Masaka Analysis

SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT
OF
PROPOSED SITE
AT
MEWER INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY,

MASAKA, NASARAWA STATE.
CLIENT: GEOTECHNICAL ENGRS:

Proactive Resources Ltd. Wusu J. Emmanuel
Nasarawa State. TEL: 08134921464
Jognson O. Ojo
TEL: 08160312754
Address:
N0 2 Mjidadi Street,
Angwan Bije,
Gonin gora, Kaduna.
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The report contains, the soil investigation/foundation studies carried out in the stance of
Proactive Resources Ltd
The study covers both geotechnical field and laboratory analysis. The work was carried out to
characterize the physical and mechanical properties of the subsoil as well as, to determine the
bearing capacity parameters for foundation design.
1.1 SCOPE OF WORK
The investigation includes the follow activities:
a. Reconnaissance survey of the land to ascertain the underlying geological setting, the
prevailing geographical and topographical conditions. Pre-existing borings and structures
were critically observed to have an idea on the predominant geotechnical conditions in other
to make sure that the factors affecting the design, construction and maintenance are
recognized and adequately provided for.
b. Excavation of trial pits from which the sub soil conditions were thoroughly examined and
representative samples were collected for detailed laboratory analyses comprising
classification, compaction and strength tests.
c. Determination of bearing capacity parameters and recommendation of foundation depths

and design.
1.2 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY
The plot of land investigated is located at Mewer International University, Masaka, Nasarawa
State.
The site is accessible by a network of tarred and dirt roads.
2
Figure 1 Topography of project site
1.3 TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE
The area of Kaduna state where the plot of land is located exhibits a relatively plane
topography. The drainage pattern is essentially dendritic.
2.1 DETAILED FIELD INVESTIGATION
A total of Three (3) trial/test pits were excavated using diggers, chisels and shovels to a depth
of 2.00 meters. The holes were analyzed and properly logged. Soil samples were collected at
various depths for laboratory tests.
2.2 SAMPLING
Disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected at a depth of 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00meters.
These were packed in polythene bags, well labeled with sample locations, depth and
description indicated. The undisturbed samples were obtained using U4 tubes. The ends of
the sample tubes were sealed with solid wax to preserve the natural moisture content and well
stored in polythene bags. Care was taken to transport them to the laboratory undisturbed.
2.3 STRATIGRAPHY
The strata encountered within the depth probed in all trial pits revealed similar lithology
which is a few centimeters of dark coloured top soil, with debris and organic materials such
as roots and rootlets or transported materials, this layer is underlain by a column of brown
3
lateritic soil about 1.0m thickness. Beyond that, is a column of reddish brown, lateritic soil of
2.00m thickness.
Ground water was not intercepted at 2.00 meter depth in all the trial pits.
Figure 2 Pitting on site
Figure 3 Pit logging and representative sampling
4
2.4 LABORATORY TESTS
In the laboratory, classification, physical, compaction and strength tests were carried out on
soil samples obtained from the test/trial pits. The test were carried out in accordance with BS,
ASTM, ISRM Standards were applicable. The tests include:
a. Natural moisture content (N.M.C)
b. Consistency limits (liquid limit LL, plastic limit PL, Linear shrinkage LS, plasticity index
PI)
c. Particle size gradation or sieve analysis
d Specific gravity (GS)
e. Bulk density (ρb)
f. Proctor compaction test
g. Undrained triaxial strength test.
2.4.1 NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT (N.M.C)
The natural moisture content of the soils in all boreholes was tested in line with BS 1377:
1990, using both undisturbed and disturbed samples. The moisture content in soils is a critical
parameter with significant impact on engineering behavior of soils. It influences the strength,
stability and compaction properties of the soil
The values obtained range from 12.17% to 32.22%, with an average value of 18.39. These
values agree with the values recorded on site using the speedy moisture tester. (See table 1
for results).
2.4.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY (GS)
The specific gravity of the soil samples, which is presented as a ratio of the mass of
determined volume of the soil to that of a standard (water in this case) was determined as per
BS 1377: 1990.
The values obtained in this study ranged from 2.12 to 2.22 with an average value of 2.16 (See
table 1 for result).
5
2.4.3 BULK DENSITY
Bulk density is a fairly easy determination, which yields valuable insight on a soils potential
to support a structural foundation.
This parameter was determined using soil cores. A hollow cylinder provided with a cutting
edge was forced into the ground, then retrieved with a column of soil, preserved and taken to
the laboratory, were it was extruded into a cylindrical mould with a known mass and volume.
It was weighed and the mass recorded.
The values obtained for bulk density (in-situ condition) ranged from 1600 Kg/m3 to 1672
Kg/m3. The mean value is recorded as 1642 Kg/m3 (See table 1 for result).
2.4.4 PARTICLE SIZE GRADATION (SIEVE ANALYSIS)
The particle size gradation or sieve analysis is widely used in classification of soil and to
determine the suitability of soils in engineering works. It is also often of critical importance
in the estimation of hydraulic properties of the soil.
Due to the phenomenon of fine particles sticking tightly to coarse grains, it became
imperative to employ the process of wet sieving as stipulated in BS 1377: 1990 Test (A). The
samples were thoroughly washes over sieve 0.063mm to dislodge fines sticking to grains,
oven-dried and sieved.
The percentage of gravel ranged from 7% to 12% with a mean value of 9%, the percentage of
sand ranged from 40% to 48% with an average value of 44% while the percentage fines vary
from 43% to 50% with an average value of 47 %. (See table 1 for results)
2.4.5 ATTERBERG’S CONSISTENCY LIMITS
The plasticity of fine grained soil has important influence on their strength and
compressibility. Therefore, the use of plastic consistency in their classification is commonly
employed. The test was carried out in accordance with the ASTM METHOD D423.
The liquid limit (LL) of the samples studied range from 24% to 46% with a mean value of
39%. The plastic limits (PL) of the soils vary from 11% to 25% with an average value of 20%
the plasticity index values range from 9% to 23%, averaging at 18%. The linear shrinkage
values for the soil span from 9% to 12%, with an average value of 10%.
6
The soils plotted as low to medium plasticity on the Cassagrande’s A-line chart (Figure 4).
The soils are generally classified as inorganic soils of low to medium plasticity. (See table 1
for results)
Low Intermediate High Very high Extreme
70 CV CE
CH
60 CI
CL A-LINE
PLASTICITY INDEX PI
50
40 MH-
OH
30
(%)
20
CL
BH
10
OI/ MI
CL-
ML
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LIQUID LIMIT LL (%)
C (CLAY) M (SILT) H (HIGH PLASTICITY) L (LOW PLASTICITY) O (ORGANIC)
I (INTERMEDIATE) V (VERY) E (EXTREME)
Figure 4: Cassagrande A-LINE CHART for soil classification
7
Table 1: Soil classification test results
S/N Sample Depth Moisture Specific Bulk Atterberg’s Particle size

ID (m) Content gravity density Consistency limits analysis (%)
3
(%) (Kg/m ) (%)
LL PL PI SL gravel sand fines
1 A 1.00 12.17 2.22 1650 40 25 15 11 12 45 43

2 A 1.50 18.49 2.12 1660 42 24 18 10 10 44 46
3 A 2.00 20.99 2.13 1672 44 26 18 12 8 42 50
4 B 1.00 14.05 2.22 1600 41 20 19 10 10 44 46
5 B 1.50 32.48 2.13 1650 24 11 9 9 9 46 45
6 B 2.00 17.10 2.18 1663 46 23 23 12 8 48 44
7 C 1.00 15.91 2.16 1655 32 22 18 10 10 40 50
8 C 1.50 17.53 2.14 1655 30 11 19 19 11 42 47
9 C 2.00 16.87 2.17 1600 43 21 22 22 7 45 48
2.4.7 PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST
Compaction test is a soil improvement test which amends the geo-mechanical and
engineering properties of soils. The test is aimed at finding a relationship between moisture
content and compaction density, from which it is possible to determine the optimum moisture
content and maximum dry density of the soil. This test was carried out in full compliance to
the ORDINARY TEST BS 1377: I975, a rammer with a 50mm diameter face, 2.5kg weight
and falling down from a constant height of 300mm was used on a British standard mould.
The test revealed that the soils have an optimum moisture content (O.M.C) ranging from 11.0
% to 13.70% with an average value of 12.8% and corresponding maximum dry density
(M.D.D) ranging from 1.75 Mg/m3 to 1.95 Mg/m3 with a mean value of 1.83Mg/m3. (See
table 2 for results)
2.4.8 UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The allowable bearing pressure exacted by a super structure on lithology is a function of the
characteristics of the shear strength of soil as well as depth and dimensions of the pressure
imposing structure. The laboratory un-drained triaxial compressive strength test, carried out
in accordance with ASTM D 2850-70 was used to estimate the shear strength of the soil
8
materials encountered. The parameters include Cohesion (KN/M2) and Angle of internal
friction (Ø0).
The investigation revealed that the soils have cohesion values varying from 55 KN/m2 to 62
KN/m2, with an average value of 60.11 KN/m2, while the angle of internal friction vary from
150 to 170 with a mean value of 160. (See table 2 for results)
Table 2: Soil strength test results
S/NO Sample ID Depth (m) Undrained Triaxial Test Proctor compaction Test
Cohesion Angle of Maximum Optimum
(KN/m2) internal dry density moisture
friction (Kg/m3) content
(Ø) (%)
1 A 1.00 55 17 1.80 13.10
2 A 1,50 60 17 1.85 12.00
3 A 2.00 59 17 1.80 13.12
4 B 1.00 58 15 1.85 13.21
5 B 1.50 62 17 1.95 11.00
6 B 2.00 60 16 1.90 12.10
7 C 1.00 60 17 1.79 13.50
8 C 1.50 65 16 1.80 13.10
9 C 2.00 62 15 1.75 13.70
9
3.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The laboratory tests carried out on the samples collected from all three (3) trial pits excavated
to 2.00m depth were aimed at confirming field observations.
The average natural moisture content value of 18.39% was recorded for the soils. This is
slightly higher than 15% which is considered normal. This may be attributed to the sampling
period (rainy season). This however reflects poor porosity/permeability of the soil.
The average value of bulk density of the soil is 1642 Kg/m3. The high value is indicative of
the soils ability to function effectively as structural support. They are also suggestive of poor
porosity, solute movement and aeration, thus, will constitute restriction to root penetration.
The particle size gradation curves of the soil samples classify the soils gap graded. The soils
are classified as silty sands with clay mixes (Unified Soil Classification System0, the gravel
content are relatively small.
The Atterberg’s limits displayed an average liquid limit value of 39%, an average plastic
limit value of 20 % with an average plasticity index of 10% indicating low to intermediate
plasticity. The soils plotted as low to intermediate plasticity, inorganic soils on the
cassagrande A-Line chart.
With the low to intermediate plasticity properties of the studied soils, it is safe to say the soils
have low to intermediate swell potential with a non- critical degree of severity. This reduces,
problems associated with heaving of foundation with an increase in ground water content or
high degree of shrinkage with a reduction in ground water content.
Soil compaction is needed to improve soil strength. This process increases the soil resistance,
reduces deformation capacity. The process consists in the rapid densification of soils without
losing humidity. The soil characteristics, moisture and compactive effort have an effect on
the outcome of proctor compaction test. The result of the investigation shows that the soils
mechanical properties can be improved to a maximum dry density average of 1.83Mg/m3 and
corresponding average optimum moisture content of 14.1%.
The results of the undrained triaxial test reveal that the soils have an average cohesion of
60.11KN/m2, and an angle of internal friction of 160. This suggests that the soil is stiff and of
good bearing capacity. The maximum value of 65KN/m2 was recorded at a depth of 1.50m
10
Table 3: classification of soil consistency (ICC-ES-AC358)
Soil Soil parameter Consistency

SPT N-Value Cohesion Friction angles
(KN/m2)
Clay <2 12 - Very soft
Clay 2-3 12-24 - Soft
Clay 4-7 25-49 - Medium stiff
Clay 8-15 50-96 - Stiff
clay 16-32 97-191 - Very stiff
Sand <3 - 26-30 Very loose
Sand 4-9 - 28-34 Loose
Sand 10-29 - 30-36 Medium loose
Sand 30-49 - 34-42 dense
11
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The geotechnical investigation of the plot of land situated at Meyers International University,
Masaka, Nasarawa State was comprehensive and the results will go a long way in availing
vital information prerequisite for building design, construction and maintenance.
Consequently the following is recommended:
1. That a PAD foundation be constructed at a depth of 1.00 to 1.50 meters as the depth is
beyond shrinkage and swelling soil. The soil at that depth is classified as stiff (ICC-ES-
AC358) and with sound mechanical property.
2 That the foundation should be designed to transmit a load with a super structure pressure
not exceeding the bearing capacity suggested by the Cohesion and Angle of internal friction
determined by the tests carried out.
3. That even though ground water was not encountered at 2.00 meter depth probed, it may be
best to carry out construction work during dry season so that work can be carried out on dry
soil. (if unavoidable water pumps should be provided for pumping out rain water)
4. That the width of the footing be laid according to structural design.
5 .That the length, width and depth of the excavation should be checked with the help of
centre line
6. That the excavated materials/earth should be dumped at a distance of 1 meter from the
edges.
7. That the bottom layer of the foundation should be compacted. There should be no soft
places in foundation due to roots, etc. any defective spots should be dug out and filled with
concrete or hard materials, to avoid differential settlement.
8. That anti-termite treatment and damp proof course must be laid up to the plinth level.
9. That refilling of earth around the walls and the building portion up to the required height
according to the plinth level is done.
12
APPENDIX I
MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION
Description Sample ID: A
Depth (m)
1.00 1.50 2.00
Wt. of can + wet soil (g) 50.73 47.47 56.47
Wt. of can + dry soil (g) 47.30 42.68 49.59
Wt. of empty can + lid (g) 19.12 16.78 16.82
Moisture content (%) 12.17 18.49 20.99
Description Sample ID: B
Depth (m)
1.00 1.50 2.00
Description Sample ID: C
Depth (m)
1.00 1.50 2.00
13
APPENDIX II
SPECIFIC GRAVITY/ BULK DENSITY DETERMINATION
Description
Sample ID: A Sample depth (m): 1.00
Temperature: 27oC
Weight of empty pycnometer (W1) 33.33
Weight of empty pycnometer + soil (W2) 44.98
Weight of soil + water + Pycnometer (W3) 140.77
Weight of pycnometer only (W4) 134.37
Specific gravity of soil (GS) 2.22
Description
Temperature: 27oC
Description
Temperature: 27oC
Description
Sample ID: B Sample depth (m): 1.00
Temperature: 27oC
Weight of empty pycnometer + soil (W2) 49..25
14
Description
Temperature: 27oC
Description
Temperature: 27oC
Description
Sample ID: C Sample depth (m): 1.00
Temperature: 27oC
Description
Temperature: 27oC
Description
Temperature: 27oC
15
S/NO Sample ID Depth (m) Mass of specimen (g) Volume (m3) Bulk density
(Kg/m3)
1 A 1.00 142.23 8.62 x 10-5 1650
2 A 1,50 143.10 8.62 x 10-5 1660
3 A 2.00 144.13 8.62 x 10-5 1672
4 B 1.00 137.92 8.62 x 10-5 1600
5 B 1.50 142.23 8.62 x 10-5 1650
6 B 2.00 143.35 8.62 x 10-5 1663
7 C 1.00 142.66 8.62 x 10-5 1655
8 C 1.50 137.92 8.62 x 10-5 1600
9 C 2.00 142.23 8.62 x 10-5 1650
16
APPENDIX III
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
Operator: Site: Mewer International University,

Masaka.
Date: 20/6/24: Borehole No: 1
Description of soil: Brown lateritic soil Depth of Sample: 1.50m
Total mass sieved (g): 350 Sample No- B
Sieve 13.2 9.50 3.35 2.36 2.00 1.18 0.600 0.425 0.300 0.212 0.150 0.63
aperture
size(mm)
Mass 0 2.0 17.7 8.3 4.7 16.0 27.3 18.1 20.0 22.1 24.5 26.9
retained(g)
% Retained 0 0.57 5.05 2.37 1.34 4.57 7.8 5.17 5.71 6.31 7.0 7.68
%Passing 100 99 94 92 90 86 78 73 67 61 54 46
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS CURVE

100
90
80
70
60
50 Passing(%)
40
30
20
10
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve aperture size (mm)
FINES (%)=46 SAND (%) =44 GRAVEL (%) = 10
17
Masaka
Date: 20/6/24 Borehole No: 2
Description of soil: Reddish brown lateritic soil Depth of Sample: 1.50 m
Sieve 13.2 9.50 3.35 2.36 2.00 1.18 0.600 0.425 0.300 0.212 0.150 0.63
aperture
size(mm)
Mass 0 12.6 99.1 29.7 11.1 30.2 34.4 22.2 16.1 15.5 11.9 10.3
retained(g)
% Retained 0 3.6 23.31 8.48 3.17 8.62 9.82 6.34 4.6 4.42 3.4 2.94
%Passing 100 96 73 64 61 52 43 36 32 27 24 21

100
90
80
70
60
Passing(%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Masaka:
18
Description of soil: Reddish brown lateritic soil Depth of Sample: 1.50m
Sieve aperture 13.2 9.50 3.35 2.36 2.00 1.18 0.600 0.425 0.300 0.212 0.150 0.63
size(mm)
Mass retained(g) 0 0 13.1 9.5 3.7 11.0 14.6 11.7 18.5 38.8 56.5 66.1
% Retained 0 0 3.74 2.71 1.05 3.14 4.17 3.34 5.28 11.08 16.14 18.88
%Passing 100 100 96 93 92 89 85 81 76 65 49 30

100
90
80
70
60
Passing(%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
19
APPENDIX IV
ATTERBERG’S CONSISTENCY LIMIT (Liquid limit using the Cassagrande Apparatus)

Masaka
Description of soil: Brown lateritic soil Depth of Sample: 1.5m
Soil equilibrated with water for: 24hr Sample No: B
Test/No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Type of test LL LL LL LL PL PL
No. of blows (liquid limit 13 18 28 37 - -
test)
Container No. 160 161 162 163 164 165
Mass of wet soil 76.30 72.5 73.1 70.1 46.5 49.9
+container (g)
Mass of dry soil 53.40 52.4 54.3 53.5 39.1 41.7
+container (g)
Mass of container (g) 7.80 8.00 8.00 7.80 7.80 8.00
Mass of moisture (g) 22.9 20.1 18.8 16.6 7.4 8.2
Mass of dry soil (g) 45.6 44.4 46.3 45.7 31.3 33.7
Moisture content (%) 50.3 45.3 40.6 36.3 23.6 24.3
LIQUID LIMIT PLOT

60
50
Moisture content (%)
40
30
20
10
0
6.25 12.5 25 50
NO. of Blows
Liquid Limit (%):42 Linear Shrinkage (%):12
Plastic Limit (%):24 Soil Classification: Inorganic clay of intermediate Plasticity.
Plasticity index (%):18

Masaka
20
Description of soil: Reddish brown lateritic soil. Depth of Sample: 1.5m
Test/No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of blows (liquid 11 17 22 31 - -
limit test)
Container No. 537 538 539 540 541 542
Mass of wet soil 68.3 66.9 68.4 62.5 41.6 43.0
+container (g)
Mass of dry soil 53.6 53.5 56.0 52.6 38.3 39.4
+container (g)
Mass of dry soil (g) 45.6 45.7 48.2 44.6 30.3 31.6
LIQUID LIMIT PLOT

35
30
25
20
15
10
0
6.25 12.5 25
NO. of Blows
Liquid Limit (%): 24 Linear Shrinkage (%): 9
Plastic Limit (%):`11 Soil Classification: Inorganic Clay of Low Plasticity.
Plasticity index (%): 13

Masaka
21
Description of soil: Reddish brown lateritic soil Depth of Sample: 1.5m
Test/No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of blows (liquid limit 12 21 32 40 - -
test)
Container No. 061 062 063 064 065 066
Mass of wet soil 94.4 80.3 78.2 78.0 39.0 44.4
+container (g)
Mass of dry soil 63.4 57.6 58.0 58.1 33.3 37.9
+container (g)
Mass of dry soil (g) 55.6 49.8 50.2 51.0 25.5 30.1
LIQUID LIMIT PLOT

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
6.25 12.5 25 50
NO. of Blows
Liquid Limit (%):43 Linear Shrinkage (%):12
Plastic Limit (%):22 Soil Classification: Inorganic Clay of intermediate Plasticity.
Plasticity index (%):21
22
APPENDIX IV (PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST)
DATE: 20/6/24 SAMPLE ID: B
SOIL DESCRIPTION: Reddish brownish lateritic soil DEPTH: 1.50
TOTAL MASS OF SAMPLES: 5KG BOREHOLE: 1
Wt. of mould and wet soil w2(g) 3512 3642 3807 3921 3826
Wt. of mould 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840
w1(g)
Wt. of wet soil (w2-w1) (g) 1672 1802 1967 2081 1986
Bulk density(ƿ)=w2-w1/x 1.67 1.80 1.97 2.08 1.97
(Mg/m3)
Container No 001 002 003 004 005

Wt. of wet soil and container (g) 51.19 51.13 55.25 55.61 58.82
Wt. of dry soil and container (g) 49.33 48.21 51.00 50.32 51.50
Wt. of container (g) 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
Wt. of dry soil(Wd) (g) 41.33 40.21 43.00 42.32 43.50
Wt. of moisture (Wm) (g) 1.86 2.92 4.25 5.29 7.32
Moisture content (m) 100Wm/Wd 4.50 7.26 9.88 12.50 16.83
(%)
Dry density ƿd=100ƿ/100+m 1.60 1.68 1.79 1.85 1.70
(Mg/m3)
MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT

RELATIONSHIP
1.9
MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY (Mg/M3)
1.85
1.8
1.75
1.7
1.65
1.6
1.55
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT (%)
Maximum Dry Density (Mg/m3): 1.85 Optimum Moisture Content (%):

12.00
23
SOIL DESCRIPTION: Reddish- brown soil. . DEPTH: 1.50
Wt. of mould 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840
w1(g)
Wt. of wet soil (w2-w1) (g) 1578 1799 2009 2168 2080
(Mg/m3)
Container No 001 002 003 004 005

Wt. of container (g) 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
Wt. of dry soil(Wd) (g) 40.63 40.55 41.32 41.43 42.32
(%)
Dry density ƿd=100ƿ/100+m 1.50 1.68 1.85 1.95 1.80
(Mg/m3)

RELATIONSHIP
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Maximum Dry Density (Mg/m3): 1.95 Optimum Moisture Content

(%):11.0
24
SOIL DESCRIPTION: Reddish-brown lateritic soil. . DEPTH: 1.50
Wt. of mould 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840
w1(g)
Wt. of wet soil (w2-w1) (g) 1632 1764 1941 2050 1922
(Mg/m3)
Container No 011 012 013 014 015

Wt. of container (g) 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
Wt. of dry soil(Wd) (g) 44.12 43.60 44.11 43.25 45.11
(%)
Dry density ƿd=100ƿ/100+m 1.55 1.63 1.73 1.78 1.60
(Mg/m3)

RELATIONSHIP
1.85
1.8
1.75
1.7
1.65
1.6
1.55
1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Maximum Dry Density (Mg/m3): 1.80 Optimum Moisture Content (%):

14.50
25
APPENDIX IV (UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL STRENGHT TEST)
PROJECT NAME: SAMPLE NO: B
SAMPLING DEPTH: 1.50m PIT NO: 1
DESCRIPTION: Reddish brown lateritic soil LOCATON:
DATE: 20/6/24
TEST NO. NORMAL INITIAL INITIAL DEVIATOR MAXIMUM

PRESSURE BULK MOISTURE STRESS SHEAR
(KN/m2) DENSITY CONTENT (KN/m2) STRESS
(KG/m3) (%) (KN/m3)
1 100 1525 25.0 197 297
2 200 1530 26.5 294 494
3 300 1533 27.2. 319 619
600
SHEAR STRESS (KN/M2)
500
((KN/m2)KN/m2
300 400 200
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
NORMAL STRESS (KN/M2)
COHESION (KN/m2) 60
ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION (ᴓo) 18
26
SAMPLING DEPTH: `1.5m PIT NO: 2
DESCRIPTION: Reddish brown lateritic soil. LOCATON:
DATE: 20/6/24

(KG/m3) (%) (KN/m3)
1 100 1520 25.2 210 310
2 200 1533 24.5 296 496
3 300 1521 24.0 347 647
600
500
((KN/m2)KN/m2
300 400 200
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
COHESION (KN/m2) 62
27
SAMPLING DEPTH: 2m PIT NO: 3
DESCRIPTION: Reddish brown lateritic soil. LOCATON:
DATE: 20/6/24

(KG/m3) (%) (KN/m3)
1 100 1450 27.3 136 236
2 200 1485 28.8 208 408
3 300 1460 29.5 210 510
600
500
((KN/m2)KN/m2
300 400 200
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
COHESION (KN/m2) 65
28

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SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT

MEWER INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY,

CLIENT: GEOTECHNICAL ENGRS:

Nasarawa State. TEL: 08134921464

Gonin gora, Kaduna.

1.1 SCOPE OF WORK

The investigation includes the follow activities:

c. Determination of bearing capacity parameters and recommendation of foundation depths

1.2 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

The site is accessible by a network of tarred and dirt roads.

1.3 TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE

2.1 DETAILED FIELD INVESTIGATION

Figure 2 Pitting on site

Figure 3 Pit logging and representative sampling

a. Natural moisture content (N.M.C)

c. Particle size gradation or sieve analysis

d Specific gravity (GS)

e. Bulk density (ρb)

f. Proctor compaction test

g. Undrained triaxial strength test.

2.4.1 NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT (N.M.C)

2.4.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY (GS)

2.4.4 PARTICLE SIZE GRADATION (SIEVE ANALYSIS)

2.4.5 ATTERBERG’S CONSISTENCY LIMITS

Low Intermediate High Very high Extreme

LIQUID LIMIT LL (%)

C (CLAY) M (SILT) H (HIGH PLASTICITY) L (LOW PLASTICITY) O (ORGANIC)

I (INTERMEDIATE) V (VERY) E (EXTREME)

Figure 4: Cassagrande A-LINE CHART for soil classification

S/N Sample Depth Moisture Specific Bulk Atterberg’s Particle size

1 A 1.00 12.17 2.22 1650 40 25 15 11 12 45 43

2.4.7 PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

2.4.8 UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Table 2: Soil strength test results

Soil Soil parameter Consistency

4. That the width of the footing be laid according to structural design.

Description Sample ID: A

Description Sample ID: B

Description Sample ID: C

SPECIFIC GRAVITY/ BULK DENSITY DETERMINATION

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

Operator: Site: Mewer International University,

Date: 20/6/24: Borehole No: 1

Description of soil: Brown lateritic soil Depth of Sample: 1.50m

Total mass sieved (g): 350 Sample No- B

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS CURVE

FINES (%)=46 SAND (%) =44 GRAVEL (%) = 10

Date: 20/6/24 Borehole No: 2

Description of soil: Reddish brown lateritic soil Depth of Sample: 1.50 m

Total mass sieved (g): 350 Sample No- B

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS CURVE

FINES (%)=21 SAND (%) =40 GRAVEL (%) = 18

Operator: Site: Mewer International University,

Date: 20/6/24 Borehole No: 3

Total mass sieved (g): 350 Sample No- B

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS CURVE

FINES (%)=30 SAND (%) =62 GRAVEL (%) = 8

Operator: Site: Mewer International University,

Description of soil: Brown lateritic soil Depth of Sample: 1.5m