“MEASURING THE EFFECT OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES ON WOMEN’S

POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY ”

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the

state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender,

including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different

behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender.

The feminist movement is no stranger to adverse economic, social and political

environments. Many of today’s feminist groups came of age during the rise of neoliberal

economic and social policies and ideologies in the mid-1980s and 1990s. Since then,

the world has become increasingly harsh and difficult, and many opponents and

structures undermine the promotion of women’s human rights. To name just a few: a

faltering global economy with unprecedented levels of national and global inequality; a

deeply pessimistic global warming and climate change scenario with an increasing

number of climate refugees; the spread of “illiberal” democracies in both high and low

countries and the shrinking of spaces for progressive civil society; brutal unresolved

conflicts and displacement; and the growing backlash against bodily autonomy,

integrity, and sexual and reproductive rights in both refugee and migrant-hosting

countries. As if that were not enough, the communication revolution has brought us into

a “post-truth” world, where social networks sometimes participate in lies, hateful

messages and distortions of reality (Sen, 2019).

 The economic Influence of women means the equal participation of women in the

market and access to basic production resources, wages and opportunities for

economic development. Women should have ownership and control of these resources

and greater representation and rights in the decision-making process. They should also

be in control of their time, their bodies and their lives without being subject to any

oppressive structures. This empowerment must be sustainable in all spheres of

women’s lives, be it households or international organizations (Dias, 2022).

Gender equality is a fundamental principle of human rights and a key indicator of

social progress. Despite significant advancements in recent years, women continue to

face barriers when it comes to political empowerment and representation. In order to

address this issue, governments and organizations around the world have implemented

various gender equality policies aimed at promoting women’s political participation and

leadership. The study aims to examine the effect of gender equality policies on women’s

political empowerment through a quantitative approach. It seeks to measure the impact

of specific policies and initiatives on women’s representation in political decision-making

processes, such as the number of women in parliament, government positions, and

leadership roles. By conducting a quantitative analysis, the study intends to provide

empirical evidence on the effectiveness of gender equality policies in promoting

women’s political empowerment.

It will utilize data from various sources, such as national statistics, surveys, and

reports, to assess the correlation between the implementation of gender equality

policies and the level of women’s political representation. This study is rooted in the

recognition that achieving gender equality in political participation is crucial for inclusive
and democratic governance. It acknowledges that gender disparities in political power

can hinder the development and progress of societies, as women’s perspectives and

experiences are often underrepresented in decision-making processes.

The study seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on gender

equality policies and their impact on women’s political empowerment. It aims to provide

policymakers, researchers, and advocates with valuable insights into the effectiveness

of specific policies and strategies in promoting gender equality in political leadership.

The study on “Measuring the Effect of Gender Equality Policies on Women’s Political

Empowerment: A Quantitative Study” addresses an important gap in the literature and

aims to inform evidence-based policy-making and advocacy efforts towards achieving

greater gender equality in political representation.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to measure the extent to which the implementation of gender

equality policies, such as those related to political representation, decision-making, and

participation, influences the level of political empowerment experienced by women. The

key elements of this problem are:

1. Identifying the independent variable: Gender equality policies

2. Identifying the dependent variable: Women’s political empowerment

3. Determining the need to measure or quantify the effect of the independent

variable on the dependent variable.

Significance of the Study

Students. This study holds significance for students, particularly those studying gender

studies, political science, or related fields. It provides valuable insights into the impact of

gender equality policies on women’s political empowerment. Students can gain a

deeper understanding of the effectiveness of these policies and their implications for

achieving gender equality. The findings can inform their academic pursuits, research,

and future careers in advocating for women’s rights and political empowerment.

Researchers. For researchers in the field of gender studies, political science, or public

policy, this study offers an opportunity to contribute to the existing body of knowledge.

By conducting a quantitative analysis on the effect of gender equality policies on

women’s political empowerment, researchers can generate empirical evidence to

support policy recommendations and interventions.

Future Researchers. The study’s findings can serve as a foundation for future

researchers interested in exploring the relationship between gender equality policies

and women’s political empowerment. It can guide them in designing research

methodologies, selecting variables, and analyzing data. Future researchers can build

upon this study to deepen our understanding of the factors that influence women’s

political empowerment and contribute to evidence-based policy-making.

Government. The study’s findings are of particular importance to government entities

responsible for designing and implementing gender equality policies. By quantitatively

measuring the effect of these policies on women’s political empowerment, the study can

provide evidence to inform policy decisions. Governments can evaluate the

effectiveness of existing policies, identify areas for improvement, and develop strategies
to enhance women’s representation and influence in politics. The study can serve as a

valuable resource for policy-makers in formulating gender-responsive policies.

Scope and Delimitation

The study will focus on examining the impact of gender equality policies on the

political empowerment of women. The research will investigate the relationship between

the implementation of gender equality policies (the independent variable) and the level

of political empowerment experienced by women (the dependent variable). The study

will aim to measure and quantify the effect of gender equality policies on women’s

political empowerment, using appropriate research methods and data analysis

techniques. The study will be conducted exclusively with respondents from PSU Narra

Campus. The findings will not be generalized to the broader population beyond this

specific institutional context. The gender equality policies examined in the study will be

limited to those implemented and observed within the PSU Narra, and the researchers

will not consider the impact of broader national or regional gender equality policies. The

study will not examine the Impact of gender equality policies on the political

empowerment of other genders, such as men or non-binary individuals. The focus will

be solely on women’s political empowerment.

 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature

Deguma et. Al., (2018) According to the UN Office of the Special Advisor to the

Secretary-General on Gender Issues and the Advancement of Women, gender equality

is the guarantee that men’s and women’s perceptions, interests, needs, and priorities

are given equal weight, as well as equal rights, opportunities, responsibilities, and

access to resources. Gender equality and violence against women are evident

challenges in the Philippine context.

Odera & Mulusa, (2020) Gender equality is a fundamental human rights principle

and a cornerstone of the 2030 Agenda. Beate Rudolf therefore looks at the relevance of

the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

(CEDAW) for the Implementation of the SDGs while Josephine Odera and Judy Mulusa

assess the prospects of the SDGs for gender equality and women’s’ empowerment.

Rudolf recalls that CEDAW is the core international human rights treaty on women’s

equality in all fields and produced a wealth of information on causes of discrimination

against women, on gaps in implementing women’s human rights that prevent their full

and equal participation in all areas of life as well as on successful strategies and

instruments to address the structural causes of gender-based discrimination.

Hessami & da Fonseca, (2020) Through trade, communication, and travel,

nations are now more intertwined than ever thanks to the strong forces of globalization.

But there are other reasons why this growth in global collaboration has been significant
besides the economy. The political and social spheres are also converging as a result of

globalization. Take the many institutional reforms toward gender equality in emerging

nations that have resulted from globalization. Consequently, these have brought about

notable surges in the political involvement of women in these nations, following

comparable patterns that have already been observed in affluent nations.

Tanima et. Al., (2020) stated that when “empowerment” is positioned next to

terms like “economics,” “markets,” “credit,” “growth,” and “struggle,” it takes on quite a

different meaning than when it is placed next to terms like “struggle,” “conflict,” “rights,”

and “power.” The addition of terms to established narratives neutralizes them while also

making them sound safe. The political in ISDE and how those participating understand

“women,” “empowerment,” and “poverty”—three contentious signifiers in the political

frontier—were brought to light by the application of critical dialogics. We looked at the

definitions and applications of these terms in the operational manuals and policy

documents of the MFI.

Abou-Shouk et. Al., (2021) The concept of empowerment has multiple

dimensions. The three primary components of empowerment included in the

established scale are psychological, social, and political. People’s sentiments of pride

and self-worth resulting from their destinations’ distinctive attractions and cultural

endowments are related to psychological empowerment. Social empowerment

encourages participation in community activities and strengthens the bonds that bind

individuals to their communities. When local community members are fairly included in

the decision-making process for promoting tourism, political empowerment takes place.
 Milazzo & Goldstein (2019) Women still have limited access to land and other

productive resources, and they are frequently dependent on men. In addition, there is

still a gender pay gap because women are more likely than males to work in low-paying

jobs, as unpaid family caregivers, or in the unorganized sector. Women are still

disproportionately underrepresented in corporate boards, political office, and other high-

level leadership roles. In addition to being directly tied to economic development,

gender equality is a significant development goal in and of itself. It has been

emphasized again how crucial it is to achieve gender equality both within and outside

the home.

True & Wiener (2019) Women’s issues in ASEAN have been confined to socio-

cultural and economic policy areas, and fall under the Socio-Cultural Pillar. This

explains why most ASEAN gender policies are concerned with women’s economic or

social status and not with their participation in politics. In the few cases where women’s

issues are dealt with in the Political-Security Pillar, they are framed in terms of

protection rather than empowerment.

Rishmawi (2020) stated that there is a mechanism to ensure female

representation and one-quarter of the members were women. The Parliament cannot

ratify agreements and is only able to hold debates and make recommendations.

Originally located in Syria, it has since been moved to Cairo.

Kabeer (2021) Despite the fact that women make up half of the human

population, they are subjected to egregious inequality. For example, despite rapid

improvements in global living standards and educational attainment, gender gaps in

income and human capital persist, and women continue to be disproportionately

affected by unpaid care work, discrimination, and violence based on their gender. The

goal of the Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) program was to

supply state-of-the-art data to guide social and economic policies that enhance the lives

and opportunities of impoverished women while fostering economic expansion. It

concentrated on the obstacles that low-income women must overcome, the ways in

which economic progress either helps or impedes women’s empowerment, and the

ways in which women’s empowerment might spur growth.

According to Elshaer et. Al., (2021) Studies have indicated that travel has a role

in assuring women’s empowerment and bridging the gender gap. Furthermore, it is

commonly known that the tourist sector, particularly in nations upholding traditional

values, can successfully empower women and include them in growth. Still, the uneven

ways in which the advantages of tourism are distributed amongst men and women have

received less attention.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework illustrates the hypothesized relationship between the

independent variable (gender equality policies) and the dependent variable (women’s

political empowerment). The independent variable encompasses various policy domains

that aim to promote gender equality, such as legal and constitutional reforms, political

representation and participation, economic empowerment, social protection and welfare,

and institutional mechanisms.

These gender equality policies are expected to have a positive influence on the

different dimensions of women’s political empowerment, which include their

representation in elected and appointed political positions, their participation in political

activities, their influence on political agendas and policy-making, their access to and

control over political resources, and their perceptions of political efficacy and

responsiveness.

Research Paradigm

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Gender equality policies Women’s political empowerment

Definition of Terms

In the study titled “Measuring the Effect of Gender Equality Policies on Women’s

Political Empowerment: A Quantitative Study,” several terms are discussed. Here are

short definitions of some of the key terms:

1. Gender Equality. Gender equality refers to the equal rights, opportunities, and

treatment of individuals, regardless of their gender. It aims to eliminate discrimination

and promote fairness between men and women.

2. Policies. Policies are guidelines or rules established by governments, organizations,

or institutions to address specific issues or achieve certain objectives. In this study,

policies refer to measures implemented to promote gender equality and women’s

political empowerment.
3. Women’s Political Empowerment. Women’s political empowerment refers to the

increased participation, representation, and influence of women in political decision-

making processes. It involves enabling women to have equal access to political

positions and opportunities to shape policies and governance.

4. Political Empowerment. Political empowerment refers to the ability of individuals or

groups to exercise influence, participate in decision-making, and have control over

political processes. It includes having access to political resources, opportunities, and

platforms to voice opinions and shape policies.

5. Empowerment. Empowerment is the process of enabling individuals or groups to

gain control over their lives, make informed choices, and take actions to achieve their

goals. It involves enhancing self-confidence, skills, and access to resources, allowing

individuals to overcome barriers and improve their well-being.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study will employ a descriptive research design to examine the relationship

between gender equality policies and women's political empowerment within the context

of Palawan State University (Narra campus). Primary data will be collected through a

survey of female students, faculty, and staff, gathering information on their perceptions

and experiences related to gender equality policies and women's political

empowerment. Secondary data will also be collected from university policy documents

and reports. The unit of analysis will be the individual female respondents, selected

through a purposive sampling technique. The independent variable, gender equality

policies, will be operationalized through survey questions on the respondents'

perceptions and awareness of such policies, while the dependent variable, women's

political empowerment, will be measured through questions on their participation,

influence, and perceptions of political empowerment within the university context.

Population and Sample

The population for this study consists of all female students, faculty, and staff at

Palawan State University (Narra campus). The study will employ a purposive sampling

technique to select the respondents, including female students from various academic

programs, female faculty members from different departments, and female

administrative and support staff working in various units. The sample size will be

determined based on the total population size, ensuring a representative sample that
reflects the diversity of the female population at the Narra campus. By focusing on this

specific institutional context, the descriptive research design will provide In-depth

insights into the perceptions and experiences of women regarding the relationship

between gender equality policies and their political empowerment within Palawan State

University (Narra campus).

Data Gathering Instrument

The primary data for the study will be collected through a structured survey

questionnaire administered to the female students at Palawan State University (Narra

campus). The questionnaire will consist of sections on awareness and perceptions of

gender equality policies, and women’s political empowerment, including both closed-

ended and open-ended questions. The data will be collected either online or in-person,

depending on the preferences of the respondents. The survey data will serve as the

primary source of information for the study’s analysis and findings.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering process for this study will begin with obtaining the necessary

institutional approval and support from the administration of Palawan State University

(Narra campus) to conduct the research. The researchers will then develop a structured

survey questionnaire, which will include sections on awareness and perceptions of

gender equality policies, and women’s political empowerment. The target population of

female students at the Narra campus will be identified, and a purposive sampling

technique will be utilized to select the respondents. The survey will be administered to

the participants, either through an online platform or in-person, depending on their

preferences and feasibility. The collected data will be securely stored, and a data

management plan will be implemented to maintain the integrity, confidentiality, and

accessibility of the information. Throughout the data gathering process, the researchers

will maintain communication with the participants and the university administration,

providing updates and seeking feedback to ensure the ethical and smooth conduct of

the study.

Statistical Treatment

For the study “Measuring the Effect of Gender Equality Policies on Women’s Political

Empowerment” at Palawan State University (Narra campus), the following statistical

treatments can be employed:

1. Frequency distributions. Frequency distribution organizes the data into

mutually exclusive and exhaustive classes or categories. It allows the researcher

to determine the number of students who selected each response option (e.g.,

strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree).

2. Percentages. This shows the relative frequency of each opinion, making it easier

to understand the distribution of responses.

3. Mean. This statistical tool was used to compute for the mean of the responses in

the questionnaire that was distributed to the respondents during the data

gathering procedure.

4. Standard Deviation. This measured the spread of data.

5. Correlation Analysis. Pearson’s correlation coefficient to assess the strength

and direction of the relationship between the perceived effectiveness of gender

equality policies and the measures of women’s political empowerment (e.g.,

participation in decision-making, sense of political efficacy).

 CHAPTER IV

INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

This chapter presents, analyzed and interprets the data gathered in order to draw

out important information and significant points about the effect of gender equality

policies on women’s political empowerment.

Table 1. Awareness of Gender Equality Policies

Statements Mean Standard Description

Deviation
1. I Am aware of the 3.73 3.37 Very Aware
university’s policies
and initiatives aimed
at promoting gender
equality.
2. The university 3.27 2.85 Moderately Aware
effectively
communicates
information about its
gender equality
policies
3. I understand the 3.63 3.29 Very Aware
objectives and
provisions of the
university’s gender
equality policies
4. I know where to 3.50 3.12 Very Aware
access information
about the university’s
gender equality
policies
Grand Mean 3.53
Descriptive Rating

1.00 – 1.81 Not at all Aware

1.81 – 2.60 Slightly Aware
2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Aware
3.41 – 4.20 Very Aware
4.21 – 5.00 Extremely Aware

Table 2. Sense of Women’s Political Efficacy

Statements Mean Standard Description

Deviation
1. I believe I have the 3.60 3.25 High Efficacy
knowledge and skills
to participate
effectively in the
university’s political
processes.
2. I feel confident in my 3.80 3.40 High Efficacy
ability to contribute to
the university’s
decision-making and
governance.
3. The university’s 3.53 3.16 High Efficacy
efforts to empower
women have
enhanced my sense
of political efficacy.
4. I am encouraged and 3.67 3.33 High Efficacy
supported by the
university to engage
in political activities
and decision-making.
Grand Mean 3.65 High Efficacy

Descriptive Rating
 1.00 – 1.81 Very Low Efficacy
1.81 – 2.60 Low Efficacy
2.61 – 3.40 Moderate Efficacy
3.41 – 4.20 High Efficacy
4.21 – 5.00 Very High Efficacy

Table 3. Significant relationship between the effect of gender equality policy on

women’s political efficacy

Students awareness on the gender

equality policy

Pearson r-value p-value

Students sense on -0.90252172 0.034109172

women’s political efficacy

A Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test if students’ awareness had no

significant relationship on women’s political empowerment. The table shows that a

Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between

students’ awareness of the gender equality policy and their sense of women’s political

efficacy. The Pearson r-value is -0.90252172, and the p-value is 0.034109172. The

negative r-value indicates an inverse relationship between the two variables, meaning

that as students’ awareness of the gender equality policy increases, their sense of

women’s political efficacy decreases. The p-value of 0.034109172 is less than the

commonly used significance level of 0.05, suggesting that the relationship between the

two variables is statistically significant. This means that the null hypothesis, which states

that there is no significant relationship between students’ awareness and women’s

political efficacy, can be rejected.

CHAPTER V
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study "Measuring the Effect of Gender Equality Policy on Women's Political

Empowerment: Quantitative Study" focuses on the effects of gender equality policy on

the political empowerment of women. The importance of gender equality in political

participation is discussed, and it is planned to evaluate the effectiveness of the policy in

promoting the representation of women in decision-making processes. The research

uses a quantitative approach, where data from different sources are analyzed to

measure the correlation between equality policies and the political representation of

women. The study emphasizes the importance of gender equality as a fundamental

principle of human rights and a key indicator of social development. . It highlights the

obstacles women face in political empowerment, despite progress, and promotes

inclusive governance through gender equality policies. The purpose of the research is to

provide empirical evidence to promote political decision-making and influence initiatives

to increase gender equality in political representation. The central elements of the

research are the identification of equality policy as an independent variable, the political

influence of women. dependent variable and the need to quantify the impact of policy on

empowerment. The scope of the study is limited to examining the impact of gender

equality policies on the political empowerment of women in Palawan State University

(Narra Campus) with a focus on female students, faculty and staff. The theoretical

framework examines the literature on gender equality, women's empowerment, and the

impact of globalization on political participation. Research methodology includes

descriptive design, data collection through surveys, and statistical processing such as
frequency distributions and correlation analysis. The results are intended to inform

students, researchers, policy makers and administrative bodies to promote gender

equality in political leadership. Overall, the study aims to bridge the gap in

understanding the relationship between gender equality policies and women's political

influence, providing valuable information to promote gender equality in political

representation.
Conclusion

The study highlights the importance of gender equality as a fundamental human

rights principle and a key indicator of social progress. It aims to examine how specific

policies and initiatives influence women's representation in political decision-making

processes. By utilizing a quantitative approach and data from various sources, the study

seeks to provide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of gender equality policies in

promoting women's political empowerment. The research addresses the adverse

economic, social, and political environments faced by feminist movements and

emphasizes the significance of women's economic influence, ownership of resources,

and representation in decision-making processes. It discusses the challenges women

face in political empowerment despite advancements and aims to contribute to

evidence-based policy-making for greater gender equality in political representation.

The study's significance extends to students, researchers, future researchers, and

government entities involved in gender equality policies. It focuses on the relationship

between gender equality policies and women's political empowerment within the context

of Palawan State University (Narra campus) through a descriptive research design. The

data gathering process involves survey questionnaires to assess awareness,

perceptions, and efficacy related to gender equality policies and women's political

empowerment. The research study aims to provide valuable insights into the

effectiveness of gender equality policies in promoting women's political empowerment.

By analyzing the data collected, the study intends to draw important information about

the impact of gender equality policies on women's political efficacy within the university

context. The findings will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on gender
equality and inform evidence-based policy-making and advocacy efforts towards

achieving gender equality in political representation.

Recommendations:

By implementing these recommendations and using the research findings,

Palawan State University can continue to promote gender equality and promote a more

inclusive and influential environment for women in political leadership and decision-

making processes.

1. Improved communication: The university should focus on improving

communication of equality policy so that all stakeholders are well informed and actively

participate in promoting women's political influence.

2. Growth of capacity: Providing opportunities for women's skill development and

capacity building can further increase their political effectiveness and active participation

in decision-making processes.

3. Policy Evaluation: Continuous evaluation of the effectiveness of gender equality

policies is necessary to address gaps and improve impact on women's political

empowerment. Regular evaluations can help adapt policies to the changing needs of

the community.

4. Future Research: Further research should explore the nuanced relationships

between political awareness and women's political effectiveness in order to develop

targeted interventions that support and empower women in political spheres.

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