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Chapter 8 Force and Pressure

Define the following:


1. Force: A push or pull exerted by an object on another is a force. It arises due to the interaction
between at least two objects. Force has both magnitude and direction. The strength of a force is
expressed in magnitude. It brings about a change in the direction or state of motion of a body.

2. Contact Force: A force that can be applied only when it is in contact with an object is called a
contact force. For example, hammering a nail.

3. Muscular Force: The force resulting due to the action of muscles is known as muscular force. For
example, writing, cutting vegetables.

4. Friction: The force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces. It acts between the
surface of the two bodies in contact.

5. Non-Contact Forces: A force that can be applied without any contact between two objects is
called non-contact force. For example, the magnet pulls the iron-pieces.

6. Magnetic Force: The force exerted by a magnet to pull/push a metallic object is called magnetic
force.

7. Gravitational Force: The force exerted by the earth to pull the objects towards itself is called the
force of gravity. Every object in the universe, whether small or large, exerts a force on every other
object. This force is called the force of gravity or just gravity.

8. Electrostatic Force: When a charged body, either having a (+) or (-) charge, exerts force on
another charged or uncharged body, that force is known as electrostatic force.

9. Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure exerted by atmospheric air around us is known as


atmospheric pressure.

Exercise Questions:

1. Give two examples each of situations in which you push or pull to change the state of motion of
objects

Soln:

1. Pull situations

a) In order to open a drawer, we have to pull it. This action changes the state of motion of the
drawer.

b) To draw water from the well, the rope is pulled. This action changes the state of motion of the
bucket.

2. Push Situations

a) A football is pushed by the foot of a player. This action changes the state of motion of the ball.
b) In order to change the place of the heavy box from one room to another, we have to push it. This
action changes the motion of the box.

2. Give two examples of situations in which applied force causes a change in the shape of an
object.

Soln:

The forces which change the shape of an object are as follows:

i) By pressing the clay between the hands, it deforms.

ii) The shape of the plastic bottle changes by squeezing it.

3. In the following situations identify the agent exerting the force and the object on which it acts.
State the effect of the force in each case.

(a) Squeezing a piece of lemon between the fingers to extract its juice.

(b) Taking out paste from a toothpaste tube.

(c) A load suspended from a spring while its other end is on a hook fixed to a wall.

(d) An athlete making a high jump to clear the bar at a certain height

Soln:

a) We make a muscular force to extract the juice of the lemon by squeezing it. As a result, the shape
of the lemon gets changed.

b) To take out paste from the toothpaste tube we use our muscular force. This muscular force acting
on the toothpaste tube leads to a change of its shape.

c) Here, the suspended load exerts a force on the spring and pushes the spring downwards. As a
result, the spring gets stretched. Hence, its shape gets changed.

d) The feet of the athlete exert the muscular force on the ground, which pushes the ground. This
allows him to jump over the bar. As a result, his state of motion gets changed.

4. A blacksmith hammers a hot piece of iron while making a tool. How does the force due to
hammering affect the piece of iron?

Soln:

A blacksmith uses his muscular force while hammering a hot piece of iron. The muscular force
changes the shape of the iron so that it can be given the desired shape.

5. An inflated balloon was pressed against a wall after it has been rubbed with a piece of synthetic
cloth. It was found that the balloon sticks to the wall. What force might be responsible for the
attraction between the balloon and the wall?

Soln:
When inflated balloon is rubbed with a piece of synthetic cloth, it gets electrically charged. A
charged body exerts an electrostatic force on uncharged body. Thus, when the charged balloon is
pressed against a wall, it sticks to the wall because of the electrostatic force acting between the
charged balloon and the wall.

6. Name the forces acting on a plastic bucket containing water held above ground level in your
hand. Discuss why the forces acting on the bucket do not bring a change in its state of motion.

Soln:

For holding the bucket of water above the ground, we use muscular force. This muscular force acts
against the force of gravity that pulls the bucket towards the ground. The two forces are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction. Therefore, the net force on the bucket is zero. Hence, there is
no change in the state of motion.

7. A rocket has been fired upwards to launch a satellite in its orbit. Name the two forces acting on
the rocket immediately after leaving the launching pad.

Soln:

The force of gravity is the one which acts on the rocket to pull it towards the ground and the other
one is the force of friction due to earth’s atmosphere, which opposes its motion.

8. What do you understand by state of Motion?

Ans. The state of motion of an object is described by its speed and the direction of motion. The state
of rest is considered to be the state of zero speed. An object may be at rest or in motion; both are its
states of motion.

9. What are the various effects of force?

Ans. Effects of force are:

i. It may change the state of motion of an object.

ii. It may change the speed of an object if it is moving.

iii. It may change the direction of motion of an object.

iv. It may bring about a change in the shape of an object.

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