Belgian Draft
named Brooklyn Supreme, who weighed 3,200 lb (1,500 kg) and stood at 19.2 hands (1.98 m).
Belgians have a high occurrence of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), an inherited genetic disorder that causes
newborn foals to lose large areas of skin and have other abnormalities, normally resulting in euthanasia. A study
conducted in 2001-2003 found that 17.1% of tested Belgians in the US and Canada were carriers, including 13.5% of
stallions and 28.9% of mares. If carriers are not mated, JEB can be avoided, and scientists are studying the disease
further in the hope of completely eliminating it. The US Belgian breed registry requires JEB testing. Belgians have
also been identified to be at risk for chronic progressive lymphedema, a chronic progressive disease that includes
Belgian horse 153
symptoms of progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of distal limbs. The disease is similar to chronic
lymphedema in humans.
Breed history
Historically, it is theoretically possible the Belgian may have had ancestors who were destriers in the Middle Ages,
although there is no independent evidence to support this claim. The foundation stock for the Belgian was originally
known as the Brabant. Other names for essentially the same breed include the Cheval de trait Belge, Brabançon, and
Belgisch Trekpaard. Until the 1940s, the Belgian and the Brabant were essentially the same breed. Following World
War II, the Brabant in Europe was selectively bred to be thicker bodied and heavier, while in the United States the
Belgian was bred to be somewhat taller and lighter bodied. The main use was as a farm horse. Closely related breeds
include the Trait du Nord and Nederlands Trekpaard.
In 1887, the American Association of Importers and Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses was founded in Wabash,
Indiana to register and keep track of all Belgian Draft Horses.[2] Today, the Belgian is the most numerous breed of
draft horse in the United States.
Importation of Belgians to the USA ended in bulk after the beginning of the Second World War with Erwin F.
Dygert transporting the last Belgians out of Europe as the war was beginning.Wikipedia:Disputed statement[3]
Uses
Belgians are still used as working animals, but have also
become popular as show horses, and pleasure riding horses.
The Brabant and related breeds remaining in Belgium today
are also desirable for horse meat, producing a tender meat
that is considered a delicacy.[4]
Belgian horses are able to pull tremendous weights. At the
National Western Stock Show in Denver, Colorado, a team
of two horses in the Heavyweight class pulled 17,000 pounds
a distance of 7 ft 2 in (7,700 kg a distance of 2.18 m). The
team of Belgians weighed 4,800 pounds (2,200 kg). At the
Iowa State fair, the heavyweight champions in the pulling
contest pulled 14,600 pounds the complete distance of 15 ft
Brabant draft horses
(6,690 kg, 4.6 m). The team consisted of one Belgian and painting by Henry Schouten (1857-1927)
one Percheron and weighed 3,600 pounds (1,600 kg).[citation
needed]
Belgian horse 154
Other meanings
In Britain, "Belgian Black" is a colloquialism used to describe a Friesian horse.
References
[1] Summerhayes, RS; "Horses & Ponies", Warne & Co, 1948
[2] Self, Margaret C. The Horseman's Encyclopedia. New York: Barnes & Company Inc, 1963.
[3] Belgian Draft Horse at International Horse Museum (http:/ / www. imh. org/ museum/ breeds. php?pageid=8& breed=15& alpha=One)
[4] Brady, Irene. America's Horses and Ponies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969.
External links
• Breed Profile: Belgian Draft Horse (http://equisearch.com/breeds/belgianprofile/) by Jayne D. Wilson
• Belgian Draft Horse Corporation of America (http://www.belgiancorp.com/)
• The American Brabant Association (http://www.theamericanbrabantassociation.com/)
Belgian Warmblood
Belgian Warmblood
Darco, a Belgian Warmblood stallion at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics
Distinguishing features Modern riding horse type especially suitable for show jumping.
Alternative names in error, "Belgium" Warmblood
Country of origin Belgium
Breed standards
BWP-North American District Breed standards [1]
A Belgian Warmblood is a warmblood type of horse registered with the Belgisch Warmbloed Paard vzw (Belgian
Warmblood Studbook (BWP)) or Studbook sBs. The traits given the greatest importance in the breeding aim of the
Belgian Warmblood are performance in show jumping and dressage, as well as subjective conformational
correctness and robust health.
History
Horse breeders in the Netherlands, Germany, and France had been producing elegant saddle horses for hundreds of
years. However, because the Belgian government was concerned about protecting the bloodlines of the Brabant
(Belgian draft horse), it wasn't until the 1950s that breeders in Belgium were allowed to breed lighter saddle horses.
The foundation stock of the Belgian Warmblood included jumping horses from France and the Netherlands, as well
as Hanoverians and Holsteiners from Germany. Through studbook selection, Belgian breeders were able to direct
breeding towards their own goals.
The first stallion show for riding horses in Belgium took place, illegally, in 1953; the BWP was founded in 1955.
Without native riding horses or all-purpose heavy warmbloods, Belgian breeders had to import stallions and mares.
Over the course of 50 years, the BWP accrued a mare base of over 3,500 broodmares and produced a significant
number of international-quality show jumpers. In 2010, the BWP was ranked 4th in the FEI/WBFSH International
Show Jumping standings, below only the KWPN-Dutch Warmblood, Selle Francais and Holsteiner studbooks.
As a warmblood horse, the Belgian Warmblood is characterized not by uniformity of coat color, appearance or
pedigree chart, but by uniformity of purpose. Like other warmbloods, Belgian Warmblood breeding horses are
subjected to rigorous studbook selection.
The most reliable way to positively identify a Belgian Warmblood is
by the brand on the left thigh. Belgian Warmblood foals receive this
brand during their foal inspection, when they are given a passport and
deemed free of obvious defects.
Between the ages of three and four years old, Belgian Warmblood
stallions are presented to a jury in a "Hengstenkeuring" or stallion
licensing test. The licensing test consists of a veterinary inspection,
subjective evaluation of the stallion's conformation and jumping ability
without a rider, and evaluation of the stallion's qualities under saddle.
The studbook brand, which features a "pinwheel"
of horse heads, is given to all Belgian Stallions that do not achieve the desired marks in the licensing test are
Warmbloods not eligible for the studbook. To retain status in the studbook, stallions
must participate in competitions for young show jumping horses called
the "Classic Cycle." Mares take part in similar conformational evaluations, however judgement of a mare's qualities
as a riding horse are elective.
The published breeding aim for the Belgian Warmblood reads as follows:
"A noble modern and correctly-built warmblood horse with a rectangular frame, big outlines and good
basic paces. The horse should be pleasant to ride and have an unobjectionable character, so that it can be
used by any rider, both as pleasure horse and as a performance horse on national and international level.
There has to be a balance between conformation, performance and health."
Belgian Warmbloods range in size and substance, but the ideal size for a stallion is between 16 and 17 hands high at
the withers. Mares are not eligible for breeding rights unless they exceed 15.1 hands high. In type, the Belgian
Warmblood is similar to the Holsteiner, Selle Francais, Dutch Warmblood, and Hanoverian, and less like the
Trakehner.
The BWP does not hold any regulations barring horses of certain coat colors; however, the most common coat colors
are chestnut ("vos"), bay ("bruin"), brown ("zwartbruin"), black ("zwart"), and grey ("schimmel"). The modifier
"donker" means a dark shade, "licht" means light. Modifiers on "schimmel" often indicate the horse's color at birth,
for example "bruinschimmel" means a grey born bay. There are also tobiano patterned pinto ("bont") Belgian
Warmbloods, though they are uncommon.
Belgian Warmbloods present a unique case in that there is no indigenous warmblood mare base. Of the 181 approved
stallions listed, half were themselves Belgian Warmbloods. The remaining half were primarily Holsteiners, Selle
Francais, Dutch Warmblood, or Hanoverian; there were a handful of Oldenburg, Thoroughbred, Westphalian,
Belgian Sport Horse and Rhinelander stallions as well.
Of the Belgian stallions, about a quarter had a Belgian sire. Another quarter had a Selle Francais sire, while a further
42% had Dutch, Holsteiner, or Hanoverian sires. The remaining sires were Westphalian, Rhinelander, Swedish,
Belgian Sport Horse, Oldenburg, or Thoroughbred.
Uses
The slogan of the BWP is "Bred to perform," which accurately
describes the aim of the registry. Belgian Warmbloods are best known
for their jumping abilities. Olympic show jumpers with the BWP brand
include Big Ben (1984), Darco (1992), Egano (1992), Jus De Pomme
(1992), Joli Couer (1996), Sapphire (2008).
Over the past 20 years, research has supported observations regarding
the high heritability of jumping ability compared with that of
dressage-quality gaits. Therefore, horse breeders may reliably produce
exceptional jumpers in few generations, which is exactly what
occurred in Belgium. The aim of the BWP has been, from day one,
Denis Lynch and Nabab’s Son, Dublin Horse
"'always jumping horses'".[]
Show 2008
The influence of French horses has also given the Belgian Warmblood
the ability to be competitive in eventing. Britt was a Belgian Warmblood Olympian in eventing in 1992. In 2006 the
studbook as a whole was ranked 15th in eventing by FEI results.
Belgian Warmbloods also appear increasingly in dressage. The FEI and World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses
ranked them 11th in 2006. There are strong numbers of Belgian Warmblood show hunters in North America, though
their suitability for it depends very much on the individual horse.
Medical issues
The BWP is known for its progressive attitude towards eradicating osteochondritis (OCD) from their population.
Stallions undergo radiographing of the feet, fetlocks, knees, hocks, and stifles as a part of the approval process, and
are not permitted to breed if they may become unsound. Furthermore, any stallion that later showed signs - through
his offspring or otherwise - of carrying a genetic disorder would lose his breeding approval.
As a result, Belgian Warmbloods are not subject to the disorders that affect closed-studbook registries, and progress
is being made to make Belgians Warmbloods - as other warmbloods - more sound than ever.
Belgian sport horse

The linguistic and cultural division of Belgium is reflected in the use of two separate warmblood breeding
associations. The Belgian Sport Horse differs from the Belgian Warmblood only by location: breeders in northern
Belgium typically register with the BWP, while those in the southern part of the country registry with the sBs.[]
Studbook sBs was originally founded in 1920 as Societe d’Encourgement pour L’Elevage du Cheval d’Armes or
"Society for the Encouragement of Breeding Army Horses," and produced cavalry horses and remounts for the
Belgian army, which at the time were primarily imported from France. Within 10 years, the use of cavalry horses
had given way to demand for leisure horses, and the name of the registry was changed to Demi-Sang Belge or
"Belgian Half-bred", reflecting the increased use of refined, Thoroughbred-influenced sires.[2] Following World War
II, breeders imported substantial numbers of riding horses from France, as well as some from England, Ireland,
Germany and the Netherlands. These horses were the foundation of sport horse breeding in the region. Success in
breeding warranted another name change in 1967: the "Royal Belgian Sport Horse Society", better known as
"Studbook sBs".[3]
External links
• Belgian Warmblood Association of North America (BWP-North America) [4]
• Studbook Zangersheide [5]
References
[1] http:/ / www. belgianwarmblood. com/ about. htm
[2] sBs History. "As of 1930 army and transportation are motorised and this reduces the outlets. At the same time the Association changes name
and becomes «the Belgian Half-Blood» which will promote the breeding of lighter saddle horses, more elegant, by using sires closer by
blood."
[3] sBs History. "The "Royal Belgian Sports Horse Society", better known since 1991 under the name of «Stud-Book sBs»"
[4] http:/ / www. belgianwarmblood. com/
[5] http:/ / www. zangersheide. com/ en/
Black Forest Horse

Black Forest Horse
Black Forest Horses
Distinguishing features Small to medium sized draft horse breed, has a dark coat with flaxen mane and tail.
Alternative names Schwarzwälder Kaltblut; Black Forest cold blood
The Black Forest Horse, also called the Black Forest cold blood or
Schwarzwälder Kaltblut, is a rare draft horse breed originating in
southern Germany.
Characteristics
Features of the Black Forest Horse include a dark chestnut coat with a
flaxen mane and tail, a short head, strong neck, well laid back
shoulders, wide croup (hindquarters) and expansive gaits. It stands
from 14.2 to 15.3 hands high (148-160 cm) and weighs approximately
The Black Forest Horse
500 kg. It has very strong hooves and joints.
Breed history
Developed in Germany, today a major center of breeding is the Marbach stud.
Uses
Black Forest Horses were originally used for work in the forest and pulling carriages and carts. They are
good-natured and gentle and recently have become popular riding horses.
References
Further reading
• (German) Black Forest Cold Bloods - History and Stories, Volume I by Thomas Armbruster, Wolf Brodauf and
Gerhard Schröder, Schillinger-Verlag, 2007 Freiburg, ISBN 978-3-89155-333-6
External links
• Herzlich willkommen (http://www.schwarzwaelder-kaltblut.de)
Blazer horse
Blazer Horse
Distinguishing features Refined head, sloped shoulders, short back.
The Blazer Horse is a horse breed developed in the 1950s and '60s in northwestern United States. Tracing back to
one founding stallion, this breed of horse was bred to meet demands of daily ranch work, while still being gentle.
Blazers are known for being versatile at any sport competition and having gentle and intelligent dispositions.
Breed History
The Blazer horse traces back to the chestnut stallion Little Blaze, who was foaled in 1959. Little Blaze was bred and
owned by F. Neil Hinck, an American horse trainer from Bedford, Wyoming. The descendant of Mormon pioneers
and Danish horsemen, Hinck came from a ranch family and had extensive experience with most breeds of the day. [1]
He produced the Blazer by combining the American Quarter Horse and the Morgan Horse with blood of the Shetland
Pony, and Thoroughbred.
The Blazer Horse Association was incorporated in 1967 at Star, Idaho. In 2006 it was renamed the American Blazer
Horse Association and became a nonprofit, dedicated to the preserving the breed and maintaining its history. The
headquarters was moved to Nampa, Idaho the same year.
Registered Blazer horses in stud book must pass a veterinary inspection and have at least one parent with
documented linage to the stallion Little Blaze.
Blazer horses are not smaller than 13 hands nor taller than 15 hands at full maturity, and it is the standard height for
the registry. Their colors include black, bay and chestnut, as well as buckskin, palomino and many shades of dun.
They have a refined head, bold eyes, extreme sloping of the shoulders, short backs, round croups, long hips, and
have thick bone for strength and durability. They must also have a good disposition. The American Blazer Horse
Association is one of the few Associations that mandate a gentle disposition as a registerable trait.
References
[1] http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=hinck& GSmid=46588789& GRid=36361619&
Boulonnais horse
Boulonnais
Young Boulonnais stallion
Distinguishing features Elegant heavy horse, found in many colors
Common nicknames White Marble Horse
Breed standards
Les Haras Nationaux (French National Stud) Breed standards [1]
The Boulonnais, also known as the "White Marble Horse", is a draft horse breed. It is known for its large but elegant
appearance and is usually gray, although chestnut and black are also allowed by the French breed registry. Originally
there were several sub-types, but they were crossbred until only one is seen today. The breed's origins trace to a
period before the Crusades and, during the 17th century, Spanish Barb, Arabian, and Andalusian blood were added
to create the modern type.
During the early 1900s, the Boulonnais were imported in large numbers to the United States and were quite popular
in France; however, the European population suffered severe decreases during 20th-century wars. The breed nearly
became extinct following World War II, but rebounded in France in the 1970s as a popular breed for horse meat.
Breed numbers remain low; it is estimated that fewer than 1,000 horses remain in Europe, mostly in France, with a
few in other nations. Studies as early as 1983 indicated a danger of inbreeding within the Boulonnais population, and
a 2009 report suggested that the breed should be a priority for conservation within France. The smallest type of
Boulonnais was originally used to pull carts full of fresh fish from Boulogne to Paris, while the larger varieties
performed heavy draft work, both on farms and in the cities. The Boulonnais was also crossbred to create and refine
several other draft breeds.
The Boulonnais today stands from 14.3 to 16.3 hands (59 to 67 inches,
150 to 170 cm) or more. It has a short, elegant head with a broad
forehead and a short, muscular neck. Members of the breed have full
chests, rounded rib cages and sloping shoulders. The legs are fairly
short but robust and strong. Unlike other draft breeds such as the Shire
or Clydesdale, it has no heavy feathering on its lower legs. The breed is
generally branded with a small anchor mark on the left side of the
neck. Due mostly to the many additions of Oriental blood, the
Boulonnais has an elegant appearance that is not often seen in heavy
draft breeds and it has been called "Europe's noblest draft horse".[2]
The fineness of the skin and delicate appearance of the veins has
allowed the horse to be described as looking "like polished marble",
leading to its "White Marble Horse" nickname.
In 1778, the French National Stud performed an initial survey of the

breed and found that most were black or dark bay. During the 1800s,
The characteristic facial profile of the breed
gray horses began to appear, and it was the predominating color by the
end of the century. Gray became a popular color during this time due
to the use of the horses to haul fish at night – gray horses were more visible in the dark, and therefore more valuable.
In the later years of the 20th century, breeders again began to prefer darker colors such as bay and chestnut. Today,
chestnut, gray and black are the only colors allowed by the French breed registry, with the vast majority of horses
being gray – a popular phrase says that the horses have coats "the color of the clouds from the coast".
Sub-types
There were originally several types of Boulonnais. The Petit Boulonnais, Mareyeuse or Mareyeur was used in the
rapid transport of cartloads of fresh fish (la marée) from the Pas-de-Calais to Paris; it stood 15.1 to 15.3 hands (61 to
63 inches, 155 to 160 cm) and weighed 1,210 to 1,430 pounds (550 to 650 kg). The Picard draft came from the
Picardy region,[3] and was called the "horse of the bad land", in comparison to the Cauchoix horse from the Pays de
Caux area, which was called the "horse of the good land". The "grand Boulonnais", which stood 15.3 to 16.3 hands
(63 to 67 inches, 160 to 170 cm) high and weighed 1,430 to 1,650 pounds (650 to 750 kg), was bred in the 19th
century for farm work in the sugar beet fields. All of these types were bred together to create the modern Boulonnais
horse.
History
One theory states that the origins of the Boulonnais breed emerged
from the crossbreeding of native French mares and stallions brought by
the Numidian army in 55–54 BC. However, many equine scholars are
skeptical of this theory, and state that, whatever the early origins, the
later selective breeding and local climate and soil types had a greater
influence on the breed than any early Oriental blood.[4] During the
Crusades, two breeders, Eustache, Comte de Boulogne, and later
Robert, Comte d'Artois, wanted to create a fast, agile, and strong
warhorse for knights to ride in battle. They crossed the existing heavy Engraving of a Boulonnais, 1861
French stallions with German Mecklenberg mares, similar to modern-day Hanoverians. During the 17th-century
Spanish occupation of Flanders, a mixture of Spanish Barb, Arabian, and Andalusian blood was added to the breed,
to create the modern Boulonnais. By the 17th century, horse dealers were coming into the Boulonnais district from
Picardy and Upper Normandy to buy local horses, which enjoyed a good reputation among breeders. From the late
18th through the mid-19th century, the Boulonnais spread across France and Europe; during this time, the breed
increased in size as the Industrial Revolution called for larger horses that retained the active movement of the
original type.[5] Beginning in the 1830s, it was proposed to cross the Arabian with the Boulonnais to create a new
type of cavalry horse, and in the 1860s, calls were put forth to add Thoroughbred blood for the same reason.[6]
However, breeders rejected these calls, stating that using the breed to create cavalry horses would make them poorer
draft horses.[7] Breed societies also discouraged crosses between the Boulonnais and the Brabant. In June 1886, a
studbook was created for the breed in France, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Syndicat Hippique Boulonnais
(SHB) in 1902.[]
During the early 20th century, the Boulonnais was imported into the United States in large numbers, where it was
registered along with other French heavy horse breeds as the "French draft horse". Breed members in the United
States were registered with the Anglo-Norman Horse Association (or National Norman Horse Association)
beginning in 1876, an association that was renamed the National French Draft Association in 1885. This association
declared in 1876 that the Boulonnais, Norman, Percheron and Picardy breeds were all essentially the same, and
should all be known as the "Norman horse". They later declared that all of the "Norman horses" were in fact
"Percherons", regardless of actual breeding. This was mostly designed to sell mixed breed draft horses to American
consumers at higher prices, and the Illinois Board of Agriculture soon ruled that only those Percherons who came
from proven Percheron stock were to be registered as such, and all other breeds, including the Boulonnais, were to
be considered separately. Boulonnais were exported from France to Austria, although they saw little success there,
and breeding stallions were sent to Argentina.
20th century and today

The Boulonnais was once a popular workhorse in France, with an
estimated population of over 600,000 in the early 1900s. World War I
and World War II almost destroyed the breed, as its home area saw
heavy combat in both wars and the bands of broodmares were
scattered. Between World War II and the 1970s, the breed almost
became extinct, and only a few breeders kept it alive. In the 1970s, it
became popular for horse meat, and consumers considered it to be
some of the best meat available. However, by this point, there were
fewer than 1,000 mares remaining. During the mid-20th century, the
stallions Fréthun (foaled in 1949), Select (1962), Trésor (1963),
Astérix (1966) and Prince (1981) had a strong influence on the breed,
although this contributed to the problem of inbreeding. Fréthun genes
are found in 14 percent of the pedigrees of Boulonnais living today. In
the early 1970s, Henry Blanc, the newly appointed director of the
French National Stud, proposed that nine draft horse breeds, including
the Boulonnais, be recategorized from pulling horses to meat horses.
When enacted, this recategorization helped to preserve the gene pool of
A modern Boulonnais, shown in-hand, 2011
the Boulonnais by encouraging breeding, but it also changed its
primary purpose, resulting in a dramatic weight increase by the
1980s.[8]
The Boulonnais is still bred in small numbers, with the American Boulonnais Horse Association estimating a
population of fewer than 1,000 animals remaining in Europe. Many studs are government-funded, to prevent the
breed from dying out. The majority of the breed, 95 percent, are located in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Normandy
regions and 75 percent in just the Pas-de-Calais department of Nord-Pas-de-Calais alone. Although most Boulonnais
are in France, a few are exported. In 1999, fifteen foals were exported to Brazil and one stallion to Argentina. On
average, a little over a dozen horses a year are exported, mainly to Brazil and Belgium for breeding and to Germany
for forestry work. A few horses live in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Luxembourg, as well as in North America.
Since 2006, twenty horses, including two registry-approved breeding stallions, have been exported from France to
Denmark to create a stud farm in that country.
The French national stud, Haras Nationaux, allows the registration of horses bred using artificial insemination and
embryo transfer, but does not allow the registration of cloned horses. It considers the breed to be endangered, along
with several other French draft breeds. A 2009 study of French equine genetics proposed that the Boulonnais, along
with four other French breeds, should be a conservation priority, with a goal of maintaining maximum genetic
variability in France's native horse population. This follows from studies done as early as 1983 that showed
inbreeding and a lack of genetic diversity in the breed.
Uses
During the 17th century, the smaller Mareyeuse
type was used for transporting fresh fish from
Boulogne to Paris, a distance of almost 200 miles,
in under 18 hours. This journey is remembered
annually in the Route du Poisson race. Only mares
pulled small carts full of ice and fish on the
relay-style trip. By 1884, the Boulonnais was
called the "largest and most valuable of that kind
of horse in France". At that time, they were used to
move heavy blocks of building stone in Paris, with
six to eight horses drawing blocks of several tons.
During the 20th century, the larger Boulonnais
type was utilized by the French army, and highly
Boulonnais horses at pasture in Le Titre, Somme, France
regarded for its ability to pull artillery and supply
wagons. Falling demand for the breed means that
today it is bred mainly for horsemeat. In 2010, 60 percent of Boulonnais horses bred in France were intended for
slaughter, and 80 percent of these were exported, mainly to Italy, to be fattened before being sent to slaughterhouses.
However, the sector is in crisis due to falling prices, controversy and the importation of cheap meat;[9] despite a
resurgence following the Mad Cow scares of the 1990s, the consumption of horse meat has fallen sharply, although
the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region remains the largest consumer of horse meat in France.
The Boulonnais provided part of the base for the Anglo-Norman breed, which was later to play a large role in the
creation of the Selle Francais. It was also used in the creation and refinement of the Italian Heavy Draft,[10] the
post-World War II improvement of the Schleswig horse,[11] and the creation of the early 19th-century Ardennes.
Some equine scholars theorize that if the smaller Mareyeur had survived, it would have been an ideal horse to cross
with the Thoroughbred or Anglo-Arabian to produce a warmblood for competition. In France, a breeding program
has been developed by the National Stud to cross Boulonnais and Arabian horses to create a fast, alert driving horse,
called the Araboulonnais. This breeding program also brings new blood into the Boulonnais line as, if an
Araboulonnais mare is bred to a Boulonnais stallion, and a resulting filly is bred to another Boulonnais stallion, the
third generation horse may be inducted into the purebred Boulonnais studbook if it passes an inspection.
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ boulonnais. html
[2] Edwards, pp. 264–265.
[3] Moll & Gayot, p. 524.
[4] Mavré, p. 40.
[5] Mavré, p. 41;
[6] ; Moll & Gayot, p. 526.
[7] Moll & Gayot, p. 527.
[8] Mavré, p. 150.
[9] Collective, p. 111.
[10] Edwards, p. 258.
[11] Edwards, p. 275.
References
• Collective (2002). Chevaux et poneys (in French). Éditions Artemis. ISBN 978-2-84416-025-6.
• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). Dorling Kindersley.
ISBN 978-1-56458-614-8.
• Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (in French). France Agricole
Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7.
• Moll, Louis; Gayot, Eugène Nicolas (1861). La connaissance générale du cheval : études de zootechnie pratique,
avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures (in French). Didot.
Brandenburger 166
Brandenburger
Brandenburger
Brandenburger
The Brandenburger is a warmblood horse breed originating in Germany.
Characteristics
The Brandenburger is a well-balanced horse with a lively temperament, an easy to get along with character and little
tendency to nervousness.
History
Horse breeding was first mentioned in documents in the Brandenburg March in the 15th century although at that
point, there was not a uniform or standardized breed.
The development of the modern Brandenburger sport horse during the mid-20th century was achieved by utilizing
Trakehners, Hanoveranians and English Thoroughbreds. The national and state stud of Neustadt/Dosse, which was
founded by King Frederick Wilhelm II in 1788, had substantial influence on the development of the Brandenburger.
Brandenburger 167
Bloodlines, breeding, and prominent sires

Following reunification with the former German Democratic
Republic (East Germany), stallions from Hanoverian bloodlines
and lines which came via Redefin gained a big influence on the
Brandenburg breed. These included inter alia the:
• Detektiv line (via Duell by Duellant, Dollarprinz by Dollart,
Dispondeus by Direx),
• Goldschaum xx line (via Gottland by Goldstein),
• Adept line (via Abendwind by Adept, Akzento by Arzano).
The stallion Komet who came from Mecklenburg, and who
The Brandenburger brand.
miraculously escaped the enforced castration that was the rule for
unapproved stallions in East Germany at that time, later became a
great sire and produced a series of successful showjumping sires such as Kolibri by Kobold and Kogani I by Kobold
I.
A comprehensive blood rejuvenation has taken place since 1990, through the newly founded breeders' association.
Since then, mainly Holsteiners from the Ladykiller xx line and the Cor-de-la-Bryère-SF lines, but also stallions from
Oldenburg have gained predominance.
In 1999, the breeding stock encompassed 1,927 registered broodmares and 76 sires. The Neustadt/Dosse state stud is
the breeding centre. This is where the stallion approval takes place in October every year.
Uses
Brandenburgers are to be found in all spheres of riding and driving sports as well as in pleasure riding. Poetin, a
Brandenburger mare, was a successful dressage horse and sold for a record amount at auction: 2.5 million Euros.
References
• Brandenburger Horse (http://www.brandenburger-pferd.de/index.htm)
Brazilian Sport Horse 168
Brazilian Sport Horse

Brazilian Sport Horse
Country of origin Brazil
The Brazilian Sport Horse is a horse bred for the equestrian sports, especially for show jumping, dressage and
eventing.
Uses
Despite the breed's youth, five Brazilian Sport Horses have competed in the Olympic Games: Aspen, Calei Joter,
Cassiana Joter and Adelfos at Atlanta (1996) and Aspen, Calei Joter and Marco Metodo at Sydney (2000).
In 2000, Singular Joter II (full brother of Singular Joter, an approved stallion in Germany) took third place at the
World Breeding Championships for Young Horses at Lanaken, Belgium, and Bacchus Tok was second place at the
American Championship for Young Horses at Monterrey, Mexico.
Around 50 Brazilian Sport horses are exported every year to the Americas and many European countries.
Breton horse 169
Breton horse
Breton
Breton horse
Breed standards
Syndicat des Eleveurs de Cheval Breton Breed standards [1]
The Breton is a breed of draft horse. It was developed in Brittany, a province in northwest France, from native
ancestral stock dating back thousands of years. The Breton was created through the crossbreeding of many different
European and Oriental breeds. In 1909, a stud book was created, and in 1951 it was officially closed. The breed is
often chestnut in color, and is strong and muscular. There are three distinct subtypes of the Breton, each coming
from a different area of Brittany. The Corlay Breton is the smallest type, and is generally used for light draft and
under saddle work. The Postier Breton is used for harness and light farm work. The Heavy Draft Breton is the largest
subtype, and is generally used for the hardest draft work. This horse breed has been used in military, draft and
agricultural capacities. It also has been used to improve and create many other draft breeds, and to produce mules.
Characteristics
Breton horses are usually about 1.58 metres (15.2 hands) tall, but may range from 1.55 to 1.63 m (15.1 to 16.0
hands), depending on type. They usually have a chestnut coat, often with a flaxen mane and tail, but can also be bay,
grey, or red or blue roan. Bretons have a well-proportioned head of medium volume with a straight profile and a
strong, short neck well-set into muscular withers. The shoulder is long and sloping, the chest broad and muscular, the
back short and wide, and the croup sloping. The legs are well-feathered, short but powerful, with broad joints and
well-formed hooves.
Breton horse 170
Subcategories
There are several subtypes of the Breton breed. Two, the Trait Breton and the Postier Breton, are officially
recognised,[] while others such as the Corlais or Cheval de Corlay and the Centre-montagne or Central Mountain
Breton are not. Older types that have disappeared include the Grand Breton and the Bidet Breton or Bidet d'Allure.
The Corlay Breton is derived from crossbreeding native stock with the
Arabian and Thoroughbred, and is considered the real descendant of
the original Breton. It has the same general features as the draft type
but is smaller with a more dished face. It was used mainly for light
draft work that required speed and under saddle, and its numbers have
been decreasing in recent years. The type is also known as the Cheval
de Corlay, and is now extremely rare. It was also used in local races
Postier Bretons at pasture because of its speed, which it inherited from its Arabian and
Thoroughbred ancestors.
Postier Bretons were developed as a result of crossbreeding with the Norfolk Trotter and the Hackney during the
19th century. This type is bred mainly in central Brittany, has a very attractive gait, is a good coach horse, and
capable of light farming work. Its name originates from its use in pulling mail coaches. The Postier was used
extensively by the French Horse Artillery, and it has been described as a lighter version of the Suffolk Punch draft
breed from Great Britain.
The Heavy Draft Breton is derived from an infusion of Ardennes and Percheron blood. It is very strong relative to its
size and has short but muscular legs. It is bred in the northern coastal area of Brittany, in Merléac. This type has
absorbed another, older type, called the Grand Breton, a heavier horse that was used to improve many other draft
breeds. The Centre-montagne or Central Mountain Breton is a smaller draft type.
Breed history
Bretons were originally bred for great strength and durability. Horses have been present in the Breton mountains for
thousands of years, but nobody knows how they first arrived.[] One theory is that they were brought to Europe during
the Aryan migration from Asia over 4,000 years ago, while another school of thought has them descending from
horses bred by Celtic warriors before their conquest of Great Britain.[2]
The original ancestors of the Breton were a population of horses that
that lived in the Breton mountains, possibly descended from steppe
horses ridden by Celts. During the Crusades, these mountain horses
were crossed with oriental horses to create a type known as the Bidet
Breton. In the Middle Ages, the ancestral Breton horse was sought by
military leaders, partly because of its comfortable gait, which was said
to be partway between a brisk trot and an amble. Due to its gaits and
the fact that it only stood about 1.40 m (13.3 hands) high, it was
nicknamed the Bidet d'Allure or Bidet Breton. Horses of other
bloodlines brought back to Europe during the Crusades had a strong Postier Bretons at rest in pasture
influence on the Breton, and two types subsequently developed.[14] The
Sommier was the common, heavier type, used mainly as a pack horse and for farm and draft work. From the
Sommier, the Roussin was developed, was used mainly in wars and on long journeys. The Roussin's natural ambling
gait made it popular as a lighter riding horse.
The breed retained its mountain roots with its main stud, the National Provincial Stud, being located in the mountain
country of Langonnet. It was at this time that Arabian and Thoroughbred blood was added to the breed, creating the
Corlay subtype. From the Middle Ages until the early 1900s, the Breton was crossed with various horses, both native
Breton horse 171
and foreign, including the Boulonnais, Percheron and Ardennes breeds. In the 19th century it was crossbred with the
Norfolk Trotter, which resulted in a lighter weight type of Breton, the Postier subtype. Today, the Breton breed is
controlled by the Syndicat des Éleveurs de Cheval Breton, an organization dating its studbook to 1909 when it was
created, with separate books for the Heavy Draft and Postier types. In 1912, the books were combined but separate
sections were used for each type, and in 1926 the sections were combined so that all types of Bretons are now
registered together. Postier Bretons must be of documented Posteir bloodstock and pass in-harness performance
tests. In 1920, the decision was made to permit no new outside blood into the studbook, and in 1951 the studbook
was officially closed to outside horses. Breton horses are only eligible to be registered if they were foaled in the
present-day region of Brittany or in the Loire-Atlantique department, formerly part of Brittany. Registered foals are
branded with a "cross surmounting a splayed, upturned V" on the left side of the neck. Despite the registration
restrictions, breeding of the Breton horse has spread across France, and around the world. Today in France, the
Breton is bred mainly at studs in Lamballe, Hennebont, and parts of La Roche-sur-Yon.
Crossbreeding
For a time, there was a trend to increase the size of draft horse breeds
to gain more power and bulk through crossbreeding. However, due to
its endurance and gaits, the Breton was an exception. Crossbreeding
was shown to reduce the breed's unique qualities, and so in the 1930s,
infusions of other blood were abandoned, and this decision led to the
preservation of the breed's purity.
Therefore, rather than being subject to crossbreeding itself, the Breton

has instead been used to improve many other breeds. Buyers come to
France from all over the world to buy Bretons for use in improving In harness
their native draft horses. The Breton had a significant influence on the
Canadian Horse, after members of the breed were sent to New France (Canada) during the 17th century. They have
also been used to create the Swiss Freiberger, as well as other heavy draft breeds. Bretons were used in India to
produce mules, and at the Saharanpur breeding farm were crossed with the Anglo-Arabian stallion Mystère to
produce carriage horses. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Italian farmers attempted to use the Brabant to improve
local stock, but the offspring proved to be too heavy and slow for the lighter, more general draft work required. In
the 1930s, the Hispano-Bretón breed was developed in Spain by crossing imported Breton stallions with local mares.
Today, the breed population is small, but has been noted by researchers for its rich genetic diversity. After World
War II, a Breton stallion was used to improve the Schleswig breed of Germany.
Uses
The Breton is used in many capacities, due to the various sub-types of the breed. Smaller types can be used under
saddle and for fast, light draft work, while larger types are ideal for heavy draft and agricultural work. They are also
commonly used to improve other breeds through crossbreeding. Today, the breed is used as a draft horse on small
farms, and is also used to gather seaweed. It is also bred for meat production; horse meat is a dietary staple in many
European countries, including France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland.
Breton horse 172
References
[1] http:/ / www. cheval-breton. fr/ trait-postier/ standard-cheval-breton. html
[2] "Breton" (http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ breton). Oklahoma State University. Referenced January 6, 2008.
External links
• Site officiel du Syndicat des Éleveurs de Chevaux Bretons (http://www.cheval-breton.fr)
• Le règlement français du Stud-Book de la race (http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/fileadmin/bibliotheque/
Reglementation/Stud-books/Chevaux_de_trait/Reglement_Breton-26-05-2011.pdf)
• Le Trait Breton (http://www.haraspatrimoine.com/content/view/4/3/) sur le site du Haras de Lamballe
Brumby 173
Brumby
Brumby
Brumbies near the Sandover Highway in the Northern Territory, 2006
A Brumby is a free-roaming feral horse in Australia. Although found in many areas around the country, the
best-known brumbies are found in the Australian Alps region in south-eastern Australia. Today, most of them are
found in the Northern Territory, with the second largest population in Queensland. A group of Brumbies is known as
a "mob" or "band".
Brumbies are the descendants of escaped or lost horses, dating back in some cases to those belonging to the early
European settlers, including the "Capers" from South Africa, Timor Ponies from Indonesia, British pony and draught
horse breeds, and a significant number of Thoroughbreds and Arabians.
Today they live in many places, including some National Parks. Occasionally they are mustered and domesticated
for use as campdrafters, working stock horses on farms or stations, but also as trail horses, show horses, Pony Club
mounts and pleasure horses.[1] They are the subject of some controversy—regarded as a pest and threat to native
ecosystems by environmentalists and the government, but also valued by others as part of Australia's heritage, with
supporters working to prevent inhumane treatment or extermination, and rehoming Brumbies who have been
captured.
History
Origin of the term

The term brumby refers to a feral horse in Australia. Its first recorded use in print is in the Australasian magazine
from Melbourne in 1880, which said that brumbies were the bush name in Queensland for 'wild' horses. In 1885, the
Once a Month magazine suggested that brumbies was a New South Wales term, and the poet Banjo Paterson stated
in the introduction for his poem Brumby's Run published in the Bulletin in 1894 that Brumby was the word for
free-roaming horses. Its derivation is obscure, and may have come about from one or more of the following
possibilities:
1. Horses left behind by Sergeant James Brumby from his property at Mulgrave Place in New South Wales, when
he left for Tasmania in 1804.[2]
2. An Aboriginal word baroomby meaning "wild" in the language of the Pitjara Indigenous Australians on the
Warrego and Nogoa Rivers in southern Queensland.[3]
Brumby 174
3. A letter in 1896 to the Sydney Morning Herald says that baroombie is the word for horse among the Aboriginal
people of the Balonne, Nebine, Warrego and Bulloo Rivers.
4. Baramba, which was the name of a creek and station in the Queensland district of Burnett, established in the
1840s and later abandoned, leaving many of the horses to escape into the wild.
5. It has also been suggested that the name derives from the Irish word bromach or bromaigh.
Early horse imports

Horses first arrived in Australia in 1788 with the First Fleet. They were imported for farm and utility work;
recreational riding and racing were not major activities. By 1800, only about 200 horses are thought to have reached
Australia. Horse racing became popular around 1810, resulting in an influx of Thoroughbred imports, mostly from
England. Roughly 3,500 horses were living in Australia by 1820, and this number had grown to 160,000 by 1850,
largely due to natural increase.[4] The long journey by sea from England, Europe, and Asia meant that only the
strongest horses survived the trip, making for a particularly healthy and strong Australian stock, which aided in their
ability to flourish.[5]
Origin of feral herds

Horses were likely confined primarily to the Sydney region until the
early 19th century, when settlers first crossed the Blue Mountains and
opened expansion inland. Horses were required for travel, and for
cattle and sheep droving as the pastoral industry grew. The first report
of an escaped horse is in 1804, and by the 1840s some horses had
escaped from settled regions of Australia. It is likely that some escaped
because fences were not properly installed, when fences existed at all,[]
but it is believed that most Australian horses became feral because they
were released into the wild and left to fend for themselves.[6] This may A Brumby that was caught in the Apsley River
Gorge.
have been the result of pastoralists abandoning their settlements, and
thus their horses, due to the arid conditions and unfamiliar land that
combined to make farming in Australia especially difficult. After World War I, the demand for horses by defence
forces declined with the growth in mechanization, which led to a growth in the number of unwanted animals that
were often set free. Throughout the 20th century, the replacement of horses with machines in farming led to further
falls in demand, and therefore may have also contributed to increases in feral populations.[7]
Currently, Australia has at least 400,000 horses roaming the continent.[8] It is also estimated that, during non-drought
periods, the feral horse population increases at a rate of 20 percent per year.[9] Drought conditions and brushfires are
natural threats. Despite population numbers, feral horses are generally considered to be a moderate pest.[10] Where
they are allowed to damage vegetation and cause erosion, the impact on the environment can be detrimental, and for
that reason can be considered a serious environmental threat. However, because they also have cultural and potential
economic value, the management of Brumbies presents a complex issue.
Brumbies roaming in the Australian Alps of south-eastern Australia are thought to be descendants of horses which
were owned by the pastoralist and pioneer, Benjamin Boyd.[]
Brumby 175
Pangaré Brumbies
On the coast south of Geraldton, Western Australia the Brumbies there are known as ‘Pangare Ponies’, as they appear
to carry the rare Pangaré gene. This colouring is commonly known as mealy and is seen mainly in a number of old
breeds such as British Ponies, Timor Ponies, Haflingers and even Belgian Draught Horses. The gene causes
lightening in parts of a horse’s coat, resulting in a mealy coloured muzzle, forearms, flanks, and the belly. It is
sometimes seen in chestnut horses with flaxen coloured manes and tails.[11]
The Pangaré Brumbies appear have adapted well to their coastal environment, where they are consuming saltbush,
which they do not appear to be damaging. The Department of Environment and Conservation and the Outback
Heritage Horse Association of Western Australia (OHHAWA) are monitoring these particular Brumbies to ensure
the careful management of these unusual feral horses.[12]
Uses
Brumbies have been captured, fitted with GPS tracking collars, and
used in extensive comparative research into the effect of terrain on the
morphology and health of different horses’ hooves. They have their
paths of movement, diet, watering patterns, and mob structure tracked
and recorded.[13] [14]
Captured Brumbies can be trained as stock horses and other saddle
horses. Encouraging viewing of feral herds may also have potential as
a tourist attraction. Brumbies are sometimes sold into the European
horse meat market after their capture, and contribute millions of dollars
to the Australian economy. Approximately 30% of horses for meat This Brumby was used as a safe and reliable
export originates from the feral population. The hides and hair of these mount for a rider who was in her 70s.
horses are also used and sold.
Wild Brumbies are used in Brumby training camps by organisations that promote positive interaction between
troubled, high-risk youths. These camps usually last several weeks, allowing youths to train a wild Brumby to
become a quiet, willing saddle horse while improving the youths’ self-esteem.[15]
Wild Brumbies are also used in the Brumby catch and handle event in stockman’s challenge competitions, where
riders are required to catch a free running Brumby from their horse within a time limit of a few minutes. Sectional
points are awarded for the stockman’s challenge for care and skill in catching the Brumby and their ability to teach
them to lead. These demanding challenges for riders are held in New South Wales at Dalgety, Tamworth and
Murrurundi[16] plus The Man From Snowy River Challenge in Corryong, Victoria.[17] Several New South Wales
show societies, including Walcha, Bellingen and Dorrigo hold special classes for registered Brumbies at their annual
agricultural shows.[18]
Brumby 176
Environmental impact
Horses were first described as pests in Australia in the 1860s.[19] Their
environmental impact may include soil loss, compaction, and erosion;
trampling of vegetation; reduction in the vastness of plants; increased
tree deaths by chewing on bark; damage to bog habitats and
waterholes; spreading of invasive weeds; and various detrimental
effects on population of native species. In some cases, when feral
horses are startled, they may damage infrastructure, including troughs,
pipes, and fences. However, Brumbies are also credited for help
Brumbies grazing on Alpine Way near Dead keeping tracks and trails clear for bush walkers and service vehicles in
Horse Gap
some areas.[20]
In some habitats, hooves of free-roaming horses compact the soil, and

when the soil is compacted, air spaces are minimized, leaving nowhere
[21]
for water to collect. When this occurs, soil in areas where horses are
prevalent has a water penetration resistance over 15 times higher than
that in areas without horses.[22] Trampling also causes soil erosion and
damages vegetation, and because the soil cannot hold water, plant
regrowth is hindered. Horse trampling also has the potential to damage
waterways and bog habitats. Trampling near streams increases runoff,
reducing the quality of the water and causing harm to the ecosystem of
the waterway.[23] Horse excrement tends to foul these waterways, as
The distribution of Brumbies in Australia
does the accumulation of carcasses that result when feral horses perish,
adding to the negative environmental impact of this exotic species in
Australia.
Alpine areas, such as those of Kosciuszko National Park, are at particular risk; low-growing alpine flora is highly
vulnerable to trampling, and the short summers mean little time for plants to grow and recover from damage. The
biodiversity there is high, with 853 species of plant, 21 of which are found nowhere else. Erosion in the limestone
karst areas leads to runoff and silting. Sphagnum moss is an important component of highland bogs, and is trampled
by horses seeking water.[24]
Feral horses may also reduce the richness of plant species. Exposure of soil caused by trampling and vegetation
removal via grazing, combined with increased nutrients being recycled by horse dung, favour weed species, which
then invade the region and overtake native species, diminishing their diversity. The dispersal of weeds is aided by
the attachment of seeds to the horses’ manes and tails, and are also transferred via horse dung after consumption of
weeds in one location and excrement in another. Although the effects of the weeds that actually germinate after
transfer via dung is debated, the fact that a large number of weed species are dispersed via this method is of concern
to those interested in the survival of native plant species in Australia. The effect on plants and plant habitats are more
pronounced during droughts, when horses travel greater distances to find food and water. They consume the already
threatened and limited vegetation, and their negative influences are more widespread. Feral horses may also chew
the bark of trees, which may leave some trees vulnerable to external threats. This has occurred during drought,
among eucalyptus species on the Red Range plateau.[25] It appears as though feral horses may prefer these species.
Brumby 177
Interaction with other animal species

The changes in vegetation that result when feral horses overpopulate a region affects bird species by removing plants
upon which they feed, as well as altering the habitat of the birds and their prey. Feral horse grazing is also linked to a
decline in reptiles and amphibians due to habitat loss. In addition, the grazing and trampling near waterways
influences aquatic fauna. In areas frequented by horses, crab densities are higher, increasing the propensity for
predation on fish. As a result, fish densities decline as the removal of vegetation renders them more susceptible to
predation.
In areas where horses are abundant, macropod populations are less prevalent. This is most likely due to the horses’
consumption of vegetation upon which the macropods normally feed. When horses are removed, signs of the
presence of various macropods, specifically the black-footed rock wallaby, increase. Thus, competition with horses
may be the reason for the decline in macropod populations in certain areas.[26]
Brumby populations also may have the potential to pass exotic diseases, such as equine influenza and African horse
sickness to domestic horses.[27] They also may carry tick fever, which can be passed to both horses and cattle. This
can lead to high fatalities among domestic populations, causing many farmers to call for the management of feral
horses.
Like all livestock, brumbies can carry the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, which can result in serious
gastroenteritis in people drinking contaminated drinking water.[28]
Population management
Although poor management of feral horses may pose an ecological
and environmental threat in some parts of Australia, their
management is made difficult by issues of feasibility and public
concern. Currently, management attempts vary, as feral horses are
considered pests in some states, such as South Australia, but not
others, including Queensland. There is also controversy over
removal of Brumbies from National Parks. The primary argument
in favour of the removal of Brumbies is that they impact on fragile
ecosystems and damage and destroy endangered native flora and
fauna. Brumbies, Kakadu National Park
Public concern is a major issue in control efforts [29] as many

advocate for the protection of Brumbies, including the Aboriginal people, who believe feral horses belong to the
country. Other horse interest groups resent the labelling of horses as “feral” and are completely opposed to any
measures that threaten their survival. While some Animal welfare groups such as the RSPCA reluctantly accept
culling, other organizations such as Save the Brumbies oppose lethal culling techniques and attempt to organise
relocation of the animals instead.[30] It has been argued that relocation, which often involves hours of helicopter
mustering, would be more traumatic for the horses.
Meanwhile, conservationist groups, such as the Australian Conservation Foundation, favour humane culling as a
means of control because of the damage Brumby overpopulation can cause to native flora and fauna, but are also
generally opposed to various means of extermination.[31] This makes management a challenge for policymakers,
though at present, the cost of allowing overpopulation of feral horses seems to outweigh other concerns.[citation
needed]
Brumby 178
Population control methods

The traditional method of removal, called brumby running, is
reminiscent of Banjo Paterson's iconic poem, The Man from Snowy
River where expert riders rope the Brumbies and remove them to a new
location.[32]
Options for population control include fertility control, ground and
helicopter shooting, and mustering and trapping. None of the methods
provide complete freedom from suffering for the horses, and the cost
of each is very high. The costs include those that are economic, such as
research, equipment purchases, and labour expenditures, as well as Brumbies awaiting their sale and new homes.
moral concerns over the welfare of the horses. As a result, more
effective and efficient means of control have been called for.
Fertility control is a non-lethal method of population management that is usually viewed as the most humane
treatment,[33] and its use is supported by the RSPCA. While it appears as though these treatments are effective in the
breeding season immediately following injection, the lasting effects are debated. Because it is costly and difficult to
treat animals repeatedly, this method, despite being ideal, is not widely implemented.
Shooting by trained marksmen is considered to be the most practical method of control due to its effectiveness. The
NSW Department of Primary Industries believe shooting is the preferred method of population control as it does not
subject the horses to the stresses of mustering, yarding, and long-distance transportation, all of which are related to
'capture and removal' methods. Horses that are only initially wounded from shooting are tracked and dispatched if
they are in accessible, open country. However, shooting of horses in mountain ranges is not regarded as a humane
means of control.[34] Helicopter shootings allow for aerial reconnaissance of a large area to target the densest
populations, and shooters may get close enough to the target animals to ensure termination. This method is
considered the most effective and cost efficient means of control, but disapproval is high amongst those that believe
it is inhumane. Organizations supporting Brumbies argue that aerial shooting is unnecessary and that alternative
population control methods have not been given adequate trials, while government officials express concern about
the need to control rapidly growing populations in order to avoid ecological problems associated with too many feral
horses in certain areas.[35]
Mustering is a labour-intensive process that results in one of two major outcomes: slaughter for sale, or relocation. It
may be assisted by feed-luring in which bales of hay are strategically placed to attract feral horses to a location
where capture is feasible. Complicating this process is low demand for the captured horses, making it less desirable
than fertility control or shooting, which reduce the population without having to find alternative locations for them.
Management in national parks

Between 22 October and 24 October 2000, approximately 600
Brumbies were shot in the Guy Fawkes River National Park by the
National Parks and Wildlife Service. As a result of the public
outcry that followed the NSW Government established a Steering
Committee to investigate alternative methods of control.[36] Since
the campaign began to remove horses from the national park, over
400 have been passively trapped and taken from the Park, and 200
of these have been re-homed.
Brumbies on the Chandler River, Oxley Wild Rivers
A NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service cull during 2006 and National Park.
2007 in Kosciuszko National Park, where there were an estimated

1700 horses in 2005,[37] resulted in a reduction of 64 horses.[38]
Brumby 179
The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service commenced a plan in 2007 to reduce Brumby numbers by passive
trapping in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. Over 60 brumbies captured in the Apsley River Gorge have now
been re-homed.
In 2008 the third phase of an aerial culling of Brumbies took place, by shooting 700 horses from a helicopter, in
Carnarvon Gorge in Carnarvon National Park, Queensland.[39]
In literature and media

Brumbies, called "wild bush horses," are mentioned in Banjo Paterson's poem The Man from Snowy River.[40] This
poem was expanded into the films The Man from Snowy River and The Man from Snowy River II — (US title:
"Return to Snowy River" — UK title: "The Untamed") — also The Man from Snowy River (TV series) and The Man
from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular.
Another Banjo Paterson poem, called Brumby's Run, describes a mob of brumbies running wild. Paterson was
inspired to write the poem when he read of a N.S.W. Supreme Court Judge, who on hearing of Brumby horses,
asked: "Who is Brumby, and where is his Run?"
The popular Silver Brumby books by Elyne Mitchell were written for children and young adults. The stories describe
the adventures of Thowra, a Brumby stallion.[41] These stories were dramatised and made into a movie of the same
name (also known as The Silver Stallion: King of the Wild Brumbies), starring Russell Crowe and Caroline
Goodall.[42]
The brumby was adopted as an emblem in 1996 by then newly formed ACT Brumbies, a rugby union team based in
Canberra, Australia competing in what was then known as Super 14, now Super Rugby.
References
[1] Dobbie, W. R., Berman, D. M., & Braysher, M. L. (1993). Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral horses. Canberra: Australia Government
Publishing Service.
[2] ADB: Brumby, James (http:/ / adbonline. anu. edu. au/ biogs/ A010154b. htm) Retrieved 2009-12-16
[3] The History of theGuy Fawkes River Australian Brumbies and the Brumbies of the Northern Tablelands (http:/ / www. environment. nsw.
gov. au/ resources/ parks/ guyFawkesHorsesV2App1. pdf) Retrieved 2009-12-23
[4] Dobbie, W. R., Berman, D. M., & Braysher, M. L. (1993) "Managing vertebrate pests: Feral horses." Canberra: Australia Government
Publishing Service
[5] McKnight, T. (1976) "Friendly vermin- Survey of feral livestock in Australia." Berkeley: University of California Press
[6] Berger, J. (1986) Wild horses of the Great Basin. Sydney: University of Chicago Press.
[7] Nimmo, Dale Graeme; Miller, Kelly K. (2007) Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: A review.
Wildlife Research, 34, 408-17.
[8] Dawson, M. J., Lane, C. & Saunders, G. (2006) Proceedings of the National Feral Horse Management Workshop, Retrieved 9 May 2008 from
http:/ / www. invasiveanimals. com/ downloads/ FeralHorse_web. pdf
[9] Eberhardt, L. L.; Majorowicz, A. K.; Wilcox, J. A.(1982). "Apparent rates of increase for two feral horse herds." Journal of Wildlife
Management, 46, 367-374.
[10] Bomford, M., & Hart, Q. (2002). "Non-indigenous vertebrates in Australia." In Biological invasions: Economic and environmental costs of
alien plant, animal, and microbe species. David Pimental (Ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
[11] Hoofbeats: Pangare Ponies (http:/ / www. hoofbeats. com. au/ greenhorse/ greenhorse. html) Retrieved 2009-12-16
[12] Wild horses of WA: The Pangare Ponies (http:/ / ohhawa. wildhorses-wa. com/ horsenews_stories12. htm) Retrieved 2009-12-16
[13] Equine Veterinarians: Wild Horses Give Us Their Secrets (http:/ / avacms. eseries. hengesystems. com. au/ AM/ Template.
cfm?Section=Brumby_Research_Lecture_09) Retrieved 2009-12-16
[14] University of Queensland: Australian Brumby Research Unit (http:/ / www. wildhorseresearch. com/ ) Retrieved 2011-08-15
[15] Brumby camps (http:/ / www. kalandanfoundation. com. au/ brumby_camps. php) Retrieved 2011-11-06
[16] Snowy River Festival at Dalgety (http:/ / www. snowyriverfestival. com/ Snowy-River-Stockman-s-Challenge. html) Retrieved 200-12-16
[17] The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival (http:/ / www. manfromsnowyriverbushfestival. com. au/ ) Retrieved 200-12-16
[18] The Land Magazine, p. 3, 19 June 2008, Rural Press, North Richmond, NSW
[19] Pest Animal Control CRC. Feral horse. (Equus caballus) (http:/ / www. feral. org. au/ pest-species/ horse/ ) Retrieved 2011-11-06.
[20] Walcha News, p.6, 17 July 2008, Rural Press
Brumby 180
[21] Dyring, J. (1990). The impact of feral horses. (Equus caballus) on sub-alpine and montane environments. Canberra: University of Canberra
Press.
[22] Beever, E. A., and Herrick, J. E. (2006) Effects of feral horses in Great Basin landscapes on soils and ants: direct and indirect mechanisms.
Journal of Arid Environments, 66, 96–112.
[23] Rogers, G. M. (1991) Kaimanawa feral horses and their environmental impacts. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 15, 49–64, New Zealand
Ecological Society, Inc.
[24] Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan, pp. 12-13
[25] Bark Chewing on Red Range plateau, GFRNP: http:/ / www. ecoman. une. edu. au/ staff/ kvernes/ Ashton. pdf
[26] Matthews, D., Bryan, R., and Edwards, G. (2001) Recovery of the black-footed rock-wallaby following horse removal on Finke Gorge
National Park, Northern Territory. In Nimmo (2007)
[27] Burke's Backyard: Horse Culling (http:/ / www. burkesbackyard. com. au/ factsheets/ Conservation-and-the-Environment/ Horse-Culling/
1157) Retrieved 2009-12-1-23
[28] Environment ACT 2007, Namadgi National Park Feral Horse Management Plan
[29] Nimmo, D. G., Miller, K., & Adams, R. (2007). Managing feral horses in Victoria: A study of community attitudes and perceptions.
Ecological Management & Restoration 8 (3) , 237–243
[30] Houghton, Des. "The Killing Fields" The Courier Mail, 9 November 2007. Accessed online 20 December 2010 (http:/ / www. couriermail.
com. au/ news/ opinion/ the-killing-fields/ story-e6frereo-1111114841138)
[31] Senate Select Committee on Animal Welfare. (1991). Culling of large feral animals in the Northern Territory. Canberra: Senate Printing
Unit.
[32] ABC News: Brumby removal plan sparks community debate (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ news/ stories/ 2007/ 11/ 15/ 2092229. htm)
Retrieved 2009-12-16
[33] Killian, G. L. A., Miller, N. K., Diehl, J., Rhyan, J., and Thain, D. (2004) "Evaluation of three contraceptive approaches for population
control of wild horses." Proceedings of the 21st Vertebrate Pest Conference, 21, 263–268. In Nimmo (2007)
[34] The Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) spoke out about the Guy Fawkes River National Park brumby cull: http:/ / www.
brumbywatchaustralia. com/ GFRNP-AVA_speaks. htm
[35] Houghton, Des. "Outrage Over Brumbie Hit Squad. Courier Mail,30 April 2010. Accessed 20 December 2010 (http:/ / www. couriermail.
com. au/ news/ opinion/ outrage-over-brumbie-hit-squad/ story-e6frereo-1225860792702)
[36] Save the Brumbies (http:/ / www. savethebrumbies. org/ )
[37] Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan, p. 1
[38] Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan, p. 17
[39] ABC News: Cull cuts Carnarvon Gorge brumby numbers (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ news/ stories/ 2008/ 08/ 26/ 2346230. htm) Retrieved
2009-12-19
[40] "Man from Snowy River" poem by Banjo Peterson (http:/ / www. middlemiss. org/ lit/ authors/ patersonab/ poetry/ snowy. html)
[41] Amazon.com listing, containing a review from School Library Journal (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0006754708)
[42] iMDB on The Silver Brumby (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0108137/ )
Cited text
• Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan (http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/
KNPHorseManagementPlanFinal08.pdf). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of
Environment and Climate Change, NSW Government. December 2008. ISBN 978-1-74122-831-1. Retrieved 11
January 2010.
External links
• Australian Brumby Alliance (http://australianbrumbyalliance.org.au/)
• Brumby Watch (http://www.brumbywatchaustralia.com/old_index.htm)
• Heritage Horse (http://www.guyfawkesheritagehorse.com/)
• National Parks Wild Horse Control (http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/
V3Key/LA20020626034)
• Okstate: Australian Brumby (http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/australianbrumby/)
• Save The Brumbies Inc (http://www.savethebrumbies.org/)
Budyonny horse 181
Budyonny horse
Budyonny
Young Budyonny stallions in Russia
Alternative names Budenny

Budjonny
Budonny
Budennovsky
Country of origin Southern Russia
The Budyonny is a breed of horse from Russia. They were developed for use as a military horse following the
Russian Revolution and are currently used as an all-purpose competition horse and for driving.
Conformation
Budonny stallions stand on average 165 cm (16.1 h; 65 in), mares 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm). The coat is
generally chestnut with a golden sheen, although they may also be bay, gray or black. They have a well-proportioned
head with a straight profile, a long neck, pronounced withers, sloping shoulders, a wide, deep chest, a long, straight
back, and a slightly sloping croup. Their legs are long and strong with good joints and well-formed hooves. The
modern horse has a strong build, good bone, and are quite similar to the Thoroughbred. Conformation problems
include occasional offset cannon bones in the forelegs and overly straight hind legs.
Sub-categories
In the beginning, “Massive,” “Eastern,” and “Middle” types of the breed were recognized.
• The Massive type was large and somewhat rough. They were sturdy, with a well-developed bone structure, and
those with an oriental typiness were especially prized. Their robust constitution made them specially suitable for
herd keeping. They were used mainly for carriage driving.
• The Oriental type was lighter and more elegant. Generally chestnut with a gold sheen or bay, they were more
demanding in the feed and management conditions they required.
• The Medium type was fairly large and well-muscled, but also rangy and athletic. They were faster than the other
two types, and looked more like the Thoroughbred type.
Budyonny horse 182
Later, demand for competition horses led to the creation of a single type with a larger proportion of Thoroughbred
blood. This breed is of interest because it is the result of the complex state-sponsored cross-breeding programs that
were implemented after the Russian Revolution and are still in place today. The Budyonny is bred today in the
Ukraine and in the Kazakh and Kirghiz republics in the southern part of the former USSR.
History
The Budyonny was named after Marshall Semyon Budyonny, a Bolshevik cavalry commander who became famous
during the Russian Revolution. The breed was created by Budyonny, a well-known horse breeder himself, in the
early 1920s in the Rostov region of Russia with the intent of producing cavalry horses to replace those lost during
and after World War I. The resulting horses were used in Russian cavalry divisions during World War II and after.
Budyonnys were bred from a cross of local Don and Chernomor mares and Thoroughbred stallions. The Chernomor
(also known as the Tchernomor or the Cherkassky) is a type of Cossack horse similar to the Don, although smaller.
They are descendents of the horses raised by Zaporozhian Cossacks, and were first bred around Krasnodar, north of
the Caucasus Mountains. During the first round of breeding for the Budyonny horse, blood from Kirghiz and Kazakh
horses was also used, but the progeny was found to be not as hardy or conformationally sound, and later the
Budyonny was used to improve these two breeds.
The first Budyonny horses were known as Anglo-Dons, and the best were inter-bred, with the foundation stock for
the Budyonny selected from their offspring. The foundation stock consisted of 657 mares of Anglo-Don,
Anglo-Chernomor, and Anglo-Don/Chernomor crosses. These mares were crossed with Anglo-Don and
Thoroughbred stallions. The broodmares were given the best of care with feed and management. The young stock,
when between two and four years old, were tested for performance on the racecourse and in cavalry equitation
courses. In 1949 the breed was officially recognized.
In the 1950s an experiment was performed to gauge the ability of the Budyonny breed to adapt to harsh conditions
without human help. A number of horses were turned loose on a large island in Manych Lake in the Rostov district.
The horses have since survived and thrived, proving that they are capable of living in the wild for extended periods
without human assistance.
Uses
The Budyonny is used as an all-round competition horse, competing in dressage, steeplechasing, three-day eventing,
and endurance. The breed is fast, agile, and enduring, which allows them to be used for many different events. They
are also used as light carriage horses.
References
External links
• Equiworld (http://www.equiworld.org/breeds/budenny/index.htm)
• International Museum of the Horse - Budenny (http://www.imh.org/museum/breeds.php?pageid=8&
breed=18&alpha=One)
Burguete horse 183
Burguete horse
Burguete horse
Burguete horses
Alternative names Basque: Aurizko zaldia, Spanish: Caballo Burguete, Caballo de Raza Burguete
Country of origin Spain
The Burguete horse (Spanish: Caballo Burguete or Caballo de Raza Burguete, Basque: 'Aurizko zaldia) is a
breed of horse from the Navarre region of northern Spain. It is listed in the Catálogo Oficial de Razas de Ganado de
España in the group of autochthonous breeds in danger of extinction.
Name
The name, both in Basque and in Spanish, is derived from the town of Auritz/Burguete.
References
Byelorussian Harness (horse) 184
Byelorussian Harness (horse)

Byelorussian Harness
Country of origin Belarus
Byelorussian Harness is a harness horse bred for heavy work in the Belarusian agriculture. It is also kept for its
milk and meat.
References
Calabrese horse 185
Calabrese horse
Calabrese
Country of origin Italy
The Calabrese is a breed of horse originating from Italy, generally used for riding. They were developed from
horses bred in Italy before the founding of Rome, and the breed has continued to be developed to the present day
through infusions of Arabian, Andalusian and Thoroughbred blood.
Characteristics
The Calabrese generally stands 16 to 16.2 hands high, and can be bay, brown, black, gray or chestnut. They have a
refined head with a straight or slightly convex profile, a well-shaped, muscular neck, prominent withers, long,
sloping shoulders, and a broad, deep chest. The back is straight and the croup muscular and sloping. The legs are
muscular with strong tendons and well-formed hooves.
The breed is used as a general purpose riding horse. They are generally active and energetic, while still manageable
in temperament.
History
The Calabrese takes its name from the Calabria region of southern Italy, where it was developed. The breed has a
long history, being a descendant of horses bred in Italy prior to the founding of Rome. However, the current
characteristics started to evolve during the Bourbon period through the crossing of Arabian blood with Andalusian
stock.[]
From the Middle Ages to the early 18th century, there was a decline in the breed as interest focused on the breeding
of mules considered better able to cope with the terrain and workload. The mid-18th century to the mid-1880s saw a
revival in the breed with the introductions of new Arabian and Andalusian blood. However, in 1874 the breed was
again set back when many of the breeding studs were closed by a decree and much of the breeding stock split up.
In the 20th century, the breeding of the Calabrese began again and there was the introduction of Thoroughbred,
Arabian, Andalusian and Hackney blood. The Thoroughbred blood was used to improve performance and increase
the breed's stature, while Arabian blood is still continuing to be added to ensure the breed keeps its refinement and
uniquely oriental characteristics.[14]
References
Camargue horse 186
Camargue horse
Camargue
Camargue horse
Distinguishing features Grey horse breed native to Camargue area, traditionally used for cattle work
Breed standards
British Camargue Horse Society Breed standards [1]

Breed standards
The Camargue horse is an ancient breed of horse indigenous to the Camargue area in southern France. Its origins
remain relatively unknown, although it is generally considered one of the oldest breeds of horses in the world. For
centuries, possibly thousands of years, these small horses have lived wild in the harsh environment of the Camargue
marshes and wetlands of the Rhône delta, which covers part of the départements of Gard and Bouches-du-Rhône.
There they developed the stamina, hardiness and agility for which they are known today. Traditionally, they live in
semi-feral conditions in the marshy land of the region. The Camargue horse is the traditional mount of the gardians,
the Camargue "cowboys" who herd the black Camargue bulls used in bullfighting in southern France. Camargue
horses galloping through water is a popular and romantic image of the region.
Characteristics
Camargue horses are always gray. This means that they have black skin underlying a white hair coat as adult horses.
They are born with a hair coat that is black or dark brown in colour, but as they grow to adulthood, their hair coat
becomes ever more intermingled with white hairs until it is completely white. They are small horses, generally
standing 135–150 centimetres (13.1–14.3 hands) at the withers, and weighing 350 to 500 kg (770 to 1,100 lb).
Despite their small size, they have the strength to carry grown adults. Considered rugged and intelligent, they have a
short neck, deep chest, compact body, well-jointed, strong limbs and a full mane and tail.
The head has many similarities to the Barb horse. It is often heavy, square and expressive, with bright, wide-set eyes,
a straight profile, flat forehead and well-chiseled cheek bones.The ears are small, short, and set well apart. The
forelock is full. The breed has a neck of medium length with an abundant mane. The chest is deep and wide, and the
shoulder is powerful and muscular. The withers must be defined but not exaggerated. The Camargue horse has a
Camargue horse 187
medium length back, well-supported, and a slightly sloping full croup, well-muscled hindquarters, and a low set, full
tail. The Camargue horse has long legs which are well proportioned, strong and resistant, with large knees and
hocks. Their hooves are hard and tough, with soles that are large and wide, suited to its original marshy habitat.
Registration
Since 2003, three registration categories exist to identify Camargue horses:
Camargue
Horses registered in the stud book, foaled and identified in Camargue area, branded before weaning, and from
a manade (a small, semi-feral herd structure). The berceau or cradle of the breed is strictly defined, and
consists of 45 communes in the départements of Bouches-du-Rhône, Gard and Hérault.
Camargue hors manade
Horses registered in the stud book, foaled and identified in Camargue area, and not from a manade.
Camargue hors berceau
Horses registered in the stud book, foaled and identified outside of the Camargue area.
There exists a strong sense of regionalism in Camargue area, so registration for the horses is treated similarly to an
Appellation d'origine contrôlée.
The "Cavallo del Delta"

The Camargue horse was introduced in the 1970s to the Po delta in Italy, where under the name "Cavallo del Delta"
it is treated as an indigenous breed. In 2011 the registered population numbered 163.
Terminology
There is a specific terminology in the Provençal dialect that is used when discussing Camargue horses:
'English' term Term in Provençal dialect
Camargue stallion Grignon or grignoun
Feral horse Rosso
Yearling Court
Horse or bull aged 2 years Doublen
Horse or bull aged 3 years Ternen
Horse or bull aged 4 years Quatren
Horse breeding in Camargue area Cavalot
Livestock branding in Camargue area Ferrade
Herder Gardian, and gardianou for young apprentices
Semi-feral herd of cows and / or Camargue horses Manade

Camargue horse 188
History
Some researchers believe the Camargue are descended from
the ancient Solutré horse hunted during the Upper Paleolithic
period. Extensive archeological evidence has been found in
the present-day Burgundy region of
France.Wikipedia:Disputed statement The Camargue breed
was appreciated by the Celtic and Roman invaders who
entered the Iberian Peninsula.[citation needed] Their genealogy is
closely tied with Iberian horses, especially those of the
northern part of the peninsula. The original Spanish jaca was
probably a cross between the Celtic pony and the Camargue. Camargues
It was later improved by crosses with northern European horse
types and ultimately with the southern peninsular horse, as the
Moors spread their influence toward the Pyrenees.[citation
needed]
As a result, the Camargue genes probably penetrated the

Americas through the influence of the jaca, the warhorse
taken to new lands where hardiness was a requirement. Breeds
such as the Chilean horse and Criollo show signs of some
characteristics that are common in the Camargue breed.[citation
needed] A gardian in the early 20th century
Camargue horses were used on a large scale during the
construction of the Suez Canal in the 1860s.
In 1976, to preserve the standards and purity of the breed, the

French government set breed standards and started registering the
main breeders of the Camargue horse. In 1978, they set up the
breed stud book. To be registered, foals must be born out of doors
and must be seen to suckle from a registered mare as proof of
parentage. Foals born inside the defined Camargue region are
registered sous berceau, while those born elsewhere are registered
hors berceau ("outside the cradle" or "birthplace"). They have the
heavy, square heads of primitive horses, but the influence of
Arabian, Barb and Thoroughbred blood can also be seen. The
A Camargue horse in the marshes of the region.
gardians look after the horses, which are rounded up annually for
health inspections, branding, and gelding of unsuitable stock.
In England, the only breeding herd is at Valley Farm, in Wickham Market, near Woodbridge, Suffolk. Valley Farm
is also the home of the British Camargue Horse Society, which represents the Camargue Breed in Britain by
maintaining a stud book for British-bred Camargue Horses and registering ownership of Camargue Horses in Britain.
Camargue horse 189
Uses
The Camargue horse is the traditional mount of the gardian. It is used for livestock management, particularly of
Camargue cattle, and also in competitive Camargue equitation, in traditional activities such as the abrivado
preceding the course camarguaise, and in many gardian games.
Their calm temperament, agility, intelligence and stamina has resulted in these horses being used for equestrian
games, dressage, and long distance riding, which is growing in popularity in France.
Film portrayal
The 1953 children's film Crin-Blanc, English title White Mane, portrayed the horses and the region. A short
black-and-white film directed by Albert Lamorisse, director of Le ballon rouge (1956), Crin-blanc won the 1953
Prix Jean Vigo and the short film Grand Prix at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, as well as awards at Warsaw and
Rome. In 1960 Denys Colomb Daunant, writer and actor for Crin-blanc, made the documentary Le Songe des
Chevaux Sauvages, "Dream of the Wild Horses". It featured Camargue horses and slow motion photography, and
won the Small Golden Berlin Bear at the 1960 Berlin International Film Festival.
References
[1] http:/ / www. valleyfarmonline. co. uk/ index. php?categoryid=65
[2] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-sang/ camargue. html
External links
• Le Cheval Camargue (http://www.aecrc.com/) (French)
Camarillo White Horse

Camarillo White Horse
A Camarillo White Horse
Distinguishing features Pure White Compact, muscular but refined build, clean-cut head, well arched neck.
The Camarillo White Horse is a rare horse breed less than 100 years old known for its pure white color. It dates
back to 1921, when Adolfo Camarillo, one of the last Californios, purchased a 9-year-old stallion named Sultan at
the California State Fair in Sacramento.[1] The California White horse was owned and bred by the Camarillo family
until the death of Adolfo Camarillo’s daughter Carmen, in 1987.[2]
The Camarillo White Horse is known for its pure white color, which includes pink skin under the white hair coat.
Unlike a gray horse that is born dark and lightens as it gets older, Camarillo White horses are white from birth and
remain white throughout their lives.
The breed is not only a color breed. It has other distinctive physical characteristics, including a compact and refined
build. They are known to have strong limbs, an expressive face, large eyes, well-defined withers, laid back shoulders
and a well-arched neck.[citation needed]
True white is a very difficult and rare color to achieve, as statistically there is only a 50% chance of producing living
white offspring from any given mating, regardless of the color of the other parent. This is because of an unusual
characteristic of the white "W" gene. Although it is a dominant gene, it is lethal when homozygous (WW), and such
foals die in the womb. This means that all living true white horses are heterozygous (Ww) for the gene. Thus, when a
white horse (Ww) is bred to a non-white (ww) horse, there is a 50% chance of producing white and a 50% chance of
producing a non-white horse.
When two white horses (Ww) are bred to one another, there is a 50% chance of producing a living white horse
(Ww), a 25% chance of producing a non-white horse (ww), but also a 25% chance of producing a dead foal
[3][4]
(WW). The W gene is dominant: if a horse carries the gene it will be white and conversely, if the horse is not
white, it does not carry the white gene, and thus and cannot produce white offspring if bred to another non-white
horse. Breeders of true white horses generally cross them on non-white horses, as the statistical probability of a
white foal is the same with no risk of producing a WW foal. However, because there are different genetics involved,
Camarillo White horses do not carry the genes for Lethal white syndrome.[5]
Breed history
All Camarillo White Horses trace back to a single foundation sire, Sultan, a Spanish Mustang born in 1912 that
Camarillo would latter describe as a "Stallion of a dream." Camarillo found Sultan at the 1921 California State Fair
in Sacramento being shown by the Miller & Lux cattle ranch. Camarillo purchased Sultan and the pair went on to
win many championships throughout California.
Camarillo bred Sultan to Morgan mares at the Camarillo Ranch, developing a line of horses privately owned and
bred by the Camarillo family for the next 65 years. Upon Camarillo’s death in 1958, Adolfo’s daughter Carmen took
over the horse breeding operation. She continued to show the horses at parades and events for the enjoyment of the
people of Ventura County until her death in 1987, when, according to her wishes, the horses were sold at public
auction, ending the tradition of exclusive ownership of the breed by the Camarillo family.[6]
In 1989, five individuals decided to regroup the horses for public performances. By 1991, when only 11 horses
remained, it became apparent the breed could die out, and the idea for an association began. In 1992, the Camarillo
White Horse Association was formed. To avoid inbreeding, the registry has an open stud book, requiring least one
parent to be of Camarillo's original stock, but allowing the other parent to be from various breeds, including
Andalusian and Standardbred bloodlines. They also maintain a separate record of non-white foals from these
bloodlines.
Events of Distinction
From the 1930s on, Camarillo White Horses became famous all along the California coast for their performances at
various events. They became well known as regular participants in the Tournament of Roses Parade and even
attended the parade to open the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge.
They are the official horse of the city of Camarillo. They have appeared in every Santa Barbara Fiesta parade since it
began in 1924. Many people of note have ridden Camarillo White Horses, including (then-Governor) Ronald
Reagan, 1946 Nobel Peace Prize recipient John Mott, movie star Leo Carrillo, and Steven Ford (son of President
Gerald Ford).
References
[1] The Free Library (http:/ / www. thefreelibrary. com/ READY+ FOR+ ROSE+ PARADE;+ WHITE+ HORSES+ TO+ REPRESENT+
CAMARILLO-a083395165) - Rose Parade article
[2] Camarillo White Horse Site (http:/ / www. camarillowhitehorses. org/ history_camarillo_white_horses. html)- Camarillo White Horse History
[3] Mau, C., Poncet, P. A., Bucher, B., Stranzinger, G. & Rieder, S. (2004) "Genetic mapping of dominant white (W), a homozygous lethal
condition in the horse (Equus caballus)." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 121 (6), 374-383. . Accessed September 6, 2006 at (http:/ /
www. blackwell-synergy. com/ doi/ abs/ 10. 1111/ j. 1439-0388. 2004. 00481. x?journalCode=jbg)
[4] Haase B, Brooks SA, Schlumbaum A, Azor PJ, Bailey E, et al. (2007) "Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT Locus in Dominant White
(W) Horses." PLoS Genet 3(11): e195 (http:/ / genetics. plosjournals. org/ perlserv/ ?request=get-document& doi=10. 1371/ journal. pgen.
0030195& ct=1/ )
[5] The Camarillo White Horse Association FAQ page, accessed December 1, 2007 (http:/ / www. camarillowhitehorses. org/ faq. html)
[6] Camarillo Ranch (http:/ / www. camarilloranch. org/ history/ )- Camarillo Ranch Official site
• Mellin, Jeanne. The Complete Morgan Horse

External links
• The Camarillo White Horse Association (http://www.camarillowhitehorses.org/
history_camarillo_white_horses.html)
• Haase B, Brooks SA, Schlumbaum A, Azor PJ, Bailey E, et al. (2007) "Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT
Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses." PLoS Genet 3(11): e195 (http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/
?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195&ct=1/) doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195)
• UC Davis page on Camarillo White coloration (http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/horse/CamarilloWhite.
php)
Campolina 193
Campolina
Campolina
Young male Campolina
Distinguishing features Unique ambling gaits called marcha picada and "marcha batida"
Country of origin Brazil
The Campolina horse breed of Brazil is named after Cassiano Campolina, the farmer who developed the breed.
Beginning in 1870, they were developed using several different breeds of horses. The Campolina is one of the larger
Brazilian breeds, and may be found in any color. They are a gaited breed, with an ambling gait. They are used
mainly for leisure riding and driving and are increasingly used for dressage within Brazil.[1]
History
The Campolina breed dates back to 1870, when it was formed in Entre Rios de Minas, Minas Gerais in Brazil. It was
developed by a farmer named Cassiano Campolina, on his farm Fazenda Tanque, beginning when he received a
black mare named "Medéia" from his friend, Antonio Cruz.[2] The mare was Brazilian, of Barb ancestry, and
Campolina bred her to a pure Andalusian stallion. The stallion belonged to Mariano Procópio, to whom it had been
presented as a gift by Dom Pedro II.
The resulting foal from the breeding was a gray colt named "Monarca",
who lived until 1898 and served for 25 years in Campolina's herd; he is
considered the foundation stallion of the Campolina breed. Other
breeds that Campolina used in his herd were Anglo-Norman,
Clydesdale, Holsteiner, and American Saddle Horse. Bloodlines from
the Mangalarga Marchador, were also added to refine the Campolina.
The herdbook was closed in 1934 and the breed standard first defined.
In 1938, the Professional Consortium of Campolina Horse Breeders
was formed to formally organize the breed, and in 1951 the
Note the squared profile of the torso and nasal
organization was renamed to the Campolina Breeders Association, the
bones. This morphology is ideal for the
breed standards were formally adopted, with the organization based in traditional, stereotyped, even paced "marcha".
Belo Horizonte. There were further updates to the breed standard in
1975 and 1993. There are currently around 85,000 registered Campolina horses, with slightly over 7,300 registered
breeders. Around 4,300 mares were bred in 2003.
Campolina 194
The height of the Campolina varies. Older works state the average
height is from 14.1 to 15 hands (57 to 60 inches, 145 to 152 cm).
However, more recent sources state the height is 15-16.2 hh. A
common view is that the most beautiful Campolinas are silver-grey, a
position that may reflect a sentimental tradition for the first Campolina.
Other popular colours for this breed include dun, bay, buckskin, and
“Pampa” or pinto. The appearance of markings such as white socks or a
star on the forehead neither adds nor detracts to the horse in terms of
official judging.
Dun-colored Campolinas generally display pronounced primitive

markings including dorsal stripe, pale guard hairs on either side of the
mane, transverse shoulder strip, and leg striping, called "zippers" by
Campolina breeders.
A pampa (pinto-patterned) filly.
Leg bands or "zippers" on an adult female

Campolina
Head
The head of the Campolina is described as trapezoidal in shape, but the
silhouette of this horse is smoothly rounded. Between the ears, the poll
is be visible and raised by a few centimeters above the temples. The
forehead is to be flat, and the nasal bones apparent near the midpoint of
the face in the rostro caudal plane. The head in profile is convex.
Campolinas are not, however, described to have a true Roman nose, as
the convex profile begins approximately two finger widths below the
base of the orbit. The muzzle should be soft and rounded, usually dark
in colour, as are the hairs of the inner ear, mane and tail relative to the
coat over the body. The nostrils are equal in size and should have a fine
The desired head shape of a Campolina
layer of flesh around the dorsal surface allowing for approximately one
centimeter of separation between the thumb and pointer of the
evaluator when the thumb in inserted into the nostril at a depth of around one inch. The outer edge of the nostril
should be slightly thicker. The lips should be full and taut about the teeth. The ears are
Campolina 195
evenly placed when viewed from the front of the horse and not extend
vertically more than three times the width of the eye when measured
across the inner pinnae. The pinnae should close to a clean tip at the
top of each ear.[citation needed] Eyes should be expressive.
Neck and body

In addition to the prominent curvature of the profile, the shape of the
crest is also an important feature of the Campolina silhouette. In the
relaxed forward pose, the ventral line of the neck from the caudal most Hyperconvex nose, exaggerated beyond breed
point of the cheek to the top of the chest is quite straight. However, the ideal
dorsal surface of the neck should have a clear arch. This prominent
crest accentuates the arch formed between the head and neck when the horse is flexed during riding. In a relaxed
state, the balance of the face and neck from the side view can be evaluated by drawing a tangent from the points of
maximal curvature. In the case of balanced conformation, the tangents should intersect roughly one inch in front of
the ears (in the forward alert position).[citation needed]
The weight range for Campolina stallions and geldings is 550 to 600 kilograms (1,210 to 1,320 lb) and 350 to 450
kilograms (770 to 990 lb) for mares. In well-bred, well-conditioned animals, the chest is well developed. One
symptom of poor breeding is a narrow chest with inadequate musculature between the front legs. This is a particular
concern with the crossbred "Mangolina" (Mangalarga Marchador x Campolina) Visually, however, the breeding
practice frequently results in animals that are heavy in the rear end and look weak and unbalanced in rostro-caudal
plane when viewed for the animal’s full length.[citation needed]
The underline of the Campolina should appear well fleshed but not overly rounded. There should be a good inverse
symmetry in silhouette or side profile between the curvature of the underline and the fully outstretched neck and
head. This conformation has been difficult to achieve in many animals, with many horses having the appearance of a
short neck due to the curvature of the crest. The back of the Campolina should be a bit "long". When evaluating the
animal's side profile, special attention should be paid to overall anatomical balance, which in this breed can err in
overdevelopment of either the withers or the croup. Unbalanced horses tend to produce a rough ride and are referred
to as having a "hard" gait. Specifically, the withers should be well-developed but not appear exaggerated or
considerably higher than the highest point of the croup. In evaluating the hindquarters of the Campolina, the croup
should be quite full, though not overly muscular except in stallions. In those animals used for Dressage however, the
preferred build goes against the breed standard. Dressage horses are preferred to have an "uphill build" where the
croup slightly lower than the withers.[3] The tail of this breed should exit the rump at around the 1 o’clock position.
Tails are typically mid to mid-low set. Very low tail sets often indicate mixed bloodlines with a likely influence of
the Mangalarga Paulista in the genetic make-up of the animal under observation, but can be accounted for by a
number of other breeds.[citation needed]
Gait and Movement

The Campolina is a gaited horse breed with a smooth, four-beat ambling gait. It is the largest of the three gaited
Brazilian breeds, due to the influence of heavier breeds from Northern Europe. The gait is called the true marcha or
marcha verdadeira.
As one of the newer breeds, the standards for this animal have changed in recent generations. The provided images
show the successive removal of the squaredness around the torso and shoulders and the nasal bones when viewed in
profile. Historically, breeding schemes emphasized structure idealized for stereotyped, smooth and even paced gait.
The newer examples of this breed display refinement in the torso, the nasal bones and around the mouth. These
morphological changes confer increased degrees of freedom in joint movement and by extension, increased
Campolina 196
versatility generally in range and types of motion.
Uses
The Campolina is used for pleasure and trail riding including Dressage, and also driving.
Projected Evolution of Breed Standard

The Campolina breed is a young breed relative to other established horse lines (Akhal Teke, Arabian, Lippizan) and
breed standards are still evolving. Current trends have suggested a move away from the square mouth and retilineo
or straight region of the nasal bones as in image presented below. In the new ideal, male nasal bones are prominent,
retain the height of the earlier ideals but are now expected to generate a smooth 'curved and continuous' appearance
(see The desired head shape of a Campolina). The ideal for the profile of the female head is more dynamic with a
narrowing between the nasal bones to refine the lower face. The curvature of the nasal bones should appear to extend
naturally from the intersection of the orbit and maxillary and lead gently into the muzzle. Both male and female head
profile ideals are moving towards refined, narrow curvature in the lips, especially the upper lip. In the case of the
female Campolina, certain breeders now seek to develop the curvature of the croup and buttocks to balance the nasal
profile (i.e. an "egua" (female horse) with a strongly curved profile must present a full, developed curvature of the
rear).
References
[1] http:/ / www. lusitano-interagro. com/ adestra. htm
[2] L.S. de Andrade,(2000)Campolina O Grande Marchador, Um Seculo de selecao,
Historic Album, Revista Brasileira do Cavalo de Marcha
[3] http:/ / www. eques. com. au/ dressage/ jan06/ conformation_dressage_horse. htm
External links
• http://www.comunidadecampolina.com.br/(In Portuguese)
Former ideal for the head, note the squared
profile of the nasal bones
• http://www.theequinest.com/breeds/campolina
Canadian horse 197
Canadian horse
Canadian Horse
Alternative names French Canadian Horse
Country of origin Canada
Breed standards
Canadian Horse Breeders Association [1]

Breed standards
Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society Breed standards [2]
The Canadian horse is a horse breed from Canada. It is a strong, well-muscled breed of light horse, usually dark in
color. The horses are generally used for riding and driving. Descended from draft and light riding horses imported to
Canada in the late 1600s, it was later crossed with other British and American breeds. During the 18th century the
Canadian horse spread throughout the northeastern US, where it contributed to the development of several horse
breeds. During the peak popularity of the breed, three subtypes could be distinguished, a draft horse type, a trotting
type and a pacing type. Thousands of horses were exported in the 19th century, many of whom were subsequently
killed while acting as cavalry horses in the American Civil War. These exports decreased the purebred Canadian
population almost to the point of extinction, prompting the formation of a studbook and the passage of a law against
further export.
Experimental breeding programs in the early 20th century succeeded in re-establishing the breed to some extent, but
mechanization, combined with two world wars, again resulted in the breed almost becoming extinct. In the 1980s,
concerned with the declining population numbers, interested breeders undertook a promotional program, which
resulted in renewed interest in the breed. By the 1990s, population numbers were higher, and genetic studies in 1998
and 2012 found relatively high levels of genetic diversity for a small breed. However, livestock conservation
organizations still consider the breed to be at risk, due to low population numbers.
Most Canadian Horses are dark colored: black, bay, or brown. A few chestnuts are found, occasionally with flaxen
manes and tails, and the cream gene appears in the breed as the result of the genetic influence of one stallion. While
some sources state that the gene for gray is no longer found in the breed, after the genetic bottleneck of the late 20th
century, the preservation society for the breed states that they can be "rarely gray". Their height averages 14 to
16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and stallions average 1,050 to 1,350 pounds (480 to 610 kg) in weight,
while mares weigh 1,000 to 1,250 pounds (450 to 570 kg).
Canadian horse 198
The Canadian horse has a rather short, high-set head with a broad forehead. The neck is arched and graceful, and the
chest, back and loins broad and strongly muscled. The shoulders and croup are sloping, with a relatively high-set tail.
Overall, the breed gives the impression of strength and agility. Their heavy and wavy mane and tail, arched necks
and finely boned heads are all reminiscent of Andalusian and Barb ancestry. Their trot is described as flashy. They
are hardy horses and easy keepers. Today, most Canadian horses are used as riding and driving horses, and are
known for their jumping ability. They are seen in competition in almost every discipline, as well as for leisure riding.
They can also be found in light draft work, trail riding, and working as a stock horse.
Unlike most breeds, there is a set naming system that is used to identify individuals based on the registration format
employed by the Canadian Livestock Records Corporation. First comes the prefix, the farm or breeding
establishment of which the foal was born into, followed by the sire's name, and lastly the given name for the foal.
Each year a different letter is assigned to begin the given name for the foal, and it is by the year's letter that the foal
is named. Some older horses do not fall under this naming strategy, but it is now mandatory in naming registered
offspring coming from purebred Canadian lines. Originally, horses were tattooed with identification numbers, but
now microchipping is the identification technology chosen by the breed registry.
History
The Canadian Horse descended from the French stock Louis XIV
sent to Canada in the late 17th century. The initial shipment, in
1665, consisted of two stallions and twenty mares from the Royal
Stables in Normandy and Brittany, the center of French horse
breeding. Only 12 of the 20 mares survived the trip. Two more
shipments followed, one in 1667 of 14 horses (mostly mares, but
with at least one stallion), and one in 1670 of 11 mares and a
stallion. The shipments included a mix of draft horses and light
horses, the latter of which included both pacing and trotting
A Canadian Horse horses.[] The exact origins of all the horses are unknown, although
the shipments probably included Bretons, Normans, Arabians,
Andalusians and Barbs.
The horses were leased to gentleman farmers or religious orders for money or in exchange for a foal, and they
remained the property of the king for three years. Despite poor conditions and hard work, the horses thrived in
Canada, and were given nicknames that included "the little iron horse" and "the horse of steel". Population numbers
rose quickly from the early stock, with 148 horses by 1679, 218 horses by 1688, 684 by 1698, and by 1709, enough
that the government limited farmers to owning two horses and a foal, with additional horses to be slaughtered,
although this law was a failure in terms of enforcement. During the 1700s, the "French Canadian Horse" spread
through what is now eastern Michigan and Illinois in the United States, and lived a generally feral existence, with
many escaping human control completely. During the Expulsion of the Acadians in the mid-18th century, the
English seized the livestock of the Acadians, including horses. Some of these animals were transported to Sable
Island, where their descendents became the Sable Island horse. In the late 18th century, imported horses from the US
and the British Isles were crossbred with existing Canadian stock. By the 19th century, they were found performing
light draft work, as well as riding and driving duties. Cornelius Krieghoff, a 19th-century Canadian painter, was
known for his works featuring the Canadian horse, who he usually showed in association with the French habitants,
as opposed to the English settlers in the area. His paintings generally portrayed the Canadian horse in a utilitarian,
workhorse role, often in winter scenes.
In 1849, there were estimated to be more than 150,000 Canadian horses, and many were exported from Canada
annually. Some were shipped to the West Indies, where they possibly contributed to gaited breeds such as the Paso
Fino. By the middle of the 19th century, Canadian horses had spread through the northeastern US, where they were
Canadian horse 199
used for racing, as roadsters, and, due to their stamina, to pull freight wagons and stagecoaches. Many played a role
in the development of other breeds, including the Morgan horse, the American Saddlebred and the Standardbred.
Although used extensively in the US, no efforts were made to establish a purebred population, studbook, or breed
association in that country. Thousands of horses imported to the US from Canada were used as artillery and cavalry
horses in the American Civil War, where many were killed. One equine historian states that "The Canadian horse
played a major role in the history of that war; it has even been said that the North won simply on the fact that its
soldiers had the better horse – the Canadian."
By 1880, through exports and war casualties, Canadian horses had almost become extinct. In 1885, the Canadian
Horse Breeders Association was formed to inspect and approve breeding stock with the aim of creating a studbook
for the breed, and in 1886, further export from Canada was forbidden by Quebec law. In 1913, an experimental
breeding program was begun at Cap-Rouge by the Canadian government. The program's goal was to breed larger
horses that retained the endurance and vitality for which the breed was known, and succeeded in increasing the size
of stallions to 15.2 to 16 hands (62 to 64 inches, 157 to 163 cm) high and 1,200 to 1,500 pounds (540 to 680 kg) in
weight, with mares slightly smaller. However, mechanization, combined with World War I and World War II, ended
the federal breeding program, and in 1940 all breeding stock was sold at auction. However, the province of Quebec
re-established the program at Deschambault. The program lasted there until 1979, when the herd was again
disbanded and sold at auction.
1970s to present
By the 1970s, the popularity of the breed had decreased significantly, and there were approximately 400 Canadian
horses worldwide, with only around five annual registrations between 1970 and 1974. Several interested breeders
began a campaign of preservation and promotion, which resulted in a Canadian team winning the 1987 North
American Driving Championships. Popularity began to increase, and by the mid-1990s population numbers were
between 2,500 and 3,000, and The Livestock Conservancy, which had classified the breed as "critical", changed its
designation to "rare". With the increase in popularity came pressure for the breed standard to change to meet modern
show and market trends, by breeding for taller horses with more refinement. In 2002, the Canadian Horse Heritage
and Preservation Society was formed in response to these pressures, with a goal of preserving the original Canadian
horse type. The Canadian Horse Breeders Association remains the official registering body for the Canadian horse,
as governed by the Canadian federal Animal Pedigree Act, with the responsibility to "monitor registration,
identification, and the keeping of the stud book for Canadian horses". It is also responsible for inspecting breeding
stock before they are registered with the studbook. The studbook is maintained by the Canadian Livestock Records
Corporation. Since the beginning of the studbook, there have been over 13,600 horses registered. In 2012, 208 new
horses were registered, mainly in Quebec. The Livestock Conservancy still considers the breed to be threatened, a
designation given to breeds with a global population of less than 5,000 and annual US registrations of fewer than
1,000. Rare Breeds Canada considers the breed to be at risk, with fewer than 500 annual registrations of female
breeding stock.
In a study of mitochondrial DNA published in 2012, the Canadian horse and the Newfoundland pony were found to
be the most genetically diverse of the Canadian breeds studied, which also included the Sable Island horse and the
Lac La Croix pony. The Canadian horse showed high haplotype diversity, sharing haplotypes with all Canadian
populations, as well as draft breeds, Nordic pony breeds and British mountain and moorland pony breeds also tested
in the study. The Canadian horse had been shown to be related to draft horse breeds, including the Percheron,
Belgian and Clydesdale, in previous microsatellite loci studies. This relationship was supported by findings in the
2012 study. The high levels of diversity in the Canadian horse supported the conclusions of a 1998 study, which
determined that the small population size and historical genetic bottlenecks had not resulted in a significant loss of
genetic variation. The 1998 paper also stated that the Canadian horse did not show inbreeding any more significant
than other, more popular, breeds.
Canadian horse 200
The Canadian horse is a common animal symbol of Canada. In 1909, the Canadian Parliament declared it the
national breed of the country, and in 2002 was made an official animal symbol of Canada by Parliamentary Act. In
2010, the provincial legislature of Quebec named it a heritage breed of the province.
Sub-types
During the peak popularity of the breed, three main types could be distinguished. All three are now considered
extinct, having disappeared or been merged back into the main Canadian horse population. The first, the Canadian
Heavy Draft or St. Lawrence, which disappeared by the late 1700s, probably developed from Shire and Clydesdale
crosses. They were probably a popular export to New England, which bred large numbers of horses for Caribbean
plantations. The second, the Frencher, sometimes also called the St. Lawrence, was a trotting horse known for its
power and speed, resulting from crosses with Thoroughbreds. Mixed with French trotting lines, they played a role in
the development of the US trotting horses.
Canadian Pacer
The third type was the Canadian Pacer, which was historically better
documented than the other two types. Canadian Pacers were likely the
result of breeding pacing horses imported from France with
Narragansett Pacers from New England. The resulting horses were
known for their ability to race on ice. From there, they were exported
to the United States, where North Carolina became a breeding center,
later exporting them to Tennessee in the late 1700s. Pedigrees were not
maintained, so early breeding histories are often impossible to trace.
The Canadian Pacer influenced the Tennessee Walker,[] the American
Saddlebred[3] and the Standardbred.[]
Commonly called "Canucks", the fastest members of the breed came

from Quebec near the St. Lawrence River. Racing began in this area
during the long, severe winters, when Sunday races after attending An American Saddlebred, a descendent of the
church for Mass became common. Eventually these races became large Canadian Pacer, in the early 1900s
enough to endanger the church-going populace, and races were banned
within a certain distance of churches. They instead moved to local rivers, whose smooth, frozen surfaces provided
useful raceways, and the resulting contests drew attention to the pacers from Quebec.[]
Several horses imported to the United States from Canada had a lasting impact on American horse breeding. In the
early 1800s, a roan-colored stallion named Copperbottom was imported to Lexington, Kentucky from Quebec,
through Michigan. He began to be offered for stud service in 1816, and his progeny spread throughout the eastern
US. Known mainly as saddle stock, they also included several pacing horses.[4] Another roan stallion, Tom Hal, a
successful pacer in his own right, founded an important family of pacers in the US. Appearing in Kentucky in 1824,
he was offered for stud, and his offspring (many of whom carried on the family name, being differentiated only by
the name of the owner) began the family of Standardbreds that included Little Brown Jug, Brown Hal, Star Pointer,
Adios and Good Time, all champion harness racing horses.[5] Another pacing import to the US was a black stallion
named Old Pilot, said to have been bred near Montreal, who originated the Pilot family of trotting horses. Old Pilot
produced a son, also named Pilot, who was acclaimed as a sire of trotting horses, as well as being a successful
harness horse himself.
Canadian horse 201
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. lechevalcanadien. ca/ files/ CHBA_SECC-Bylaws-2010. pdf
[2] http:/ / www. chhaps. org/ breedstandards. pdf
[3] Dutson, p. 68
[4] McCarr, p. 71
[5] McCarr, pp. 71–75
References
ISBN 1-58017-613-5.
• McCarr, Ken (1978). The Kentucky Harness Horse. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0213-8.
External links
• Canadian Horse Breeders Association (http://www.lechevalcanadien.ca/)
• Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society (http://www.chhaps.org/)
Carolina Marsh Tacky

Carolina Marsh Tacky
Carolina Marsh Tacky at Hilton Head
Distinguishing features Small, sure-footed horse with gentle disposition, adept at work in marshland.
Alternative names Marsh Tacky
Common nicknames Tacky horse, Tackie
Breed standards
Carolina Marsh Tacky Association Breed standards [1]
The Carolina Marsh Tacky or Marsh Tacky is a rare breed of horse, native to South Carolina. It is a member of
the Colonial Spanish group of horse breeds, which also include the Florida Cracker Horse and the Banker horse of
North Carolina. It is a small horse, well adapted for use in the lowland swamps of its native South Carolina. The
Marsh Tacky developed from Spanish horses brought to the South Carolina coast by Spanish explorers, settlers and
traders as early as the 16th century. The horses were used by the colonists during the American Revolution, and by
South Carolinians for farm work, herding cattle and hunting throughout the breed's history.
The breed is considered to be critically endangered by both the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy and the
Equus Survival Trust, and there are only around 275 Marsh Tackies in existence today. In 2006 and 2007, the two
organizations worked together to complete DNA testing on the breed with the goals of mapping the Marsh Tacky's
place among the horse breeds of the world and beginning a stud book. In 2007, an association was begun with the
objective of preserving and promoting the Marsh Tacky; and in 2010 a closed stud book was created.
Characteristics
The Marsh Tacky generally stands between 14 and 14.2 hands (56 and 58 inches, 142 and 147 cm) high, although
the acceptable range is between 13 and 15 hands (52 and 60 inches, 132 and 152 cm) high. Today, the breed comes
in a wide variety of colors, including dun, bay, roan, chestnut, black and grullo. Historically, multi-colored patterns
such as pinto were found, but they were not selected for when breeding, and today are not seen. The colors today are
consistent with those of other Colonial Spanish horses. The profile of the breed's head is usually flat or somewhat
concave, becoming slightly convex from the nasal region to the top of the muzzle. The forehead is wide and the eyes
set well apart. The breed typically has a slight ewe neck, and the neck is attached low on the chest compared to many
other breeds. The withers are pronounced, the back short and strong, and the croup steeply angled. The chest is deep
but narrow and the shoulder long and angled. The legs have long, tapering muscling, with in general no feathering on
the lower legs. The Marsh Tacky exhibits an four-beat ambling gait, most similar to the marcha batida of the
Brazilian Mangalarga Marchador, another breed with Spanish heritage, although also compared to the fox trot of the
Missouri Fox Trotter. However, the Marsh Tacky's gait shows a period of quadrupedal support where all four feet
are planted and diagonal foot pairings, whereas the Fox Trotter shows tripedal support and the Mangalarga
Marchador lacks the diagonal foot pairings.
The Marsh Tacky is known by owners for its stamina and ability to work in water and swamps without panicking.
They tend to be sure-footed, sturdy, smart, and able to survive in challenging coastal environments, as well as being
easy keepers. Their small size and gentle nature made them the historically preferred mount for children and women,
but they were also used as working animals due to their abilities in the field. Today, they are used in endurance
riding, as well as continuing their traditional work assisting humans with hunting wild game and herding cattle.
Marsh Tackies have the same ancestral bloodlines as Florida Cracker Horses and North Carolina Banker horses.
However, DNA testing has proved that the Marsh Tackies' relative isolation has made them a separate breed with
unique characteristics.
History
The Carolina Marsh Tacky developed from Spanish horses brought to
the island and coastal areas of South Carolina by Spanish explorers and
settlers as early as the 16th century. More horses were added to the
population that would become the Marsh Tacky through animals that
were purchased in the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine in Florida.
They were then used as pack horses on Native American trade routes,
and sold when the traders reached Charleston. They were managed
mainly as feral herds, rounded up by locals when horses were needed,
and this tradition continued into the 20th century. The breed was used A mounted beach patrol on Hilton Head Island
during the American Revolution by many of the irregular forces of during World War II
Francis Marion, nicknamed the "Swamp Fox". The swamp savvy of the
Marsh Tacky may have given Marion's forces an advantage, as British cavalry mounted on larger European breeds
were not as easily able to maneuver in the dense lowland swamps. After the American Civil War, they were
commonly used by members of the Gullah community on the islands off the South Carolina shore for use in fields
and gardens. The breed derives the "tacky" part of its name from the English word meaning "common" or "cheap",
as these horses were the most common breed in their area of the country for most of their history. During the height
of their popularity they ranged from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to St. Simon's Island in Georgia. The Tackies
continued to be used during World War II by members of the beach patrols tasked with the surveillance of South
Carolina beaches against Nazi u-boat attacks and enemy troop or spy landings. During the 1960s, Marsh Tackies
were used in races on Hilton Head beaches. This tradition was revived in 2009 during the Gullah Cultural Festival,
and the races will be continued at the festival in future years.
In 2007, the Carolina Marsh Tacky Association was formed. The association was developed through the efforts of
the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy working with owners and breed enthusiasts, with the goal of preserving
and promoting the Marsh Tacky breed. The breed registry became a closed registry on August 18, 2010, and is
maintained by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy Pedigree Registry. Although closed, outside horses can
be registered upon proof of origin, visual inspection and DNA confirmation of parentage.
Conservation
In the lowcountry region of coastal Georgia and South Carolina, the
Carolina Marsh Tacky was the most common horse for most of the
breed's history. As the automobile became more common during the
20th century, breed numbers declined, and the Marsh Tacky was
thought to have gone extinct during the 1980s and 1990s. Today there
are 276 living animals recognized by the breed registry, including 153
mares and 123 stallions and geldings. The Equus Survival Trust North Carolina Banker horses, a breed with a
considers the breed to be at critical/nearly extinct levels, meaning that similar history to the Marsh Tacky
there are fewer than 100 breeding mares in existence. The American
Livestock Breeds Conservancy considers the Marsh Tacky (which they consider a strain of the Colonial Spanish
horse) to be at critical levels, meaning that there are fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States and an
estimated global population of less than 2,000. Representatives of the ALBC state that the breed numbers will have
to increase to an estimated 1,000 members to ensure permanent survival. On June 11, 2010, a bill was signed into
law that made the Carolina Marsh Tacky the state heritage horse of South Carolina.
In 2006, the ALBC began investigating the Marsh Tacky to see if it was truly a descendent of Spanish stock, and
during the organization's initial field investigations it was found that many surviving members of the breed fit the
physical type of Colonial Spanish stock. In 2007, the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy collaborated with the
Equus Survival Trust to collect DNA samples and photo-document the largest herd in South Carolina, considered to
be the largest remaining herd, with a heritage tracing back to the American Civil War. DNA testing was undertaken
in an effort to identify horses for a new studbook, reveal what DNA markers the breed carries, and map the breed's
genetic place among all other horse breeds worldwide. Sixty horses were tested in the effort.
References
[1] http:/ / www. marshtacky. org/ Breed-Standard. php
External links
• Carolina Marsh Tacky Association (http://www.marshtacky.org/)
Caspian horse 205
Caspian horse
Caspian horse
Distinguishing features Small, ancient horse breed 'rediscovered' in 1960s; now bred in several other countries
Alternative names Caspian horse
Country of origin Iran
Common nicknames Mouleki or Pouseki
Breed standards
The Caspian Horse Society (UK) Breed standards [1]
The Caspian is a small horse breed native to Northern Iran. Although its original height probably ranged between 9
and 11.2 hands (36 and 46 inches, 91 and 117 cm) it is termed a horse rather than a pony because, size apart, it has
much in common with horses. It is believed to be one of the oldest horse or pony breeds in the world, descended
from small Mesopotamian equines that, in competition with larger animals, had faded from attention by the 7th
century AD. They were brought to public notice again when re-discovered in 1965 by Louise Firouz, an
American-born breeder of Iranian horses living in Iran. In 2011, the remains of a horse dating back to 3400 B.C.E.
were found at Gohar Tappeh, Iran, giving rise to claims that the Caspian is the oldest known breed of domestic horse
that still exists.[2] It is also called Khazar Horse, after the province where it was found.
Characteristics
Caspian horses generally stand between 100 to 120 cm (39 to 47 in) tall, although better feeding conditions outside
of Iran often result in taller specimens. They have a short, fine head with a pronounced forehead, large eyes and short
ears. The muzzle is small and the nostrils large and low on the head. Overall the body is slim and graceful, with
sloping shoulders, good withers and a high-set tail. The legs and hooves are strong. Caspians are described by Louise
Firouz as kind, intelligent and willing. They are spirited but without meanness, and even stallions can be ridden by
children. Their gaits are long, and they occasionally exhibit an ambling "single-foot" gait. Despite their small size,
they are good jumpers. Although small, they are morphologically and phenotypically horse-like, and were originally
referred to as "miniature horses". Now that the word "miniature" is more usually associated with
genetically-constructed 'toy' horses, the term is no longer used to describe the Caspian Horse.[3]
Caspian horse 206
The Caspian Horse is extremely hardy, with strong feet that rarely need shoeing unless consistently working on very
hard or stony ground. Great length from hip to hock may be a factor in their incredible jumping ability. The usual
colours are bay, grey, black, dun or chestnut. A few have white markings on the head and legs. Interestingly, some
lack chestnuts or ergots[4]
Genetics and phenotype

Although there are no records of breeding prior to 1965, the foundation animals included in the International Caspian
Stud Book were proven by Louise Firouz to breed true to type and their descendants have, for the most part, retained
Caspian characteristics. They are therefore an established breed. Improved living conditions outside Iran have
produced Caspians that have grown larger than their Iranian foundation parents; modern Caspians range between
10hh (102 cm) and occasionally 12.2 hh(127 cm), averaging 11.2 hh (117 cm).
Research has shown that Caspian and Turkoman horses occupy positions in phylogenetic analysis that has given rise
to a hypothesis that they could be ancestral to all other oriental type breeds studied to date.[5] However, close study
of Caspian and other equid skeletons by Firouz and others found several anomalies unique to the Caspian:
• The skull has pronounced elevation of the inter-parietal bones and no parietal crest
• The neck of the scapula is narrower and the head much wider than normally found in equines
• The metacarpal and metatarsal bones are much longer and slimmer in relation to size [6]
• The hooves are usually narrow and oval-shaped, and the frog is less pronounced than in other equines
• The spinous processes of the first six thoracic vertebrae are longer than usual
• They often possess an extra tooth each side of the upper molar where a wolf tooth would normally be.
History
Ancient history
A partial answer to the existence of the Caspian is the fact that the Persian Empire, which flourished in the first
millennium B.C, has been called 'the first great road empire'. Before the Romans built their first road for marching
men, the Persians constructed broad straight dirt roads, well maintained for speedy couriers and busy senior
administrators. Herodotus wrote that:
"There is nothing in the world which travels faster than these Persian couriers. It is said that men and horses
are stationed along the road…a man and a horse for each day. Nothing stops these couriers from covering
their allotted stage in the quickest possible time, neither snow, rain, heat nor darkness."
The oldest known specimen of a horse in the region now home to the Caspian horse was found in 2011, in a
cemetery dating back to 3400 B.C.E., in the archaeological dig at Gohar Tappeh. in the province of Mazandaran in
northern Iran, between the cities of Neka and Behshahr. The horse was identified by its "form, figure, and size" as
having a light frame, thin bones, short, fine head with a pronounced forehead, large eyes, short ears, and small
muzzles.
The Persian Empire required land transport on a huge scale. They were the first people to breed horses especially for
strength and speed. That these horses were very small by modern standards is shown by a miniature golden chariot, a
toy or perhaps a votive offering, found in the so-called Oxus Treasure,[7] discovered in the extreme east of the
empire but apparently made in central Persia. The vehicle was obviously built for speed. Its wheels are higher than
the horses, which are themselves of lesser height than the two passengers - and not because of the status of the
passengers. Neil MacGregor likens this vehicle to a Ferrari or Porsche amongst cars – fast and luxurious.[8] King
Darius (the Great) trusted his life to the little horses during lion hunts, and honoured them on his famous Trilingual
Seal.
Caspian horse 207
As seen on the bas reliefs on the great staircase at Persepolis the Persian Shah demanded tributes of only first class
animals.[9] Those depicted were probably from Lydia in Turkey, judging by the grooms' appearance, and the horses
are of similar size to the four in the Oxus Treasure. Skeletons with the same bone structure as the Caspian were
found at Hamadan.
Yet the fine little horses so valued by the Persian Empire virtually disappeared from history after libraries and
monuments were destroyed in the great Mongol and Islamic conquests. Almost no further mention was found of
them after 700 AD and until 1965, modern scholars believed that they had become extinct.
It is now assumed that the modern Caspian descended from the great pool of quality stock that once formed the
essential foundation of the Persian Empire. Caspians, known locally as 'Mouleki' or Pouseki' ponies ('little muzzle'),
now inhabit an area in the north of Iran between the Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. Horses potentially
related to the Caspian have also been identified in a much wider range, as history might lead us to expect.
Rediscovery in 1965
The specimens discovered since 1965 originated mainly from peasant-owned stock and were not bred selectively, so
it may seem remarkable that animals of such quality have survived in a relatively unaltered form. In addition,
peasants in the Elburz Mountains habitually turn their stock out on the hills in semi-feral conditions, where they are
vulnerable to attack by predators. Natural selection would probably have favoured an animal that was tough and
athletic, but there is evidence to suggest that their small size may be due to recessive genes. Peasants have said that
occasionally a larger mare and stallion will produce such a foal.
Louise Firouz
At first thought to be a pony, the Caspian Horse was re-discovered in 1965 in this mountainous region of northern
Iran by the American-born breeder of Iranian horses, Louise Firouz, while searching for small ponies to be ridden by
children. She saw a small bay stallion in the town of Amol pulling a clumsy cart, but with the body of a "well-bred
oriental horse." She purchased the stallion, naming him Ostad. Following his discovery, Firouz concluded:[10]
" ….. there was an elusive beauty and grace about this small horse which did not seem to fit into the accepted
picture of ponies. Ponies are chunky, strong little equids generally developed under austere conditions of
climate and food. Why a "pony" on the relatively lush shores of the temperate Caspian: and, in spite of his
small size, was the light, graceful animal on the Caspian a pony at all? Was there any historical precedent for
a pony-sized horse in Iran and, if so, how well documented was it? These questions initiated a study in the
spring of 1965 to determine the range, nature and historical precedent for a horse of this size in Iran."
With seven mares and six stallions, Firouz began a breeding program at her riding school in Norouzabad, with the
horses she named 'Caspian' from the area where she had found them. The horses themselves were much enjoyed by
the children; Ostad became a successful sire of children's ponies and was ridden daily in the company of mares.
Firouz started the Iranian stud book in 1966. In 1973 the stud was sold to the Shah of Iran, who established the Royal
Horse Society at the Norouzabad Stud.
In late 1965, while visiting her family in Great Falls, Virginia, Firouz told Kathleen McCormick the Caspian story
and showed photographs of the ponies she had brought to Norouzabad. They decided to export a Caspian stallion
from Iran to the United States and McCormick selected the foundation stallion Jehan from the photographs. In April
1966, William M. Santoro, DVM, accompanied Jehan on the four-day, 8,000-mile journey to New York. Due to the
difficulties experienced in exporting Jehan from Iran, only a part-bred breeding program was established in the US at
that time and plans to import mares were put on hold. In 1975 a further stallion was exported to Venezuela from Iran.
The Caspian Stud UK later imported the remainder of the Bermudan stock, apart from a mare given to Prince Philip.
Meanwhile a new herd of twenty mares and three stallions established on the Turkoman Steppes by Firouz, suffered
repeated and fatal wolf attacks. This forced the emergency evacuation of six mares and a stallion to the Caspian Stud
UK in 1976 and the remainder were taken over by the Royal Horse Society of Iran. They were later widely dispersed
Caspian horse 208
during the Iranian Revolution, leaving only one traceable stallion. The subsequent ban on keeping horses ended the
breeding programme in Iran until 1986, when Firouz found and purchased three mares and a stallion.
Iran/Iraq war
During the Iran/Iraq war, most horses were swept up to aid the war effort, but in 1989, Firouz was invited to inspect
the remaining horses for possible Caspian breeding stock, resulting in six more potential foundation animals. These
horses founded her "Persicus" stud. In 1994, seven of her Caspians were exported for breeding in England and in
1995 several Caspians from the UK, Australia and New Zealand were shipped to the USA. After her husband's
death, Firouz sold the Persicus stud to the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture, which has continued her breeding and
research programmes in Iran. Louise Firouz died in May 2008[11]
Although the Caspian must still be considered rare, the combined efforts of breeders across the world have
established the breed in Scandinavia and other parts of Europe, and in Australia, New Zealand, and the United
States. Breed Societies are affiliated to the International Caspian Stud Book.
Uses
The horses are mainly used in the towns of Amol, Babol, Shahi and Rasht in Northern Iran, as cart ponies, They are
valued for their speed and ability to pull or carry heavy loads in the narrow streets and bazaars. During the late
1960s, Caspian stallions from the Norouzabad riding school were raced on the prestigious Tehran racetrack by small
children wearing jockey silks, by courtesy of the late Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Caspians are known for their good temperaments and 'horse-like' personalities. As noted by Firouz, stallions are
frequently handled by children and, like Firouz, some owners turn several out together for exercise and
companionship in the absence of mares.
With their comfortably narrow conformation, Caspians make excellent children's mounts. Their long, level paces,
natural grace and balance make them very suitable for dressage. Sensible but active, they can be impressive in
mounted games, gymkhana and pony racing.
In harness they make a smart, responsive light driving pony and have successfully competed in national scurry and
cross-country obstacle driving. Their extraordinary jumping ability makes them highly competitive for show
jumping and eventing.
Part-Bred Caspians
Crossbred with larger breeds, including Thoroughbreds and Arabians, they produce fine show ponies, show jumpers
and eventers for the taller child. Another popular cross is with the Welsh Pony. Having been noted that the
appearance, characteristics and athletic abilities of Caspians are passed in good measure to part-bred offspring, the
Caspian Horse is being included in breeding programmes to produce the ideal Sports Pony. There are stud books in
most recognised Caspian societies for part-bred Caspians.
Caspian horse 209
References
[1] http:/ / www. caspianhorsesociety. org. uk/ type. html
[2] The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies. Oldest remains of Caspian Horse discovered in Northern Iran. 2011-04-29. Accessed 2012-07-09.
[3] Firouz, Louise The Caspian Miniature Horse of Iran, Field Research Projects, Florida, USA, 1972
[4] (Firouz,L, Light Horse, April 1966)
[5] E. Gus Cothran, Ph.D., Animal Genetics, Texas A & M University. (Initial studies took place at Kentucky University, 1990).
[6] Sandor Bokonyi, 'Once more on the Osteological Differences of the Horse, the Half-Ass and the Ass', Budapest, 1971.
[7] Both c. 500 BC, British Museum, London
[8] Neil MacGregor A History of the World in a Hundred Objects: Ch. 26, Oxus Chariot Model.;pp 165-`170 (2010)
[9] The Horses of Persepolis, Royal Horse Society, Iran, & Firouz L, Light Horse, Vol.20, No.22, Aug. 1969
[10] The Caspian Miniature Horse of Iran, by Louise Firouz, Field Research Projects – Florida (1972).
[11] Obituary, Times (London), 7 July 2008: Louise Firouz: Horse breeder who discovered the Caspian Horse.
External links
• International Caspian Society (http://www.caspianhorses.org)
• Tiny Caspian horse breed back from the brink (http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/horsesinhistory/caspian.shtml)
Horsetalk, July 19, 2007
• Caspian Breed Society (U.K) (http://www.caspianbreedsociety.co.uk/)
• Caspian Horse Society (U.K) (http://www.caspianhorsesociety.org.uk/)
• Caspian Registry Services (North America) (http://www.endangeredequines.com/caspian.html)
• The Caspian Horse Society of the Americas (http://www.caspian.org/)
• Hundreds of photos (http://www.CaspianHorse.com/) of nearly all of the Caspian Horse Foundation Lines
• A cytogenetic study of the Caspian pony (http://www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/2/
331) H Hatami-Monazah and RV Pandit
• Louise Ferouz obituary (http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/02/world/middleeast/02firouz.html?_r=1)
Castillonnais 210
Castillonnais
Castillonnais
Distinguishing features Midsized horse, bred for mountain terrain. Always bay or black, with pangare modification
Country of origin Ariège, France
Breed standards
Haras Nationaux [1]

Breed standards
The Castillonais or Cheval Ariègeois de Castillon, once called the cheval du Biros or Saint-Gironnais, is an
ancient breed of small riding horse from the Ariège département of southwestern France. The breed's phenotype is
currently in flux, but overall it resembles (and is sometimes confused with) the more common Merens horse.
Members of the breed are either dark bay or black, and all have pangare color modification, which results in paler
color around the eyes and muzzle and on the underside of the body. Today it is used principally for pleasure riding
(including equine tourism) and driving.
The Castillonnais probably descends from the horses that inspired the Magdalenian-era paintings found, for example,
at the Cave of Niaux, with Oriental and Iberian blood added later. Originally bred as a multipurpose breed used for
cavalry, agriculture and driving, the breed declined in population during the 20th century, and almost became
extinct. In 1980, a group of supporters began to work to save the breed, and a breed association, now called the
Association Nationale du Cheval Castillonnais d'Ariège Pyrénées (ANCCAP), was formed in 1992. The breed was
officially recognized by the French Ministry of Agriculture in 1996. The French government, breed association and a
regional conservation group all now share an interest in the preservation of the breed. Population numbers are still
quite low, and inbreeding is a concern.
Characteristics
The physical characteristics seen in the breed are currently in flux, so there is not a single breed phenotype, though
many members of the breed closely resemble the Mérens. Enthusiasts are breeding for a rustic mountain horse, of
medium size, with good gaits and good temperament. Some members of the breed closely resemble Iberian horses
such as the Andalusian horse. The official breed standard calls for a moderately long neck and long, sloped shoulder,
broad back, rounded croup and muscular legs.[2] Some members of the breed are branded on the left hindquarter.
Because of its relative rarity and physical similarities, the Castillonnais is commonly confused with the Mérens.[3]
Castillonnais 211
Castillonnais horses range from 13.1 to 15.1 hands (53 to 61 inches, 135 to 155 cm) high, with the ideal height for
mares being 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm) and 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) for stallions. Two colors are
allowed in the breed: dark bay and black, both with pangare modification, which results in paler color around the
eyes and muzzle and on the underside of the body. Horses of any other color are prohibited from entry into the
studbook and all horses are genetically tested to officially determine their color before they are allowed into the
studbook. The breed is considered to be an easy keeper, with an easygoing temperament. The horses are agile,
surefooted on mountain paths, and exhibit extended gaits, with strong engagement of the hindquarters.
History
Like many other French breeds from the Pyrenees, the Castillonnais
probably descends from the horses that inspired the Magdalenian-era
paintings found, for example, at the Cave of Niaux. Over time, blood
from Oriental and Iberian horses was added to the breed, and
influenced its physical appearance and temperament. The Castillonnais
was originally known as the "cheval du Biros" (Biros horse) or
"Saint-Gironnais", a name from the town of Saint-Girons in Ariege in
the Pyrenees, where a large horse fair was held the day after All Saints'
Day. In the late nineteenth century, horses of the Pyrenees were known
Castillonnais horses in harness in Paris, France
for their use as mounts by light cavalry. In 1908, Gabriel Lamarque,
equine historian and president of the Société d’agriculture de l’Ariège
(Agricultural Society of Ariege), began to study the breed as part of his work in the development of native horse
populations in France.
The breed was originally a multipurpose horse, used for agriculture, cavalry and pulling diligences (a type of
carriage). Because of a lack of support from a breeding syndicate, such as the one in existence for the Mérens horse,
once the need for a multipurpose breed declined, the population of the Castillonnais dwindled. Many horses were
crossbred with draft horses, and the breed almost became extinct. The intervention of a group of supporters in 1980
saved the breed from extinction, and in 1992 L'Association Pyrénéenne Ariégeoise du Cheval Castillonnais (the
Ariege Pyrenees Association of Castillonnais Horses) was formed, with support from several French government
agencies and stud farms. Annually, in August, the association holds a small competition and sale for the breed in
Castillon-en-Couserans, which also includes inspections to register horses for the breed studbook.
In 1996, the Castillonnais was officially recognized by the French Ministry of Agriculture, due to the efforts of a
small number of breed enthusiasts, though by that time only 50 purebred mares remained. The breed association's
name was changed to L’association Nationale du Cheval Castillonnais d'Ariège Pyrénées (ANCCAP) (National
Association of Castillonnais Horses of the Ariège Pyrenees), and is headquartered in Castillon-en-Couserans. Le
Conservatoire du Patrimoine Biologique Régional de Midi-Pyrénées (Conservatory of the Biological Heritage of the
Midi-Pyrénées Region), an organization that has worked to protect the diversity of animal species in the region since
1980, is also committed to protecting the breed.
Population numbers for the Castillonnais are quite low. The majority of breeders are located in
Castillon-en-Couserans, in Ariège, but a few can be found in Brittany and Provence. In November 2005, there were
only around 260 existing Castillonnais, and a goal was created by the breed association to double the number of
purebred mares between 2005 and 2014. Inbreeding is a concern due to low population numbers, and the national
stud farm at Tarbes and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (National Institute of Agronomic Research)
have been brought in to help safeguard the genetic resources of the breed.
Castillonnais 212
Uses
The Castillonnais is used mainly for pleasure riding, and it is well adapted to the mountainous terrain of the
Pyrenees, which makes is useful for equestrian tourism in the area. It can be used for driving, and is sometimes seen
in dressage competitions. Some Castillonnais are used for logging and as pack horses for taking food and equipment
to mountainous areas otherwise only accessible by helicopter.
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ portail/ uploads/ tx_vm19hnreglementation/ reglement_Castillon21juillet2008. pdf
[2] Bataille, Races équines de France, p. 55
[3] Bataille, Races équines de France, p. 53
References
• Bataille, Lætitia (2008). Races équines de France: Les Races (in French). France Agricole Éditions.
ISBN 9782855571546.
Catria horse 213
Catria horse
Catria Horse, Cavallo del Catria
Country of origin Italy, native to the Marche region
Breed standards
Associazione Italiana Allevatori Breed standards [1]
The Catria Horse (Italian: Cavallo del Catria) is a breed of horse originating in the mountainous area of the massif
of Monte Catria in the Marche region of Italy, and surrounding areas in the provinces of Ancona, Perugia and
Pesaro. It is one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" recognised by the AIA, the Italian
breeders' association.
History
The Catria horse derives from the cross-breeding of Maremmano-derived stock from west of the Apennines, thought
to have been brought from their homeland in Tuscany mainly by charcoal burners, with other breeds, principally
Franches-Montagnes. After the Second World War, the number of Catria horses decreased. The population survived
in mountainous areas suitable only for untended livestock. In 1974, the Azienda Speciale Consortile del Catria, or
"special co-operative agency of Catria", took control of horse breeding in the area. In 1980, a herd book was opened
to conserve the bloodlines of the breed.
Catria horses are used in the mountains for agricultural purposes, particularly for carrying cut firewood from steep
woodland. They are also used for riding and for the production of horsemeat.
Characteristics
Catria Horses may only be bay or chestnut; breeding stallions may not be chestnut. The head is light with a straight
profile. The chest is wide and muscular. Height is from 145–160 cm (14.1–15.3 h) for males, 140–155 cm
(13.3–15.1 h) for mares.
References
[1] http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080802181557/ http:/ / www. aia. it/ tecnico/ equini/ a_catria. htm
Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale

Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale
A stallion in the breeding herd
Country of origin Italy, native to Lazio region
Breed standards
Associazione Italiana Allevatori Breed standards [1]
The Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale, or "Roman horse of the part of the Maremma that is in Lazio", is a
horse breed native to the Lazio region of Italy. An ancient breed, it was officially recognised only in 2010; it is now
one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" listed by the AIA, the Italian breeders'
association. The Lazio region has assigned it the conservation status "at risk of erosion". The population numbers
about 800, of which most are in the comune of Monte Romano in the province of Viterbo; a herd of approximately
200 is at Ponzano Romano in the province of Rome, and others are in the province of Rieti.
History
The breed register for the Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale was opened on 19 October 2010, and the breed
standard confirmed by Ministerial Decree 27202, dated 1 December 2010. DNA testing had shown that the
traditional working horse of the Maremma of Lazio was not only physically but genetically distinguishable from its
counterpart in the Tuscan Maremma, the Maremmano, with which it had previously been classed. The two
populations are reported as having common origins but limited overlap, with the Roman horse showing greater
variability and a higher proportion of "ancestral" genes; Ripert reports informally that the Cavallo Romano della
Maremma Laziale has 38.5% genes of the original type, while the registered Maremmano population has only 12%.
The genetic study, carried out by the Consorzio per la Sperimentazione, Divulgazione e Applicazione di Biotecniche
Innovative (CONSDABI), National Focal Point for Italy of the Animal Genetic Resources project of the FAO, was
presented at the 12th conference on “New findings in equine practice” held at Druento (Turin, Italy), 11–13
November 2010.
The ARSIAL (regional agency for development and innovation in agriculture of Lazio) suggests that this is the same
horse breed as the "Cavallo Romano" that was well described in 19th century treatises; authors who discuss the
Cavallo Romano include Moreschi (1903) and Fogliata (1910). It is also suggested that the Cavallo Romano della
Maremma Laziale descends from the horses of the ancient Romans, such as that of Marcus Aurelius, or even of the
Etruscans.
Characteristics
The Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale may be bay, black, chestnut or grey; limited facial markings (star and
stripe) are permitted, as are white socks. Males measure 155–165 cm (15.1–16.1 hands) at the withers, females
150–162 cm (14.3–16.0 hands). The girth and cannon measurements are similar for both sexes, approximately
170–210 cm (67–83 in) and 19–24 cm (7.5–9.4 in) respectively. The head is well set on, slightly long and heavy,
and the profile convex or Roman; the neck is thick, muscular and arched, the mane and tail long and thick. The
shoulder is muscular and tends to be straight, the chest is broad with substantial muscle, the girth is deep and the
back is short, straight and muscular, sometimes slightly concave. The croup is broad and sloping, and the tail is set
low. The legs are solid, strong and muscular, the hooves broad and strong. Horses with concave profile, long or
drooping ears, or poor conformation of the legs are not admitted for registration.
The action of the Cavallo Romano is lively and well-marked, and its temperament docile and courageous. It is
surefooted on even the most difficult terrain.
For comparison, the description of the Cavallo Romano given by Moreschi in 1903 is this:
"The characteristics of the robust Roman horse were these: slightly convex profile, broad forehead, ears
small and firmly attached, large eyes, neck a little thick but with plenty of curvature, mane long and
thick, well developed withers, shoulder rather short, robust forearm, strong knees, cannons slightly
rounded, fore pasterns short and feathered, hoof strong, sole resistant, forefeet sure, body cylindrical,
ribs rounded, chest broad, back straight, loins robust, croup broad and a little sloping, long thick tail
attached a little low, thigh rounded and a little curved, gaskins strong and short, the hocks strong, hind
cannons as the fore, height from 1.45 m to 1.60 m, coat black in all its variations, also many bays and
greys. Camped under at the front; majestic bearing."
Uses
Although sometimes employed in the past as a warhorse and as a carriage horse, the primary use of the Cavallo
Romano was as a working horse for the management of open-range livestock, particularly horses, cattle and sheep.
Until the land drainage and reclamation of the fascist era the Maremma region was, like the campagna romana and
the Pontine Marshes, wild and inhospitable, and inhabited mostly by vast herds of livestock, transhumant shepherds
and the cavalcanti, the "riders", as the butteri of the Maremma Laziale were called. The traditions of the cavalcanti
and their style of working riding, the Monta italiana da lavoro, are still taught and transmitted by a small number of
riding academies. In addition to herding work, the Cavallo Romano is used today as a saddle horse for trekking;
other uses include agricultural and light draught work, use as pack animals, and the production of high quality meat
and of milk for paediatric or cosmetic use.
References
[1] http:/ / www. aia. it/ tecnico/ equini/ a_romano_maremma_laz. htm
Chilean horse 216
Chilean horse
Chilean Horse
Distinguishing features Hardy, low metabolism, high threshold for pain, great immunity to disease and a remarkable rate of recuperation.
Alternative names Caballo chileno
Country of origin Chile
The Chilean horse or Chilean Corralero is a horse breed from South America. It is the oldest registered native
American breed, the oldest registered breed of Iberian origin, the oldest registered horse breed in South America and
the oldest registered stock horse breed in the Western Hemisphere.
History
Colony
The Chilean Horse's genealogy originates in the Governorate of New
Castile (Peru). Most of the horses came from the fertile valleys of
Charcas (now Sucre, Bolivia), but some of the finest stallions were
selected from throughout the kingdom. The breed probably started
around 1544 when the first Chilean horse breeder, Father Rodrigo
González Marmolejo, started breeding equines in what was then
known as New Toledo when the emphasis was on quality. By the turn
of the 16th century, the Mapuches were outstanding horsemen with
growing numbers of horses which were trained as efficient war
mounts. By the 17th century, Chile had very defined types in parade
horses, pacers and trotters and the country had gained the reputation of
Huaso in a Chilean wheat field, 1940. having the best horses in South America.
Chilean Horses were selected for lateral dexterity, courage to confront and pin belligerent cattle and an even
temperament that permitted a high degree of trainability while conserving needed energy for a long day's work. By
the 18th century, the yearly round-ups that had been required by decree since 1557 took on massive dimensions. The
pens that received cattle herded down from the mountainous terrain needed to have a capacity of no less than 7,000
head. Sorting the cattle by ownership, designated use, and requirements for castration and branding resulted in
Chilean horse 217
herding and pushing cattle down long alleyways into classifying pens. This gave rise to the aptitudes now used in the
modern-day Chilean rodeo that are performed in a crescent-shaped arena known as a medialuna (half-moon arena).
The increasing area in wheat during this era gave rise to select groups of mares that formed threshing teams of
between 50-100 animals. These mares performed a demanding task that required sure-footedness and boundless
energy. Any animal that stumbled or slipped to its knees was sent to slaughter. Within a circular confine, with wheat
up to their knees, these mares were expected to move on their own accord. These were the dams of some of the best
'corraleros' (rodeo horses) of the time. By the late 18th century, there were farms such as Principal, Catemu,
Quilimuta, and Alhue that kept orderly records of the genealogy of the specialized horses they were breeding.
Republic
Throughout the 19th century, Chile’s independence from Spain brought on a clear preference for the stock and/or
warhorse. This 'blue collared' equine variety that had always dominated the country's inventory, now also became the
most prestigious breed elected to represent the newly formed Republic of Chile. In this period. Chile had its most
influential breeders. They more closely defined the characteristics of the Chilean Horse, as well as introducing a
greater selection for speed, as match races at sprinting distances became popular throughout the country. The end of
the 19th century brought with it a decline in agrarian property sizes, the use of thrashing machines that extinguished
the need for thrasher mares, railroads and automobiles that greatly limited the use of the horse as a means of
transport and the growth of specialized breeds that substituted the Chilean Horse in draft, carriage and racing needs.
The saving grace of the Chilean Horse breed was the upsurge in the popularity of the Chilean rodeo.
The Chilean horse prior to 1850 was a closed breed type, due the absence of European breeds in a country that was
convinced they had the best horses in South America. The isolation that resulted from the geographical definition of
its borders also made imports less probable. When modern transport made new breeds more accessible, Chile was
one of the last places in South America to see them arrive. Even so, the innumerable mountains, ridges and valleys
over a 4,300 km (2,700 mi) long landscape assured that the purity of many Chilean Horses remained intact.
Faithful traditional breeders also were critical contributors to breed purity by not succumbing to the temptations of
cross-breeding. The critical period that popularized the use of other breeds was shortened even more when Chile
became the first country to register their national breed. The real stroke of genius was formalizing and popularising a
sport where no other breed could be its equal.
Ever since the beginning of the 20th century, the sport of rodeo has become bigger and more organized. Meanwhile
the qualities required to excel in this sport were increasingly implanted in the breeding of the Chilean Horse. Nothing
has assured the purity of this breed more than its specialization in a sport for which it has been exclusively selected
for over 150 years. Outcrossing to other breeds has never been a temptation since the Chilean Horse is well-suited
for the Chilean rodeo sport.
To this day, speed rather than endurance is the criteria by which huasos (Chilean cowboys) value their horses.
Although the registry was established in an effort to protect a 'national treasure' that was being endangered by the
cross-breeding promoted by American enchantment with anything European, the Chilean Horse already had more
than a century of selection along specific family lines.
Chilean horse 218
Like many other native breeds in Latin America, the Chilean Horse is extremely hardy. It has a low metabolism, a
high threshold for pain, a great immunity to disease and a remarkable rate of recuperation. Their hooves are strong
and their thick double-hair coat makes them well-suited for both cold and dry/hot weather. The breed has a very
docile temperament and makes a very alert horse with a large capacity for work.
The breed is now used for working cattle and is used heavily in Chilean rodeo.[1] They come in various colors such
as bay, black, chestnut, gray and first level dilutes including palomino, buckskin, and smoky black.
The Chilean Horse is not just the oldest stock horse breed in America, but is also is the only stock horse breed that
has maintained a closed registry since its inception.
References
[1] http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ chileancorralero/ index. htm
• Araya Gomez, Alberto, (1989). El Caballo Chileno en el Siglo XX, Imprenta Gonzalo Amenábar H., Providencia,
Santiago, Chile.
• Encina, Francisco A., (Nov.1934). “De Un Estudio Sobre el Caballo Chileno” El Campesino Magazine, Santiago,
Chile.
• Prado P., Uladaricio, (1914). El Caballo Chileno 1541 a 1914, Estudio Zootécnico e Histórico Hípico, Imprenta
Santiago, Santiago, Chile.
External links
• Chilean Horse info (http://www.ChileanHorse.com/)
Choctaw horse 219
Choctaw horse
Choctaw horse
The Choctaw Horse is a horse breed from the state of Mississippi in the United States that was originally used by
the Choctaw tribe of Native Americans. To the Choctaw, this particular breed of horse was symbolic of wealth,
glory, honor, and prestige. They were also used for barter. This breed is rare.
Characteristics
They range in height from 13.2 to 14.2 hands (54 to 58 inches, 137 to 147 cm) high and come in all colors, although
pinto patterns are the most common. They closely resemble Mustangs. They are stocky, strong, and have great
stamina. Their heads have a straight profile. They have full manes and tails.
Uses
They are very "cowy" horses, meaning that they have great cow sense and excel when working with cattle. They are
smart, energetic horses and are strong and sturdy enough to be pack horses. They are very agile, making them
suitable for the faster western events.
References
• The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horses and Ponies by Catherine Austen, Sarah Gorrie, Pippa Roome,
and Nicola Jane Swinney published by Flame Tree Publishing, 2008
External links
• Sponenberg article (http://www.choctawnation.com/history/choctaw-nation-history/
the-choctaw-horse-by-dr-d-phillip-sponenberg-dvm-phd/)
• Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture (http://www.kerrcenter.com/nwsltr/2009/spring09/choctaw-horses.
htm)
• ALBC (http://www.albc-usa.org/ChoctawRescue/crChoctawcherokeehorses.html)
• Southwest Spanish Mustang Association (http://www.southwestspanishmustangassociation.com/
PurebredChoctawPonies.html)
Cleveland Bay 220
Cleveland Bay
Cleveland Bay
Cleveland Bays in harness
Distinguishing features Bay in colour, well-muscled, used mainly for driving and fox hunting.
Country of origin England
Common nicknames Chapman Horse
Breed standards
Cleveland Bay Horse Society (UK) [1]

Breed standards
Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America Breed standards [2]
The Cleveland Bay is a breed of horse that originated in England during the 17th century, named after its colouring
and the Cleveland district of Yorkshire. It is a well-muscled horse, with legs that are strong but short in relation to
the body. The horses are always bay in colour, although a few light hairs in the mane and tail are characteristic of
some breed lines. It is the oldest established horse breed in England, and the only non-draught horse developed in
Great Britain. The ancestors of the breed were developed during the Middle Ages for use as pack horses, when they
gained their nickname of "Chapman Horses". These pack horses were crossbred with Andalusian and Barb blood,
and later with Arabians and Thoroughbreds, to create the Cleveland Bay of today. Over the years, the breed became
lighter in frame as they were employed more as carriage and riding horses. The popularity of the Cleveland Bay has
greatly fluctuated since it was first imported to the United States in the early 19th century. Despite serious declines
in the population after Second World War, the breed has experienced a resurgence in popularity since the 1970s,
although only around 550 horses existed worldwide as of 2006.
They have been patronized by members of the royal family throughout their history, and they are still used to pull
carriages in royal processions today. The breed has also been used to develop and improve several warmblood and
draught horse breeds. Today they are used for farm work and driving, as well as under-saddle work. They are
particularly popular for fox hunting and show jumping, both pure blooded and when crossed with Thoroughbreds.
The Cleveland Bay is a rare breed, and both the United Kingdom-based Rare Breeds Survival Trust and the United
States-based American Livestock Breeds Conservancy consider the population to be at critical limits for extinction.
Cleveland Bay 221
Characteristics
The Cleveland Bay generally stands between 16 and 16.2 hands (64 and 66 inches, 163 and 168 cm), and is always
bay in colour. Bright bay horses (bays with a more reddish tint than normal) are the most preferred by breeders,
followed by ordinary bay, dark bay and then light bay.[3] This preference for brighter shades of bay was originally
stated in the official breed standard, although this stipulation has since been removed. In some bloodlines of the
breed, light, grayish hairs in the mane and tail are known as a characteristic of pure blood. White markings, except
for a small star on the forehead, render the horse inadmissible to the stud book. Horses are expected to have
complete black points, including completely black lower legs. Legs that are red below the knees and hocks are
considered faulty in colour, although they do not disqualify a horse from registry. The occasional red legs that appear
in the breed are thought to come from chestnut Thoroughbred stallions that were crossed into Cleveland Bay and
Yorkshire Coach Horse bloodlines at some points in the history of both breeds.[4] The uniformity in colour is
encouraged as it makes creating matching driving teams and pairs very easy.[5] When the breed was first developed,
the horses almost always had a countershaded dorsal stripe, but these disappeared with the outcrossings of the 18th
century.[6]
The breed has a large head, slightly convex profile, and a long,
well-muscled neck. The withers are well-muscled, which often makes
them less pronounced, the chest is broad and deep, the shoulders are
muscular and sloping, and the croup slightly sloping. The legs are short
in relation to the body, but strong and well-muscled.[7] The legs have
little or no feather, as the breed was developed partially for working in
the heavy clay soils of its native country, where heavy feather led to
increased disease prevalence.[8] They are hardy and long-lived horses,
A Cleveland Bay/Holsteiner cross and docile in temperament. In the early 20th century, when a breed
standard was issued by the British Cleveland Bay Society for use in
judging shows, a section was added on the movement of the horses, describing the desired action, especially at the
trot. This was included in part because military potential was still considered a factor in evaluating harness horses
and a good trot was necessary for an artillery horse. It was also evaluated because breeds with large action at the trot
often also have a potential for jumping. The combination of desired characteristics means that the breed is useful for
breeding show jumpers, eventers and steeplechasers (the latter especially when crossed with Thoroughbreds).
Partbred Cleveland Bays are sometimes called Cleveland Bay Sporthorses, although they are referred to by the US
and UK registries as part breds. They are eligible for registration with the Cleveland Bay Part Bred Registry, but
must not be registered with any other registry. To be eligible, horses must have at least one grandparent registered
with the main Cleveland Bay Horse Society stud book. The Australasian registry refers to part breds as Sporthorses,
although they still require at least 25 percent Cleveland Bay blood.
Cleveland Bay 222
History
Originally developed in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire, England, the Cleveland Bay is said to be the oldest
established English horse breed, and the only horse native to Britain that does not belong to the heavy horse
group.[9][10] The closest breed in type, although completely unrelated, is the Irish Draught.[11]
Development
The earliest breeding of the ancestors of the Cleveland Bay was done
in large part by English churches and monasteries, to meet a need for
pack horses to carry trade goods between abbeys and monasteries in
northeast England. These medieval horses gained the nickname of
"Chapman Horses" because of their use by travelling merchants known
as "chapmen". What is now the Cleveland Bay was developed from
Barb and Andalusian horses crossed with Chapman Horse mares. The
Barb blood came mainly from horses imported by wealthy young men
on their Grand Tour of Europe, bought off the docks in Marseilles and A drawing of a Yorkshire Coach Horse
[12]
transported back to England. The Andalusian blood came from
horses bred at the royal stud in Cordoba and given to English royalty by the King of Spain. The stallions were often
available for breeding to local horses, and the first infusion of Andalusian blood was added to the native Chapman
Horses. The Spanish horses also made their way to the outlying estates of English nobility, and were then taken by
Oliver Cromwell's men after the English Civil War. Once in the hands of Cromwell's men, many of the stallions
were made available for locals to cross with the existing Chapman Horses, adding a second infusion of Andalusian
bloodlines. In the late 17th century a second infusion of Barb blood was added when Cleveland breeders purchased
horses directly from soldiers at Tangier or from the Moors themselves.[13]
Between 1685 and 1785 this Chapman Horse/Andalusian/Barb cross developed into the original Cleveland Bay.
During this century the type grew bigger due to better feeding, and by 1785 had developed through selective
breeding into the "agricultural type" Cleveland Bay.[14] This original type was heavier and more draft-like than the
breed of today. This was due to a need for strength more than speed on the farms and poor roads of 17th- and
18th-century England. As roads improved and speed became more important in the late 18th century, Thoroughbred
and Arabian blood was added. The resulting horses were used extensively as coach horses, and were lighter of frame,
with a well-arched neck and powerful shoulders, making for a flashy carriage horse.[] The Thoroughbred blood was
added despite the claims of breeders that the Cleveland Bay was "free from taint of black or blood", meaning either
Thoroughbred "blood" or the Old English "Black" and its descendents. The addition of Thoroughbred breeding is
thought responsible for Cleveland Bays born with red legs (as opposed to the black normally associated with bay
horses), generally the result of a chestnut Thoroughbred sire in the family tree.
Cleveland Bay 223
Establishment
The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society was formed in 1883,[15] and
the first stud book was published in 1884. The 19th century saw the
export of many Cleveland Bays overseas, to Australia, New Zealand,
South Africa, the United States, India, Russia and the European
continent.[16] In the early 19th century, Cleveland Bays were first
imported to Maryland, Virginia and Massachusetts in the United
States, and in 1884 the Upperville Colt & Horse Show was created in
Virginia by Colonel Richard Henry Dulany to showcase his imported
Cleveland Bay stallion and the offspring of the stallion. The Cleveland
Bay Society of America was formed in 1885, and the stud book began A "Cleveland" horse bred in Poland in the late
1800s.
publication in 1889, although horses were registered who had lived as
far back as 1860. Judging from the descriptions of the earliest
registered horses, it is possible that many of the "Cleveland Bays" registered were actually Yorkshire Coach Horses;
however, all were registered as Clevelands, and that is what they are known as today. Over 2,000 horses were
registered with the association by 1907. The horses were of interest to Buffalo Bill Cody, who drove four Cleveland
Bay stallions in his Wild West Show.
Before the First World War, having seen the cavalry feats of mounted Boers during the Second Boer War, Britain
increased its cavalry reserves. Smaller Cleveland Bays were used to carry British troopers, and larger members of the
breed pulled artillery; the British War Office offered premiums on Cleveland Bay stallions. Although the First World
War was not the cavalry war the British expected, large numbers of horses were used to pull artillery and losses were
high.[17] Because the war caused a depletion in stock, in 1920 and 1921, the British society opened a special register
for previously unregistered mares of Cleveland Bay type, including some already registered with the Yorkshire
Coach Horse (a Cleveland/Thoroughbred cross) registry, after they had passed an inspection that certified them to be
of proper breed type. The subsequent foals of these mares were eligible for registration into the main British
Cleveland Bay stud book, and were also eligible to compete in competitions reserved for breed members. Some of
this progeny was bred and owned by King George V.[18]
Decline and re-emergence

However, interest in the Cleveland Bay was waning, due to increased
mechanisation, and the Great Depression of the early 1930s reduced
exports by almost a third. There was a brief revival of interest in the
late 1930s in the United States when they became popular as
foundation stock for hunters. The decline continued, quickening after
the Second World War; in 1960 the War Office stopped offering
premiums on stallions, and many breeders discontinued breeding. By
1962, only four purebred stallions were present in the UK. Queen Two of the Queen's Cleveland Bays pulling a
Elizabeth II saved the breed by purchasing Mulgrave Supreme, a coach near Buckingham Palace
stallion that was about to be sold to a buyer in the United States. The
stallion was bred to pure- and part-bred mares, and within 15 years there were 36 purebred stallions in the UK.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, used the breed for many years in international driving competitions. In the late
1960s and 1970s, interest in the breed increased, and part-bred Cleveland Bays were in demand for use as riding
horses, especially for use as hunters and jumpers. In 1964, a Cleveland Bay/Thoroughbred cross competed in show
jumping in the Tokyo Olympics.[19] Another half-bred Cleveland Bay competed for the British Olympic team in
Cleveland Bay 224
show jumping at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, while a third was a reserve mount for the Canadian show jumping
team at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. In the late 1960s and 70s, horses continued to be exported to many countries.
Japan, the United States and Australia have continued to import the horses from England, and in New Zealand
crosses between Cleveland Bays and native mares were in demand on cattle and sheep stations.[20]
Since 1977, Elizabeth II has been a patron of the Society, and during the Society's centenary year of 1984 she acted
as its president. The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society also maintains a separate registry for part-bred horses. In
the late 20th century, the breed again gained the attention of the United States public, and in 1985 the US association
was reactivated, renamed the Cleveland Bay Society of North America. The US American Livestock Breeds
Conservancy considers their status to be critical, which means there is an estimated global population of less than
2,000, and fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States. The UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust also
considers their status to be critical, with less than 300 breeding females registered worldwide. The Equus Survival
Trust also considers the breed population to be at critical levels, meaning there are between 100 and 300 breeding
females left in the world. Currently, there are about 135 purebred horses in the US and Canada recorded with the
North American registry. There are also small populations in Japan, New Zealand, and Australia. In 2006, an
estimated 550 Cleveland Bay horses existed worldwide, of which about 220 were mares; the 2005 foal crop
produced fewer than 50 horses.
Uses
The Cleveland Bay is a versatile horse and is still used today for many
tasks, including driving and farmwork. In the 1920s, Cleveland Bays
replaced black Hanoverians in the British royal stables, and both the
Cleveland Bay and Cleveland Bay/Thoroughbred crosses are used as
royal carriage horses today.[21] The horses are used as heavy hunters,
as they are powerful and able to carry a man weighing 250 pounds
(110 kg) for a full day of hunting over large obstacles and through
heavy clay. When crossed with Thoroughbreds, the resulting progeny A 3/4 Cleveland Bay, 1/4 Thoroughbred stallion
[22]
are lighter and faster, but still strong and heavy of bone. When
show jumping was first beginning as a sport during the mid-19th century, Cleveland Bays were among the initial
stars. Two mares, Star and Fanny Drape, were two of the top performers. Fanny Drape was known to have cleared a
6 feet (1.8 m) stone wall with a rider on her back, and a 7.5 feet (2.3 m) bar while being jumped in-hand.[23] In 2006,
a Cleveland Bay stallion named Tregoyd Journeyman was used as a model for a new horse figure by Breyer Animal
Creations, and the stallion participated in that year's Breyer model horse festival. Purebred and crossbred Cleveland
Bays make up the majority of the bay horses in the Royal Mews, the British royal stables, where they receive intense
training to desensitize them before they are put to work drawing royal carriages.
The Cleveland Bay was used in the creation of the Oldenburg breed, because of its stamina, strength, and jumping
ability.[24] The breed was also used to create and improve the Holstein and Hanoverian breeds. In the late 18th
century, the Cleveland Bay was used to create the short-lived Yorkshire Coach Horse through crosses with
Thoroughbreds. These Yorkshires were used mainly to pull mail and passenger coaches, hence their name. Called by
some the "New Cleveland Bay", foreigners often could not distinguish between the two breeds, and many horses
registered as Cleveland Bays in European coach horse studbooks were actually Yorkshire Coach Horses.[25] In the
19th century, the Cleveland Bay was crossed with French and Belgian draft horses to create the Vladimir Heavy
Draft, a Russian breed developed to fill that country's need for a heavy draft breed.[26]
Cleveland Bay 225
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. clevelandbay. com/ about-cb-horses/ content_-_about_cb_horses_-_breed_standards
[2] http:/ / www. clevelandbay. org/ the-breed/ standards. html
[3] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 18–19
[4] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 50
[5] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, pp. 131–132
[6] Hayes, Points of the Horse, p. 254
[9] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 304–305
[10] Edwards and Geddes, The Complete Horse Book, pp. 78–79
[21] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, p. 302
[26] Edwards and Geddes, The Complete Horse Book, p. 113
References
• Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. New York, NY: Simon &
Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-66068-3.
• Dent, Anthony (1978). Cleveland Bay Horses. Canaan, NY: J.A. Allen. ISBN 0-85131-283-7.
• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American Edition ed.). New York, NY:
Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-614-6.
• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley and Candida Geddes (editors) (1987). The Complete Horse Book. North Pomfret, VT:
Trafalgar Square, Inc. ISBN 0-943955-00-9.
• Hayes, Capt. M. Horace, FRCVS (1969, Reprinted 1976). Points of the Horse (7th Revised Edition ed.). New
York, NY: Arco Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-09-038711-3.
• Hendricks, Bonnie. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press.
ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.
External links
• Cleveland Bay Horse Society (http://www.clevelandbay.com/)
• Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America (http://www.clevelandbay.org/)
• Cleveland Bay Horse Society of Australasia (http://www.clevelandbays.com.au/)
Clydesdale horse
Clydesdale
Clydesdale draught horse sabino, side view
Distinguishing features Draught horse breed, generally bay, with significant white markings and extensive feathering.
Country of origin Scotland
Common nicknames Clydes (USA)
Breed standards
Clydesdale Breeders of the USA Breed standards [1]
Clydesdale Horse Society [2]

Breed standards
The Clydesdale is a breed of draught horse derived from the farm horses of Clydesdale, Scotland, and named after
that region. Although originally one of the smaller breeds of draught horses, it is now a tall breed. Often bay in
colour, they show significant white markings due to the presence of sabino genetics. The breed was originally used
for agriculture and haulage, and is still used for draught purposes today. The Budweiser Clydesdales are some of the
most famous Clydesdales, and other members of the breed are used as drum horses by the British Household
Cavalry. They have also been used to create and improve other draught breeds.
The breed was developed from Flemish stallions imported to Scotland and crossed with local mares. The first
recorded use of the name "Clydesdale" for the breed was in 1826, and by 1830 a system of hiring stallions had begun
that resulted in the spread of Clydesdale horses throughout Scotland and into northern England. The first breed
registry was formed in 1877. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands of Clydesdales were exported from
Scotland and sent throughout the world, including to Australia and New Zealand, where they became known as "the
breed that built Australia". However, during World War I population numbers began to decline due to increasing
mechanization and war conscription. This decline continued, and by the 1970s, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust
considered the breed vulnerable to extinction. Population numbers have increased slightly in the intervening time,
but they are still thought to be vulnerable.
The conformation of the Clydesdale has changed significantly throughout its history. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was
a compact horse smaller than the Shire, Percheron and Belgian. Beginning in the 1940s, breeding animals were
selected to produce taller horses that looked more impressive in parades and shows. Today, the Clydesdale stands 16
to 18 hands (64 to 72 inches, 163 to 183 cm) high and weighs 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (820 to 910 kg).[3] Some mature
males are larger, standing taller than 18 hands and weighing up to 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg). The breed has a straight
or slightly convex facial profile, broad forehead and wide muzzle. It is well-muscled and strong, with an arched
neck, high withers and a sloped shoulder. Breed associations pay close attention to the quality of the hooves and
legs, as well as the general movement. Their gaits are active, with clearly lifted hooves and a general impression of
power and quality. Clydesdales are energetic, with a manner described by the Clydesdale Horse Society as a "gaiety
of carriage and outlook." Clydesdales have been identified to be at risk for chronic progressive lymphedema, a
disease with clinical signs that include progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of distal limbs that is similar
to chronic lymphedema in humans.
Clydesdales are usually bay in colour, but roan, black, grey and chestnut also occur. Most have white markings,
including white on the face, feet, legs and occasional body spotting (generally on the lower belly). They also have
extensive feathering on their lower legs. Roaning, body spotting and extensive white markings are thought to be the
result of sabino genetics. Some Clydesdale breeders want white face and leg markings without the spotting on the
body. To attempt getting the ideal set of markings, they often breed horses with only one white leg to horses with
four white legs and sabino roaning on their bodies. On average, the result is a foal with the desired amount of white
markings. Clydesdales do not have the SB1 (Sabino 1) gene responsible for causing sabino expressions in many
other breeds, and researchers theorise that there are several other genes responsible for these patterns. Many buyers
pay a premium for bay and black horses, especially those with four white legs and white facial markings. Specific
colours are often preferred over other physical traits, and some buyers will even choose horses with soundness
problems if they have the desired colour and markings. Roan horses are not preferred by buyers, despite one draught
breed writer theorizing that they are needed in order to keep the desired coat colours and texture. Breed associations,
however, state that there are no bad colours, and that horses with roaning and body spots are increasingly accepted.
History
The Clydesdale takes its name from Clydesdale, the old name for
Lanarkshire, noted for the River Clyde. In the mid-18th century,
Flemish stallions were imported to Scotland and bred to local mares,
resulting in foals that were larger than the existing local stock. These
included a black unnamed stallion imported from England by a John
Paterson of Lochlyloch and an unnamed dark-brown stallion owned by
the Duke of Hamilton. Another prominent stallion was a 16.1 hands
(65 inches, 165 cm) coach horse stallion of unknown lineage named
Blaze. Written pedigrees were kept of these foals beginning in the Two New Zealand Clydesdales pulling a wagon
early 19th century, and in 1806 a filly, later known as "Lampits mare"
after the farm name of her owner, was born that traced her lineage to the black stallion. This mare is listed in the
ancestry of almost every Clydesdale living today. One of her foals was Thompson's Black Horse (known as
Glancer), who was to have a significant influence on the Clydesdale breed. The first recorded use of the name
"Clydesdale" in reference to the breed was in 1826 at an exhibition in Glasgow. Another theory of their origin, that
of them descending from Flemish horses brought to Scotland as early as the 15th century, was also promulgated in
the late 18th century. However, even the author of that theory admitted that the common story of their ancestry is
more likely.[4]
A system of hiring stallions between districts existed in Scotland, with written records dating back to 1837. This
program consisted of local agriculture improvement societies holding breed shows to choose the best stallion, whose
owner was then awarded a monetary prize. The owner was then required, in return for additional monies, to take the
stallion throughout a designated area, breeding to the local mares.[5] Through this system and by purchase,
Clydesdale stallions were sent throughout Scotland and into northern England.
Through extensive crossbreeding with local mares, these stallions
spread the Clydesdale type throughout the areas where they were
placed, and by 1840, Scottish draught horses and the Clydesdale were
one and the same.[5] In 1877, the Clydesdale Horse Society of Scotland
was formed, followed in 1879 by the American Clydesdale Association
(later renamed the Clydesdale Breeders of the USA) which served both
U.S. and Canadian breed enthusiasts. The first American stud book
was published in 1882. In 1883, the short-lived Select Clydesdale
Horse Society was founded to compete with the Clydesdale Horse
Society. It was started by two breeders dedicated to improving the
A 1904 drawing of a Clydesdale mare breed, who also were responsible in large part for the introduction of
Shire blood into the Clydesdale.[6]
Large numbers of Clydesdales were exported from Scotland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with 1,617
stallions leaving the country in 1911 alone. Between 1884 and 1945, export certificates were issued for 20,183
horses. These horses were exported to other countries in the British Empire, as well as North and South America,
continental Europe and Russia. World War I saw the conscription of thousands of horses for the war effort, and after
the war breed numbers declined as farms became increasingly mechanised. This decline continued between the wars.
Following World War II the number of Clydesdale breeding stallions in England dropped from more than 200 in
1946 to 80 in 1949. By 1975, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust considered them vulnerable to extinction, meaning
there were fewer than 900 breeding females in the UK.
Many of the horses exported from Scotland in the 19th and 20th centuries went to Australia and New Zealand. In
1918, the Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society was formed as the association for the breed in Australia.
Between 1906 and 1936, Clydesdales were bred so extensively in Australia that other draught breeds were almost
unknown. By the late 1960s it was noted that "Excellent Clydesdale horses are bred in Victoria and New Zealand;
but, at least in the former place, it is considered advisable to keep up the type by frequent importations from
England."[7] Over 25,000 Clydesdales were registered in Australia between 1924 and 2008. The popularity of the
Clydesdale led to it being called "the breed that built Australia".
In the 1990s, the breed's popularity and numbers began to rise. By 2005, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust had moved
the breed to "at risk" status, meaning there were fewer than 1,500 breeding females in the UK. However, by 2010
they had been moved back to vulnerable. The Clydesdale is considered to be at "watch" status by the American
Livestock Breeds Conservancy, meaning that as of 2010 less than 2,500 horses are registered annually in the USA
and less than 10,000 exist worldwide. As of 2010, there are estimated to be around 5,000 Clydesdales worldwide,
with around 4,000 in the US and Canada, 800 in the UK and the rest in other countries, including Russia, Japan,
Germany and South Africa.
Uses
The Clydesdale was originally used for agriculture, hauling coal in
Lanarkshire and heavy hauling in Glasgow. Today, Clydesdales are still
used for draught purposes, including agriculture, logging and driving. They
are also shown and ridden, as well as kept for pleasure. Some of the most
famous members of the breed are the teams that make up the hitches of the
Budweiser Clydesdales. These horses were first owned by the Budweiser
Brewery at the end of Prohibition in the United States, and have since
become an international symbol of both the breed and the brand. The
Budweiser breeding program, with its strict standards of colour and
conformation, have influenced the look of the breed in the United States to
the point that many people believe that Clydesdales are always bay with
white markings. As well as being driven, some Clydesdales are used for
riding and can be shown under saddle.[8] Clydesdales and Shires are used
by the British Household Cavalry as drum horses, leading parades on
ceremonial and state occasions. The horses are eye-catching colours,
including piebald, skewbald and roan. To be used for this purpose, a drum The Budweiser Clydesdales
horse must stand a minimum of 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm) high. They
carry the Musical Ride Officer and two silver drums weighing 56 kilograms (123 lb) each.
In the late 19th century, Clydesdale blood was added to the Irish draught breed in an attempt to improve and
reinvigorate that declining breed. However, these efforts were not seen as successful, as Irish Draught breeders
thought the Clydesdale blood made their horses coarser and prone to lower leg defaults.[9] The Clydesdale was
instrumental in the creation of the Gypsy Vanner horse, developed in Great Britain.[10] The Clydesdale, along with
other draught breeds, was also used to create the Australian Draught Horse. In the early 20th century, they were often
crossed with Dales ponies, creating mid-sized draught horses useful for pulling commercial wagons and military
artillery.[11]
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. clydesusa. com/
[2] http:/ / www. clydesdalehorsesociety. com/
[3] Dutson, pp. 348-351
[4] Biddell, pp. 75-76
[5] McNeilage, p. 73
[6] Edwards, pp. 284-285
[7] Hayes, p. 361
[8] Smith, pp. 20-21
[9] Edwards, pp. 374-375
[10] Dutson, pp. 117-118
[11] Dutson, p. 294
References
• Biddell, Herman (1894). Heavy Horses: Breeds and Management (http://www.archive.org/details/
cu31924051110306). London, Vinton & Co.
ISBN 1-58017-613-5.
• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling
Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-614-6.
• Hayes, Capt. M. Horace, FRCVS (1969, Reprinted 2003). Points of the Horse (7th Revised ed.). New York, NY:
Arco Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59333-000-2.
• Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press.
ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.
• McNeilage, Arch. (1904). "A Scottish Authority on the Premium System" (http://books.google.com/
?id=KiBJAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA73&dq=stallion+hiring+system+scotland#v=onepage&q=stallion hiring
system scotland&f=false). In National Livestock Association of Canada. General convention, Issues 1-3.
Government Printing Bureau.
• Smith, Donna Campbell (2007). The Book of Draft Horses: The Gentle Giants that Built the World (http://books.
google.com/?id=kcZkHwnNYYkC&pg=PA20&dq=riding+classes+at+shows+for+clydesdale#v=onepage&
q&f=false). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-979-7.
External links
• The Clydesdale Horse Society (http://www.clydesdalehorsesociety.com/)
• Clydesdale Breeders of the USA (http://clydesusa.com/index.php)
• Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society (http://www.clydesdalehorse.com.au/)
Colorado Ranger 231
Colorado Ranger
Colorado Ranger Horse
Distinguishing features Endurance, 'cow sense' and athletic ability, some horses have spotted coats
Alternative names Colorado Rangerbred
Breed standards
Colorado Ranger Horse Association Breed standards [1]
The Colorado Ranger is a horse breed from the Colorado High Plains in the United States. The breed is descended
from two stallions imported from Turkey to the US state of Virginia in the late 1800s. These stallions were then bred
to ranch horses in Nebraska and Colorado, and in the early 1900s the two stallions who every registered Colorado
Ranger traces to, Patches #1 and Max #2, were foaled. The breed was championed by rancher Mike Ruby, who
founded the Colorado Ranger Horse Association in 1935. Original registry membership limits resulted in many
Colorado Ranger horses being registered instead as Appaloosas, but pedigree research is ongoing to discover
additional horses who trace their ancestry back to the original stallions.
By 2005, more than 6,000 Colorado Ranger horses had been registered. Colorado Rangers may be any solid color or
carry leopard spotting patterns. Pinto coloration and American Paint Horse breeding are not allowed, nor are draft
horse and pony breeding. Colorado Ranger horses may be dual registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club, and
approximately 90 percent are.
Characteristics and registration

Colorado Ranger horses may be of any color except pinto, and pinto or American Paint Horse breeding is not
allowed within five generations of any registered horse's pedigree. They stand 14.2 to 16 hands (58 to 64 inches, 147
to 163 cm) high. The breed has a straight facial profile, long, muscular neck and deep chest. The shoulders and croup
are sloping, connected by a short back. Colorado Ranger horses are still used for their original purpose as ranch
horses. They are also shown, both in Western and English disciplines, although mainly the former, and used for trail
and pleasure riding. They are known for their athleticism, good disposition and abilities as stock horses.
All registered Colorado Ranger Horses trace directly to one of two foundation sires in their pedigree. The first is
Patches #1 and the second is Max #2, a son of another horse named Max born in 1918. Registered Colorado
Rangerbreds may be bred to registered Thoroughbreds, American Quarter Horses, Appaloosas, Arabians and
AraAppaloosas, and the resulting progeny registered as purebred Colorado Rangerbreds. Horses with draft horse or
pony blood may not be registered. Colorado Ranger Horses may be double-registered with the Appaloosa Horse
Club, but Appaloosas may not be registered with the CRHA unless they have the proper bloodlines. Approximately
90 percent of Colorado Ranger horses are dual-registered.
History
The original foundation ancestors of the Colorado Ranger were two stallions brought to the United States and given
to US president Ulysses S. Grant by the Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1878. The first horse was a gray Barb
named Linden Tree, foaled in 1874. The second was a desertbred Arabian, also gray, named Leopard, foaled in 1873.
The two stallions reached Virginia in 1879, after their voyage from Turkey. Upon reaching Virginia, they spent 14
years in the breeding herds of Randolph Huntington, a noted breeder of trotting and roadster horses. In 1896,
Colorado Ranger 232
Randolph leased Leopard and Linden Tree to a friend of Grant's, named General Colby, who used to stallions to
breed a number of mares on his ranch in Nebraska. These breedings were successful at producing high-quality ranch
horses, and a few years later several ranches in Colorado collaborated to buy a group of horses, including one
stallion, from the Colby Ranch. All of the mares were sired by one of the two imported sires, and the stallion, a
few-spot leopard Appaloosa, was a grandson of Leopard on both sides of his pedigree. The influence of Linden Tree
and Leopard on American horse breeding was such that they are now listed in the studbooks for the Arabian Horse
Association and the Jockey Club (which registers Thoroughbreds), both major breed associations in the United
States.
20th century
The Colorado ranchers used the horses purchased from Colby to
improve their existing ranch stock, and the progeny of these crossings
became the Colorado Ranger Horse. Although leopard coloration was
not originally an aim of the breeding program, many of the resulting
horses bore spotted coat patterns, and breeders began to include the
patterning as one of their goals. Two other stallions also became
influential foundation sires of the breed. One was a Colorado-born
leopard-spot colt named Max, foaled in 1918. The second was a Barb
stallion named Spotte, imported from North Africa in 1918 by the
owner of the W.R. Thompson Cattle Company as a wedding gift for
his daughter. This stallion provided another important infusion of Barb
blood, which had been diluted in the breed since Linden Tree had been
imported from Turkey.
Mike Ruby, a horseman from the Colorado High Plains, became

interested in the breed and acquired Max and Patches, a son of the
An Appaloosa, displaying the characteristic
original Colby Ranch stallion. During his time breeding Colorado spotted pattern often seen among Colorado
Ranger horses, he kept complete records of every horse that he bred, Rangers
which became the initial pedigree record for the breed association.
Ruby was invited to bring two stallions to the Denver Stock Show in 1934, and chose to take Leopard #3 and Fox
#10. The names Colorado Rangers and Colorado Rangerbreds were coined during this show by members of the
now-Colorado State University faculty, in reference to the horses having been bred on the ranges of Colorado.
Although "Colorado Ranger" is the official name of the breed, the nickname of "Rangerbreds" is still commonly
used.
Ruby was influential in saving some of the highest-quality Ranger stock during the severe drought of the 1930s, by
driving them over 300 miles (480 km) to better pasture in a history-making journey. When the rains returned to
eastern Colorado, he again made the drive to return the horses to their original pasture. After re-establishing his herd,
Ruby developed a practice of leasing groups of his Rangerbred horses to other ranchers throughout the western
United States for use as breeding stock. Through this practice, Colorado Ranger horses influenced, and were in
return influenced by, the Quarter Horse, Appaloosa and other western stock horse breeds.
In 1935, Ruby founded the Colorado Ranger Horse Association (CRHA), and was granted a corporate charter for the
association in 1938. Ruby remained president of the organization from 1935 until his death in 1942. The registry
initially imposed a 50 member limit, and many Ranger horses, whose breeders were not allowed to become
members, were instead registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club. The member limit was lifted in 1964, and since
then pedigree research has continued to find and register horses with Ranger breeding that are un-registered or
registered as Appaloosas. During the 1980s, some Lusitano blood was allowed into the breed, but this practice has
been discontinued. The CRHA states that up to 1 in 8 registered Appaloosas may have Colorado Ranger blood, and
Colorado Ranger 233
as such be eligible for registry with the CRHA. As of 2005, there were more than 6,000 horses registered with the
CRHA, with between 100 and 125 new horses registered annually. While originally bred in the western US, today
many Colorado Rangers are found in the midwest and eastern parts of the country, including the states of Michigan,
Ohio and Pennsylvania. They are also found in Canada, where there is at least one large breeding farm.
References
[1] http:/ / www. coloradoranger. com/ Registration. html
External links
• Colorado Ranger Horse Association (http://www.coloradoranger.com/)
Coldblood trotter
Coldblood Trotter
A Coldblood Trotter of mixed Swedish and Norwegian lines
Distinguishing features Heavy horse bred for harness racing
Country of origin Norway and Sweden
Breed standards
Det Norsk Travselskap Breed standards [1]
A Coldblood Trotter may belong to either one of two closely related and interconnected breeds of horse: the Norsk
Kaldblodstraver (Norwegian Coldblood Trotter) and the Svensk Kallblodstravare (Swedish Coldblood Trotter).
Coldblood trotters, also known widely in international breed registries as Draft Trotters, are the result of
crossbreeding lighter and faster horses with native coldblooded farm horses, either the Norwegian Dølehest or the
North Swedish Horse. Although the Norwegian and Swedish coldblood trotters are substantially considered a single
breed, two national studbooks are maintained, and registration requirements differ in some respects between the two
countries.
Characteristics
The average height at the withers for stallions is 154 cm (15.1 hands),
and all individuals should stand at least 148 cm (14.2 hands). Bay in all
its variations is the most common coat colour, followed by chestnut
and black. The dun gene, buckskin gene and cream gene are present in
the genetic material, but not white nor any variations of pinto.[citation
needed]
The Coldblood Trotter has a relatively small and square head with
large nostrils. It is well suited for the cold conditions in Scandanivia,
Mare and foal
and it can develop large amounts of winter hair, having less need for
blankets in winter. Compared to the Standardbred it is smaller, heavier,
and more compact in build. It is not as fast as the Standardbred. The Coldblood Trotter is mostly bred in Norway and
Sweden. Coldblood Trotters are very rarely found outside the Nordic Countries.
Uses
The coldblood trotter is bred for use in harness racing. The two types compete in shared heats that exclude entry of
light trotter breeds or Finnhorses.
References
[1] http:/ / www. travsport. no/ Global/ Dokumenter%20Avl/ Kaldblodstraver202008. pdf
Comtois horse 236
Comtois horse
Comtois horse
Comtois horse
Distinguishing features Light draft horse build, little feathering, chestnut with flaxen mane and tail
The Comtois horse is a draft horse that originated in the Jura Mountains on the border between France and
Switzerland.
Characteristics
The Comtois is a light draft horse, with a large head, straight neck, stocky and powerful body and deep girth. They
have long, straight backs and short, strong legs with a little feathering and muscular hindquarters. The Comtois
sometimes shows a tendency towards sickle hocks. These horses are generally chestnut with flaxen manes and tails,
but they can also be bay. They usually stand 1.50–1.65 metres (14.3–16.1 hands) high and weigh 650–800 kg
(1,430–1,760 lb).[1]
History
The Comtois horse breed is an old breed of horse that is believed to
have descended from horses brought by the Burgundians of northern
Germany to France during the fourth century. It is believe that they
have been bred at the Franche-Comté and in the Jura Mountains since
the sixth century. In the Middle Ages they were used as war horses.
They were bred at the Franche-Comté and in the Jura Mountains
During the 16th century, the Comtois breed was used to improve the
Burgandy Horse. In the 19th century, other draft horses such as the
Comtois horses being used for logging.
Norman, Boulonnais, and Percheron were bred into the Comtois, and
more recently the Ardennes was used to produce a stronger horse with
better legs. Today, they are second only to the Belgian draft horse in number in France.
Comtois horse 237
Uses
In the sixteenth century, these horses were used as a cavalry and
artillery horse, and were present in the armies of Louis XIV and later
Napoleon Bonaparte. The Comtois is used today for hauling wood in
the pine forests of the Jura in the mountainous regions of the Massif
Central, and for working in the vineyards in the Arbois area. They are
also bred for the French horsemeat industry.
References
[1] Le Comtois (http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ Comtois horse in harness
races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ comtois. html) Association Nationale du Cheval de
Trait Comtois. Les Haras Nationaux 2010 (in French) Accessed August 2011
Costa Rican Saddle Horse

Costa Rican Saddle Horse
Costa Rican Saddle Horse Illustration
Alternative names Costa Rican Trotter, Costarricense Paso
Country of origin Costa Rica
Common nicknames Costa Rican Paso, Costa Rican Criollo
The Costa Rican Saddle Horse is a horse breed developed in Costa Rica. Since 1850 breeders of the Costa Rican
horse have paid more attention to the selection of breeding stock. Because the horse population was small and
inbreeding a concern, a few stallions were imported from Spain and Peru.[1] The breed was founded by "Janitzio",
foaled in 1955, a loudly marked sabino stallion. In 1972 a breed club (ASCACOPA) was established, and in 1974
the breed registry was initiated.[2]
Characteristics
The minimum height for males is 14.2½ hands (148 centimetres (58 in)) and 14.1½ hands (146 centimetres (57 in))
for females. The head profile is straight or slightly convex. The neck is arched, ample at the base and tapered toward
the head. The chest is deep and well muscled, the barrel well developed. The back is short, with the underline being
longer. The croup is long, well muscled and slightly rounded. The hair on the mane and tail is fine, and the skin
should be fine with short hair. The gait and movements are performed with action and energy, the knees and hocks
showing high flexing during the rhythmic and harmonious trot.[3]
Notes
[1] p. 142 Hendricks "International Encyclopedia of Horse breeds" 1995
[2] page 2 ASCACOPA 1996
[3] characteristics page of http:/ / www. ascacopa. com/ index. html
References
• Hendricks, Bonnie Lou and Anthony Dent (1995). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds (http://books.
google.com/books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC&pg=PA142&dq=Costa+Rican+Saddle+horse&
ei=2rO8SqC_D4mkNYDE3BM#v=onepage&q=Costa Rican Saddle horse&f=false). Norman, OK: University
of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.
• ASCACOPA Association of breeders of Costa Rican Paso Horses (http://www.ascacopa.com/)
Criollo horse
Criollo
Argentine Criollo mare
Distinguishing features Compact and strong, straight or convex head, broad chest, well-developed joints, small in stature.
Alternative names Criollo (Argentina), Crioulo (Brazil), Costeño/Morochuco (Peru), Corralero (Chile), Llanero (Venezuela)
Country of origin Argentina, Uruguay
The Criollo (in Spanish), or Crioulo (in Portuguese), is the native horse of Uruguay (1910), Argentina (1918),
Brazil (1932) and Paraguay. It may have the best endurance of any horse breed in the world next to the Arabian. In
fact, due to the criollo's low basal metabolism, it may be a better long-distance horse than the Arabian in prolonged
races over a week in duration with no supplemental feed. The breed, known for its hardiness and stamina, is most
popular in its home countries.
The word criollo originally referred to human and animals of pure-bred Spanish ancestry that were born in the
Americas, or, in Portuguese crioulo, to animals or slaves born in the Americas. In time, the meaning of the word
would simply come to refer to native breeds of the Americas.
The criollo is a hardy horse with a brawny and strong body with broad chest and well-sprung ribs. They have sloping
strong shoulders with muscular necks, short and strong legs with good bone structure and resistant joints, low-set
hocks and sound hard feet. The medium to large size long-muzzled head has a straight or slightly convex profile with
wide-set eyes. The croup is sloping, the haunches well-muscled, and the back, short with a strong loin.
The criollo is tractable, intelligent, willing and sensible. Criollo horses average 14.3 hands high, being the maximum
height for stallions and geldings of 14 to 15 hands high. The difference between the maximum and minimum height
for mares is approximately 2 cm (one inch). The line-backed dun is the most popular color, but the breed may also
come in bay, brown, black, chestnut, grullo, buckskin, palomino, blue or strawberry roan, gray and overo colors.
The breed is famous for their endurance capabilities and ability to live in harsh conditions, as their homeland has
both extreme heat and cold weather. They are frugal eaters, thriving on little grass. They have good resistance to
disease and are long-lived horses.
Criollo horse 240
Breed history
The breed dates back to a 1535 shipment of 100 Pure Bred Spaniards - Andalusian stallions coming from Cadiz,
Spain, to the Rio de la Plata imported by Buenos Aires founder, Pedro de Mendoza.
In 1540, Indian hostility forced the Spaniards to abandon Buenos Aires
and release 12 to 45 horses. When Buenos Aires was resettled in 1580,
it is estimated that the feral horse population numbered around 12,000.
Since they largely reproduced in the wild, the criollo developed into an
extremely hardy horse capable to survive the extreme heat and cold,
subsist with little water, and live off the dry grasses of the area. Settlers
later came and started capturing horses for riding and for use as pack
animals. The Native Americans had already been doing that many
Gaucho with Criollo
years before.
Throughout the 19th century a large proportion of the horses were

crossed with imported European Thoroughbred, coach and draft horse
stallions, and a larger, coarser, long striding multi-purpose, saddle cart
horse resulted. However, the crossbreeding nearly ruined the native
Spanish horse type. In 1918, the Argentine breeders decided to create a
pure-bred criollos registry, and the breeder's association was then
formed in 1923. Much infighting occurred between the bands of Emilio
Solanet and Enrique Crotto. The first promoted the Asian type crioulo
and the latter the taller African type with a coarse convex head, fallen
Criollo horse with winter coat (Strawberry roan)
croup, thinner mane and tail.
in a Rescue Center in Toscana (Italy)
It was not until 1934 that Dr. Solanet was able to firmly take control of
the breeders association. He set a new goal for the breed with a shorter, more compact stock horse which emulated
the Chilean Horse breed that he admired so much. In 1938, 70% of the registered crioulos were culled because they
did not possess the phenotype aspired by Dr. Solanet and his followers. The new breed standard, about which he had
written in 1928, was finally made available to the public once he was assured that the breeders were more united in
their breed objectives. It would not be until 1957 that the registry was closed for Argentine native breeds, but the
registry has remained open for the Chilean Horse breed that has been so influential in giving shape to the crioulo as a
better stock horse. Nevertheless, the breed maintains its own identity in a taller, leggier and squarer body
conformation with a more angular hock that gives it the long stride it requires to cover the great distances in the flat
Argentine plains known as "pampas". The modern crioulo head has a straight facial profile and a shorter muzzle with
longer ears than is typical in the Chilean Horse breed.
Endurance
The breeders implemented rigorous endurance tests to help evaluate horses for breeding. In these events known as
"La Marcha", the horses ride over a 750 km (466 mi) course to be completed in a 75 hours split in 14 days. No
supplemental feed is allowed. The horses are required to carry heavy loads of 245 lb (110 kg) on their backs and may
only eat the grass at the side of the road. At the end of the day, a veterinarian checks the horses.
Today, the horse is used mainly as a working-cow horse, but it is also considered a pleasure and trail horse which
contributed a great deal to the Argentine polo pony[1] They are also excellent rodeo and endurance horses. The
national rodeo competition is known as "paleteada", and it involves a paired team of horses and riders that approach
a steer from both sides at a full run. The steer is sandwiched in between the two horses that lean onto the bovine,
practically carrying it down a 60 m long delineated path beyond which the horses must not go during the defined
Criollo horse 241
trajectory. It is an amazing demonstration of control that can literally pick up a steer and place it wherever it needs to
be.
One example of the breed's fantastic endurance was the ride made by
the Swiss-born Argentine rider Professor Aimé Félix Tschiffely
(1894–1954) between 1925-28. Tschiffely took two crioulos,
16-year-old Mancha and 15-year-old Gato, on a 13,350 mile
(21,500 km) trek from Buenos Aires to Manhattan, New York,
crossing snow-capped mountains, the world's driest desert, the thickest
tropical jungles, riding in all types of weather. Alternating the riding
and packing between the two horses, the trio took three years to finish
the trip. Although Prof. Tschiffely went through many hardships on the
Crioulo horse in a Rescue Center in Toscana
trip, including a bout of malaria, from the Pampas across La Quiaca,
(Italy). from La Paz, to Cuzco, Lima, Trujillo, Quito, Medellin and Cartagena.
They rode up to 5,900 metres above sea level, through Passo El
Cóndor, between Potosi and Chaliapata, (Bolivia), the horses did wonderfully well in a wide array of extreme
topographies and climates. Gato lived to be 36 and Mancha, 40. They lived the last years of their lives as celebrities
in La estancia El Cardal (El Cardal Ranch), the breeding establishment of the man most credited for developing the
crioulo breed, Dr. Emilio Solanet.
In 1987, Jorge Saenz Rosas, owner of the Argentine Estancia Cristiano Muerto, offered his criollo Sufridor to the
American Louis Bruhnke and the Russian-French Vladimir Fissenko for a horseback ride from the Beagle Channel
in Tierra del Fuego up to the shores of the Arctic Ocean in Deadhorse, Alaska. After traveling for five and a half
years, the ride was accomplished in the summer of 1993. Having made the entire journey, the Criollo Sufridor is
likely the horse that has traveled the furthest in a single direction. The ride was chronicled in the book Sufridor,
Emece (2000), written by Louis Bruhnke.
Notes
[1] Criollo-Thoroughbred crosses possibly make excellent polo ponies.
Footnotes
References
• Aimé-Félix Tschiffely, Le Grand Raid - A Cheval De Buenos Aires À New York (1925–1928), Belin, coll. « Les
cavaliers de l'aventure », 6 November 2002, 269 p. (ISBN 978-2701134277)
External links
• Asociación Criadores de Caballos Criollos de Argentina (http://www.caballoscriollos.com)
• Associaçao Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalos Crioulos de Brasil (http://www.abccc.com.br/)
• Alemania: Caballos CRIOLLOS - Faszinierende Pferde aus Südamerika (http://www.criollo-crzvd.de/)
• Associazione italiana cavallo criollo (http://utenti.lycos.it/criollo/index.htm)
• Criollo Breeder Society Uruguay (http://www.caballoscriollos.com.uy)
Croatian Coldblood
Croatian Coldblood
Croatian Coldblood at a trade fair in Bjelovar
Distinguishing features Medium-heavy draught horse; average height 150-160 cm
Country of origin Croatia
Breed standards
[1] [2]
Faculty of Agriculture Zagreb Breed standards
The Croatian Coldblood (Croatian: Hrvatski hladnokrvnjak, German: Kroatisches Kaltblut) is an autochthonous
medium-heavy horse breed of draught horse originating from Croatia.
Characteristics
The typical Croatian Coldblood ranges from 150 centimetres (14.3 hands; 59 in) to 160 cm (15.3 h; 63 in) high.
Stallions can weigh up to 850 kilograms (1,870 lb). Its head is medium-sized and refined, with small ears, but with
large eyes and nostrils. It has medium short, arched and muscular neck, wide and deep chest, broad and muscular
breast, as well as powerful legs with broad hooves.
Most Croatian Coldbloods are bay or seal brown. Of the remaining horses, approximately 10-15 percent are black,
and less than 10 percent are chestnut, gray, palomino, while the other colours are very rare.
They are considered mild and obedient, easy keepers, willing workers and adapt well to various conditions and
climates. Before they were used for pulling waggons or for work in agriculture or forestry, but today they lost their
importance and are much being used for horse meat production.
History
The history of the breed dates back to the first half of the 19th century, when it was begun to crossbreed local
warmblood mares in central Croatia with imported quality stallions of Noriker breed. Some other breeds were
involved later, like Ardennes, Brabant and Percheron. At the beginning of the 20th century the breed was widespread
toward east (Slavonia) and west (Gorski kotar and Istria regions).
In the last few decades the Croatian Coldblood was the most numerous horse breed in Croatia in general. The total
number of the registered population in 2008 was 5.334 or 33,77% of all horses (15.796) in Croatia. The number of
horses of the breed was increased by 10,74% in the last four years, from 5.334 in 2008 to 5.907 in 2012.
References
• Croatian Coldblood – an authentic Croatian horsebreed [3]
• Croatian Coldblood in the scientific work „Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Repubulic of
Croatia“ [4]
• Croatian Coldblood in 2012 – the most numerous breed in Croatia (in Croatian) [5]]
• Croatian Coldblood (with average height at the withers: 150-160 cm) in a brochure of State Institute for Nature
Protection (in Croatian) [6]
• Genetic structure of three Croatian horse breeds: implications for their conservation strategy [7]
• Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia – present situation and perspectives (summary in English at the end) [8]
References
[1] http:/ / www. agr. unizg. hr/ index_eng. htm
[2] http:/ / bib. irb. hr/ datoteka/ 153417. Eksterijerne_odlike_hrvatskih_hladnokrvnih_autohtonih_pasmina_konja. doc
[3] http:/ / hrcak. srce. hr/ index. php?show=clanak& id_clanak_jezik=64766
[4] https:/ / bib. irb. hr/ prikazi-rad?& rad=529624
[5] http:/ / www. ssuuhh. hr/ sites/ default/ files/ stanje-uzgoja-2012. %20god. SSUUHH_0. pdf
[6] http:/ / www. dzzp. hr/ dokumenti_upload/ 20120530/ dzzp201205301233130. pdf
[7] http:/ / www. aspajournal. it/ index. php/ ijas/ article/ view/ 110/ 0
[8] http:/ / www. krmiva. agronomsko. hr/ Arhiva/ 2012/ 03/ 089%20-%20098. pdf
Cuban Criollo horse

Cuban Criollo
Country of origin Cuba
The Criollo Cubano originates from Spanish horses brought to Cuba by Diego Velázquez in 1751. The are four
different breeds known as criollo: the Cubano de Paso, the Pinto Cubano, the Criollo de Trote and the Patibarcino. It
is a small stout breed used by the Guajiro people.[1]
Patibarcino
The Patibarcino was first bred by the families Reyes and Iznaga on their finca. The breed originated from a stallion
called Lobo, which had a dark line on the back and zebra stripes on the legs and transmitted those characteristics to
his descendants. This animals are dun or brown colored with a black dorsal stripe and stripes on their legs. They are
between 1.48 and 1.52 m high. The Patibarcino’s head has a straight or slightly convex profile and big ears. Its
thorax is wide and its croup oblique. It is a quite nervous and resistant horse used to corral cattle. Known specimens
are Lobo, Lobito, Olivito and Fogoso.[2]
Cubano de Paso
The Cubano de Paso horse originated from Spanish horses. Its most known characteristic is the elegant and
comfortable pace. It is a strong but elegant horse used for transportation in Cuba. The head is proporcional to its
body with a straight profile which at times can be slightly convex or concave. The forehead is wide, the ears medium
sized and mobile. This breed has a strong neck and high, oblique muscular croup and a straight and strong back. The
tendons and joints are well defined. The legs are strong and structured. Its average height lies between 1.45 and 1.50
m. The most frequent color is brown although every color is allowed. The Cubano de Paso’s temperament is docile
and active. This breed is mostly used for transportation since they can cover large distances in a short time with its
really easygoing pace. Most Cubano de Paso are bred in the ranch La Loma in the Cuban province, Granma. This
breed is in need of new blood and is therefore refined with Spanish horses or Continental Criollos and other Pasos,
brought from America, since they present similar characteristics. The American author Samuel Hazard was
fascinated by this breed; as he wrote in 1870, during a visit in Cuba in his book Cuba a pluma y lapiz :[3]
The Cuban horse is a magnificent animal, with a short, solid and well-formed body, strong legs and beautiful
and intelligent eyes. For long days there is no better horse. These horses have corpulent necks, strong mains
and thick tails and seeing them in the savannas where they are bred, before they get trained, shows a beautiful
picture of wild horses. Their pace is a bit peculiar, exclusive to them and on a well-trained Cuban horse even
someone who never has ridden can do it without worries.
Pinto Cubano
The Pinto Cubano originated from Spanish horses. After the triumph of the revolution in 1959 a herd of pinto mares
was gathered in the area of Manicaragua, in the Cuban province of Santa Clara, for their genetic improvement.
Afterwards on the ranch La Guabina, located in the province Pinar del Rio, their muscular development was
improved interbreeding them with Quarter horses and a British pinto called Bony. This breed is found in two colors:
tobiano and overo. Their average height lies between 1.44 and 1.52 m, the head is proportional to the body with a
straight or slightly convex profile and medium sized or small ears. The neck is quite long and well attached with an
abundant mane. The croup is oblique and should be as high as the withers. Overall it is a compact, medium sized,
squared horse with well-defined musculature and a healthy and strong constitution. Its skeleton is strong with
well-developed tendons and joints.[4]
Cubano de Trote
The Cubano de Trote originated from Spanish horses like the Andalusian horse and the Cartujano horse. It is a
really strong and resistant breed used for work. Its average height lies between 1.48 and 1.50 m. The Cubano de
Trotes’s head has a straight or slightly convex profile. The neck is thick and strong and the thorax wide, the withers
are quite high and the croup tends to be oblique. Its color varies but the predominant one is gold. The most known
stallions are 16 Doradito, 5 Tuerto, 49, 51, Proyectil and Erizo.[5]
References
[1] http:/ / www. actaf. co. cu/ revistas/ Revista%20ACPA/ 2005/ REVISTA%2003/ 15%20EL%20CABALLO%20CRIOLLO. pdf/
[2] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_Patibarcino/
[3] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_cubano_de_paso/
[4] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_pinto_cubano/
[5] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_criollo_de_trote/
Cumberland Island horse

Cumberland Island horse
Cumberland Island horses on the beach
The Cumberland Island horses are a band of feral horses living on Cumberland Island in the state of Georgia.
Popular myth holds that horses arrived on the island some time in the 1500s with the arrival of the Spanish
conquistadors. These horses are similar to the bands of horses living on the islands of Chincoteague and Assateague
made famous by the book, Misty of Chincoteague, by Marguerite Henry.
History
Horses are not native to Cumberland Island. Popular myth states they were brought to the island by the Spanish in
the 1500s. However it is believed that these first horses more than likely did not survive due to the lack of visits
made by the Spanish and the local Native Americans on the island finding them of little practical use. In the 1700s
the English began settling Cumberland Island. The horses seen there today are most likely descendants of horses
brought by these settlers, as this is when a large majority of the horses began to roam freely and revert to their
natural state, becoming feral. During the 1800s, efforts were made to capture and make use of the horses. The first
attempts were made by Robert Stafford who owned a plantation on the island. He allowed visitors to purchase and
capture the horses, which Safford called "marsh tackies," for their own personal use. Those animals were then
selectively bred over the years.[citation needed] After Stafford's use of the animals for income, the horses were next
used as cavalry animals during the American Civil War. After the war, records suggest that people from Jekyll Island
captured some of the horses for horsemeat. Around 1881 Thomas M. Carnegie bought two plantations on the island
and introduced Tennessee Walking Horses, Paso Finos, and Arabians into the feral horse population in an attempt to
improve the animals. Carnegie received a small amount of income from the buying and selling of these animals.
Later, many island residents began introducing additional breeds into the herds on the island, further diversifying the
bands of horses. In 1921, a large number of horses were brought on to the island from Globe, Arizona, all of which
had been running wild on western rangeland. Since the National Park Service acquired the island in 1972 few new
horses have been introduced to the island, though four Arabians were introduced in the early 1990s in the hopes of
diversifying and bettering the existing population. Since 1981, the Park Service has been monitoring the horses and
tracking their impact on the environment.
Characteristics
These horses have developed independently from other coastal island landrace horse populations, influenced both by
the original animals brought over by European settlers and the addition of other bloodstock, including the pleasure
horses of the plantation owners, since the time of settlement. These horses have no specific colorings or markings
and are similar to the American Mustang in many ways, due to the fact that their landrace breeding has had very
little human interaction. They also tend to have longer hooves due to living on the soft marshlands. For the most part
this has been an advantage to the horses because it provides greater traction. Their hooves do get worn down a slight
bit by the crushed shell and rock surfaces found on the interior of the island, preventing the horses from having
excessively overgrown feet. These horses typically stand at 15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm). They also tend to have
longer backs and legs than most other feral horses on the American East Coast.
Another notable feature of the Cumberland Island horse is its temperament and attitude. Visitors to the island often
claim that upon encountering the animals in their natural habitat, it is wise to stay out of their way. The horses do not
feel threatened by humans. They are said to have a mindset that they are the kings and queens of the island. Park
rangers warn visitors before venturing out that, should they encounter the horses, they should "yield the right of way
because they (the horses) won't." These horse tend to look at visitors to the island as an intrusion. The island
"belongs to them."
Uses
Cumberland Island horses are not used exclusively in any particular aspect of equestrian sport. However, the horses
do act as the main attraction to Cumberland Island for many tourists. It is quite common to find websites that use the
horses as an appeal to the public.
Living conditions
As of 2012 there are around 150 wild horses living on the island. This number continues to grow as there are few
predators to diminish the bands. Many people living on the islands see the horses as an unnatural threat on the
island's ecosystem since they feed on the scarce vegetation of the beaches and dunes. The horses live off of the wild
sea oats and dune grasses that are found on the beaches of the island. They also feed on the plants growing in the
marsh which are also responsible for the health of the oceans, lakes, and rivers of the area. These horses also tend to
have many different parasites and afflictions such as worms and mites because they do not receive the veterinary
care that most domestic herds receive. The average life span of the horses is 8–10 years old, according to locals.
Controversy and management

The signs of the horses' impact on Cumberland Island is evident. Many people believe that the horses are damaging
the island and may hinder the development of the dunes and marshes. There are a large number of trails and paths all
over the island created by the horses. These trails are significantly larger and easier to spot than the average deer trail
or a path created by any other smaller animal. It is common to find hoof prints in the dunes and other soft soils of the
marsh lands. The horses leave their marks in many other ways, including chew marks on tree branches and shrubs in
addition to the manure found all over the island. At one point in the 1970s, the National Park Service (NPS) made
efforts to downsize the bands of horses due to the effects of their grazing patterns on the ecosystem. In 1996
legislation was passed by Jack Kingston that prevented the NPS from taking measures to manage the horses. Since
the Kingston's bill passed in 1997, there have been no further management attempts made. Since then there has been
no organized human interference.
References
External links
• Population Characteristics of Feral Horses on Cumberland Island... (http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/
3802980?uid=3739728&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101748818061), JSTOR
Curly Horse 249
Curly Horse
Curly
Bashkir Curly
Distinguishing features Curly coat, mane, tail, fetlocks and inner ear hair
Alternative names American Bashkir Curly, North American Curly Horse, and American Curly Horse
Country of origin North America
Common nicknames Curly
A Curly is a breed of horse. Curlies, also called Bashkir Curlies, American Bashkir Curlies, and North
American Curly Horses, come in all sizes, colors, and body types but all carry a gene for a unique curly coat of
hair.
Traits
The Curlies are known for their calm, intelligent and friendly
personality. They show an easily trainable temperament. They are also
known for having a tough constitution and great stamina. Most people
have found that the curlies enjoy being around people. The curlies are
typically not flighty. They tend to do more reasoning than most breeds.
They are very reliable and have a great work ethic.
Coat, mane and tail

A Curly in full winter coat
The unique gene that gives Curlies their curly hair (which is most
obvious with their winter coat) can be expressed minimally (horse exhibits curly hair inside ears, at fetlocks, and a
kinky mane and tail), maximally (horse exhibits curl all over body, has dreadlocked mane, and has curly eyelashes
and guard hairs), and "Extreme" (very tight, extreme curls, but when they shed out for summer can shed entirely
bald) or any variation in between. The coat in the summer shows a slight wave in it, but not as extreme as the winter
curls.
Because the trait can be carried heterozygously, some purebred Curlies exhibit no curl at all. (Called "smooth coat"
curlies)
Curly Horse 250
Curlies have split manes and are not braided or clipped when shown.
Curlies are most commonly chestnut colored, but can be found in every
color from standard bays, blacks, and greys, to appaloosa markings;
from pinto patterns to dilute colors such as buckskin, roan, grulla, and
cremello.
The care for the curly hair is simple with most people choosing to not
comb the mane because the hair will lose its curliness. The manes are
often trimmed to keep them from matting. The tails can be combed. Characteristic winter coat of a Curly
Some people choose to collect the hair that is shed from the mane and
tails in the spring. The hair is then donated to the ICHO Fiber Guild. They use the hair for spinning. All of the
proceeds go to ICHO Curly Research Efforts.
Hypoallergenic
Curlies are claimed to be the only hypoallergenic horse breed; most
people allergic to horses can handle Curly Horses without suffering
any allergic reaction. Research indicates a protein is missing from the
hair of Curlies which may be what causes allergic reactions to horses
in allergy suffers, but the study was never officially published.
Members of the Curly Community are working towards funding more
research on this.
Build
Closeup of Curly coat in winter
The Curly has a characteristic long stride and bold movement. They
have tough hooves, strong bones and exceptional endurance. Most Curlies stand between 14 and 16 hands, though
they can range from Miniature horses to Draft horses (Only allowed in two registries).
Origin
The origins of the Curly horse is highly debated in the Curly community, but research is mostly still in progress.
Disagreements of the Curly horse's history result in confusion of what the breed is, and what it should be called.
ABCR members prefer "Bashkir Curly" while CSI and ICHO members lean towards "North American Curly". The
addition or removal of 'Bashkir' to the breed name is highly debated.
It is said that Curly horses were documented in Asian artwork as early as 161 AD. Charles Darwin documented curly
horses in South America in the early 19th century and the early Sioux Indians regarded curly horses as sacred
mounts for chiefs and medicine men. Native American artwork shows Curlies carrying warriors in the Battle of
Little Bighorn. [citation needed]
Another theory is that the origin of the breed is Iberian. It has been noted that foals of cross bred horses have the
curly hair. This suggests that the curly gene is dominant.
There are multiple theories for how the American Curly developed. The Curly horse was first documented in Eureka,
Nevada in the early 20th century by rancher John Damele and his sons. While Mustangs were a common sight, curly
coated horses were unusual. Years later, the Dameles managed to catch one, broke it to ride and sold it, thus starting
their relationship with the breed. In 1932, an unusually harsh winter hit the area, and come spring the only horses
that could be found were the Curlies. This evidence of hardiness was noted by the Damele family, and they decided
they should include more of these horses in their herd. After another harsh winter in 1951/52, the Dameles started to
get serious about breeding these horses. They went out and found their foundation stallion, a two year old chestnut in
Curly Horse 251
one of the mustang herds. They called him Copper D. The Dameles didn't care much for keeping the breed 'pure',
and wanting to improve their horses, added some other blood to their herd. Among the stallions introduced were a
Morgan, Ruby Red King AMHR 26101 and an Arabian, Nevada Red AHR 18125. These two stallions created many
offspring for the Dameles, and are in hundreds of Curly horses' pedigrees today.
Registries and organizations

The American Bashkir Curly Registry (ABCR) opened in 1971 with only 21 horses; as of May 2005 there were
just over 4,000 Bashkir Curlies in the world, primarily in North America. They are the original standing Curly
Registry, and have a closed stud book- only issuing new registrations to horses with two ABCR registered parents.
The International Curly Horse Organization (ICHO) began in 2000 and had over 800 horses registered in its
North American Curly Horse Registry (as of Oct. 2006). Horses within this registry are not referred to as "Bashkir
Curlies". Although bloodlines (when available) are tracked, the ICHO registers horses based on visible curly traits
rather than bloodlines.
Curly Sporthorse International (CSI) began in early 2003 to promote sport horse type Curly Horses, which are one
of the more popular types of Curlies. CSI was created to support Curly owners & breeders in improvement of
breeding stock, promotion, & marketing. The registry also sponsors Horse of the Year awards and USDF All Breed
Awards for performance. CSI advocates evaluation of breeding stock & their offspring.
Canadian Curly Horse Association (CCHA) formed in 1993. This group is focused on community events in the
Curly world, and spreading knowledge of the Curly horse.
Uses
Though eye catching and unusual in the show ring, Curlies have the movement, endurance, and heart to excel in
competition. Curlies have been shown at upper levels of dressage and show jumping, and others have proved the
reliable mount and patient teacher for the weekend competitor. Curlies are characteristically quiet, level headed
horses that make excellent first horses for supervised beginner riders. Curlies have carried horse-allergic riders from
beginner status through ever more advanced stages of equestrianism. They have also been used for combined
driving, western riding, ranch horses, trail horses, and companions for other horses. Some Curlies have been
crossbred to gaited horses. About 10% of the crossbreds will do one of the ambling gaits such as the running walk,
fox trot or the stepping pace, which is also called the "Curly shuffle." Curlies are not used for racing or high trotting
showing.
References
• A pilot observational case study Allergy against horses: Are curly horses an alternative for horse-allergic riders?
Allergo Journal 2013/4: 244-251, Wolfgang Mitlehner 17- June - 2013
External links
• American Bashkir Curly Registry (http://www.abcregistry.org)
• Internation Curly Horse Organization (http://ichocurlyhorses.org)
• Curly Sport Horse International Registry (http://www.curlysporthorse.org)
• Canadian Curly Horse Association (http://www.curlyhorse.ca/)
• Curly Horse Pedigree Database (http://www.curlyhorses.info)
Czech warm blood

Czech Warmblood
Czech Warmblood jumping
Country of origin Czech Republic
The Czech Warmblood (Český teplokrevník in Czech) is a horse breed from the Czech Republic.
Characteristics
The Czech Warmblood is a robust, powerful horse bred with strong bones. The breed has a strong neck on an elegant
body, a broad, long back, and good hooves, though they are sometimes flat. The mane and tail are very thick.
The Czech Warmblood is a relatively long-lived, unpretentious and relentless horse. The breed is willing and
teachable with a very good temperament. Most are black, chestnut, bay or dark bay.
Breed history
The Czech Warmblood was in existence by the time of the Austria-Hungary Empire (1876-1918). In the 19th
century the breed was influenced by Spanish and Italian horses, and later by breeds such as the Furioso, Gidran,
Nonius and Przedswit breeds. German Warmblood horses also played a part.
The most famous and successful line is the Bystrý. The founder was Stallion 469, foaled in 1919. The line is
characterized by a robustness, shorter and a less solid run, steeper and a shorter fetlock. They are mainly bay horses.
The stud farm in Kladruby plays a major role in the breeding of the Czech Warmblood. In the pedigree book, many
other breeds are mentioned, for example Thoroughbred, Selle Francais, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian.
Uses
Czech Warmbloods are suited to all horse sports. They are good at dressage and horse racing and are also capable of
lighter farm and forest work, hunting and jumping.
External links
• Short description [1] (in Czech)
References
[1] http:/ / konsky. rozhled. cz/ plemena/ cesky_teplokrevnik. html
Article Sources and Contributors

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Una Smith, Woohookitty, YoungDrac, Zlerman, Zundark, 118 anonymous edits
Albanian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581970937 Contributors: Aliencore, Avicennasis, Bobo192, Bogbumper, Brunswick Dude, Catxx, Good Olfactory,
Horsecanter, Katharineamy, Kersti Nebelsiek, Lady Mondegreen, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Montanabw, Nfurry, RJFJR, Rjwilmsi, Salamurai, Sammerson, TheJJJunk, Una Smith, Wild medlar, 13
anonymous edits
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Chevaux, Colonies Chris, Crazycomputers, Crisco 1492, Dana boomer, Dank, DexDor, Ealdgyth, Fatpeopleeatdoughnuts, Gogo Dodo, Hampshire2004, Horsecanter, Hylian Auree, Ian Rose,
Jackmcbarn, Jamesx12345, Kersti Nebelsiek, Marshman503, Materialscientist, Miyagawa, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, Nick Number, Nikkimaria, Nirame, Piledhigheranddeeper, RafikiSykes,
Rcsprinter123, Rjwilmsi, Steven Walling, Tbhotch, Three-quarter-ten, Titodutta, Tony1, Una Smith, WRK, Werieth, Woohookitty, 26 anonymous edits
American Indian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=582914981 Contributors: Aradanryl, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Horsecanter, Kersti Nebelsiek,
MZMcBride, Matthew Yeager, Montanabw, Nirame, Queenmomcat, RJFJR, Schmiteye, Tabletop, Tcncv, Tom Morris, Una Smith, Woohookitty, Yvwv, 13 anonymous edits
American Paint Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597703845 Contributors: Adekloet, Al E., Amp71, Bacchus87, Brian8710, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia,
CanadianLinuxUser, Catxx, Chris the speller, Chuunen Baka, Countercanter, Crazycamelothorse, Curtis Clark, Dbabcock42512, Ealdgyth, Edwardcowart, Elf, Erianna, Fyyer, Gail, Grafen,
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Peck, LilPeck, Littlealien182, Llywelyn, LmFaOBryce, Logan, Lolapallooza, Lot49a, LynnWS, MC10, MJHS2012, Macai15, Majorly, Malcolm Morley, Manally, Mangojuice, Mark Arsten,
Matthew Yeager, Matthewgarth, Meighan, Mentifisto, MetalKnot1016, Mixxio, Montanabw, Nehrams2020, Niora, Nirame, Noommos, NuclearWarfare, Nv8200p, Ondenc, Otolemur
crassicaudatus, Paxse, Pebs96, Pedro, PerlKnitter, Phantomsteve, Pharaoh Hound, Phuzion, Pietaster, Pinethicket, Piper.All.The.Time, Pitke, Plasticup, Poco88, Pumice Rox, Quadell, Quarter
Horse, QuarterHorseDoll, Ramanpotential, Randallrayarms, Reggie27, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Rich Janis, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Rockincowgirl, Rrburke, S, Sam Hocevar, Sandere0,
Sanfranman59, Scintella, Searchme, Seldon3001, Shadowpuppet23, Shaynethomas, Shelbybr, SimonP, Skier Dude, Slb223, Sohmc, Sophus Bie, Sorrel filly 13, Srleffler, Stephie Sweetie01,
Supertask, Tairarox, Tanyia, Tbhotch, Tderby, TedE, TestPilot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Thomas Larsen, Tide rolls, Tlarson, Tommy2010, Tony1, Tutu19, Txnomad, Ulric1313, Una
Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Vegaswikian, Voltorb, Wahkeenah, Whirlingdervish, Wiki13, Wikihorses, WiteWulf, Woohookitty, Xaxafrad, Xiaphias, Yoenit, 501 anonymous edits
American Saddlebred Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596335135 Contributors: A.amitkumar, AkimaDoll, Arianna, AzaToth, Ben Liblit, Bryan Derksen, Btilm, Catgut,
Catxx, Chris the speller, Cmdrjameson, Conti, Countrypleasure, Cuchullain, CurranH, Cyrius, DRTllbrg, Dana boomer, Dancter, Dtremenak, Elf, ElfWarrior, Erianna, Ermanon, Eventer, Fanx,
Gaius Cornelius, Good Olfactory, Groogle, Gsl, Heavenlyblue, Jamesontai, JanJan, Jere7my, Jj137, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kowalski66, LeoNomis, Mais oui!, MajorStovall, Maurits, Meaghan, MegX,
Mijobe, Montanabw, Morgana87, Nirame, Pitke, Pmacrane, Pmalic, Prim in Belize, Queenjill, Rackfast, Reedy, Rl, Roger McCoy, SaddlebredsUK, Saddllp, ServiceableVillain, Skitlhigh,
Staeiou, Superbleachbrothers, Swid, TAnthony, Ted Wilkes, Tylerlocke5882, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, WarlanderHorse, Wikipelli, 147 anonymous edits
American Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586441888 Contributors: ARPcom, Aradanryl, Betacommand, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Good Olfactory,
Horsecanter, Josette, Lar, Montanabw, Nirame, RJFJR, Serendipityblue, Una Smith, Walton One, Yamenah, 6 anonymous edits
Andalusian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595804615 Contributors: Adekloet, Ahoerstemeier, Al Pereira, Alaiksandr, Another Believer, Apetimestwo, Asturs, BS
Thurner Hof, Bender235, Benvenuto, Bimbo Wales did Dallas, Bogbumper, Bongwarrior, Bryan Derksen, Carlsalter, Casliber, Catxx, Coloredhorse, Courcelles, Creidieki, Cyberpower678,
DVdm, DanArmiger, Dana boomer, Darklilac, Dawn Bard, Deor, Deville, Digfarenough, DrKiernan, Dresdnhope, Dthomsen8, Ealdgyth, Editor at Large, Egil, Elcobbola, EoGuy, Epbr123,
Eventer, Finetooth, Fornadan, Glacialfox, GoingBatty, Good Olfactory, GoodOrEvil, Hmains, Horsecanter, HorseyChic, Hugeblackmamba, Iberidela, Icedingo, ImGz, Ingii, JNW, Jllg1996,
Johannfn, JukoFF, Juliancolton, Justlettersandnumbers, Katieh5584, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khepidjemwa'atnefru, Klvankampen, Knackered Spring, Kolbasz, Lady Tenar, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, ML,
Magmx, Malleus Fatuorum, Michael Devore, Mijobe, Mike Rosoft, Mikewhitcombe, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Only, Owen, PREPerson, Parkwells, Pebs96, PeterHuntington, Pinaster,
Pinethicket, Protector of Wiki, RafikiSykes, Rjwilmsi, Robert K S, SE7, SandyGeorgia, Sasata, Sei Shonagon, ShelfSkewed, SietskeEN, Skier Dude, Skizzik, Smartnerd800, Spitfire,
Staffordkendall, The Claw, Tholme, Thomas Larsen, TicketMan, Timwi, Trappist the monk, TravisMunson1993, Una Smith, Venerock, VirtualDelight, WarlanderHorse, Wavelength,
Webclient101, Wetman, Whywhenwhohow, Wikiuser100, Wllacer, Woohookitty, Wotnow, YLSS, YellowMonkey, Yomangan, Yoshi Canopus, ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ‬05, 184 anonymous edits
Andravida horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544809462 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Discospinster, Ealdgyth, Eumolpo, Eurognosis, Fyyer, Good
Olfactory, Joel7687, Lastgreekknight, Montanabw, Nirame, Paul A, Polyamorph, Queenmomcat, RafikiSykes, TreasuryTag, Una Smith, Yamenah, 16 anonymous edits
Anglo-Arabian Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596830989 Contributors: Adrien oc, Bajamircea, Bogbumper, Catxx, CommonsDelinker, Dana boomer, Eventer,
Handicapper, Horsecanter, Iridescent, Kentynet, Kersti Nebelsiek, Lerdsuwa, Maloq, Mandarax, Mijobe, Montanabw, Niora, Pacifistic Ibis, Pitke, Rmhermen, Sam Hocevar, Stymphal,
Udufruduhu, Una Smith, WikiInfoPublisher, 25 anonymous edits
Anglo-Kabarda Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545547432 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Dthomsen8, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw,
Ramona.Karolina, Una Smith, 1 anonymous edits
Appaloosa Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600917872 Contributors: 83d40m, Another Believer, Antonrojo, Appaloosa, Appaloosacowboy, Appaloosas, Apphistorian,
Appyenthusiast, Archie, Arctic Kangaroo, Asarelah, Atwojay, AuburnPilot, Bib, Bongwarrior, Br'er Rabbit, Brad101, Brandmeister, Brenont, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia, CanadianLinuxUser,
Capmo, Casliber, Catxx, ChrisCork, Circeus, Civil Engineer III, Cmdrjameson, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Crazycamelothorse, Curtis Clark, DNewhall, DReyes5,
Dabomb87, DanMS, Dana boomer, Danakil, Dank, Dbenbenn, Discospinster, Djembayz, DocWatson42, DoceyKate, Dysmorodrepanis, Ealdgyth, Eastowest, Editore99, Edwy, Eisenmond,
ElaineN, Elf, Eloquence, Emmett5, Enochlau, Epbr123, Eventer, Gaius Cornelius, Gerda Arendt, Giants2008, Gnarlodious, Gurch, Gwinva, H2O, Haddleauthor, Haddlejan, Hamoudafg,
Hansdeepimage, Headbomb, Hede2000, Hmains, ImranC, Irishguy, JPMcGrath, JamesAM, Jannex, Janothird, JesseRafe, Jessetommy12, Joestarrunner, JohnCub, JohnOwens,
Justlettersandnumbers, Kckc, Keesiewonder, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khoikhoi, Kipoc, Kizzy12, Klilidiplomus, Kozuch, KuduIO, Kumioko, Kwamikagami, Kyking000001, Lady32123, Lightmouse,
Ling.Nut, Lizzzie8015, Lradrama, Luke B. Orr, Luna Santin, Lzur, MJHS2012, Magioladitis, Malcolm Morley, Malleus Fatuorum, Materialscientist, Maurice Carbonaro, Maximus Rex, Michael
Devore, Mijobe, Mike Cline, Minority Report, Montanabw, Mukogodo, NawlinWiki, Nicke Lilltroll, Nikkimaria, Nirame, O.Koslowski, Onesius, Optakeover, Owen, Parkwells, PerlKnitter, Phr,
Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinethicket, Printmanagement, Prochamp, PumpkinSky, Quadell, RA0808, RafikiSykes, RandomLittleHelper, Renata3, RexxS, Richard Keatinge, Rjwilmsi, Robbiegiles,
Saintmelangell, SandyGeorgia, Shongelo, Some Wiki Editor, Sonett72, Sowelljan, Spacecasetheman, Steelpulse90, Super48paul, Svick, Tanyia, Tassedethe, ThatPeskyCommoner, The ed17,
Thehappyappy, Theveravee, Thismightbezach, Tide rolls, Tipsy souljagrl, Tommy2010, Tovalu, Trappist the monk, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Wavelength, Wayne Slam,
WernerPopken, Wikihorses, Wikiuser100, Woofles, X13emocupcake13x, Xiahou, Yamenah, Yomangani, 306 anonymous edits
AraAppaloosa Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596830953 Contributors: Arabianhorse1702, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Fetchcomms, Igno2,
Kwamikagami, Lady Tenar, Ladyvagarist, Longhair, Magnus Manske, Maustrauser, Montanabw, Nakedjuice, Orioane, PumpkinSky, RestlessThoughts, Roger Liart, Stemonitis, TheParanoidOne,
Una Smith, Uncle G, WOSlinker, Xezbeth, 9 anonymous edits
Arabian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599762599 Contributors: 2D, 564dude, A. Parrot, Abrech, Accounting4Taste, Acroterion, Alasdair, Alex '05, Alex earlier
account, Altes2009, Amandahluvhorses, Amir85, Anbu121, Andonic, Andres, Angus Lepper, Anonyomov, Antur, Arabhorse, Arabia, Arabianlover2, ArglebargleIV, ArielGold, Artaxiad, Ash
Crow, Asimnawazkhan, Balloonguy, Ben Ben, Benea, Besieged, BirgitteSB, Blacklake, Bluee Mountain, Bob1960evens, Bobo192, BrainyBabe, Brandmeister, Brian0918, Bryan Derksen,
Burgundavia, Burkeedwards, Butseriouslyfolks, CWii, CaptainOrgasm, Carnby, Casliber, Catxx, Caughlin, Cfrydj, Cgoodwin, ChimX, Chip123456, Chris the speller, Cocopelli, Colonies Chris,
CommonsDelinker, Corvus coronoides, Crazycamelothorse, Creol, Cst17, Cuchullain, Culnacreann, DNewhall, DVdm, Dalahäst, Dana boomer, Dantadd, Darrell Greenwood, Darth Vader is your
Father, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Dejvid, Denxig, DerHexer, Dhm03, Dialectric, Diehlada, Dilek2, Discospinster, Donnaidh sidhe, Donny417, Dont101, Doug, DrL, Dreadstar, Dreamafter, ESkog,
Ealdgyth, Editor Savannah, Edokter, Edward321, EmadIV, Enauspeaker, Envirex, Epbr123, Equine4eva, ErikHaugen, Esurnir, Eventer, Excirial, Extransit, F8isehs, FastLizard4, Favonian,
FayssalF, FisherQueen, FordPrefect42, Francois-Pier, Frze, Fsotrain09, FunkMonk, Fvhsfb65, Fvw, Fæ, Gaius Cornelius, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gergis, GrayFullbuster, Habibirox, Hadal, Hazael
bc, Headbomb, Hesperian, Hmains, HoodedMan, HorseShouter, Horsefanatic, Horselover90909, Horseychick901, Hottentot, I love entei, IFAHRwebmaster, Ian Pitchford, Ian13, Ibn Battuta,
IceCreamAntisocial, Icedingo, Ida Shaw, Ingii, Inka 888, Iridescent, Irul 901, J.delanoy, Jacek Kendysz, Jagged 85, James086, Jellevc, Jfeller, Joy, Jululu, KI, KamuiShirou, KathrynLybarger,
Kelly Martin, Kenlukus, Khazar2, Kozuch, Kukini, Kumioko (renamed), Kwamikagami, Laikayiu, LazyLRanch, Lexi(AG), Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Ling.Nut, Litlblakkitty, Live2themaks, Lord
Cornwallis, LoveArab, Luani 1, LydiaEquine14, Magictrick06, Majorsky, Mandy06M, Mark Arsten, Marl1787, Martin H., Martin Kozák, MedusoidMycelium, Michael Devore, Michael
Romanov, Mijobe, Mizchalmers, Mmorris91, Montanabw, Moongurl101, Mstroeck, Muhaidib, Mz Monica, Nagle, Nagy, NetBMC, Nimloth250, Niro5, NodnarbLlad, Opus33, Oxymoron83,
Parkwells, Patrick0Moran, Paullisa, Pearle, Pebs96, Pertrai1, Philafrenzy, Philip Trueman, Philippe, Phillipa, Picaroon, Piggybanksruletheworld, Pinethicket, Piotrus, Pitix, Pitke,
Pokeymcphearson, Polytopal, Poniesrawk, Possibledream, Prester John, Proberton, Quadell, QuadrivialMind, Qwerty Binary, Racerx11, Radak, RafikiSykes, Ralhazzaa, RandallJones, RedWolf,
RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Richard New Forest, Ricky81682, Rjwilmsi, Rlevse, Road to a billion usernames, Road to a million usernames, Robin Chen, Robin1225, S.gharavysi, Sam Hocevar,
Samanthaashleyhogan, SandyGeorgia, SaudiPseudonym, Scohoust, Search4Lancer, Seblini, Sfan00 IMG, Shandyv, Sheatan, ShelfSkewed, Shirik, Shouriki, SidP, Skizzik, SlimVirgin, Slow
pony114, Smartestguyever101, SmashXhackX68, Sovar, Spencer, Starlingfeather, Starlite KNight, Steven Walling, Sun Creator, Sushant gupta, Tabletop, Tamagochita, Tashale, Tassedethe,
Tawker, Taylor Lane, Terricola23, TestPilot, ThatPeskyCommoner, TheKMan, TheParanoidOne, Thingg, Thomas Larsen, Thomas.W, Tiddly Tom, Tide rolls, Tim1357, Tizio, Tpbradbury,
Trappist the monk, Travis Cavanaugh, Trescastillos, Tundraphina, Twilightarabians, Ugog Nizdast, Una Smith, Vörös, WarthogDemon, Washburnmav, Wavelength, Widr, Wik, Wikid77,
Wikihorses, Wikipelli, Wikism, Wimt, Wknight94, WoodyWerm, Woohookitty, Xdamr, Yalens, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yasingam, Ylime304, Yngvadottir, Zarife, ZayZayEM, Zer0fighta, ZxxZxxZ,
‫ ﺭﺍﺋﺪ‬1991, 664 anonymous edits
Ardennes horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600586391 Contributors: Aircorn, Alexcollzzzzz, Alfredo ougaowen, Allen3, Blathnaid, Bob1960evens, CaptainChico,
Casliber, Catxx, Commander Keane, Dana boomer, EoGuy, Ermanon, Eventer, Frietjes, Gemini1980, Hmains, Iftelse, JVillon, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kjkolb, Malcolm Morley,
Mandarax, Mattinbgn, Michaelbusch, MistyPony, Montanabw, Od Mishehu, RafikiSykes, Rl, Sodmy, Una Smith, Van helsing, Warwolf 98, Welsh, Wknight94, 20 anonymous edits
Arenberg-Nordkirchen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541262212 Contributors: Angelhorseylover111, AvicAWB, Catxx, Epbr123, Good Olfactory, Green Giant,
Katharineamy, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Nirame, Ramona.Karolina, SoCalSuperEagle, Vvven, 1 anonymous edits
Asturcón Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593511578 Contributors: Aranel, Christophe95, Chyel, Dana boomer, Donarreiskoffer, Good Olfactory, Honeycake, Hooperbloob,
Justlettersandnumbers, Malcolm Morley, Montanabw, Moonriddengirl, Nirame, RichardMills65, Sade, Stemonitis, TheParanoidOne, Thumperward, 9 anonymous edits
Percheron Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599935715 Contributors: A2Kafir, Alliona, Another Believer, Anthony Appleyard, Apokryltaros, Apurveanand, Armetrek,
Brian0918, Brianboulton, Bryan Derksen, Bullytr, Caltas, Casliber, Catxx, Crisco 1492, Cwd575, Dana boomer, Dank, Drmies, Ealdgyth, Emijrp, Expertwork1984, Flyhighplato, Gaius Cornelius,
Gemini1980, Good Olfactory, Grutness, Heron, Hmains, Hohum, Justlettersandnumbers, Kgrange, Lindsay658, Luckas Blade, Malcolm Morley, Merrymount, Mijobe, Mike Rosoft, Miniapolis,
Montanabw, Moonraker, Nicke L, Niora, Nk, Olivier, Pitke, Preyed upon, Queenmomcat, RafikiSykes, Ready, Rikric, Rockfish1987, Ryttar, Santryl, Sasata, SchreiberBike, Sherurcij, Skitlhigh,
Spondoolicks, Sun Creator, Tashale, TheParanoidOne, Theveravee, Tide rolls, Trappist the monk, Una Smith, Wrerick, YUL89YYZ, Yanksox, 115 anonymous edits
Australian Draught Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=543190589 Contributors: Catxx, Cgoodwin, Crusoe8181, Good Olfactory, Montanabw, Una Smith, 4 anonymous
edits
Australian Stock Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=562449777 Contributors: A Nobody, Ashley thomas80, Aushorse, Bogbumper, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Colonies Chris,
Cuddy Wifter, Ealdgyth, Fairyfunny16, Figaro, Good Olfactory, Mais oui!, Malcolm Morley, Montanabw, NeilN, Only, PDH, Philski, Rjwilmsi, Spanner101, Tolly4bolly, Ufinne, Una Smith,
Vlprince, Woohookitty, 39 anonymous edits
Austrian Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545074579 Contributors: Catxx, Countercanter, Giraffedata, Good Olfactory, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw,
Rjwilmsi, Una Smith, Woohookitty
Auvergne horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514237 Contributors: Buspirtraz, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Dana boomer, Frietjes, Glacialfox, Grey Geezer,
Justlettersandnumbers, M-le-mot-dit, Montanabw, Terrencereilly, Tsaag Valren, WereSpielChequers
Auxois Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514344 Contributors: Afernand74, Agne27, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, Countercanter, Dana boomer,
Ealdgyth, Frietjes, FunkMonk, Gemini1980, Goldenrowley, Good Olfactory, Hoplon, Horsecanter, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kooma, LilHelpa, Merrymount, Mild Bill Hiccup,
Montanabw, Mr Stephen, Nirame, Seaphoto, Signalhead, Tsaag Valren, Una Smith, 2 anonymous edits
Azerbaijan horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=592726368 Contributors: Dana boomer, Edward321, Good Olfactory, Interfase, LilHelpa, Montanabw, Nirame, Rich
Farmbrough, Sanya3, Sodmy, 1 anonymous edits
Azteca horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584248768 Contributors: Amatulic, American Azteca Horse Int Assoc., Argyll Lassie, Aztecagirl, Bogbumper, C.Kent87,
Catxx, Dana boomer, Errie22, Everyking, Frodese, Fylbecatulous, Geni, Good Olfactory, Hydro, Jeff G., Justlettersandnumbers, Kellro, Kerowyn, Lady Tenar, Longhair, Lsaldana91, Mailer
diablo, Montanabw, Nickyboy909, Orlikowo, Perla-dre, RafikiSykes, Sixtytwohundred, Tavilis, Una Smith, Vegaswikian, 21 anonymous edits
Baise horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600902494 Contributors: Good Olfactory, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Nirame, Rjwilmsi
Balearic horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=513923542 Contributors: Auntof6, Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, R'n'B
Balikun horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585311194 Contributors: Ajcfreak, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chaser, Dana boomer, Edward, GaiJin, Good Olfactory, John of
Reading, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Nirame, Pub849sp, Una Smith, Yamenah, 2 anonymous edits
Baluchi horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541639536 Contributors: BlazingTrail, Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Davehi1, Drspaz, EagleFan, Good Olfactory, Green
Giant, Jonathan Stokes, Ka Faraq Gatri, LiamUK, Montanabw, NickelShoe, Orenburg1, Pascal.Tesson, Persian Gulf 4ever, RandomHumanoid, Sovar, Una Smith, 5 anonymous edits
Ban'ei Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600074428 Contributors: Andycjp, Bogbumper, Boneyard90, Catxx, Cbdorsett, Dana boomer, Everton, Exukvera, Good Olfactory,
GrahamBould, Justlettersandnumbers, Kleinzach, Koavf, Komuken, Mairi, Maoririder, Montanabw, Morningcrow, Mycomp, NatureA16, Nihonjoe, Nirame, RebDrummer61, Shanel,
Skipperscorp, Tabletop, Tan90deg, Tigerboy1966, Una Smith, Waacstats, Yaki-gaijin, Yas, Yupik, 19 anonymous edits
Banker horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595895219 Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid, Anthony717, BillC, Bogbumper, Br'er Rabbit, Calliopejen1, Captain-tucker,
Catxx, Dana boomer, Dank, Ealdgyth, Ettrig, Fireyair, FoodPuma, Good Olfactory, Gorritxiki, GrahamColm, Horsecanter, Invertzoo, Jayron32, Jbmurray, JimmyButler, Lago Mar,
LeadSongDog, Leptictidium, Malleus Fatuorum, Michael Devore, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, Nirame, NuclearWarfare, Parkwells, Postdlf, RafikiSykes, Rjwilmsi, SandyGeorgia, Signalhead,
Tholme, Tjbird9675, Trappist the monk, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Wadewitz, Wassupwestcoast, Widr, WolfmanSF, Yohmom, 18 anonymous edits
Barb horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590916438 Contributors: Abductive, Amaling, Anaxial, Barbehorse, Betacommand, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chris the speller,
CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Courcelles, Creidieki, DNewhall, Dana boomer, Ddgunter, Discospinster, DoctorPestis, Dzlinker, Emijrp, Eventer, Everyking, Freakofnurture, Fycafterpro,
GTBacchus, Gabbe, Garglebutt, Hambletonian, Horse master, Ingii, Javier Arambel, Judgesurreal777, JustAGal, Justlettersandnumbers, KathrynLybarger, Kelly Martin, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kgrad,
Lightmouse, Lugia2453, Maudlinjane, Mijobe, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Narmowen, Od Mishehu, Omar-toons, Parkwells, Pepper, PeteShanosky,
Que-Can, RG2, RHaworth, RegentsPark, SE7, Sannse, Sidasta, Stegop, Tangotango, Tassedethe, Thief Lord, Una Smith, Versus22, Xaxafrad, Xezbeth, Zoicon5, Лобачев Владимир, 104
anonymous edits
Bardigiano Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=592356804 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Cpq29gpl, Dana boomer, Dthomsen8, Fioravante Patrone,
Gorritxiki, Horsecanter, Justlettersandnumbers, Mild Bill Hiccup, Montanabw, Rich Farmbrough, Una Smith, 2 anonymous edits
Basque mountain horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581555721 Contributors: Akerbeltz, Dewritech, Justlettersandnumbers, Makecat, Montanabw, Spicemix, 1
anonymous edits
Bavarian Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541477677 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Ealdgyth, Giraffedata, Good
Olfactory, Gwern, Montanabw, Una Smith, Vvven, Yamenah, 1 anonymous edits
Belgian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590522216 Contributors: Ae-a, AllanDeGroot, Anthony Appleyard, BD2412, Bellepheron, Bobo192, Bogbumper, Bryan
Derksen, Bullytr, Buster7, Bvcarter, CambridgeBayWeather, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Cool3, Cwd575, DBigXray, Dana boomer, Dave Millwater, RMF, Edcolins, Flapdragon, Flyer22, Flyhighplato,
Fraggle81, Fram, Gene Nygaard, GregorB, Hopeful Farm, Horsecanter, Hydrargyrum, Immunize, Intgr, JNW, JSimin, Jerryseinfeld, JoJan, John of Reading, JoshuaGarton, Justlettersandnumbers,
Jwkane, Kgrange, Krilia, Kwiki, LeaveSleaves, Lotje, Macy, Mijobe, Montanabw, RafikiSykes, RazorICE, Remuel, RichardMills65, Rjwilmsi, Ronhjones, Saber girl08, Santryl, Shadowjams,
Skitlhigh, Smalljim, SomeHuman, Sowelljan, Stemonitis, Steven Walling, TheParanoidOne, Thefox226G, Thomas Larsen, Tim1357, Una Smith, Vegaswikian, Witger, Zhenjiu, 94 anonymous
edits
Belgian Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590755577 Contributors: Andrew69., Black Falcon, Bogbumper, Catxx, Cherry blossom tree, Countercanter,
DRSsporthorse2008, Dana boomer, Ealdgyth, Eric-Wester, Fisherjs, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, JamesAM, Jmundo, Montanabw, RafikiSykes, Rich257, Taketa, Ulric1313, Una Smith,
YUL89YYZ, 8 anonymous edits
Black Forest Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597711634 Contributors: Arabian64, Bogbumper, Catxx, Ealdgyth, Ferengi, Horsecanter, Hydro, Justdressageit, Kersti
Nebelsiek, Manytexts, Montanabw, Nirame, Pinethicket, Rjwilmsi, Una Smith, Vvven, Xezbeth, 12 anonymous edits
Blazer horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595745956 Contributors: Catxx, CommonsDelinker, Ealdgyth, Good Olfactory, Kecrowley, Llc6077, Mandarax, Mogism,
Montanabw, Nirame, RJFJR, Rjwilmsi, Silvery-MoonStables, Strike Eagle, 10 anonymous edits
Boulonnais horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595632302 Contributors: AmericanLemming, Anthony Appleyard, AttoRenato, BabbaQ, Bencherlite, Boobleface, Br'er
Rabbit, Bruce1ee, Buffbills7701, Butseriouslyfolks, Catxx, CogitoErgoSum14, Dana boomer, EoGuy, Frietjes, Hambletonian, Hmains, Ib51, Jim1138, Jimfbleak, Justlettersandnumbers, Karel
Anthonissen, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khazar2, Learner234, Lksaunders, Lugia2453, M-le-mot-dit, Malerooster, Mark Arsten, Materialscientist, Mikael Häggström, Montanabw, Moonraker, Mvertu2,
Nikkimaria, Olivier, Piledhigheranddeeper, RexxS, Rich Farmbrough, Robsinden, Sasata, TBrandley, Tbhotch, Thiseye, Tsaag Valren, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, Yohan euan o4, Zachverb, 24
anonymous edits
Brandenburger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=577296991 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Craigfda, Eventer, Good Olfactory, Jaraalbe, Jim1138, Jumpingforjen, Kersti
Nebelsiek, Khazar2, Montanabw, Pharaoh Hound, Thestor, Una Smith, Vvven, 13 anonymous edits
Brazilian Sport Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544745851 Contributors: Bogbumper, Bwpach, Catxx, Dave6, Flrn, Good Olfactory, Jumpoverit2, Montanabw,
Nirame, Una Smith, 5 anonymous edits
Breton horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514411 Contributors: Aircorn, Black Falcon, Bobnorwal, Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Dimitrii, Dl2000,
DoctorPestis, EoGuy, Eventer, Frietjes, Garion96, Good Olfactory, Ian Pitchford, JVillon, Jimfbleak, Josve05a, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Little Mountain 5, MRSC, Markan80,
Merrymount, Montanabw, Moonraker, RafikiSykes, Tabletop, Tsaag Valren, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, Xharze, 10 anonymous edits
Brumby Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595581482 Contributors: 1717, 2001:db8, Alan Liefting, Alexsanderson83, Alkivar, Allen McC., Allstarecho, Anthony Appleyard,
Athesia, B.d.mills, BD2412, Bald Zebra, Bluezy, Bobo192, Bogbumper, Burntsauce, Casliber, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Chris the speller, Courcelles, CzarB, DRyan, Dale Arnett, Dana boomer, Dankru,
DexDor, DigbyDalton, Dl2000, Dmol, DoctorPestis, Dthomsen8, DutchDevil, Edward321, Emijrp, Epf, Esperant, Figaro, Fish and karate, Fleela, Fyyer, GarrieIrons, Gary, Good Olfactory,
Graham87, Grahamec, Hamamelis, Hanay, Hesperian, Hibernian, Hike395, Hippietrail, Hmains, Hongooi, Ibn Battuta, Ingii, Inugami-bargho, JamieS93, Jim1138, JoanneB, Kajervi, Kelly2357,
Khatru2, Klemen Kocjancic, LilHelpa, Lillingen, Lisahow, Lizby, Londo06, Lummie, Lyræ, MER-C, Magioladitis, Mark Arsten, Materialscientist, Mgiuras, Mitternacht90, Montanabw, Natural
Cut, Nrg800, Ossipewsk, Ottre, PDH, Philryan, PurpleMint, Queenmomcat, RafikiSykes, Randallrayarms, Rjwilmsi, Robauz, Rojomoke, Saber girl08, SandyRadke, Sebesta, SlimVirgin, Sss333,
StAnselm, Sydney.city.easts, Tbhotch, Tesscass, Theveravee, Titodutta, Turing, Ulric1313, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Wikidemon, Woohookitty, 134 anonymous edits
Budyonny horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=587306356 Contributors: Aes, Aldis90, Altenmann, Archi2k15, Balph Eubank, Carnby, Catxx, Courcelles, Dana boomer,
DePiep, DragonflySixtyseven, Everyking, Ingii, Justlettersandnumbers, Lajos87, Longhair, Mackensen, MakeRocketGoNow, Mergirl97, Mogism, Montanabw, Niora, Omegacc, Rich
Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Shira68, Skier Dude, Timrollpickering, Una Smith, Vmenkov, Wiki alf, 23 anonymous edits
Burguete horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546139377 Contributors: Akerbeltz, Good Olfactory, Justlettersandnumbers, Makecat, Montanabw, Vanyka2011
Byelorussian Harness (horse) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=549438136 Contributors: Bogbumper, Businessman332211, Catxx, Cuttlefish 0613, Dana boomer, Finngall,
Good Olfactory, I dream of horses, January, Jk2q3jrklse, Lupin, Mairi, Maoririder, Montanabw, PeterCanthropus, PhiJ, RJFJR, RafikiSykes, Rl, TheParanoidOne, Una Smith, 7 anonymous edits
Calabrese horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593227856 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, ColRad85, Dana boomer, Eponimm, Hmains, Horsecanter,
Justlettersandnumbers, KathrynLybarger, Montanabw, Nirame, Signalhead, Una Smith, 8 anonymous edits
Camargue horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514470 Contributors: Adamsdad, Angelastic, Anthony Appleyard, BMT, Bogbumper, Buspirtraz, Buster7,
Capricorn42, Catxx, Chevaux, Colonies Chris, DMS, EagerToddler39, Ealdgyth, Erodola, Eventer, Frietjes, Fuhghettaboutit, Gemini1980, Hamiltondaniel, Ingii, Justlettersandnumbers, Luigibob,
Mais oui!, Markus Kuhn, Mereda, Milk.hermit, Montanabw, Mschneblin, Nirame, Ocean Shores, Palinodial, Parkwells, Pharaoh Hound, Randallrayarms, Rjwilmsi, Simonmac220, SkeletorUK,
Steven Walling, TexasAndroid, Theo10011, Thewayforward, Tsaag Valren, Una Smith, Vadszederke Agnes Modis, Widsith, 40 anonymous edits
Camarillo White Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=573586245 Contributors: After Midnight, BD2412, BlueAzure, Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Emargie,
Hmwith, KathrynLybarger, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kroytz, Lmkenefick, Montanabw, Nirame, Optigan13, Pitke, Pol098, Queenmomcat, Rjwilmsi, Sting au, Una Smith, 5 anonymous edits
Campolina Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585145987 Contributors: Amazona01, Andy M. Wang, Auntof6, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Dana boomer,
Dangermouth, Debresser, Fangfufu, GoingBatty, Good Olfactory, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khazar2, Meaghan, Montanabw, Niayre, Nirame, Pitke, SriMesh, TicketMan, Una Smith, Yamenah, 13
anonymous edits
Canadian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594621428 Contributors: Arjayay, Bogbumper, Catxx, Cdnhorse, ChrisCork, Corlyon, Countercanter, Dana boomer,
Discospinster, Eventer, Everyking, Falcon8765, Good Olfactory, Ground Zero, Gsl, HH Canadians, Hampshire2004, IndulgentReader, JQF, Juliancolton, Kaiwynn, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kevlar67,
Khazar2, Lanternshine, Lexington50, Likemike1, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, NiTenIchiRyu, Nobodyknows007, Oaktree b, Pharaoh Hound, RayAYang, Rmhermen, S-Intrigue, Sasata, Shanemcd,
Tide rolls, Twas Now, Una Smith, 66 anonymous edits
Carolina Marsh Tacky Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594751483 Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid, Angusmclellan, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chris the speller, DTMedia,
Dana boomer, ElinorD, Gemini1980, Glane23, Good Olfactory, Gwinva, Hampshire2004, Hmains, Jberanger, Jimfbleak, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Nirame, Optigan13, Queenmomcat,
SteinbDJ, Tsaag Valren, Una Smith, WikHead, Yamenah, 8 anonymous edits
Caspian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596171974 Contributors: AnonMoos, Asgard megagard, Bathleyhills, Biffwa, Bogbumper, BrainMafia, Breeezee, Catxx,
Chrisfluskey28, Dana boomer, Darklilac, Dbachmann, Dbrodbeck, DePiep, Eventer, Good Olfactory, Hampshire2004, Horsetalk, J. Spencer, JPG-GR, JamesAM, Joethemetaldude, Johnuniq,
JonJson, Kersti Nebelsiek, Monado, Montanabw, Morgankevinj, Mww113, Nirame, Obsidian Soul, Piethingy, Ponnymadd, Quai-de-Javel, Rjwilmsi, Sangak, Siamax, Steven Walling, Tapir
Terrific, Tbhotch, Thryduulf, Tikiwont, Una Smith, Was a bee, 40 anonymous edits
Castillonnais Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=540421269 Contributors: CommonsDelinker, Cwmhiraeth, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dana boomer, Justlettersandnumbers,
Montanabw, Moonraker, Ruby2010, 1 anonymous edits
Catria horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567562267 Contributors: Dana boomer, ElSaxo, Jesse V., Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, Orenburg1, RafikiSykes,
Sc291408
Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586638118 Contributors: Bob1960evens, Justlettersandnumbers, LittleWink, Montanabw,
Nirame, R'n'B, Timelezz, WhisperToMe, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits
Chilean horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=589726351 Contributors: Araucania, Bogbumper, BorgQueen, Brookie, Catxx, Chiton magnificus, CommonsDelinker,
DNewhall, Dana boomer, DanielCD, Dentren, Ealdgyth, EdwinHJ, Eventer, Fafnir1, Garion96, Good Olfactory, Hawkestone, Hmains, Jaxhere, Juan24, Juan25, Khazar2, Kornfan71, Lightmouse,
Montanabw, Nick Number, Nirame, Pearle, RJASE1, Randallrayarms, Rich Farmbrough, Rorx, Una Smith, Urco, Zoe, 30 anonymous edits
Choctaw horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581556155 Contributors: Ajstov, Asarelah, Bkonrad, Dana boomer, Farmgirl321, Finnrind, Melaen, Montanabw, Nirame,
Spicemix, Woohookitty, 3 anonymous edits
Cleveland Bay Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=573452700 Contributors: ABach, Alexandronikos, Amandajm, Bob1960evens, Bogbumper, Brookelollove, CMSporthorses,
Casliber, Catxx, Countercanter, Dana boomer, Eventer, Everyking, Gare408, Garej, Hambletonian, Hampshire2004, Hmains, Ian Pitchford, Lady Tenar, Leoni2, LilHelpa, Lozleader, Lradrama,
Malleus Fatuorum, Merrymount, Miz, Montanabw, Moonraker, Neets Human, Nicolas Ray, Nirame, Nlu, NuclearWarfare, RafikiSykes, Rodhullandemu, Roger Liart, Ruhrfisch, Sam Hocevar,
Sasata, SteinbDJ, Steven Walling, Sundance, Tbhotch, Una Smith, Visor, 26 anonymous edits
Clydesdale horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596121697 Contributors: A. Parrot, ABF, Acather96, Adavidw, Addihockey10, Aff123a, Ahoerstemeier, Amandajm,
Ashlie123, BD2412, Bachrach44, Bayberrylane, Blethering Scot, Bob1960evens, Bobobob121314, Bornintheguz, Breadandcheese, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia, Catxx, Clydesdale, Cmartin04,
Crazycamelothorse, Cureden, Dale Arnett, Dana boomer, Darklilac, DeadEyeArrow, Discospinster, Docboat, Drmies, Ealdgyth, Eddaido, Emijrp, Euchiasmus, Eventer, Fabulous Creature,
FastLizard4, Flyer22, Flyhighplato, FrYGuY, Fraise, Fæ, GTBacchus, Garej, Gemini1980, Gurch, Hadal, Haymaker, HexaChord, Hmains, Horse freak95, Hu, Hydrargyrum, Infrogmation,
J.delanoy, JForget, JamesBWatson, Jcpower, Jimbo1561, Johnnyrover, Johnvdenley, Jonur, Joshmt, Josve05a, JustAGal, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kf054, Kgrange, Klilidiplomus, Leadgold, LeeG,
Lfrank22001, Lihaas, Magnificat, Mais oui!, Maxim, Meelar, Melonkelon, Mentifisto, Metatron the Tetramorph, Mintrick, Miyagawa, Montanabw, Mr. Stradivarius, Mr.Z-man, Mshawin,
Mycroft7, NPrice, Nburden, Niora, Nirame, Nobodyknows007, Otto1970, Oyoyoy, Patrick0Moran, Pesco, Philip Trueman, Pollinator, Quadell, Que-Can, RafikiSykes, Rjwilmsi, Rosser1954,
Scareduck, Schnazer Girl, Scs, Semperf, Shell Kinney, Shpigunov, Skäpperöd, Snowolf, Soliloquial, Some jerk on the Internet, Specs112, Srnec, Steven Walling, Stmirrenfc, Sun Creator, TCO,
Tedder, TheParanoidOne, Theveravee, TimBentley, Tom Parks, TonyTheTiger, Triona, Tsaag Valren, Tyw7, UKER, Una Smith, Wavelength, Welsh, WikiDonn, Wimt, Xcentaur, 350
anonymous edits
Colorado Ranger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=540922009 Contributors: Avalon, Bogbumper, Calabe1992, Carabinieri, Casliber, Catxx, Chris the speller, Dana boomer,
Ealdgyth, Elonka, Evenrød, Hobo14, Jack Greenmaven, Kersti Nebelsiek, Krash, Leech44, Montanabw, Nirame, Propaniac, Searles2sels, Smigs, Una Smith, Woohookitty, 8 anonymous edits
Coldblood trotter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=575788324 Contributors: Bearcat, Dana boomer, Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, Nimloth250, Nirame, Pitke,
RafikiSykes, Salamurai, TaalVerbeteraar, 1 anonymous edits
Comtois horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514278 Contributors: Catxx, Dana boomer, Eventer, Frietjes, Gemini1980, Justlettersandnumbers, KathrynLybarger,
Montanabw, Nirame, Someguy1221, Una Smith, Woohookitty, Yamenah, Zafonic, 1 anonymous edits
Costa Rican Saddle Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559743799 Contributors: Arsdelicata, Awien, Bob1960evens, Chowbok, Good Olfactory, MaybeMaybeMaybe,
Montanabw, NVO
Criollo horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=554362444 Contributors: ABach, AxelBoldt, Bogbumper, Catxx, ChrisGualtieri, Dana boomer, Denni, Ebyabe, Egil, Eventer,
Everyking, FilipeS, Gene Nygaard, Gurch, Howcheng, Ixfd64, Jeff G., Jordan.Oian, Jorge Stolfi, Juan25, Krenakarore, LAAFan, Lady Tenar, Longhair, Markan80, Mboverload, Mijobe,
Montanabw, Niceguyedc, Niora, Randallrayarms, Rjwilmsi, SchreiberBike, Shanman7, Skier Dude, Squids and Chips, Stbalbach, Una Smith, WikHead, Лукас Фокс, 47 anonymous edits
Croatian Coldblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597783828 Contributors: Montanabw, Nordlicht8, NotWith, Silverije
Cuban Criollo horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=554972173 Contributors: Bgwhite, Catxx, GTBacchus, Good Olfactory, Hutcher, Jorge Stolfi, MaybeMaybeMaybe,
Mcoupal, Montanabw, Ramona.Karolina, Squids and Chips, TexasAndroid, Una Smith, 6 anonymous edits
Cumberland Island horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=561734754 Contributors: Dana boomer, Disavian, Geeoharee, Jami430, Ken Gallager, Khazar2, LilHelpa,
MarkGelbart, Montanabw, NawlinWiki, RafikiSykes, Ruttles, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits
Curly Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596838165 Contributors: Anthony Appleyard, Ashleigh29, Catxx, Cgoodwin, ChrisCork, Clovis Sangrail,
Curlyhorsecountry60, Dar-Ape, Download, Ealdgyth, Efelmer, Eike Welk, Ethii, Eventer, Gemini1980, Hmains, Hydro, ICHOofficeGal, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Lindsayanne,
LiquidNitrogen18, LizGere, MIckStephenson, Merrymount, Mild Bill Hiccup, Montanabw, Pb30, Penella22, Pinethicket, RJFJR, TKD, Thumperward, Una Smith, Virtualphtn, Xaxafrad, Yupik,
Zavebe, 49 anonymous edits
Czech warm blood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541396797 Contributors: Alois Musil, Aloysius, Bogbumper, Chris the speller, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter,
Cuddy Wifter, ESkog, Ealdgyth, Good Olfactory, Joelmills, Kersti Nebelsiek, Longhair, Malcolm, Michael Daly, Montanabw, N A T Y, Nádvorník, Pavel Vozenilek, RJFJR, RafikiSykes, Una
Smith, 11 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

file:Abessinier.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Abessinier.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: 4028mdk09, Hü, Kersti Nebelsiek, Pitke
file:Aegidienberger.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aegidienberger.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: BS Thurner Hof, Kersti
Nebelsiek, Pitke
file:Dagat-Geli.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dagat-Geli.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Artur Baboev
File:Garant.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Garant.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Artur Baboev
Image:Akhal Teke Stallion - Samovar (his color is Perlino).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Akhal_Teke_Stallion_-_Samovar_(his_color_is_Perlino).jpg License:
Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Heather Moreton
File:RaceChevalineTurque.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RaceChevalineTurque.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: F Joseph Cardini
File:Akhal-Teke Mele Koush born 1909.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Akhal-Teke_Mele_Koush_born_1909.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Michael
Romanov, Zhuyifei1999
File:Merv.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merv.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Carol Magalow
Image:Dirkhan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dirkhan.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Artur Baboev
File:Coat of Arms of Turkmenistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Turkmenistan.svg License: unknown Contributors: -
File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 170.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stamp_of_Azerbaijan_170.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Post of Azerbaijan
File:Stamp of Kazakhstan 369.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_369.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Post of Kazakhstan
File:Soviet Union-1968-stamp-Horse-12K.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Soviet_Union-1968-stamp-Horse-12K.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AKA
MBG, Augiasstallputzer, Editor at Large, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kilom691, Michael Romanov, Snek01
File:Stamp of Turkmenistan 1992 14d.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stamp_of_Turkmenistan_1992_14d.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Leonid 2
File:Turkmenistan miniature sheet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turkmenistan_miniature_sheet.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Postal administration of
Turkmenistan
File:Turkmenistan miniature sheet 2001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turkmenistan_miniature_sheet_2001.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Postal
administration of Turkmenistan
File:50 manat. Türkmenistan, 2005 b.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:50_manat._Türkmenistan,_2005_b.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Cekli829,
Myrzich Cyril, Roma pi, Tigran Mitr am
File:Turkmen horse monument.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turkmen_horse_monument.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: Gilad Rom
File:Ahal Velayat Hippodrome - Flickr - Kerri-Jo (109).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ahal_Velayat_Hippodrome_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(109).jpg License:
Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Kerri-Jo Stewart from Vancouver, Canada
file:SB - Altai man in national suit on horse.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SB_-_Altai_man_in_national_suit_on_horse.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
Hardscarf, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kürschner, Obakeneko
file:ACD Horses in Parade.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ACD_Horses_in_Parade.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
Kaibelg, Kersti Nebelsiek, Man vyi
File:Sleeping American Cream Draft Horse.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sleeping_American_Cream_Draft_Horse.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution
2.0 Contributors: Just chaos
File:American Cream Draft Horse1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Cream_Draft_Horse1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors:
Just chaos
file:New Moon Girl (Little Girl) Spanish Mustang Mare.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_Moon_Girl_(Little_Girl)_Spanish_Mustang_Mare.jpg License:
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file:Paint Horse REFON.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paint_Horse_REFON.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors:
Dcoetzee, Jarekt, Kersti Nebelsiek, Pitke, Reynaldo, 5 anonymous edits
Image:American Paint Horse.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Paint_Horse.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: Karakal
Image:bsp.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bsp.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was SkippyTheWonder at
en.wikipedia
Image:Am Paint Horse.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Am_Paint_Horse.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was H2O
at en.wikipedia
Image:Overo2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Overo2.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Malcolm Morley
file:Quarter Horse(REFON)-cleaned.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quarter_Horse(REFON)-cleaned.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0
Unported Contributors: Quarter_Horse(REFON).jpg: José Reynaldo da Fonseca derivative work: Pitke (talk)
Image:Petermccuewithcaudell.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Petermccuewithcaudell.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ealdgyth, Kersti Nebelsiek
Image:Barrel racing.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barrel_racing.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: MyName (Jamidwyer (talk))
Image:Brauner.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brauner.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic Contributors: Dcoetzee, Kersti
Nebelsiek, Pitke, Wst
Image:Quarter Horse Hunter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quarter_Horse_Hunter.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was
LochNessDonkey at en.wikipedia
file:American Saddlebred3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Saddlebred3.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Just chaos
File:Courageous Lord.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Courageous_Lord.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: AkimaDoll
File:Saddlebred Long Yearlings at Willowbank Farm in Simpsonville, Ky (8081515138).jpg Source:
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Contributors: Heather Moreton from Louisville, KY, USA
Image:Gypsyqueensaddlebredalpha.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gypsyqueensaddlebredalpha.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Charles Plumb
File:American Saddlebred .jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:American_Saddlebred_.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Jean
File:2009 Shelbyville Horse Show (3867465037).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2009_Shelbyville_Horse_Show_(3867465037).jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Heather Moreton from Louisville, KY, USA
File:William Shatner Riding.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Shatner_Riding.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Jean from
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Horse Breeds Volume 1

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Horse Breeds - Volume 1

Country of origin Austria

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

Image from C.G.Wrangel: Die Rassen des Pferdes

Country of origin Ethiopia

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Abyssinian is a light horse breed that originated in Ethiopia.

Distinguishing features Small, gaited horse.

Country of origin Germany

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

Country of origin Turkmenistan

Akhal-Teke Association of America [1]

International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeding (MAAK) Breed standards [2]

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Akhal-Teke has a refined head with predominantly a straight or

The breed is tough and resilient, having adapted to the harshness of

Free jumping Akhal-Teke

Akhal-Teke horse in [[postage stamps]] and [[Currency|bank notes]]

Azerbaijan (1993) Azerbaijan (1997) Kazakhstan (2002) USSR

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmen manat

Monument in Ashgabat Monument in International Equestrian Sports Complex

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

An Altai with rider

Country of origin Central Asia

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

American Cream Draft

American Cream Draft Horses in Minnesota State Fair Parade

Distinguishing features Cream color, medium-heavy build

Country of origin United States

American Cream Draft Association Breed standards [1]

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa

1990s to the present

American Indian horse

Country of origin North America

American Indian Horse Registry Breed standards [1]

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

American Paint Horse

American Paint Horse

Alternative names Paint

Country of origin United States

Common nicknames Paint

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

Regular APHA registration

Spots can be any shape or size, except leopard complex patterning,

Terms for color patterns defined

American Quarter Horse

A palomino American Quarter Horse shown at halter.

Alternative names Quarter Horse

Country of origin United States

Common nicknames "America's Horse"

American Quarter Horse [1]

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

Development as a distinct breed

"Appendix" and "Foundation" horses

Quarter Horses today

The American Quarter Horse has also been exported worldwide.

Racing and hunter type

Distinguishing features High stepping with exaggerated action