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Tourism Destination Management in a
Post-Pandemic Context
The COVID-19 pandemic has set major challenges for the tourism
industry at both global and local scales. Central to our understanding
of changes arising from and responses to the pandemic is the role of
destinations and their various stakeholders and communities. The
range of cases in this edited collection will provide useful insights
into the strategies that destination management organisations develop
in reaction to the effects of the pandemic and beyond.

Professor C. Michael Hall

Department of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship,
University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand

Tourism is critical for travellers’ happiness and for their life balance
and mental health. It is also pivotal for the livelihood of so many
communities around the world. At a time when the world is still
striving to develop resources and references to face the pandemic,
this book is a timely strategy offering destination management
solutions post pandemic. The book draws from case studies and
success stories from a variety of destinations in Europe, America,
Asia, Africa, Indonesia and islands. Readers will gain knowledge
from best practice around the world to restart the tourism activity
and improve crisis management and resilience.

Professor Dimitrios Buhalis

Director eTourism Research Lab
Bournemouth University Business School

Tourism is a fact of life, ingrained in the socio-cultural fabrics of the

global village we call home. Soon after COVID-19 checks out,tourism
checks in. Based on lessons learned during the pandemic grip,this
timely tome – powered with international case studies and laden with
innovative strategies – favors collaborative community-based strategies
for its restart.

Prof. Jafar Jafari

Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA
Professor Catedratico, University of Algarve, Portugal

I highly recommend this important book for professionals,

academics and DMOs because of its insight into the issues and
challenges facing tourist destinations during and after the COVID-
19 pandemic and for what it contains to reveal emerging trends and
suggest new administrative solutions in order to develop the adaptive
capabilities of tourism destinations during the current and post-
pandemic phase.

Prof. Dr. Said El Batouty

UN Economic Commission for Europe
Geneva, Switzerland
A very comprehensive, timely and relevant piece of work on destination
management. Few such good books exist on destination management.
This is a masterpiece written by experienced tourism professionals,
scholars and researchers from Asia, Europe, North America, Africa
and the Pacific Islands.
Published at a time when the novel corona virus has ravaged most
destinations worldwide and brought the once robust tourism industry
almost to a standstill, it provides insights on how various destinations
can build capacity and resilience to deal with the present and future
pandemics.
A must read by researchers, scholars and students of tourism
in general and destination management in particular. Also an
essential reference for policy makers and other industry actors.

Prof. Evaristus M. Irandu, PhD, Professor of Travel,

Tourism and Economic Geography,
University of Nairobi, Kenya

Tourism is considered to be a resilient phenomenon, so there is much

hope for a good recovery after this pandemic period is over.
Resilience, however, is not a property that always spontaneously
emerges out of nowhere but needs certain specific grounds. Among
these are, without doubt, the capacity to address problems and a
good amount of creative and innovative ideas. To do that, as known,
we need a wealth of suggestions and examples. Here is where this
book helps. It offers a wide spectrum of possibilities presenting both
cases and models from all over the world and from diverse
environments. Last but not least, the book also includes some
discussions on how to better educate the future generation of
practitioners and managers. An issue often little considered, but of
fundamental importance.

Rodolfo Baggio, PhD FRGS, Master in Economics

and Tourism and Dondena Center for Research
on Social Dynamics and
Public Policy Bocconi University – Milan, Italy
Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict
Destinations

Series editors: Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Hugues Seraphin

Since the turn of the century, the international rules surrounding security and
safety have significantly changed, specifically within the tourism industry. In the
age of globalization, terrorism and conflict have moved beyond individual high-
profile targets; instead, tourists, travellers and journalists are at risk. In response
to this shift, the series invites authors and scholars to contribute to the conver-
sation surrounding tourism security and post-conflict destinations.
The series features monographs and edited collections to create a critical
platform which not only explores the dichotomies of tourism from the theory of
mobilities but also provides an insightful guide for policy makers, specialists and
social scientists interested in the future of tourism in a society where uncertain-
ness, anxiety and fear prevail.
Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations explores research
approaches and perspectives from a wide range of ideological backgrounds to
discuss topics such as:

• Studies related to comparative cross-cultural perceptions of risk and threat

• Natural and human-caused disasters
• Post-disaster recovery strategies in tourism and hospitality
• Terror movies and tourism
• Aviation safety and security
• Crime and security issues in tourism and hospitality
• Political instability, terrorism and tourism
• Thana-tourism
• War on terror and Muslim-tourism
• The effects of global warming on tourism destinations
• Innovative quantitative/qualitative methods for the study of risk and security
issues in tourism and hospitality
• Virus outbreaks and tourism mobility
• Disasters, trauma and tourism
• Apocalyptic theories and tourism as a form of entertainment

Volumes in this series:

Tourism, Terrorism and Security
Edited by Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Hugues Seraphin

International Case Studies in the Management of Disasters

Edited by Dr Babu George and Dr Qamaruddin Mahar

Tourism Safety and Security for the Caribbean (Forthcoming)

By Andrew Spencer and Peter E. Tarlow

Overtourism as Destination Risk: Impacts and Solutions (Forthcoming)

Edited by Anukrati Sharma and Azizul Hassan
Tourism Destination
Management in a
Post-Pandemic Context:
Global Issues and Destination
Management Solutions

EDITED BY
VANESSA GB GOWREESUNKAR
Anant National University, India

SHEM WAMBUGU MAINGI

Kenyatta University, Kenya

HIRAN ROY
Fairleigh Dickinson University, Canada

And

ROBERTO MICERA
National Research Council of Italy Institute for
Studies on the Mediterranean, Italy

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Emerald Publishing Limited
Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited

Reprints and permissions service

Contact: [email protected]

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in

any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence
permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency
and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in
the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure
the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied
or otherwise, as to the chapters’ suitability and application and
disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80071-512-7 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-511-0 (Online)
ISBN: 978-1-80071-513-4 (Epub)
 Dedicated to all tourism entrepreneurs and employees in difficulty; to all tourism
heroes who struggled hard during the pandemic and are still struggling for a
livelihood; to all COVID Center Doctors and Nurses who risk their lives every day;
and more importantly, to our families who unconditionally supported us in the
realization of this book project.

–Vanessa, Shem, Hiran and Roberto

Book Editors
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

List of Figures xiii

List of Tables xv

List of Abbreviations xvii

About the Contributors xxiii

List of Contributors xxxi

Foreword xxxv

Preface xxxix

Acknowledgement xliii

Introduction: Destination Management Solutions Post Pandemic:

A Need of the Hour! 1
Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar, Shem Wambugu Maingi, Hiran Roy and
Roberto Micera

Part 1: Destination Management Post Pandemic

Chapter 1 The Recovery Tactics of the Tourism Industry Amid

COVID-19 Pandemic Conditions in the Baltic States 11
Agita Livina, Galina Bukovska, Ilgvars Abols and Gavinolla
Mahender Reddy

Chapter 2 Destination Management Solution Post COVID-19: Best

Practice from Bali – A World Cultural Tourism Destination 25
I Nengah Subadra
x Contents

Chapter 3 Heritage Tourism and COVID-19: Turning the Crisis

into Opportunity within the Egyptian Context 37
Islam Elgammal and Hassan Refaat

Chapter 4 COVID-19 Pandemic and the Accommodation Sector in

Sardinia, Italy: Impacts and Response Actions 49
Giacomo Del Chiappa

Part 2: Disaster Management Post Pandemic

Chapter 5 Tourism Disaster Preparedness Post-COVID-19

Pandemic: The Example of Argentina 69
Maximiliano E. Korstanje

Chapter 6 Tourist Safety and Security Post COVID-19: Global

Perspectives 85
Crispin Dale, Neil Robinson and Faisal Sheikh

Chapter 7 Uganda Tourism Sector COVID-19 Response, Recovery

and Sustainability Strategies: Lessons from Previous Virus Disease
Outbreaks 99
Mugizi Francis, Ayorekire Jim and Obua Joseph

Chapter 8 Tourism Resilience in the Context of Tourism

Destination Management in Post-COVID-19 Bangladesh 113
Masudur Rahman, Abureza M. Muzareba, Sanjida Amin,
Anisur R. Faroque and Mohammad Osman Gani

Part 3: Local Communities and Destination Recovery

Post Pandemic

Chapter 9 Exploring Impacts of a Health Crisis on Emotional

Solidarity and Support for Tourism: Case of Mauritius 129
Chaya Hurnath and Kiran Dookhony-Ramphul

Chapter 10 Residents as Destination Influencers during COVID-19 147

Eduardo Villena-Alarcón and Lidia Caballero-Galeote
 Contents xi

Chapter 11 Contributions and Challenges of Civil Society

Organizations in Tourism in Kenya 161
Jane Wamaitha Munene

Chapter 12 Gender Disparities in Employability in the Tourism

Sector Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Case of South Africa 173
Juliet Chipumuro, Radu Mihailescu and Azzurra Rinaldi

Part 4: Marketing and Promotion of

Destinations Post Pandemic

Chapter 13 Effect of Perceived Risk on Tourists’ Behavioural

Intentions Post COVID-19 in Turkey 187
Mehmet İ smail Yağcı, Ümit Doğrul, Lina Öztürk and Avni Can
Yağcı

Chapter 14 Enhancing Cultural Heritage at the Time of the

COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview of the ICT Strategies Adopted
by Museums in the Campania Region of Italy 201
L Varriale, T Volpe and V Noviello

Chapter 15 Sport Events and Tourism for the Sustainable Local

Development Post COVID 219
Carmen Bizzarri and Paolo Giuntarelli

Part 5: Sustaining Tourism Post Pandemic

Chapter 16 Challenges in Developing Sustainable Tourism Post

COVID-19 Pandemic 233
Rinzing Lama and Alka Rai

Chapter 17 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Social

Sustainability in Tourism: A Study of Uttarakhand State of India 245
Neha Mishra and Anindya Mishra

Chapter 18 Redefining Sustainability in the Conservation and

Promotion of the Cultural Heritage Tourism Product in Kenya 257
Ephraim W Wahome and Joan J W Gathungu
xii Contents

Chapter 19 Does Your Post-COVID-19 Travel Dream Talk about

Sustainability? Insights from Potential Tourists in India 273
Indu, Bindu and Kuldeep Singh

Part 6: Tourism Education Post Pandemic

Chapter 20 Resilience Adaptations in Tourism Education for the

Post-COVID-19 Era – A Study of India 291
Bosipoina Golla Suneeth, Simran Kashyap, Gavinolla Mahender
Reddy and Vikrant Kaushal

Chapter 21 Reviving Tourism in India Post COVID-19 Pandemic:

Role of Tourism Education and Training 303
Vikas Gupta and Garima Sahu

Chapter 22 Adopt, Adapt or Perish: Re-building Support Systems

for Travel and Tourism Education in COVID-19 Educational Crisis 315
Nazeerah Sheik Abbass, Faraknaaz Essmallgee and Pravina
Cooshna-Gunputh

Conclusion: Rebuilding Tourism Post Pandemic: Some Reflections on

Destination Management Solutions! 329
Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar, Shem Wambugu Maingi, Hiran Roy and
Roberto Micera

Index 335
List of Figures

Figure 1.1. Respondents by the Type of Tourism Organisation. 17

Figure 1.2. Is Loan of ALTUM Seen as Support Mechanism? 18
Figure 1.3. Necessity of Separate Grant for Innovation and
Competitiveness. 18
Figure 1.4. Opening of the Borders and Closing of Restrictions
for Public Events. 19
Figure 4.1. By How Many Units Will Hiring Be Reduced This
Season? 55
Figure 7.1. Recovery Model for Tourism Industry. 103
Figure 7.2. Adaptation of Uganda’s Tourism Industry to
Disease Outbreaks and Post-COVID-19 Recovery
Scenarios. 106
Figure 8.1. Integrative Framework. 120
Figure 12.1. Percentage Education Level of Respondents. 178
Figure 14.1. Methodological Scheme. 206
Figure 15.1. The Activation of Local Development Determined
by the Creative Industry and Sport Events. 224
Figure 18.1. International Visitors to Kenya 2010–2019. 259
Figure 18.2. SWOT Analysis of CHTP in Kenya. 266
Figure 19.1. Potential Tourists’ Post-COVID-19 Travel Plans. 280
Figure 19.2. Potential Tourists’ Travel Purpose and Destination
Priority. 280
Figure 19.3. Indians’ Perception Regarding Post-COVID-19
Tourism. 281
Figure 22.1. Traditional versus Online Spaces for Travel and
Tourism Education. 317
xiv List of Figures

Figure 22.2. Kurt Lewin Change Model: Three-stage Change

Process. 318
Figure 22.3. Kubler-Ross 5-stage Change Curve. 319
Figure 22.4. Ecosystem for Conducive Teaching and Learning
Environment. 321
List of Tables

Table 1.1. Description of Three Baltic Countries. 14

Table 1.2. Overview of Main Crossing Points. 15
Table 1.3. Overview of COVID-19 Cases in All Three Baltic
States. 16
Table 4.1. As a Consequence of the COVID-19 Outbreak
How Many Booking Cancellations (%) Have You
Received in Your Accommodation in the
Following Months? 54
Table 4.2. Thinking about the Effect That the COVID-19
Outbreak Will Have in the Future, What is the
Reduction (%) of Bookings You Expect to
Experience in the Following Months? 55
Table 4.3. Response Actions in Sales: The Accommodation
Providers’ Views. 56
Table 4.4. Response Actions to Be Undertaken by the
Institutions: The Accommodation Providers’
Views. 57
Table 4.5. Respondents Views about Interventions. 59
Table 7.1. Strategies and Actions for Managing Disease
Outbreaks. 105
Table 7.2. Future Tourism Research Areas. 108
Table 8.1. Types of Resilience. 117
Table 9.1. Category and Number of Informants. 134
Table 10.1. Vive Andalucia’s Followers. 151
Table 10.2. Updates with More Reactions on Facebook. 152
Table 10.3. Most Relevant Posts on Instagram. 153
Table 10.4. Most Important Posts on Twitter. 153
Table 10.5. Residents’ Posts. 154
Table 10.6. Residents’ Posts with More Engagement on
Twitter. 155
xvi List of Tables

Table 12.1. Differences in Perception between Genders on Job

Prospects and Job Security. 179
Table 12.2. Gender Responses Regarding Factors Influencing
Employment Opportunities in Hospitality in South
Africa. 180
Table 13.1. Variables, Scale Items, and Descriptive Statistics. 192
Table 13.2. Perceived Risk Scale Exploratory Factor Analysis. 194
Table 13.3. Goodness-of-Fit Index. 195
Table 13.4. Reliability and Validity Analysis Results. 196
Table 13.5. T-test Results for the Hypotheses. 196
Table 14 1. Sampling: Overview of 72 Museums Located in the
Campania Region. 208
Table 15.1. International Sport Events in 2016 and Tourism
Movement Generated. 221
Table 19.1. Demographic Profile. 279
Table 19.2. Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) Value. 281
Table 19.3. Potential Tourists’ Sustainable Behavior Intentions
Post-COVID-19. 282
List of Abbreviations

AI Artificial Intelligence
ALTUM Latvian Development Finance Institution
ARCA Museum of Contemporary Religious Art
AUTO Association of Uganda Tour Operators
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
BI Behavioural Intention
BSA Bali Statistic Agency
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CAMPFIRE the Communal Areas Program for the Indigenous
Resources
CBT Community-based Tourism
CDC Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis
CHTP Cultural Heritage Tourism Product
CIE Cambridge International Examination
COMCEC Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial
Cooperation of the Organization of the Islamic
Cooperation
COS Cost Risk
CSB Central Statistics Bureau of Latvia
DACH Germany (D), Austria (A) and Switzerland (CH)
DMO Destination Management Organization
EFA Exploratory Factor analysis
EQU Equipment Risk
ESD Education of Sustainable Development
EST Emotional Solidarity Theory
ETC European Travel Commission
xviii List of Abbreviations

EU European Union
EY Ernst Young
FAITH Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism &
Hospitality
FFSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
FHRAI Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Associations of
India
FTA Foreign tourist arrival
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFI Goodness of Fit Indices
GIS Geographical Information System
GPFI Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion
GSTCD the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria for
Destinations
H1N1 Influenza A virus subtype
HSP Health Sector Professionals
IAGTO International Association of Golf Tour Operators
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICT Instituto Costarricense De Turosmo
IGF Italian Golf Federation
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
ISTAT The National Institute for Statistics
ITC International Trade Centre
KEBS Kenya National Bureau of Standards
KMO Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling
Adequacy
KPMG Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler
KTB Kenya Tourism Board
KWS Kenya Wildlife Services
LGA Ladies Golf Association
LI Local inhabitant
M Mean
MAMT The Peace Museum
 List of Abbreviations xix

MANN Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli

MeMus Museum and Historical Archive of the San Carlo
Theatre
MERS Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
MES Mauritius Examinations Syndicate
MFPED Uganda’s Minister of Finance, Planning and
Economic Development
MIBACT Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities of Italy
MICE Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing and Exhibitions
MIE Mauritius Institute of Education
MOE Ministry of Education and Human Resources of
Mauritius
MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise
MTWA Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities
NDP South Africa National Development Planning
commission
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NITHM National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality
Management
NMK National Museums of Kenya
NPI Non-pharmaceutical Intervention
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
OEEC Organization for European Economic Co-operation
OTAs Online Travel Agents
PATA Pacific Asia Travel Association
PCP Risk perception
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
PER Performance Risk
PGA Professional Golfers Association
PHY Physical Risk
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PSEA Private Secondary Education Authority
PSY Psychological Risk
xx List of Abbreviations

REVPAR Revenue Per Available Room

RoK Republic of Kenya
RSA Rapid Situation Analysis
RTU Representative of Tourism Trade Union
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS-COv2 Coronavirus
SD Standard Deviation
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SET Social Exchange Theory
SME Small Medium-sized Enterprise
SOC Social Risk
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
T&T Travel and Tourism
TDK Tourist Destination Kenya
TGA Turkey Tourism Promotion and Development
Agency
TIR Tourism Industry Representative
TP Tourism Professional
TUIK Turkish Statistical Institute
UDB Uganda Development Bank
UHOA Uganda Hotel Owners Association
UK United Kingdom
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
UTA Uganda Tourism Association
UTB Uganda Tourism Board
UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority
UWEC Uganda Wildlife Conservation and Education Centre
VUAS Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences
 List of Abbreviations xxi

WCED World Commission on Environment and

Development
WHO World Health Organization
WoM Word of Mouth
WTO World Tourism Organization
WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council
This page intentionally left blank
About the Contributors

Nazeerah Sheik Abbass, PhD, lectures at the Mauritius Institute of Education in

the Business Education Department. She holds a PhD in Regional Cooperation
and Trade. She holds 12 years of experience in the field of teacher education in
economics, accounting, business and travel and tourism subjects.
Ilgvars Abols, PhD, is Director of tourism studies and Coordinator of interna-
tional students at Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia. He has several
publications to his credit including CABI.
Sanjida Amin is currently serving as Lecturer of marketing at Bangladesh Uni-
versity of Professionals. Sanjida completed her Master of Business Administration
(MBA) in the Department of Marketing at University of Dhaka. Her research
interests include ecological awareness and behaviour, sustainable consumption
and sustainable service management particularly in marketing, tourism and
hospitality.
Bindu is Research Scholar (SRF) at IHTM, MD University, Rohtak, India. She is
conducting research on online travel reviews. She completed her postgraduation
in Tourism Management from IHTM. Her research interests include online
reviews, social media, sustainable tourism and ecotourism.
Carmen Bizzarri, PhD, is qualified as Associate Professor in Economic Geogra-
phy. She currently teaches as Assistant Professor in Environmental Policies,
Sustainable Tourism and Didactic of Geography courses at European University
of Rome.
Galina Bukovska, PhD is a Board Member for Latvia Convention Bureau and
guest Lecturer at Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia.
Lidia Caballero-Galeote, is a PhD candidate in the Department of Tourism at the
Universidad de Málaga. Her fields of research are communication, airport
management and tourism.
Juliet Chipumuro, Stenden South Africa, holds a PhD in Management from
Rhodes University, a Master’s in Business Administration, a Bachelor of Tech-
nology, Education Management and a Diploma in Education. She has published
a number of articles on Emotional Intelligence in Hospitality and Tourism,
Leadership, Sustainable Tourism and others.
xxiv About the Contributors

Pravina Cooshna-Gunputh lectures at the Mauritius Institute of Education (MIE,

Mauritius) in the Business Education Department. She holds a BA (Economics)
and MA (Economics) from SavitriBai Phule, Pune University, India. She also
holds a Diploma in Aviation, Hospitality and Travel Management from the
Institute of Commercial Management, UK.
Crispin Dale, PhD, is Course Leader for the Tourism Management degree at the
University of Wolverhampton. He has taught tourism management at under-
graduate and postgraduate levels for a number of years. Crispin has published
widely in books and peer-reviewed journals. His most recent research has
focused on business development and recovery for tourism and hospitality
enterprises.
Giacomo Del Chiappa, PhD, is Associate Professor of Marketing at the Depart-
ment of Economics and Business, University of Sassari (Italy). He is Senior
Research Fellow at the School of Tourism and Hospitality of University of
Johannesburg. He is Managing Editor of the European Journal of Tourism
Research.
Ümit Doğrul, PhD, received his doctorate degrees from Mersin University Insti-
tute of Social Sciences in 2015. Since 2015, he has been working in Mersin
University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Business Administration and teaches various courses in undergraduate, graduate
and doctoral programs.
Kiran Dookhony-Ramphul lectures at the University of Mauritius. Her research
interests are in sustainable tourism and entrepreneurship.
Islam Elgammal, PhD, is currently Professor in the Business Administration
Department at the University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Her research interests
include tourism marketing, triple bottom line, sustainable tourism, sustainable
heritage management and green events.
Faraknaaz Essmallgee is presently a full-time Educator in Travel and Tourism in
a mixed specialized secondary school for Grades 12–13. She has specialized
herself in the teaching of Travel and Tourism at the Higher School Certificate
level and is also currently a part-time Lecturer for Travel and Tourism at the
Mauritius Institute of Education.
Anisur R. Faroque, PhD, is Post-doctoral researcher (Assistant Professor) at LUT
University, Finland. His research interests are in the areas of international busi-
ness and entrepreneurship.
Mugizi Francis, PhD, is a Lecturer and Researcher in Tourism in the Department
of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, Makerere University. His research
interests include tourism development with a focus on community-based tourism
in Uganda’s protected areas, destination management and community-based
tourism enterprises.
 About the Contributors xxv

Mohammad Osman Gani is a doctoral student at Graduate School of Humanities

and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan. He has completed his MSc
from Hiroshima University. He also works as an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Business Administration in Marketing at Bangladesh University
of Professionals.
Joan J. W. Gathungu is a Lecturer in the Business Administration Department,
Kenya Utalii College. Joan is a researcher in the area of tourism marketing. She
has a keen interest in brand strategy and its impact on destination competitiveness
and is awaiting her PhD graduation having met all the requirements requisite.
Paolo Giuntarelli is Manager of Lazio Italian region and teaches Sociology of
Local Development in the course of Tourism Sciences from the Department of
History, Heritage, Education and Society of University of Rome “Tor Vergata”.
Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar, PhD, has been appointed as Associate Professor at
the Anant National University in Ahmedabad, India. She was previously serving as
Head of Department for Tourism at the University of Africa in Nigeria. Vanessa
is an editorial board member of several scientific journals and has a number of
publications in international peer-refereed journals. Dr Vanessa also assumes the
role of National Coordinator for WAELE (Women Advancement for Economic
and Leadership Empowerment), an international organisation which caters for the
cause of women, widows and young girls. She assumes the role of Deputy Chair
for the Tourism, Infrastructure and Energy cluster of African Union Economic
and Social Council (ECOSOCC).
Vikas Gupta, PhD, is an alumnus of Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India, and
holds a PhD in Hospitality. He has a rich experience of teaching for more than 13
years in both India and abroad. He also has a very good research background
with publications in national and international journals.
Chaya Hurnath is serving as lecturer at the University of Mauritius and her
research interests are in stakeholders’ conflicts and cultural and heritage tourism.
Indu is a Research Scholar (SRF) at IHTM, MD University, Rohtak, India. She
is an awardee of Gold Medal in Master’s Degree in Tourism Management. Her
research areas of interest are online travel communities, social media and sus-
tainable tourism.
Ayorekire Jim, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Forestry, Biodi-
versity and Tourism, Makerere University. His research interests include tourism
planning and policy, natural resource based tourism and national and regional
analysis of tourism.
Obua Joseph, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and
Tourism, Makerere University. He has vast experience in teaching and research in
tropical forestry and tourism. His research experience and interests include
assessment of forestry-tourism nexus.
xxvi About the Contributors

Simran Kashyap is the Co-Founder and Vice-President of the Confederation of

Tourism Students, India. Her research interest includes responsible tourism policy
and practices, and sustainable tourism. Email: [email protected]
Vikrant Kaushal, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Indian Institute of Man-
agement Sirmaur, India. His research interest includes tourism education,
destination branding and sustainable development. Mr. Vikrant has published
several papers on tourism and branding in reputed journals of Sage, Elsevier and
Emerald.
Maximiliano E. Korstanje, PhD, is editor in chief of the International Journal of
Safety and Security in Tourism (UP Argentina) and Editor in Chief Emeritus of
International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism (IGI-Global US). He has a
vast experience in editorial projects working as advisory member of Elsevier,
Routledge, Springer, IGI global and Cambridge Scholar publishing.
Rinzing Lama has a PhD in Tourism and is a faculty at the Indian Institute of
Tourism and Travel Management, India. He has 14 years of teaching and
research experience. He authored a book titled Community Based Tourism
Development and authored an edited book titled Tourism for Developing Econo-
mies: The Path Unexplored.
Agita Livina, PhD, is Professor at the Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences
and Director of the Research Institute, Latvia. She has published several papers
on sustainable tourism planning and management in CABI, Routledge, Emerald
and Channel View Publications, etc. ORCiD: 0000-0003-2804-9132
Shem Wambugu Maingi, PhD, is a Lecturer in the School of Hospitality, Tourism
and Leisure studies at Kenyatta University in Kenya. He is also an expert
member of the International Scientific Committee on Cultural Tourism of ICO-
MOS (ICTC). Currently, he is pursuing research on cultural ecosystems services
and tourism post COVID within heritage sites in Kenya.
Roberto Micera, PhD, has been a Researcher of the National Research Council of
Italy (CNR) since 2011, and is currently at the Institute for Studies on the
Mediterranean (ISMed). He has National Qualification for the role of Associate
Professor in Management (13/B2) and he has a PhD in Business Administration.
He has been scientific coordinator for the CNR of tourism research projects and
he is on the team of numerous international and national research activities on the
management and organization of innovation in tourism enterprises and destina-
tions (smart tourism destination).
Radu Mihailescu is senior Tutor and Researcher at NHL-Stenden University of
Applied Sciences, The Netherlands. Radu Mihailescu has degrees in Business
Management and Economics. He has published a number of articles with regard
to Wine and Tourism Economics, Resource Economics and Airline Economics.
He is also the author of a book on Charter Airline Economics and a book chapter
on Wine Tourism Development.
 About the Contributors xxvii

Neha Mishra is pursuing her PhD in Sociology from the Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, India. Her broader area of research is social sustainability,
tourism and risk analysis.
Anindya Mishra, PhD, is a Full Professor of Sociology at the Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, India. His research interests include social gerontology,
sociology of health and sociology of work.
Jane Wamaitha Munene, PhD, is a development practitioner and an academic in
Public Administration. She has extensive experience in the civil society sector and
has worked with various organizations in Kenya. She is also well versed with
community engagement processes including facilitation and trainer of trainers.
She has research interests with a focus on community governance, public
administration, leadership and participation.
Abureza M. Muzareba, PhD, serves as Associate Professor in the Department of
Marketing at University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has industry experience with
a prestigious international bank, and research experience with USAID, IFPRI,
the University of Sheffield, UK Cabinet Office, O2, Barnsley City Council,
England, Seba Limited and Care Bangladesh.
I Nengah Subadra, PhD, is Principal Lecturer and the Dean of Faculty of
Tourism, University of Triatma Mulya (formerly: Tourism Institute of Triatma
Jaya), Bali, Indonesia. His research interests include cultural tourism, local and
tourist behaviours, community-based tourism and disaster mitigation in tourism.
Valentina Noviello is research fellow at National Research Council (CNR),
Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean (ISMed), and is a PhD student at the
University of Barcelona, Spain, whose research interest includes cultural heritage
in the Euro-Mediterranean context.
Lina Öztürk, PhD, graduated from the Department of Public Administration at
Anadolu University in 2009 and pursued her graduate degree on Business
Administration at Mersin University (MBA, 2014; Ph.D. 2019). She has pub-
lished studies on consumer behaviour, pricing, tourism and neuromarketing.
Masudur Rahman, PhD, serves as a Professor in the Department of Marketing at
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has more than 21 years of experience in
teaching, research and consulting services in different business development and
marketing issues. He has published many articles in different peer-reviewed
national and international journals.
Alka Rai has qualified the University Grant Commission-National Eligibility Test
in 2018 in Tourism Administration and Management. She is teaching as a guest
faculty at Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi. She has 5 years of industry experience in tour operation. She has
completed her Masters in Tourism Administration and Post-graduate Diploma in
Tourism and Leisure.
xxviii About the Contributors

Gavinolla Mahender Reddy is Assistant Professor in National Institute of Tourism

and Hospitality Management, India, and guest Lecturer in the Vidzeme Uni-
versity of Applied Sciences, Latvia. He is a PhD student who is focusing on
sustainability issues in tourism. He has published several papers related to sus-
tainable tourism and wildlife tourism in Sage, Routledge and Emerald. ORCiD:
0000-0002-3476-3132.
Hassan Refaat, PhD, is currently a Lecturer at the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels
Management – Luxor University. He is Researcher at Farouk ElBaz Center of
Sustainability and Future Studies at the British University in Egypt (BUE), El
Sherouk City, Cairo. Graduated from the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels
Management-Fayoum University (Egypt), he has a master’s degree in Tourism
Guidance and a PhD from Fayoum University (Egypt). He also worked as a
Tourism and Heritage Consultant at United Nations Development Program
(UNDP).
Azzurra Rinaldi is the Head of the Degree Course in Tourism Economics at the
University of Rome Unitelma Sapienza (where she also teaches Tourism Eco-
nomics). She has published many articles on the Tourism industry and the gender
gap and is also the author of a book on Tourism Economics.
Neil Robinson, PhD, lectures at Salford University Business School and has
research interests in dark tourism and heritage, in particular the commodification
and promotion of sites associated with death and disaster and the use of dark
tourism as a methodological tool for the investigation of cold case files.
Hiran Roy, PhD, is a Lecturer of International School of Hospitality, Sports, and
Tourism Management at Fairleigh Dickinson University, Vancouver, Canada.
He holds a PhD in Management from University of Canterbury, Christchurch,
New Zealand. Prior to joining academia, he worked extensively (over 26 years)
with the hospitality business industry as an Executive Chef in different continents.
Garima Sahu is a research scholar at Amity University and holds a postgraduate
diploma in Management and a bachelor’s degree in Computer Applications. She
has rich and extensive industry experience of more than 8 years in both India and
abroad with renowned names such as Unilever, Australia, Maruti Suzuki, India
Ltd, etc.
Faisal Sheikh is an economics graduate and a Chartered Certified Accountant. He
has worked for Big 4 firms focussing on NGO and public sector accounting and
auditing. Faisal is currently an award-winning Lecturer at Salford Business
School where he specialises in teaching financial reporting.
Kuldeep Singh is a research scholar (SRF) at IHTM, MD University, India. He is
conducting research on service quality and tourist behavior. He completed his
PGDM in Tourism and Travel from IITTM, Gwalior. He is passionate about
academic areas of service quality management, tourist satisfaction, rural tourism
and ecotourism.
 About the Contributors xxix

Bosipoina Golla Suneeth is the Founder and President of the Confederation of

Tourism Students, India. His research interests include tourism education, sus-
tainable tourism and niche tourism. Email: [email protected]
Luisa Varriale, PhD, is Associate Professor of Organization Theory and HRM at
the Department of Sport Sciences and Wellbeing, Parthenope University, Naples
(Italy), whose research interests include learning process, knowledge sharing and
creation, event management and sustainability issues.
Eduardo Villena-Alarcón, PhD, is Lecturer in Organizational Communication at
the University of Malaga. He graduated in journalism and public relations. He
has published research about tourism and cultural communication in social net-
works, the tourist functionality of the communication management or hotels
communication strategy.
Tiziana Volpe, PhD, is Senior Researcher at National Research Council (CNR),
Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean (ISMed), whose main research interests
include technological and organizational innovation and technology transfer in
agro-food sector, tourism, logistic and value chain.
Ephraim W. Wahome, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of History
and Archaeology, University of Nairobi. He is currently involved in the ‘Building
Shared Futures Project’ on the conservation and documentation of historic
Nairobi funded by Bristol University. His current areas of interest include
conservation, heritage and cultural tourism.
Avni Can Yağcı completed his undergraduate education in Istanbul University
Faculty of Business Administration in 2019. He currently continues his master’s
program in Mersin University Institute of Social Sciences and works at Faculty of
Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Business Administration
as a research assistant.
Mehmet İ. Yağcı, PhD, graduated from the Department of Management at
Middle East Technical University in 1988. He started his academic career at
Loyola University–New Orleans. He has published studies on marketing com-
munications, marketing theory, service quality, tourism, international marketing,
pricing and branding. He currently continues his academic career at Mersin
University.
This page intentionally left blank
List of Contributors

Nazeerah Sheik Abbass Mauritius Institute of Education, Mauritius

Ilgvars Abols Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences,
Latvia
Sanjida Amin Bangladesh University of Professionals,
Bangladesh
Bindu Maharshi Dayanand University, India
Carmen Bizzarri European University of Rome, Italy
Galina Bukovska Latvia Convention Bureau, Latvia
Lidia Caballero-Galeote University of Málaga, Spain
Juliet Chipumuro NHL-Stenden University of Applied Sciences,
Netherlands
Pravina Cooshna-
Gunputh Mauritius Institute of Education, Mauritius
Crispin Dale University of Wolverhampton, UK
Giacomo Del Chiappa University of Sassari, Italy
Ümit Doğrul Mersin University, Turkey
Kiran Dookhony-
Ramphul University of Mauritius, Mauritius
Islam Elgammal University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Faraknaaz Essmallgee Mauritius Institute of Education, Mauritius
Anisur R. Faroque LUT University, Finland
Mugizi Francis Makerere University, Uganda
Mohammad Osman Gani Bangladesh University of Professionals,
Bangladesh
Joan J.W. Gathungu Kenya Utalii College, Kenya
Paolo Giuntarelli University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
Vanessa GB
Gowreesunkar Anant National University, India
xxxii List of Contributors

Vikas Gupta Amity University, India

Chaya Hurnath University of Mauritius, Mauritius
Indu Maharshi Dayanand University, India
Ayorekire Jim Makerere University, Uganda
Obua Joseph Makerere University, Uganda
Simran Kashyap The Confederation of Tourism Students, India
Vikrant Kaushal Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur
(IIM Sirmaur), Himachal Pradesh, India
Maximiliano E.
Korstanje University of Palermo, Argentina
Rinzing Lama Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel
Management, India
Agita Livina Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences,
Latvia
Shem Wambugu Maingi Kenyatta University, Kenya
Roberto Micera National Research Council of Italy, Institute
for Studies on the Mediterranean
(CNR ISMed), Italy
Radu Mihailescu NHL-Stenden University of Applied Sciences,
Netherlands
Neha Mishra Indian Institute of Technology, India
Anindya Mishra Indian Institute of Technology, India
Abureza M. Muzareba University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
I Nengah Subadra University of Triatma Mulya, Bali-Indonesia
Valentina Noviello National Research Council of Italy, Institute
for Studies on the Mediterranean
(CNR ISMed), Italy
Lina Öztürk Mersin University, Turkey
Masudur Rahman University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Alka Rai Banaras Hindu University, India
Gavinolla Mahender National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality
Reddy Management (NITHM), Hyderabad, India;
Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences,
Latvia
Hassan Refaat Luxor University, Egypt
Azzurra Rinaldi University of Rome Unitelma Sapienza, Italy
 List of Contributors xxxiii

Neil Robinson Salford University Business School, UK

Hiran Roy Fairleigh Dickinson University, Canada
Garima Sahu Amity University, India
Faisal Sheikh Salford University Business School, UK
Kuldeep Singh Maharshi Dayanand University, India
Bosipoina Golla SuneethThe Confederation of Tourism Students, India
Luisa Varriale University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy
Eduardo Villena-Alarcón
University of Málaga, Spain
Tiziana Volpe National Research Council of Italy, Institute
for Studies on the Mediterranean
(CNR ISMed), Italy
Ephraim W. Wahome University of Nairobi, Kenya
Jane Wamaitha Munene Youth Ventures Initiatives (YOVI), Kenya
Mehmet İ smail Yağcı Mersin University, Turkey
Avni Can Yağcı Mersin University, Turkey
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword

COVID-19 and Tourism: A Difficult Relation?

One of the frightening aspects of COVID-19, without any doubt, lies in the fact
the virus interrogates further on the omnipotence of Western civilization and its
technocratic character. To put the same in other terms, in a hyper-technological
and mobile world, COVID-19 disseminates rapidly everywhere forcing the gov-
ernments to close their airspaces, borders and public life as never before. As
McLuhan (2014) puts it, technology amplifies part of our senses, becoming part of
our bodies and sensibilities, and when this happens, it melts with us in a new
hybridized self. For this case, and probably like in 9/11, the same transport means
that allowed the expansion of the West were the carriers of “an invisible enemy”.
The virus, which was originated in Wuhan, China, replicated in weeks all over the
globe, affecting the economies of the Global North and South, the commerce and
of course the tourism industry (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2020; Zheng, Goh, & Wen,
2020). In the midst of this mayhem, theorists launched to debate the opportunities
open in a post COVID-19 context, for example in reversing the pollution to the
atmosphere or in placating negative effects of climate change (Carr, 2020;
Crossley, 2020; Gössling, Scott & Hall 2020) while others focused on the
importance to adopt multidisciplinary methodologies to understand paradoxi-
cally tourism in a world without tourists (Korstanje, 2020; Wen, Wang, Kozak,
Liu, & Hou, 2020). Whatever the case may be, the pandemic changes the phi-
losophy of business as well as the modes of human relationship in what scientists
dubbed “the new normal” (He & Harris, 2020). To some extent, COVID-19
confronts with our long-established anxieties and uncertainties showing how our
fundamental liberties and rights can be suddenly suppressed to protect the public
health. At the time of writing this foreword I have been kindly invited by Vanessa,
I wish to bring some reflections on the future of tourism and tourism research in
the years to come. A couple of decades ago, Adrian Franklin (2007) called
attention to the problems and limitations of tourist-centricity, which means the
obsession of tourism researchers to interview tourists as the only source of valid
information. While tourist-centricity occupied a central position in the configu-
ration of the economic-centered paradigm as well as the managerial perspective,
other agents and voices were relegated to a peripheral position. What seems to be
more important, tourism research revolved around a strong dependency on
tourists, likely forgetting other methods – and cosmologies. Today, it is hard to
imagine how applied research continues in a world without tourism. This suggests
xxxvi Foreword

that big problems need a big solution. Still, it is important not to lose sight of the
fact post-pandemic management and marketing play a leading role in the
configuration of a new epoch, I named as post-pandemic tourism (Korstanje,
2020). Having said this, Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar, Shem Maingi, Hiran Roy,
and Roberto Micera offer a more than an interesting book, entitled Tourism
Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context to expand our current
understanding and courses of actions to follow in the years to come. The book
centers efforts in providing some practical insights on possible solutions (emerging
trends) for mitigating the financial losses the industry is facing. As discussed, the
economic-based paradigm centralized and crystallized classic destination man-
agement which was characterized by the predominance of visitor’s experiences
without mentioning competition and the relation with other stakeholders, but
now the concept sets the pace to a new tourism management model. The question
whether Destination Management Organization (classic DMO model) has some
limitations to resolve the quandaries left by COVID-19 pandemic, no less true is
that we need emerging empirical knowledge to formulate an all-pervading corpus
based on real study cases from all the world. This point posits editors in a great
dilemma simply because of the strict lockdown imposed to the applied research
but the task is worth the efforts. Chapters accepted in the present editorial project,
which in my viewpoint will surely pass the test of time, are high-quality texts
written by experts from the four corners of the planet. Last but not least, editors
struggle to organize different methodologies to review the existing literature, as
well as advancing in the connection of best practices with the function of man-
agement to create more resilient destinations in a post–COVID-19 landscape.
I and Professor Hugues Seraphin are happy to welcome this fascinating project to
our book series Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations, which is
published regularly by Emerald Publishing.

Maximiliano E. Korstanje, PhD

University of Palermo, Argentina

References
Carr, A. (2020). COVID-19, indigenous peoples and tourism: A view from New
Zealand. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 491–502. doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.1768433
Crossley, É. (2020). Ecological grief generates desire for environmental healing in
tourism after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 536–546.
Franklin, A. (2007). The problem with tourism theory. In I. Altejevic, A. Pritchard, &
M. N. Abingdon (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies (pp. 153–170).
Abingdon; New York, NY: Routledge.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change:
A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. doi:
10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
He, H., & Harris, L. (2020). The impact of covid-19 pandemic on corporate social
responsibility and marketing philosophy. Journal of Business Research. doi:
10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.030
 Foreword xxxvii

Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after
COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 610–623. doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.
1757748
Korstanje, M. E. (2020). Passage from the tourist gaze to the wicked gaze. A case
study on COVID19 with special reference to Argentina. In B. George, & Q. Din
Mahar (Eds.), International case studies in the management of disasters: Natural and
manmade calamities and pandemics. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
McLuhan, M. (2014). Media research: Technology, art and communication. Abingdon:
Routledge.
Wen, J., Wang, W., Kozak, M., Liu, X., & Hou, H. (2020). Many brains are better
than one: The importance of interdisciplinary studies on COVID-19 in and beyond
tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(1), 1–4. doi:10.1080/02508281.2020.
1761120
Zheng, Y., Goh, E., & Wen, J. (2020). The effects of misleading media reports about
COVID-19 on Chinese tourists’ mental health: A perspective article. Anatolia,
31(2), 337–340.
This page intentionally left blank
Preface

Pandemics and epidemics have always existed since the dawn of time and they did
ravage humanity and economies throughout their existence. Yet none devastated
the tourism industry the way the COVID-19 pandemic did. With 58,764,574
reported cases and 1,390,852 deaths (24 November 2020; Worldometer) at the
time of writing, the COVID-19 not only paralyzed the global tourism industry but
also panicked its stakeholders. According to the United Nations World Tourism
Organisation, the industry may incur approximately $1 trillion losses and threaten
more than 100 million jobs worldwide (UNWTO Policy Brief, 25 August 2020) if
the current situation continues. This concern is also echoed in the words of the
International Air Transport Association CEO:

….Nowhere is this more visible than in the rows of airplanes

parked at airports with nowhere to go. A thriving industry,
connecting the world with 4.5 billion passenger journeys and
transporting 60 million tons of freight a year, has been brought
to a shuddering halt.
(Travelbiznews.com, 12 June 2020)

Following such a depressing picture of the world economy, the tourism

community could not remain insensitive for too long. As a result, tourism des-
tinations were anxiously looking for guidelines, textbooks and research publica-
tions that offer management solutions, given that they were not prepared to face
pandemics. Destinations were getting substantially affected and major market
players in the tourist value chain (airlines, hotels, travel trade, cruise lines, tourism
businesses) either minimized or completely stopped their production for an
undefined period of time, resulting in the sudden and total cut-off of their revenue
streams. Guided by the United Nations World Tourism Organizations
(UNWTO) and the World Health Organizations (WHO), destinations started
deliberations via series of webinars and online meetings in order to come up with
survival solutions. Following several months of lockdown, destinations finally
made their decisions to gradually open up their economies, but in phased mode. As
travel has restarted in some parts of the world, it is still unclear how the pandemic
will further affect the industry due to its unknown evolution and unpredictable
impacts on the tourism supply chain. For instance, countries like France, the
United Kingdom and Turkey had to go back to lockdown after opening up their
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Modern house-
plans for everybody
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Modern house-plans for everybody

Author: S. B. Reed

Release date: August 7, 2022 [eBook #68706]

Language: English

Original publication: United States: Orange Judd Company, 1900

Credits: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN

HOUSE-PLANS FOR EVERYBODY ***
Transcriber’s Note: Illustrations have been moved to the end of each chapter.

Modern
HOUSE-PLANS
For
Everybody

FOR VILLAGE AND COUNTRY RESIDENCES

COSTING FROM TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY
DOLLARS TO EIGHT THOUSAND DOLLARS

Including
Full Descriptions and Estimates in Detail
of Materials, Labor,
Cost and Many Practical Suggestions

By
S. B. REED
Architect

ILLUSTRATED
 New York
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY
1900

Copyright,
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY,
1900.
 PREFACE.
In the modernized and revised edition of “House-Plans for
Everybody,” but little attempt has been made to change the text or
floor plans, as these are standard features requiring no revision. In
the matter of outward dress, however, nearly all the elevations have
been redrawn, with special regard to modern ideas and tastes, and
in this respect it is specially new and commendable. The author has
been guided in this work by many years’ experience, in planning and
superintending the erection of country buildings, and has selected,
from an extensive aggregation of original designs in his possession,
such examples as seemed best to serve for purposes of simplicity,
comfort, and economy. All the matters here presented are purely
practical—well calculated to assist such as are contemplating the
erection of either a village or country house. The plans embrace
almost every variety of arrangement and style—each one is
accompanied with a detailed description of its conveniences and
construction—and its cost is shown by careful estimates, made to
correspond with a uniform standard of prices, at present rates. To
builders, this work will be valuable as a handbook of reference, to aid
them when applied to for suggestions, either in the projection of new
dwellings, or in the alteration of old ones, saving much time, study
and calculations. The estimates of cost have been found correct as
to totals, in the neighborhood of New York, and in many other
localities builders have offered to duplicate the structures for the
figures given.
S. B. Reed.
 CONTENTS.
Page.

DESIGN NO. I.
a cottage, costing $250.
Accommodations for Beginners in House-Keeping, with Limited
Means.—Arranged as the Wing of a future Main House.—First
Steps. 9
DESIGN NO. II.
country cottage, costing $450.
Approximating the Cheapest Construction.—Roofs must not be
slighted.—Their Relative Cost.—Suggestions as to Inside
Linings. 12
DESIGN NO. III.
country cottage, costing $550.
Effect of Angles and Vertical Lines.—New form of Radiator, with
Designs and Description.—A Durable Wash for rough work. 17
DESIGN NO. IV.
country cottage, costing $550.
Adapted to an Eastern Frontage.—Good accommodations for a small
family.—May have a Vestibule in Piazza.—Exterior Plastering. 22
DESIGN NO. V.
convenient house, costing $650.
Little required to build a comfortable home.—Saving by use of regular
sizes of Sash, Doors, etc.—Novelty Siding.—Gutters.—
Desirability, and Cost of Hanging Sash. 26
DESIGN NO. VI.
a house, costing $700.
Providing for future Enlargement.—Framework below the First Floor. 33
—Section of Frame, with Description.—Cornice.

DESIGN NO. VII.

country house, costing $750.
Fair Expression of Purpose.—Best Results from Location.—Outside
Plastering.—Stearate of Lime.—Formula for Making. 39
DESIGN NO. VIII.
a cottage, costing $800.
Enlargement of Design No. 1.—Best use of the Space.—Short Spans,
and Bridging of Beams.—Suggestions as to Location. 44
DESIGN NO. IX.
country or village cottage, costing $1,000.
Cosy and Homelike.—Style Determined by the Form of Roof.—
Modes of Plastering.—Advantages of the One-coat work. 49
DESIGN NO. X.
a house, costing $1,100.
Adapted to a Twenty-five Foot Lot.—Trim Outline.—No Waste in
Materials.—Pitch of Roofs.—Ventilator and Scuttle combined. 54
DESIGN NO. XI.
a house, costing $1,600.
Practical Experience Valuable in Planning.—Conventional
Requirements.—A Fifth House.—Section of Outside Wall, and
Description. 62
DESIGN NO. XII.
a house, costing $1,700.
Important Features in Exterior.—Care in Foundations.—Regular
versus Balloon Framing.—Painting. 69
DESIGN NO. XIII.
french roofed cottage, costing $2,000.
For thickly settled localities.—Enlivened Dressing.—Purpose of
Ornament.—Bracing of Frame.—Taste in Painting. 76
 DESIGN NO. XIV.
french roofed cottage, costing $2,000.
Conforming to a Declivity.—Outlines of Grounds.—Tower-like Corner,
Supported by a Column.—Weight of Slate, and Tin. 82
DESIGN NO. XV.
southern house, costing $2,000.
Extended Area of Ground Floor.—Requirements for Shade.—
Preparations for Severe Weather.—Food Department. 86
DESIGN NO. XVI.
a house, costing $2,100.
Pointed Style—in harmony with rural surroundings.—Earth Finish
around Foundation.—Exhausting poisonous vapors from cellars. 92
DESIGN NO. XVII.
a house, costing $2,200.
The most Economical Form.—High Foundations.—Surrounding
Grades.—Bridging Beams.—Stairs.—Why Contractors differ.—
Who qualified to estimate. 98
DESIGN NO. XVIII.
southern house, costing $2,200.
Style adapted to Middle and Southern States.—Tower.—Verandas.—
Windows extending to the Floor.—Ventilation. 105
DESIGN NO. XIX.
stone house, costing $2,500.
Balance in Outlines.—Site.—Cellar, how sweetened.—Plant Window,
with Contents Reflected.—Drudgery of Housework. 111
DESIGN NO. XX.
country house, costing $2,600.
Suited to a Southern Climate.—Double Front.—May face any point of
Compass.—Detailed Estimate of Windows and Doors. 115
DESIGN NO. XXI.
farm house, costing $2,600.
Economical and Practical.—Size and Shape.—Direction to Face.—
Hight above Ground.—Cause of Decay in Principal Timbers.—
Paving instead of flooring Shed. 120
DESIGN NO. XXII.
a house, costing $2,800.
Advantages of Square Form.—Rounded Roof Outlines.—New
Modification of Mansard Roof.—Front Hall Dispensed with.—
Chimneys to Save Heat. 128
DESIGN NO. XXIII.
country or village house, costing $2,800.
Suited to the Wants of Professional Men.—Outlines and Dress.—
Good Taste.—Rule for Projections.—Slate.—Estimate in Detail
for Plastering. 134
DESIGN NO. XXIV.
farm house, costing $2,800.
Questions Involved in Locations.—Distance from the Street to Build.
—Seeming Growth of the Earth.—Superintending Construction.
—Points. 140
DESIGN NO. XXV.
a half-stone house, costing $2,800.
Rustic and Substantial.—Front and Rear Finish.—Construction.—
Confined Sewage.—Prices of Building Materials. 147
DESIGN NO. XXVI.
a frame house, costing $2,900.
External Features.—Spreading out.—Direction to Face.—An Auxiliary
Apartment.—Building a Section at a Time.—Reducing the Cost. 152
DESIGN NO. XXVII.
a stone house, costing $2,900.
Solid, Independent, and Homelike.—Vines and Creepers for
Decoration.—Manner of Building Corners, with Designs and
Description. 158
DESIGN NO. XXVIII.
 a house, costing $3,000.
Suburban Cottage, with Modern Improvements.—High Foundations.
—Large Rooms.—Platform Stairs.—Low-down Grates.—Coal-lift. 164
DESIGN NO. XXIX.
a house, costing $3,100.
Summer Residence, with Principal Rooms in the Rear.—Parlor and
Piazza for Use together.—Well, How Constructed. 171
DESIGN NO. XXX.
frame and brick house, costing $3,300.
Indestructible Covering.—Design Showing Method of Construction,
with Description.—Economical Plumbing. 175
DESIGN NO. XXXI.
a house, costing $3,700.
Residence or Parsonage.—Three Elevations.—Nearly Square
Ground-Plan.—Arranged Similar to Double House. 180
DESIGN NO. XXXII.
a house, costing $4,000.
Double Front.—Bay Windows.—Circular Window Heads.—Preventing
drafts.—Fire-place Heaters.—Plumber’s Work in Detail. 187
DESIGN NO. XXXIII.
a brick house, costing $4,000.
Compact Outline.—Vestibule Doors.—Vertical Side Walls in Mansard
Roof.—Design of Frame, with Description. 196
DESIGN NO. XXXIV.
country residence, costing $4,750.
Perspective View.—Physicians’ Office.—Laboratory.—Water
Reservoir.—Fountain.—Heaters and Grates. 203
DESIGN NO. XXXV.
suburban residences, costing $4,000.
Mansard Roofs.—Variety.—Conservatory.—Roofing Materials foreign 205
 to each other.—Furnace.

DESIGN NO. XXXVI.

a farm house, costing $5,000.
Hooded Style.—Main Entrance from two directions.—Position of
Kitchen Wing.—Conservatory.—Beam Filling. 209
DESIGN NO. XXXVII.
a suburban residence, costing $7,000.
Outlines determined by location.—Irregularities.—Pleasantest
Apartments.—Arches.—Concrete Floors.—Parquet Floors. 214
DESIGN NO. XXXVIII.
a suburban residence, costing $8,000.
Perspective View.—Modern Improvements.—Five Story Tower.—
Dormer Windows.—School Room.—Remarks on Style. 220
DESIGN NO. XXXIX.
six contiguous houses, costing $6,000.
Building in Blocks.—What is Saved.—Overcoming many objections.
—Preserving their identity as Cottages.—Deafening Partitions. 227
DESIGN NO. XL.
five contiguous houses, costing $10,000.
Residence.—Corner-Stone.—Observatory.—Desirability.—Imposing
and animated.—Full Specifications of Plumber’s Work. 232
 DESIGN I.
A COTTAGE, COSTING $250.

This plan was designed for a simple cottage, with sufficient

accommodations for beginners in housekeeping with limited means.
It is arranged as the Wing of a larger house to be erected in the
future, as indicated in the dotted sketch adjoining the ground-plan.
(The building, with the proposed enlargements complete, are given
in Design VIII.) To a certain extent, one’s dwelling is an index of his
character. Any effort at building expresses the owner’s ability, taste,
and purpose. Every industrious man, starting in life, has a right, and
should be encouraged, to anticipate prosperity, as the sure reward of
honest worth; and he may, with propriety, give emphasis to such
anticipations in every step, and with every blow struck. His dwelling
may well express the progressive character, rather than a conclusive
result. Beginning a home by starting with a room or two, as present
means will allow, and increasing its dimensions as can be afforded,
without the precarious aid of the money-lender, is honest,
independent, and best provides against the ever-changing
vicissitudes of life. The first step towards building is the preparation
of plans. These should be sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all
probable requirements. If only a small beginning is intended, it
should be made to exhibit some degree of completeness, and be
arranged to conform with the proposed future enlargements without
serious alterations.... Exterior, (fig. 1).—In view of the relation this
structure is to bear to a proposed main house, and to allow for the
grading likely to be required in the ultimate completion of the whole,
the foundation is made to show four feet above the ground. Such
elevation adds to the prominence and good appearance of the
building, and relieves the interior from the dampness likely to result
from a closer contact with the soil. The style is simple, neat, and
favorable for the using of ordinary materials and methods of
construction.... Interior, (fig. 2).—Hight of ceiling, 9 feet. The entire
floor space is utilized in the three convenient divisions—a Living-
room, Bedroom, and a Large Pantry—with no chimney-breast, or
stairway to interfere. Each room is pleasantly lighted, and the larger
one has outside entrances front and rear. With a favorable location,
the living-room may be made a very cheerful apartment....
Construction.—For economy, and in prospect of a future
enlargement, that shall include ample cellars, such excavations are
omitted for this building. The Foundations are brick piers, extending
in the earth below the reach of frost, and 4 feet above, and the
intermediate spaces are close-boarded, making an inclosure useful
for many purposes. If desired, a sort of temporary cellar may be
made, by deepening the central portion of this inclosure a foot or
two, and banking the loose earth against the inside of the boarding.
The Framework and other parts are substantially constructed, of
materials as indicated in the appended estimate. The Chimney rests
on the central partition (which is strengthened by the central pier of
the foundation), and has two flues, with metal thimbles in the bottom
of each—one to receive the stove-pipe from the living-room, and the
other to serve as a ventilator for the bedroom. All of the materials are
intended to be of merchantable quality. The siding, flooring, and
casings are mill-dressed. The sizes of the sash are 2 ft. 8 in. × 5 ft. 2
in., and of the doors, 2 ft. 8 in. × 6 ft. 8 in., all 1¼ in. thick, and may
be found ready-made, and seasoned, in the stock of any regular
dealer.... In the following estimate, the item of $20, for carpenter’s
labor, may seem very little. This amount is allowed for preparing the
building ready for the plasterer, and is entered in this manner for
convenience in making the calculations. Adding to the above amount
the cost of such labor in the “completed” parts, will make a total of
$50.
Estimate, cost of materials and labor:

1,000 bricks, laid, at $12 per M. $12.00

124 yards plastering, at 20c. per yard. 24.80
636 ft. of timber, at $15 per M. 9.54
2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long.
1 girder, 4 × 6 in. 18 ft. long.
 2 sills, 4 × 6 in. 16 ft. long.
9 beams, 3 × 6 in. 16 ft. long.
4 posts, 4 × 6 in. 10 ft. long.
14 ceiling boards, 2 × 4 in. 16 ft. long.
75 wall-strips, 2 × 4 × 13, at 11c. each. 8.25
98 siding, 9½ inches, at 25c, each. 24.50
Cornice materials. 6.00
50 shingling lath, at 5c. each. 2.50
6 shingling planks, at 20c. each. 1.20
12 bunches shingles, at $1.25 per bunch. 15.00
36 flooring, 9½ in., at 25c. 9.00
7 windows, complete, at $6. 42.00
4 doors, complete, at $5. 20.00
2 stoops and closets, complete. 20.00
Nails, $4; painting, $14; carting, $5. 23.00
Carpenter’s labor, not included above. 20.00
Incidentals. 12.21
Total cost. $250.00
Fig. 1.—exterior of cottage.
Fig. 2.—interior of cottage.
 DESIGN II.
COUNTRY COTTAGE, COSTING $450 TO $550.

This plan of an inexpensive country dwelling is adapted to the

wants of many people whose circumstances will not admit of a larger
outlay. It was originally prepared and published in response to many
calls for very low-priced country houses, “some as cheap as lumber
and nails can make them.” The present one approximates that point,
and will aid in devising others.... Two Elevations are given for the
same ground-plan; the first (fig. 3) is for a one-story house of the
simplest design, with an entrance door, a neat porch, and two
windows in front. The rear is arranged similarly. The roof is
conspicuous, in keeping with its importance. No matter how cheaply
one proposes to build a house, it is essential not to slight the roof. A
roof fit for a one-story cottage would answer equally well on a three-
story house, so that relatively the cost of this part becomes greater,
as the other parts become reduced and cheapened.... Ground-
Plan, (fig. 4).—The accommodations are quite sufficient for a small
family, consisting of three rooms, two lobbies, a kitchen-pantry, and a
clothes-press. The Lobbies protect the rooms from direct contact
with the outside doors. The Living-room is large, and accessible alike
from each entrance; it has windows front and rear, and is convenient
to the pantry; one entire side is unbroken, giving additional space for
furniture, etc. The Pantry is shelved on two sides, and has a sash
opening from the rear lobby, receiving light through the head-light
over the rear entrance door. The front Bedroom is of good size—
large enough to be used as a sitting-room; it adjoins the rear
bedroom, and a clothes-press, and has a window facing the road.
The rear Bedroom is the most retired, and has a window looking to
the rear. The Press or closet is shelved and hooked in the usual
manner. The door between the bedrooms might be dispensed with,
but its convenience more than repays its cost.... Construction.—
The Foundations are of common stone and mortar, laid in trenches,
so as not to be affected by frost, and show 1½ feet above ground.
The supports for the central partitions are stone piers, 4 feet apart.
The Chimneys are of hard brick and mortar, passing through the first
story in two flues, but joined together beneath the roof, and finished
above as a single chimney. All the timber of the exterior frame is of 4
× 6-inch spruce. The sills are laid flatways on the foundation, and the
upright frame-work stands upon them. The beams are of 1¼ × 8-inch
spruce planks; they are notched 4 inches, to fit on the sill, and bear
on the foundation, and are nailed to the studding and sills, binding
the whole together. The ceiling-strips are of 1¼ × 5-inch spruce,
resting on the ties, and nailed to the studding. The rafters are 2 × 4-
inch wall-strips. All beams, studding, and rafters, are placed 16
inches apart from centers. The siding is of 10-inch dressed pine. The
roof is covered with 18-inch pine shingles, laid on 1¼ × 2-inch
shingling-lath. The porch-frame is of dressed and cornered timber,
and is roofed with shingles on flooring laid face down. The flooring is
1⅛ × 9-inch spruce “milled.” The interior is plainly cased: for doors
and windows, 3¼ inches wide; base, 6 inches; chair-back in the
living-room, 3 inches; all beveled. All sashes and doors are 1¼ inch
thick. The interior side-walls and ceilings are white-sand finished, on
brown mortar and seasoned lath. Many efforts have been made to
devise something cheaper than plastering for the inside lining of
walls, but no substitute has yet been found to equal it in cheapness
or durability. Plastering, as usually prepared and applied, conduces
to the healthfulness of any apartment, emits no odor of mouldiness,
has no attraction or harbor for vermin, is impervious to air, and a
non-conductor of sound. Where linings of thin wood or paper are
used, it is necessary to deafen the partitions and ceilings, otherwise
they will be noisy. Sound made in any one part will reverberate
through the house with drum-like suggestiveness. Most of such
materials absorb moisture rapidly from the atmosphere, and when at
any distance from the house-fires, so as not to be warmed and dried,
the moisture is retained in them. This is especially the case in
chambers and closets. Rather than seek a substitute for plastering, it
is better to extend its use, and, where practicable, apply it as an
outside covering, as well as for inside linings, as described for
Design VI. The Second Elevation, (fig. 5,) shows an enlargement