Dr.

J Shaikh
Assistant Professor
Geotechnical Engineering 2 ⇒ Assignment 2 Department of Civil Engineering

Assignment 2 on Unit 2 (Soil Bearing Capacity)

[Answers]
Q.1. Short answer type questions:
a) Differentiate between footing and foundation.
Answer: ⇒A foundation is the part of a structure which exists below the ground level and transmits the loads to the
soil. Whereas a footing is the lower most portion of the foundation of a structure that transmit loads directly to the soil.
b) What is bearing capacity of a soil mass.
Answer: ⇒Bearning capacity of a soil is defined as the maximum stress which the soil can bear without
failure. It is the supporting power of the soil.
c) Define safe and allowable bearing capacity of a soil mass.
Answer: ⇒ Safe bearing capacity is defined as the maximum stress which the soil can carry safely without
ultimate bearing capacity q
the risk of shear failure. Mathematically, safe bearing capacity = = Ff .
factor of safety
Allowable bearing capacity is the net loading intensity at which neither the soil fails in shear nor there is
excessive settlement harmful to the structure.
d) Illustrate different types of bearing capacity failure.
Answer: ⇒ The following figure illustrates three types of bearing capacity failures which are (1) general
shear failure, (2) local shear failure and (3) punching shear failure.
B Load
Settlement

(a) General shear failure

Load
Settlement

(b) Local shear failure Load

Settlement
Settlement

(c) Punching shear failure

e) Compare among three various types of bearing capacity failure.

Answer: ⇒ The following table shows the comparison among three types of bearing capacity failure.

Failure characteristics General shear failure Local shear failure Punching shear failure
Well defined and reaches clearly defined and does not
Failure pattern and surface Not observed
up to ground surface reach up to ground surface
Bulging of sheared soil
Considerable Slight Not observed
mass around the footing
Tilting of footing Observed Not observed Not observed
Ultimate bearing capacity Well defined Not well defined Not well defined

Page 1 of 6
 Dr. J Shaikh
Assistant Professor
Geotechnical Engineering 2 ⇒ Assignment 2 Department of Civil Engineering

f) What do you mean by strip footing?

Answer: ⇒ Strip footing shown in figure below is one kind of shallow foundation that are used to provide a
continuous support for linear structures such as walls or closely-spaced rows of columns.

Elevation
Isometric view Plan view Elevation
Isometric view Plan view
g) Mention the criteria based on which a foundation is called to be a shallow or deep foundation.
Answer: ⇒According to Karl Terzaghi, a foundation is called to be shallow if its depth (D) is less than or
equal to its width (B) whereas a foundation is called to be deep if its depth (D) is greater than its width (B).

Ground Level

D A foundation is shallow if D
A foundation is deep if D

B
Foundation
h) What might be the modes of failure of a footing placed at shallow depth in very dense sand and in very loose sand.
Answer: ⇒ A footing placed at shallow depth in very dense sand, will undergoes general shear failure whereas a
footing placed at shallow depth in very loose sand will undergo punching shear failure.
i) Calculate bearing capacity factors Nc and Nq for 27°, if their values are 25.13 and 12.72 at 25°; 37.16 and 22.46 at 30°.

Angle of
Nc Nq
internal friction

25° 25.13 12.72

(37.16 − 25.13) (22.46 − 12.72)

27° 25.13 + × (27 − 25) = 29.94 12.72 + × (27 − 25) = 16.62
(30 − 25) (30 − 25)

30° 37.16 22.46

j) Based on Rankine’s analysis, calculate the minimum depth of foundation in a soil having internal angle of friction (∅)
of 30° and unit weight of 18.5 kN/m3 if the soil is subjected under a load intensity of 25 kN/m2 from the foundation.
Answer: ⇒ According to Rankine’s analysis,
𝑞 1−sin ∅ 2 25 1−sin 30° 2
the minimum depth of foundation = 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝛾 (1+sin ∅) = 18.3 (1+sin 30°) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟐 m (Ans.)

Page 2 of 6
 Dr. J Shaikh
Assistant Professor
Geotechnical Engineering 2 ⇒ Assignment 2 Department of Civil Engineering

Q.2 Long answer type questions:

a) Design a strip footing to carry a load of 750 kN/m at a depth of 1.6 m in 𝑐 − ∅ soil having a unit weight of 18 kN/m3
and shear strength parameters as 𝑐 = 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 and ∅ = 30°. Determine the width of footing, using a factor of safety
of 3 against shear failure. Use Terzaghi’s analysis. [Consider 𝑁𝑐 = 37.2, 𝑁𝑞 = 22.5, 𝑁𝛾 = 19.7 for ∅ = 30°]
Solution: ⇒ Assuming general shear failure, based on Terzaghi’s analysis, ,
we know ultimate bearing capacity 𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝐵𝛾𝑁𝛾 for a rectangular footing.
Where, 𝑐 = 20 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 , 𝑁𝑐 = 37.2, 𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 = 18 × 1.6 = 28.8 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2, 𝑁𝑞 = 22.5, 𝛾 = 18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 , 𝑁𝛾 = 19.7
=?
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 20 × 37.2 + 28.8 × 22.5 + 0.5 × 𝐵 × 18 × 19.7 = 1392 + 177.3𝐵
𝑞𝑢 1392+177.3𝐵 750 750
Hence, allowable load per unit area = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = applied load intensity = =
𝐹 3 𝐵×1 𝐵
1392+177.3𝐵 750
⇒ 3
= 𝐵
⇒ 1392𝐵 + 177.3𝐵2 = 2250 ⇒ 𝐵2 + 7.85𝐵 − 12.68 = 0
−7.85+√7.85×7.85−4×1×(−12.68)
𝐵= 2×1
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟒 m (Ans.)

b) A square footing of 2.5𝑚 × 2.5𝑚 is built in a homogeneous of sand of unit weight of 20 kN/m3 and having an internal
angle of friction (∅) of 36°. The depth of footing is 1.5 m below the ground level. Compute the safe bearing load (Q)
that can be carried by the footing with the factor of safety of 3 against complete shear failure. Use Terzaghi’s analysis.
(Using Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factor of 𝑁𝑐 = 65.4, 𝑁𝑞 = 49.4, 𝑁𝛾 = 54.0 )
Q=?
Ground Level

∅ = 𝟑𝟔°
1.5 m
= 𝟐𝟎 ⁄𝒎𝟑
=𝟎

Solution: ⇒ Since the soil is dense, and ∅ = 36°, the footing is likely failed by general shear failure. As 𝑐 = 0, 𝑞𝑢 =
𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝐵𝛾𝑁𝛾 (for square footing)
where 𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 = 20 × 1.5 = 30 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 , 𝑁𝑞 = 49.4, 𝛾 = 20 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 , B = 2.5, 𝑁𝛾 = 54.0
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 30 × 49.4 + 0.4 × 2.5 × 20 × 54 = 2562 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝑞𝑢 2562
⸫ 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑞𝑠 = 3
= 3
= 854 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

Therefore, safe load = 𝑞𝑠 × 𝐵2 = 854 × 2.52 = 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 kN (Ans.)

c) A 30 cm square bearing plate settles by 8 mm in the plate load test on a cohesionless soil, when the intensity of loading
is 180 kN/m2. Estimate the settlement of a shallow foundation of 1.6 m square shape under the same intensity of loading.
2
B (B +0.3)
Solution: ⇒ We know, Settlement of foundation = Sf = Sp [Bf (Bp +0.3)]
p f

Where, the settlement of plate = 𝑆𝑝 = 8 𝑚𝑚, the breadth of plate = 𝐵𝑝 = 30 𝑐𝑚 = 0.3 𝑚

& breadth of foundation = 𝐵𝑓 = 1.6 𝑚
2
Bf (Bp +0.3) 1.6×(0.3+0.3) 2
Therefore, the required settlement of foundation = Sf = Sp [B (B +0.3)
] = 8 × [0.3×(1.6+0.3)] = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎𝒎 (Ans.)
p f

Page 3 of 6
 Dr. J Shaikh
Assistant Professor
Geotechnical Engineering 2 ⇒ Assignment 2 Department of Civil Engineering

d) A rectangular footing of dimension 2𝑚 × 3𝑚 rests on a 𝑐 − ∅ soil, with its base at 1.5 m below the ground surface.
Calculate the safe bearing capacity, using a factor of safety of 3 on (i) net ultimate bearing capacity, and (ii) ultimate
bearing capacity. The soil has following parameters: 𝛾 = 18 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ; 𝑐 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2; ∅=
30°. 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑎𝑔ℎ𝑖 ′ 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠.
Solution: ⇒ Given, width of foundation = B = 2 m, length of foundation = L = 3m, depth of foundation = 𝐷𝑓 = 1.5 m,
factor of safety = F = 3, unit weight of soil = 𝛾 = 18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3, Soil cohesion = 𝑐 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 & angle of internal
soil friction = ∅ = 30°, ∴ 𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 = 18 × 1.5 = 27 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 and for ∅ = 30°. 𝑁𝑐 = 37.2, 𝑁𝑞 = 22.5 and 𝑁𝛾 = 19.7
Based on Terzaghi’s theory, equation for the ultimate bearing capacity (𝑞𝑢 ) for rectangular foundation is given below
B B
Ultimate bearing capacity = 𝑞𝑢 = (1 + 0.3 L ) cNc + qNq + 0.5 × (1 − 0.2 L ) BγNγ
2 2
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = (1 + 0.3 × ) × 10 × 37.2 + 27 × 22.5 + 0.5 × (1 − 0.2 × ) × 2 × 18 × 19.7
3 3

⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 446.4 + 607.5 + 307.32 = 1361.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

∴ 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑞𝑛𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝛾𝐷𝑓 = 1361.2 − 18 × 1.5 = 1334.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑞𝑛𝑢 1334.2
(i) Hence, safe bearing capacity = 𝑞𝑠 = 𝐹
+ 𝛾𝐷𝑓 = 3
+ 18 × 1.5 = 𝟒𝟕𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 /𝒎𝟐 (Ans.)
𝑞𝑢 1361.2
(ii) Applying factor of safety (F) on 𝑞𝑢 , We get safe bearing capacity = 𝑞𝑠 = 𝐹
= 3
= 𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟑 /𝒎𝟐 (Ans.)

e) Determine the depth at which a circular footing of 2 m diameter be founded to provide a factor of safety of 3, if it has
to carry a safe load of 1600 kN. The foundation soil has 𝛾 = 18 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ; 𝑐 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2; ∅ =
30°. 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑧𝑎𝑔ℎ𝑖 ′ 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠.
Solution: ⇒ Given, diameter of foundation = d = 2 m, depth of foundation = 𝐷𝑓 = ?, unit weight of soil = 𝛾 =
18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3, Safe load = 1600 kN. Ssil cohesion = 𝑐 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ∴ 𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 = 18 × 1.5 = 27 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 and for ∅ =
30°. 𝑁𝑐 = 37.2, 𝑁𝑞 = 22.5 and 𝑁𝛾 = 19.7
Based on Terzaghi’s theory, equation for the ultimate bearing capacity (𝑞𝑢 ) for circular footing is given below
Ultimate bearing capacity = 𝑞𝑢 = 1.3cNc + 𝛾𝐷𝑓 Nq + 0.5 × 0.3BγNγ
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 × 10 × 37.2 + 18𝐷𝑓 × 22.5 + 0.5 × 0.3 × 2 × 18 × 19.7 = 696.36 + 405𝐷𝑓
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 446.4 + 607.5 + 307.32 = 1361.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
∴ 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑞𝑛𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝛾𝐷𝑓 = 696.36 + 405𝐷𝑓 − 18𝐷𝑓 = 696.36 + 387𝐷𝑓
𝑞𝑛𝑢 696.36+387𝐷𝑓
Hence, safe bearing capacity = 𝑞𝑠 = + 𝛾𝐷𝑓 = + 18𝐷𝑓 = 232.12 + 147𝐷𝑓 (Eqn. 1)
𝐹 3

(Assuming the factor of safety = F = 3)

𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1600 1600
But, actual safe load intensity = 𝑞𝑠 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝜋 2 =𝜋 = 509.3 (Eqn. 2)
𝑑 ×22
4 4

509.3−232.12
Equating both the equation, we get 232.12 + 147𝐷𝑓 = 509.3 ⇒ 𝐷𝑓 = = 1.88
147

Hence, required depth of the footing is 𝐷𝑓 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 m (Ans.)

Page 4 of 6
 Dr. J Shaikh
Assistant Professor
Geotechnical Engineering 2 ⇒ Assignment 2 Department of Civil Engineering

f) A strip footing 2 m wide carries a load intensity of 400 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.2 m in sand. The saturated unit weight of
sand is 19.5kN/m3 and unit weight above the water table is 16.8kN/m3. The shear strength parameters are 𝑐 =
0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ = 35°. Determine the factor of safety with respect to shear failure for the following cases of location of water
table. (i) Water table is 4 m below G.L. (ii) Water table is 1.2 m below G.L. (iii) Water table is 2.5 m below G.L.
(iv) Water table is 0.5 m below G.L. (v) Water table is at G.L. Use Terzaghi’s analyses.
Solution: ⇒ Given: width of foundation = B = 2 m, depth of foundation = 𝐷 = 1.2 m, factor of safety = F = 3, saturated
unit weight of sand = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3, unit weight of sand above GWT = 𝛾 = 16.8 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 , Soil cohesion =
𝑐 = 0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 & angle of internal soil friction = ∅ = 35°
Based on Terzaghi’s theory, equation for the ultimate bearing capacity (𝑞𝑢 ) for strip footing is given below
qu = cNc + qNq + 0.5BγNγ ⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = cNc + 𝛾𝐷Nq + 0.5BγNγ as we know, 𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷
Considering the water reduction factor and Soil cohesion = 𝑐 = 0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 for the present case,
We get, 𝑞𝑢 = cNc + 𝛾𝐷Nq + 0.5BγNγ ⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 𝛾𝐷Nq 𝑅𝑤1 + 0.5BγNγ 𝑅𝑤2
Zw1 Zw2
Where R w1 = 0.5 (1 + )when Zw1 D and R w2 = 0.5 (1 + ) when D < Zw2 D+B
D B
Assuming general shear failure, we get 𝑁𝑞 = 41.4 and 𝑁𝛾 = 42.4 for ∅ = 35°
𝑞𝑢 = 𝛾𝐷Nq 𝑅𝑤1 + 0.5BγNγ 𝑅𝑤2 ⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 41.4 × 1.2𝛾𝑅𝑤1 + 0.5 × 2 × 42.4γ𝑅𝑤2
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 49.68𝛾𝑅𝑤1 + 42.4γ𝑅𝑤2
❖ Case (i) where the water table is 4 m below GL:
Zw1 1.2
R w1 = 0.5 (1 + D
) = 0.5 (1 + 1.2) = 1
Zw2 2 = = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
R w2 = 0.5 (1 + 𝐵
) = 0.5 (1 + 2) = 1
There is no effect of water table
∴ 𝛾 = 16.8 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 for both surcharge and G.L. G.L.
wedge soil
∴ 𝑞𝑢 = 49.68𝛾𝑅𝑤1 + 42.4γ𝑅𝑤2 D 𝟏 = = 𝟏. 𝟐
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 49.68 × 16.8 × 1 + 42.4 × 16.8 × 1
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 1546.94 𝑘𝑁 B
Now the actual allowable working load 4m
B = =𝟐
= 𝑞𝑢 = 400 𝑘𝑁 (given) 𝟐

Hence, factor of safety = FOS

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑞 1546.94
= 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 𝑞𝑢 = 400
= 3.87
𝑎
. . .
Hence, required FOS = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 (Ans.)

❖ Case (ii) where the water table is 1.2 m below GL:

Zw1 1.2
R w1 = 0.5 (1 + D
) = 0.5 (1 + 1.2) = 1
Z 0 = = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
R w2 = 0.5 (1 + 𝐵w2 ) = 0.5 (1 + 2) = 0.5
⁄ 3
∴ 𝛾 = 16.8 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 for surcharge soil
And 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 for wedge soil G.L. G.L.
∴ 𝑞𝑢 = 49.68𝛾𝑅𝑤1 + 42.4𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑤2
Surcharge

⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 49.68 × 16.8 × 1 + 42.4 × 19.5 × 0.5 1.2 m D 𝟏 = = 𝟏. 𝟐

⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 1248.024 𝑘𝑁 . . .
Now the actual allowable working load B
= 𝑞𝑢 = 400 𝑘𝑁 (given) 𝟐 =𝟎
Hence, factor of safety = FOS B
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑞𝑢 1248.02
= 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 𝑞𝑎
= 400
= 3.12
Hence, required FOS = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 (Ans.)

Page 5 of 6
 Dr. J Shaikh
Assistant Professor
Geotechnical Engineering 2 ⇒ Assignment 2 Department of Civil Engineering

Case (iii) where the water table is 2.5 m below GL:

Zw1 1.2
R w1 = 0.5 (1 + D
) = 0.5 (1 + 1.2) = 1
Zw2 1.3
R w2 = 0.5 (1 + 𝐵
) = 0.5 (1 + 2
)
= = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
⇒ R w2 = 0.825
∴ 𝛾 = 16.8 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 for surcharge soil
16.8×1.3+19.5×0.7
And 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 1.3+0.7 G.L.
G.L.
⁄ 3
⇒ 𝛾𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 17.745 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 for wedge soil

Surcharge
∴ 𝑞𝑢 = 49.68𝛾𝑅𝑤1 + 42.4𝛾𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑅𝑤2 D 𝟏 = = 𝟏. 𝟐
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 49.68 × 16.8 × 1 + 42.4 × 17.75 × 0.825
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 1455.52 𝑘𝑁 B
2.5 m
Now the actual allowable working load 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟑
= 𝑞𝑢 = 400 𝑘𝑁 (given) B
. . .
Hence, factor of safety = FOS
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑞𝑢 1455.52
= = = = 3.64
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑞𝑎 400
Hence, required FOS = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟒 (Ans.)

❖ Case (iv) where the water table is 0.5 m below GL:

Zw1 0.5
R w1 = 0.5 (1 + D
) = 0.5 (1 + 1.2) = 0.71
Z 0
R w2 = 0.5 (1 + w2 ) = 0.5 (1 + ) = 0
𝐵 2 = = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
∴ 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
16.8×0.5+19.5×0.7 ❖ Case(iii) where the water
0.5+0.7
⇒ 𝛾𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 18.375 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 for surcharge soil table is 2.5 m below GL
G.L. G.L.
And 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 for wedge soil
∴ 𝑞𝑢 = 49.68𝛾𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑅𝑤1 + 42.4𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑤2
Surcharge

1.2 m 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓
D . . .
= 49.68 × 18.375 × 0.71 + 42.4 × 19.5 × 0.5
⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 1061.54 𝑘𝑁
Now the actual allowable working load B
𝟐 =𝟎
= 𝑞𝑢 = 400 𝑘𝑁 (given)
B
Hence, factor of safety = FOS
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑞 1060.54
= 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 𝑞𝑢 = 400
= 2.65
𝑎
Hence, required FOS = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 (Ans.)

❖ Case (v) where the water table is at GL:

Zw1 0
R w1 = 0.5 (1 + D
) = 0.5 (1 + 1.2) = 0.5
Zw2 0 = = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
R w2 = 0.5 (1 + 𝐵
) = 0.5 (1 + 2) = 0
∴ 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 for surcharge soil ❖ Case (iv) where the water
And 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 for wedge soil G.L. G.L.
. . .
∴ 𝑞𝑢 = 49.68𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑤1 + 42.4𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑤2 table is 0.5 m below GL:
Surcharge

= 49.68 × 19.5 × 0.5 + 42.4 × 19.5 × 0.5 D 𝟏 =𝟎

⇒ 𝑞𝑢 = 897.78 𝑘𝑁
Now the actual allowable working load B
𝟐 =𝟎
= 𝑞𝑢 = 400 𝑘𝑁 (given)
B
Hence, factor of safety = FOS
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑞 897.78
= 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 𝑞𝑢 = 400
= 2.24
𝑎
Hence, required FOS = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 (Ans.)

Page 6 of 6