Scribd
Upload
7 views

Righty

Ggb bjjkkbhh b+vvbnnnvvnnbn kkkkkk

Uploaded by

shahsisters03.15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

Righty

Ggb bjjkkbhh b+vvbnnnvvnnbn kkkkkk

Uploaded by

shahsisters03.15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

07-08, 12:13 pm

PRINCIPALS OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

** Introduction **
Inheritance is the process by which characters are passed on
from parent to progeny.
artificial selection and domestication from ancestral wild cows,
we have well-known Indianbreeds, e.g., Sahiwal cows in Punjab.

** Mendel's law of inheritance **


Gregor Mendel, conducted hybridisation experiments on garden
peas for seven years (1856-1863) and proposed the laws of inheritance
in living organism.
Mendel investigated characters in the garden pea plant that
were manifested as two opposing traits, e.g., tall or dwarf plants,
yellow or green seeds. This Allowed him to set up a basic
framework of rules governing inheritance.
Mendel conducted such artificial pollination/cross pollination
experiments
using several true-breeding pea lines.
A truebreeding line is one that, having undergone Continuous
self-pollination.
mendel selected 14 true-breeding pea
plant varieties, as pairs which were similar except for one character
with contrasting traits.
(Important question)

Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments? Give any four reasons.

= Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments because of the following reasons:
(i) The flowers of this plant are bisexual.
(ii) They are self-pollinating, and thus, self and cross-pollination can easily be performed.
(iii) The different physical characteristics were easy to recognize and study.
(iv) They have a shorter life span and are the plants that are easier to maintain

** Inheritence of one gene **


mendel collected seed from true breeding plant with one
contrasting trait to study inheritance of one gene, eg. - one seed
from homozygous tall plant & one seed from homozygous dwarf plant
He collected the seeds produced as a result of this cross and
grew them to generate plants of the first hybrid generation.
first hybrid generation also called the Filial1 progeny or the F1.
Mendel observed that all the F1 progeny plants were tall, like
one of its parents; none were dwarf . He made similar observations
for the other pairs of traits – he found that the F1 always
resembled either one of the parents, and that the trait of the other
parent was not seen in them.
Mendel then self-pollinated the tall F1 plants and to his
surprise found that in the Filial2 generation some of the offspring
were ‘dwarf’; the character that was not seen in the F1 generation
was now expressed.
similar observation he made after studying inheritance of one
gene
- only one of the parental traits was expressed in the F1 generation
while at the F2 stage both the traits were expressed in the
proportion of 3:1.
-the contrasting traits did not show any blending at either F1 or
F2 stage.
Mendel proposed that something was being stably passed
down, unchanged, from parent to offspring through the gametes,
over
successive generations. He called these things as ‘factors’(gene).
genes are therefore called the unit of inheritance.
gene contains the information that is required to express a
particular trait in an oragnism.
gene which code for a pair of contrasting
traits are know as alleles i.e ., they are slightly different from same
gene.
dominant trait id is the one which can be seen and supress
the other trait.
In a pair of dissimilar factor, one which is seen is dominant
trait andvthe otherbwhich is suppressed is recessive trait.
TT and tt are called the genotype of the plant while the
descriptive terms tall and dwarf are the phenotype.
Alleles can be similar as in the case of homozygotes TT and
tt or can be dissimilar as in the case of the heterozygote Tt.
Alleles are a pair of genes that occupy a specific location on
a particular chromosome and control the same trait.
we can infer that, when the tall and Dwarf plant produce
gametes, by the process of meiosis, the alleles of the parental pair
separate or segregate from each other and only one allele is
transmitted to a gamete.
punnet square is a graphical representation to calculate the
probability of all possible genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross.
Mendel's principal of inheritance :
1. law of dominance -
• characters are controlled by discrete units called factors
• factors occur in pairs
• in a dissimilar pair of factors one member of the pair
dominates the other.

The law of dominance is used to explain the expression of only one


of the parental character in a monohybrid cross in the F1 and the
expression of both in the F2. It also explain proportion of 3 : 1
obtained at the F2.

2. law of segregation -
This law is based on the fact that the alleles do not show
any blending and that both the characters are recovered as such in
the F2 generation though one of these is not seen at the f1 stage.
though the parents contain 2 alleles during gamete formation, the
factors or alleles of a pair segregate from each other such that a
gamut receives only one of the two factors. of course, a homozygous
one produces all gamete that are similar witha heterozygous one
produces two kinds of gamete each having one allele with equal
proportion.
Incomplete dominance

sometimesthe F1had a phenotype that did not


resemble either of the two parents and was in between
the two.
example - dog flower ( Snapdragon or
antirrhinum)
Co - dominance

Till now we were discussing crosses where the F1 resembled


either of the two parents (dominance) or was in-between (incomplete
dominance). But, in the case of co-dominance the F1 generation
resembles both parents.
A good example is different types of red blood cells that
determine ABO blood grouping in human beings. ABO blood groups
are controlled by the gene I.
The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has sugar
polymers that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar is
controlled by the gene. The gene (I) has three alleles Ia, Ib
and i.
The alleles Ia and Ib produce a slightly different form of
the sugar while allele i does not produce any sugar. Because humans
are diploid organisms, each person possesses
any two of the three I gene alleles.
Ia and Ib are completely dominant over i.
the ABO blood grouping provides a good example of multiple
alleles.

You might also like