Tourism Destination Management in A Post Pandemic Context Global Issues and Destination Management Solutions 1st Edition Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar
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Tourism Destination Management in a
Post-Pandemic Context
The COVID-19 pandemic has set major challenges for the tourism
industry at both global and local scales. Central to our understanding
of changes arising from and responses to the pandemic is the role of
destinations and their various stakeholders and communities. The
range of cases in this edited collection will provide useful insights
into the strategies that destination management organisations develop
in reaction to the effects of the pandemic and beyond.
Tourism is critical for travellers’ happiness and for their life balance
and mental health. It is also pivotal for the livelihood of so many
communities around the world. At a time when the world is still
striving to develop resources and references to face the pandemic,
this book is a timely strategy offering destination management
solutions post pandemic. The book draws from case studies and
success stories from a variety of destinations in Europe, America,
Asia, Africa, Indonesia and islands. Readers will gain knowledge
from best practice around the world to restart the tourism activity
and improve crisis management and resilience.
Since the turn of the century, the international rules surrounding security and
safety have significantly changed, specifically within the tourism industry. In the
age of globalization, terrorism and conflict have moved beyond individual high-
profile targets; instead, tourists, travellers and journalists are at risk. In response
to this shift, the series invites authors and scholars to contribute to the conver-
sation surrounding tourism security and post-conflict destinations.
The series features monographs and edited collections to create a critical
platform which not only explores the dichotomies of tourism from the theory of
mobilities but also provides an insightful guide for policy makers, specialists and
social scientists interested in the future of tourism in a society where uncertain-
ness, anxiety and fear prevail.
Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations explores research
approaches and perspectives from a wide range of ideological backgrounds to
discuss topics such as:
EDITED BY
VANESSA GB GOWREESUNKAR
Anant National University, India
HIRAN ROY
Fairleigh Dickinson University, Canada
And
ROBERTO MICERA
National Research Council of Italy Institute for
Studies on the Mediterranean, Italy
List of Tables xv
Foreword xxxv
Preface xxxix
Acknowledgement xliii
Index 335
List of Figures
AI Artificial Intelligence
ALTUM Latvian Development Finance Institution
ARCA Museum of Contemporary Religious Art
AUTO Association of Uganda Tour Operators
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
BI Behavioural Intention
BSA Bali Statistic Agency
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CAMPFIRE the Communal Areas Program for the Indigenous
Resources
CBT Community-based Tourism
CDC Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis
CHTP Cultural Heritage Tourism Product
CIE Cambridge International Examination
COMCEC Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial
Cooperation of the Organization of the Islamic
Cooperation
COS Cost Risk
CSB Central Statistics Bureau of Latvia
DACH Germany (D), Austria (A) and Switzerland (CH)
DMO Destination Management Organization
EFA Exploratory Factor analysis
EQU Equipment Risk
ESD Education of Sustainable Development
EST Emotional Solidarity Theory
ETC European Travel Commission
xviii List of Abbreviations
EU European Union
EY Ernst Young
FAITH Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism &
Hospitality
FFSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
FHRAI Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Associations of
India
FTA Foreign tourist arrival
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFI Goodness of Fit Indices
GIS Geographical Information System
GPFI Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion
GSTCD the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria for
Destinations
H1N1 Influenza A virus subtype
HSP Health Sector Professionals
IAGTO International Association of Golf Tour Operators
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICT Instituto Costarricense De Turosmo
IGF Italian Golf Federation
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
ISTAT The National Institute for Statistics
ITC International Trade Centre
KEBS Kenya National Bureau of Standards
KMO Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling
Adequacy
KPMG Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler
KTB Kenya Tourism Board
KWS Kenya Wildlife Services
LGA Ladies Golf Association
LI Local inhabitant
M Mean
MAMT The Peace Museum
List of Abbreviations xix
Neha Mishra is pursuing her PhD in Sociology from the Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, India. Her broader area of research is social sustainability,
tourism and risk analysis.
Anindya Mishra, PhD, is a Full Professor of Sociology at the Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, India. His research interests include social gerontology,
sociology of health and sociology of work.
Jane Wamaitha Munene, PhD, is a development practitioner and an academic in
Public Administration. She has extensive experience in the civil society sector and
has worked with various organizations in Kenya. She is also well versed with
community engagement processes including facilitation and trainer of trainers.
She has research interests with a focus on community governance, public
administration, leadership and participation.
Abureza M. Muzareba, PhD, serves as Associate Professor in the Department of
Marketing at University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has industry experience with
a prestigious international bank, and research experience with USAID, IFPRI,
the University of Sheffield, UK Cabinet Office, O2, Barnsley City Council,
England, Seba Limited and Care Bangladesh.
I Nengah Subadra, PhD, is Principal Lecturer and the Dean of Faculty of
Tourism, University of Triatma Mulya (formerly: Tourism Institute of Triatma
Jaya), Bali, Indonesia. His research interests include cultural tourism, local and
tourist behaviours, community-based tourism and disaster mitigation in tourism.
Valentina Noviello is research fellow at National Research Council (CNR),
Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean (ISMed), and is a PhD student at the
University of Barcelona, Spain, whose research interest includes cultural heritage
in the Euro-Mediterranean context.
Lina Öztürk, PhD, graduated from the Department of Public Administration at
Anadolu University in 2009 and pursued her graduate degree on Business
Administration at Mersin University (MBA, 2014; Ph.D. 2019). She has pub-
lished studies on consumer behaviour, pricing, tourism and neuromarketing.
Masudur Rahman, PhD, serves as a Professor in the Department of Marketing at
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has more than 21 years of experience in
teaching, research and consulting services in different business development and
marketing issues. He has published many articles in different peer-reviewed
national and international journals.
Alka Rai has qualified the University Grant Commission-National Eligibility Test
in 2018 in Tourism Administration and Management. She is teaching as a guest
faculty at Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi. She has 5 years of industry experience in tour operation. She has
completed her Masters in Tourism Administration and Post-graduate Diploma in
Tourism and Leisure.
xxviii About the Contributors
that big problems need a big solution. Still, it is important not to lose sight of the
fact post-pandemic management and marketing play a leading role in the
configuration of a new epoch, I named as post-pandemic tourism (Korstanje,
2020). Having said this, Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar, Shem Maingi, Hiran Roy,
and Roberto Micera offer a more than an interesting book, entitled Tourism
Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context to expand our current
understanding and courses of actions to follow in the years to come. The book
centers efforts in providing some practical insights on possible solutions (emerging
trends) for mitigating the financial losses the industry is facing. As discussed, the
economic-based paradigm centralized and crystallized classic destination man-
agement which was characterized by the predominance of visitor’s experiences
without mentioning competition and the relation with other stakeholders, but
now the concept sets the pace to a new tourism management model. The question
whether Destination Management Organization (classic DMO model) has some
limitations to resolve the quandaries left by COVID-19 pandemic, no less true is
that we need emerging empirical knowledge to formulate an all-pervading corpus
based on real study cases from all the world. This point posits editors in a great
dilemma simply because of the strict lockdown imposed to the applied research
but the task is worth the efforts. Chapters accepted in the present editorial project,
which in my viewpoint will surely pass the test of time, are high-quality texts
written by experts from the four corners of the planet. Last but not least, editors
struggle to organize different methodologies to review the existing literature, as
well as advancing in the connection of best practices with the function of man-
agement to create more resilient destinations in a post–COVID-19 landscape.
I and Professor Hugues Seraphin are happy to welcome this fascinating project to
our book series Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations, which is
published regularly by Emerald Publishing.
References
Carr, A. (2020). COVID-19, indigenous peoples and tourism: A view from New
Zealand. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 491–502. doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.1768433
Crossley, É. (2020). Ecological grief generates desire for environmental healing in
tourism after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 536–546.
Franklin, A. (2007). The problem with tourism theory. In I. Altejevic, A. Pritchard, &
M. N. Abingdon (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies (pp. 153–170).
Abingdon; New York, NY: Routledge.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change:
A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. doi:
10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
He, H., & Harris, L. (2020). The impact of covid-19 pandemic on corporate social
responsibility and marketing philosophy. Journal of Business Research. doi:
10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.030
Foreword xxxvii
Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after
COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 610–623. doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.
1757748
Korstanje, M. E. (2020). Passage from the tourist gaze to the wicked gaze. A case
study on COVID19 with special reference to Argentina. In B. George, & Q. Din
Mahar (Eds.), International case studies in the management of disasters: Natural and
manmade calamities and pandemics. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
McLuhan, M. (2014). Media research: Technology, art and communication. Abingdon:
Routledge.
Wen, J., Wang, W., Kozak, M., Liu, X., & Hou, H. (2020). Many brains are better
than one: The importance of interdisciplinary studies on COVID-19 in and beyond
tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(1), 1–4. doi:10.1080/02508281.2020.
1761120
Zheng, Y., Goh, E., & Wen, J. (2020). The effects of misleading media reports about
COVID-19 on Chinese tourists’ mental health: A perspective article. Anatolia,
31(2), 337–340.
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Preface
Pandemics and epidemics have always existed since the dawn of time and they did
ravage humanity and economies throughout their existence. Yet none devastated
the tourism industry the way the COVID-19 pandemic did. With 58,764,574
reported cases and 1,390,852 deaths (24 November 2020; Worldometer) at the
time of writing, the COVID-19 not only paralyzed the global tourism industry but
also panicked its stakeholders. According to the United Nations World Tourism
Organisation, the industry may incur approximately $1 trillion losses and threaten
more than 100 million jobs worldwide (UNWTO Policy Brief, 25 August 2020) if
the current situation continues. This concern is also echoed in the words of the
International Air Transport Association CEO:
Author: S. B. Reed
Language: English
Modern
HOUSE-PLANS
For
Everybody
Including
Full Descriptions and Estimates in Detail
of Materials, Labor,
Cost and Many Practical Suggestions
By
S. B. REED
Architect
ILLUSTRATED
New York
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY
1900
Copyright,
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY,
1900.
PREFACE.
In the modernized and revised edition of “House-Plans for
Everybody,” but little attempt has been made to change the text or
floor plans, as these are standard features requiring no revision. In
the matter of outward dress, however, nearly all the elevations have
been redrawn, with special regard to modern ideas and tastes, and
in this respect it is specially new and commendable. The author has
been guided in this work by many years’ experience, in planning and
superintending the erection of country buildings, and has selected,
from an extensive aggregation of original designs in his possession,
such examples as seemed best to serve for purposes of simplicity,
comfort, and economy. All the matters here presented are purely
practical—well calculated to assist such as are contemplating the
erection of either a village or country house. The plans embrace
almost every variety of arrangement and style—each one is
accompanied with a detailed description of its conveniences and
construction—and its cost is shown by careful estimates, made to
correspond with a uniform standard of prices, at present rates. To
builders, this work will be valuable as a handbook of reference, to aid
them when applied to for suggestions, either in the projection of new
dwellings, or in the alteration of old ones, saving much time, study
and calculations. The estimates of cost have been found correct as
to totals, in the neighborhood of New York, and in many other
localities builders have offered to duplicate the structures for the
figures given.
S. B. Reed.
CONTENTS.
Page.
DESIGN NO. I.
a cottage, costing $250.
Accommodations for Beginners in House-Keeping, with Limited
Means.—Arranged as the Wing of a future Main House.—First
Steps. 9
DESIGN NO. II.
country cottage, costing $450.
Approximating the Cheapest Construction.—Roofs must not be
slighted.—Their Relative Cost.—Suggestions as to Inside
Linings. 12
DESIGN NO. III.
country cottage, costing $550.
Effect of Angles and Vertical Lines.—New form of Radiator, with
Designs and Description.—A Durable Wash for rough work. 17
DESIGN NO. IV.
country cottage, costing $550.
Adapted to an Eastern Frontage.—Good accommodations for a small
family.—May have a Vestibule in Piazza.—Exterior Plastering. 22
DESIGN NO. V.
convenient house, costing $650.
Little required to build a comfortable home.—Saving by use of regular
sizes of Sash, Doors, etc.—Novelty Siding.—Gutters.—
Desirability, and Cost of Hanging Sash. 26
DESIGN NO. VI.
a house, costing $700.
Providing for future Enlargement.—Framework below the First Floor. 33
—Section of Frame, with Description.—Cornice.