목 차

1. 정의, 용접기호
2. 용접의 종류
3. 용접 재료
4. 용접 열관리
5. WPS의 이해
6. 용접검사 일반
7. 용접결함
8. 용접사 시험

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Visual Examination
AWS B1.11:2000
An American National Standard

Guide for the

Visual Inspection
of Welds

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 Visual Examination

 Characteristics of VE
(1) reveals Surface Flaws
(2) Simple and Accessible
(3) Low Cost inspection method
(4) requires a Trained Inspector
(5) excellent Process Control Tool
(6) need QC Program incl. a sequence of examinations
(7) need Inspection Plan to establish hold points

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 VE Prior Welding I

 VE Prior to Welding
to prevent many problems that might occur later and to
determine the job requirements.
(1) review Drawings and Specifications
(2) check Procedure and Performance Qualifications
(3) establish Hold Points if required
(4) establish Documentation Plan
(5) review Material Documentation
(6) examine Base Material
(7) examine Fitup and Alignment of joints
(8) review Storage of Welding Consumable

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 VE Prior Welding II

 Review Drawings and Specifications

Weld Details, Material Requirements, Inspection Require-
ments, Dimensions, and Qualification Requirements.
 Check Procedure and Performance Qualifications
to meet the requirements of the Job Specification.
 Establish Hold Points
HP : inspection of work which will become inaccessible for
inspection because it will be covered by subsequent work.

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 VE Prior Welding III

 Establish Documentation Plan

to record inspection results that will provide Data needed
for Final Acceptance.
 Review Material Documentation
correct material was Ordered, Received, and Used during
fabrication.
 Examine Base Material
such as Laminations, Seams, Laps, and Cracks.

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 VE Prior Welding IV

 Examine Fit-up and Alignment of Joints

critical to the production of a Sound Weld
(1) Groove Angle
(2) Root Openings
(3) Joint Alignment
(4) Backing
(5) Consumable Insert
(6) Joint Cleanliness
(7) Tack Welds
(8) Preheat (when required)

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 VE Prior Welding V

 Review Storage of Welding Consumables

in accordance with the Manufacturer’s Recommendations,
applicable Codes, and Contract Requirements.

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 VE During Welding I

 VE During Welding
if ignored, could result in discontinuities that could cause
serious quality degradation.
(1) check Preheat and Interpass Temperatures
(2) check conformance to WPS
(3) examine weld Root Pass
(4) examine weld Layers
(5) examine Second Side prior to welding

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 VE During Welding II

 Check Preheat and Interpass Temperatures

when required by the reference Code, Contract Docu-
ments, or the WPS
ASME B31.1 : in all directions from the point of welding for a
distance of 3 in. or 1.5 times the base metal thickness,
whichever is greater.
ASME B31.3 : at least 25 mm (1 in.) beyond each edge of the
weld.
AWS D1.1 : for a distance at least equal to the thickness of the
thickest welded part (but not less than 3 in. [75 mm]) in all
directions from the point of welding.

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 VE During Welding III
 Check Conformance with WPS
such variables as Consumables, Wire Feed Speed, Joint
Design, Electrical Characteristics, and Technique
 Examine Weld Root Pass.
a Great Many Defects that are discovered
 Examine Weld Layers
adequate Cleaning between passes
 Examine Second Side Prior to Welding
all Discontinuities have been removed.
Contour of the excavation provides access for subsequent
welding.

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 VE After Welding I

 VE After Welding
(1) examine weld Surface Quality
(2) verify Weld Dimensions
(3) verify Dimensional Accuracy
(4) review Subsequent Requirements

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 VE After Welding II

 Examine Weld Surface Quality

workmanship Standards : Surface Toughness, Weld Spatter,
and Arc Strikes.
(1) Porosity
(2) Incomplete Fusion
(3) Incomplete Joint Penetration
(4) Undercut
(5) Underfill
(6) Overlap
(7) Cracks
(8) Metallic and Nonmetallic Inclusions
(9) Excessive Reinforcement

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 VE After Welding III

 Verify Weld Dimensions

drawing requirements for Size, Length, and Location
 Verify Dimensional Accuracy
fabricated Weldment Dimensions in accordance with the
drawing.
 Review Subsequent Requirements
PWHT, NDE, Proof Testing, and others

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 VE Tools and Gages

 Tools and Gages

(1) Linear Measuring Devices
Tape Measures, Micrometers, Calipers, and Rulers
(2) Temperature Measuring Devices
Temperature Indicating Materials, Surface Contact Thermo-
meters, Surface Contact Pyrometers
(3) Weld Gauges
Fillet Weld Gauge, Multipurpose Gauge, Taper Gauge,
Hi-Lo Gauge
(4) Fiberscopes and Borescopes
(5) Ferrite Gauges, Positive Materials
(6) Light Sources
(7) Clamp Meter (Ampere, Voltage)

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Direct VE, ASME V Article 9

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 Direct VE, ASME V Article 9

 Lighting Intensity :100fc(1000 lux)

Max. 24 in. (600mm )

Min. 30°

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Linear Measuring Devices I

Taper Gage and Ruler

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Linear Measuring Devices II

Vernier Calipers

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Temperature Measuring Devices I

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 Temperature Measuring Devices II

Digital Thermometer Infrared Non-contact Thermometer

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 Temperature Measuring Devices III

Pyrometer
Surface Contact Thermometer

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Fiberscope, Borescipe

Fiberscope Borescope

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Ferrite Indicator, Positive Material

Ferrite Indicator Positive Material

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Portable Hardness Tester

Tellerbrineller Equotop

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Clamp Meter

Digital Clamp Meter (AC, DC, V, A)

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Weld Gages I

Bridge Cam Gage

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 Weld Gages II

Pocket Bridge Cam Gage Multi-Purpose Welding Gage

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Weld Gage III

Multi-Purpose Welding Gage

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Weld Gages IV

Digital Welding Gage Vernier Welding Gage

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 Weld Gages V

Automatic Weld Size Weld Gage Socket Weld Gage (Mini Sub)

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 Weld Gages VI

Adjustable Fillet Weld Gage Skew T-Fillet Gage

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Weld Gages VII

Weld Fillet Gage Mini Fillet Weld Keys

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Weld Gages VIII

10mm

G.A.L.
L S.T.D.
16mm

10mm

G.A.L.

S.T.D.
16mm
Pocket Fillet Weld Gage

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 Weld Gages IX

WTPS Undercut Gage

V-WAC Gage(Undercut Gage)

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Weld Gages X

Pipe Pit Gage

Taper Gage

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Weld Gages XI

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HI-LO Single Purpose Welding Gauge

Hi-Lo
Gauges

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Light Sources

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 Calibration

 Calibration
comparison of a measuring instrument with a reference
standard traceable to the NIST
 Calibration Document
permanent record
 Calibration Label
attached to the instrument indicating the due date to be
calibrated.

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 Records I

 type, size, and location of any defects so that they can be

located, identified, and repaired.
 identification of the defective area by marking directly on
the part.
 maintain adequate records
 write clear and concise records
 the most basic facts should be included, even though they
are well known and understood at the time of writing, since
they may not be remembered so clearly later.

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 Records II

 examine all records for completeness and accuracy

 make certain that they are available when needed.
 inspector’s signature
 Records should be in as much detail as necessary.
 comment on the general workmanship, the problems
incurred, and the resolution of unacceptable conditions.
 Any repair should be explained.
 a copy should be kept for the inspector’s own files.

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 Mechanical Test, AWS B4.0
AWS B4.0:2007
An American National Standard

Standard Methods
for Mechanical
Testing of Welds
API STANDARD 1104
TWENTIETH EDITION, OCTOBER 2005
Welding of Pipelines and
Related Facilities
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 기계시험 관련 법규
 에너지이용 합리화법 (지경부 고시 2009-134) 열사용기자재의 검사 및 검사면제에 관한 기준
제2편 보일러 제조(용접 및 구조) 검사기준 제14장 용접부의 기계적 시험
용접부는 다음에 따라 제작한 시험판에 대하여 14.2항에 규정하는 기계적 시험을 하여 합격한 것이어
야 한다.
제4편 압력용기 제조(용접 및 구조) 검사기준 39장 용접부의 기계적 시험
용접부는 다음에 따라서 시험판을 제작하여 기계적 시험을 하여야 한다.

 전기사업법(지경부 공고 제2010 - 1호) 전기설비기술기준의 판단기준 4. 발전설비 용접

제3장 보일러
제 35 조 (기계시험) ① 드럼이나 동체와 같이 용융용접에 의해 제작된 내압을 받는 원통형 용기의 압
력부는 제2항부터 제9항까지의 요건에 만족하여야 한다. 다만, ---
제4장 압력용기
제 53 조 (기계시험) 압력용기의 기계시험은 제35조제2항부터 제9항까지를 준용한다. 다만 용착금속
인장시험은 제외한다.
제5장 배관
제 71 조 (기계시험) 배관에 대한 기계시험은 제35조제2항부터 제9항까지를 준용한다. 다만 용착금속
인장시험은 제외한다.

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Tensile Test

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Type of Fracture

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Bend Test

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Charpy, Izod Impact Test

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Absorbed Energy, Transition Temp.

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Lateral Expansion, % Share Fracture

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Charpy Specimens, Full & Multiple

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Charpy Impact Test Temp. Reduction

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Drop Weight Test

Strike Tup
Weld

Machined
Brittle Notch Anvil
Weld Deposit Support

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Hardness Test I

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Hardness Test III

App. 8 mil 0.04~0.12 in. 1/16 in.

Weld Metal
0.12~0.24 in.
Base Metal

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Hardness Conversion, ASTM A370

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CTOD Test

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Nick Break Test, API 1104

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