Review of Literature
Review of Literature
Review of Literature
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1. Primary Sources
Literature review mostly relies on primary sources,
i.e. research reports, which are description of studies
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written by researchers who conducted them.
A primary sources is written by a person who
developed the theory or conducted the research, or is
the description of an investigation written by the
person who conducted it.
Most primary sources are found in published
literature.
For example, a nursing research article.
Example of a primary source: An original qualitative on
A credible literature review reflects the use of mainly
patient experiences in the ICU: Hupcey, J. E. (2000). Feeling
primary sources.
safe the psychosocial needs of ICU patients. Journal of
Nursing Scholarship, 32:361-367.
2.Secondary
Secondary Sources
source research documents are
description of studies prepared by someone other
than the original researcher.
They are written by people other than the
individuals who developed the theory or conducted
the research.
The secondary sources may be used when
primary sources are not available or if researchers
ExwaamnptleexotfearnSaelcoopndinairoynSsoounrcaen:Aislsiteureatourreprreovbielwemonor
patient experiences in the ICU: Stein-Parbury, J. & Mckinley,
S.even
(2000)the results
patient of their own
experiences research.
of being in an intensive care
unit: a select literature review. American Journal of critical
care, 9:20-27.
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Magazines Electronic
& database
newspapers
Research Books
Resources
Reports of
literature
Encyclopedia review
Journals
&
dictionary
Theses Conference
papers
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1. Electronic Sources:
Computer-assisted literature search has
revolutionized the review of literature.
These searches, however, for a variety of
reasons may not provide the desired
references.
Electronic literature search through web may
be very useful, but sometimes it can be time
consuming & unpredictable because there are
many website & web pages that can lead to
information overload & confusion.
Count…
General literature search can be conducted
through search engines like Yahoo
(www.yahoosearch.com), Google
(www.google.com), MSN search, Lycos,
WebCrawler, Alta Vista, or Excite.
The most relevant nursing databases are as
follows:
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied
Health Literature): Accessible at
http://www.cinahl.com, it citations of nursing
literature published after 1988. Even full-text
articles are available on CINAHL plus, a paid web
page.
PubMed: PubMed can be used to search research
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t idavra
. bloiglsapobc.tloem at http://pubmed.com
MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis &
Count… System Online): It is another electronic
Retrieved
source of literature review commonly used by
nurses. The National Library of Medicine provides
free access to MEDLINE through PubMed, available
at www.pubmed.com or
http://ncbi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi. generally,
abstracts of research articles are provided free of
cost; some of the full-text copies are also freely
available & some others are available for a free.
Cochrane Database of System Reviews: Health
care-related literature can be searched from this
source, available at http://www.cochrane.org.
ERIC: The ERIC database is the largest source of
eduwcwwa.dtrjiaoyenshpiantidfao.brrlomgspaottc.ioomn.A free search may be carried
count,…
Registry of Nursing Research: Sigma Theta Tau
International Honor Society of Nursing makes this
database available through its Virginia Henderson
International Nursing Library. Access to this
database has been redesigned & made easier for
users to obtain evidence & scientific findings from
more than 2,200 research article & conference
abstracts. The research abstracts are searched via
key words, author, & title of the research study.
Free access to this database may be found at
http://www.nursinglibrary.org
psycINFO: The psycINFO database belongs to American
Psychological Association, & covers literature from
psychological or related disciplinesw. wIwtd.mrjaayeyshpbaetidas.e
r bloagsrpcoht.ceomdat
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Online Journals: Following are the website addresses for
journals & magazines that are available online:
http://www.nursefriendly.com/nursing/linksections/nursingjorn
al.html
http://www.nsna.org
http://www.healthweb.org
http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php
http://www.healthweb.org.browse.cfm?catergy=1727
http://www.juns.nursing.arizona.edu
http://www.medbioworld.com
http://www.nursingworld.org.ojin
http://www.eaa-knowledge.com.ojni/#
http://www.nursingweek.com
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Count…
Other online databases: Many other online database can be
searched for free by nurses from the following websites:
http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov (HIV/AIDS information)
http://www.hazmap.nlm.nih.gov (information on hazardous
agents)
http://www.child.nih.gov (combined health information
database)
http://www.toxinet.nlm.nih.gov (toxicology database network)
Cancer Lit (Cancer literature)
EMBASE (exerpta Medica Database)
ETOH (Alcohol & alcohol problems science database)
Health STAR (Health services technology administration
& research)
Radix (Nursing managed care databse)
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CD-ROM (Compact disc-read only memory) with research
2. Printed Sources:
Printed sources are also used for literature review.
Printed research summary may be located from
published abstracts such as Nursing Research
Abstract, Psychological Abstracts, Dissertation Abstract
International, Masters Abstract International, etc.
References of the other printed sources may be located
through indexes such as cumulative Index to Nursing &
Allied Health Literature, Nursing Studies Index, & Index
Medicus.
Following are the main printed sources that can be
used to review the relevant literature:
Research reports
Unpublished dissertations & theses
Magazines & newspapers
Conference papers & proceedings
Encyclopedias & dictionaries
Books
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Thematic More
Bibliography reading
Organization
Write
Integrate
individual
sections
sections
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• A bibliography is a comprehensive list of
sources that an individual has consulted or
cited in their research, academic work, or
written project. It typically appears at the end of
a document and provides information about
each source to allow readers to locate the
referenced materials.
• Common elements in a bibliography entry
include the author's name, title of the work,
publication date, publisher, and, if applicable,
the page numbers or URL
• Creating an annotated bibliography involves summarizing
and evaluating sources you've used for a research
project. Each entry typically includes a citation followed
by a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph. Here's
an example of how you might format an annotated
bibliography entry:
• 1. Author, A. (Year). Title of the Article. Journal Name,
Volume(Issue), Page Range. DOI/Publisher.
• In this article, Author A explores [main topic]. The study
examines [specific aspects of the topic] and presents [key
findings]. The author employs [research methods],
providing [strengths and limitations of the study]. The
information from this source is valuable for my research
because [explain how it contributes to your project].
Stage I – Annotated Bibliography
At this stage, researchers read articles,
books & other types of literature related to the
topic of research & write a brief critical
synopsis of each review.
After going through the reading list,
researchers will have an annotation of each
source of related literature.
Later, annotations are likely to include more
references of other work since previous
readings will be available to compare, but at
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this point the important goal is to get accurate
EXAMPLES
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Stage V – Integrate Sections
In this section, researchers have a list of
the thematic sections & they tie them
together with an introduction, conclusion, &
some additions & revisions in the sections
to show how they relate to each other & to
the overall theme.
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Introduction
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Writing the Introduction…
While writing the introduction, following steps should
be taken care of:
Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of
concern, thus, providing appropriate context for
reviewing the literature.
Point out overall trends in what has been published
about the topic or conflicts in theory, methodology,
evidence, & conclusion or gaps in research &
scholarship, or a single problem or new perspective
of immediate interest.
Establish the writer’s point of view for reviewing the
literature, explain the criteria to be used in analyzing
& cwowmw.dprjaayesrhipnatgidarlb.itloegsrpaott.cuomre& organization or review
Writing the Body…
Following measures need to be undertaken while writing
the body of the literature.
Group research studies & other types of literature
(reviews, theoretical articles, case studies) according to
common denominators such as qualitative versus
quantitative approaches, conclusions of authors, specific
purposes or objectives, chronology, & so on.
Summarize individual studies or articles with as much as
or as little detail as each merits according to its
comparative importance in the literature, remembering
that space denotes significance.
Assist the reader with strong ‘umbrella' sentences at the
beginning of paragraphs, signpost throughout, & brief
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‘so what’ summary sentences at intermediate points in
Writing the Conclusion…
The points to be taken care of in the conclusion are
as follows:
Summarize major contributions of significant
studies & articles to the body of knowledge under
review, maintaining the focus established in the
introduction.
Evaluate the current ‘state of the art’ for the body of
knowledge reviewed, pointing out major
methodological flaws or gaps in research,
inconsistencies in theory, & finding & areas or
issues pertinent to future study.
Cownwwcd.lrujaydesehpabtidya.brplogrsopovc.tiodmingsome insight into the
relationship between central topic of the literature
Example…
Example of a bad
review
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Organization of literature review:
Count…A literature review is organized by subtopic, not by individual
references. In a typical literature review, the writers may cite
several references in the same paragraph & may cite the same
reference in more than one paragraph, if that source address more
than one of the subtopics in the literature review. Typically,
discussion of each sources is quite brief. The contribution the
present reviewers make is organizing the ideas from the sources
into a cogent argument or narrative that includes their perspectives.
Referring original source:
The reviewer should focus on citing the material that
originates with each reference. This may require a careful reading
of the reference. If the reference author refers to another source
whose ideas are relevant or interesting, it is better to track & use
that original reference.
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