Me Revision Booklet 1 2020
Me Revision Booklet 1 2020
Me Revision Booklet 1 2020
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BOOKLET 1 – FORM 1
MATERIAL
Acknowledgements
This Revision Booklet is a product of many people who worked hard to see it ready
for use by BOU Open Schooling learners. BOU wishes to acknowledge contributions
from the following:
Writers
Keoikantse Sehuhula
Marea Mpuse
Vuzumuzi Nzula
Editor
Naomi. Molokomme
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Overview
We extend to you a very special warm welcome from Botswana Open University and
in particular to this Junior Certificate (JC) Moral Education (ME) course. The
course is based on the JC National Syllabus and it is intended for upgraders or
learners who have taken the subject before and wish to upgrade their exam mark.
Moral Education is an interdisciplinary subject that teaches moral values or good
things so as to guide one’s conduct or behavior. This subject, is an attempt to teach
life skills and develop moral values that are applicable to everyday life. It will assist
you to develop the ability to interact with other members of the community.
Course Structure
The course is presented in the form of revision notes and examination questions. The
aim of the revision notes is to enable you to answer questions in your final
examination. We have tried as much as possible to include other specific objectives
not covered by the assessment syllabus but usually examined. The course is packaged
into 3 booklets as outlined below:
Revision Booklet 2: Addresses all Form 2 Topics namely, Sexual Ethics and
Choices of Life and Death.
Assessment:
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You will continuously assess your understanding through in text activities and self-
assessment exercises after every revision topic. You are encouraged to accurately and
honestly do all these activities as they will help you interact with the lessons as well
as check your understanding of the concepts. Answers to self-check exercises are
given at the end of the revision booklet. You are also required to do a tutor-marked
assignment on completion of each booklet. The assignments marks are very important
and will help you gauge your readiness for the national examination.
Paper 1: consists of 40 multiple choice questions. The duration of this paper is 1 hour
and it carries 40% of all the marks in the JCE ME course.
Note that Exam hints are given at the end of each of the Revision Booklet.
Practice answering challenging questions without access to you notes (check
answers after). This should expose weaknesses in your knowledge and level of
understanding.
Resources
Resources are items that you are likely to need to study in order to study a revision
booklet. For example, in the first revision booklet you will need to consult with your
family, elders, pastors, social workers, chiefs and the community at large. Proverbs
and sayings from our culture would be helpful too. You will also need to consult your
instructional materials. These includes BOU study materials Unit 1, 2 and 3 and
reference books from the library. A list of reference books is given at the end of each
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revision booklet. But if you can’t find these books, you can visit your local library or
access the BOU Moodle e-learning portal.
Learning Approach
Content in the booklets is presented in note form, to help you focus on important
points of a topic. Some lessons have in-text activities which are meant to help
understand important concepts and also to enable you to interact with the lesson. Each
lesson ends with a self-assessment exercise. You are advised to do these exercises
before you proceed to the next lesson, as they will help you to check if you have
really understood what you have read.
Contents List
Lesson 1: Introduction to Morality
Lesson 2: Introduction to Values
Lesson 3: Decision Making
Lesson 4: Self-Concept
Lesson 5: Positive-Self Concept
Lesson 6: Autonomy
Lesson 7: Interpersonal Relations
Lesson 8: Adolescence
Lesson 9: Family Life
Lesson 10: Agents of Change in the Community
Feedback to Self-Assessment Exercises
Revision and Final Examination Hints
Sample Essay Writing
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LESSON 1: Introduction to Morality
1.1. Introduction:
Learner, in this revision lesson, your will learn about morality. Morality is the
knowledge of what is considered right and wrong by the society. It is the expectation
of how we should behave in our everyday lives. The ideas of good or bad are used to
judge our behavior, therefore morality helps us to make good decisions and behave in
the right way, thus avoiding bad behaviors. It is important that you note that morality
is dynamic, it changes over time as our preferences, national principles, shared values
and societal interest change.
Morality:
• A sense of what is right and wrong or good or bad.
• Is concerned with good and bad, right and wrong behavior in different
situations.
Benevolence:
• Refers to the feeling of compassion, kindness, generosity, empathy
towards each other.
Sources of Morality:
• Sources of Morality are the basis or foundations of Morality.
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• This means where morality is derived from or comes from.
Religion:
• May be defined as what people believe in and what they practice.
Supreme Being:
• It is another name for the super natural Power for example, God.
Sympathy
• Feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else misfortune
Aspects of Morality deal with human interaction. They address our actions, thoughts,
ideas and principles. They are concerned with judging human actions in relation
to what is seen as right or wrong. They include:
A) Moral action
Examples include greeting elders, and obeying all the rules that are set to govern
people within the society. The person is considered to be morally upright
because his or her behavior satisfies the value system of society.
Examples include insulting people and beating others. Immoral person is aware of
morality but deliberately avoids its expectations.
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C). Amoral action
• Refers to behavior, conduct or character that is neither good nor bad. The
person lacks the knowledge to distinguish right from wrong because of age or
mental state.
• Supreme Being
Followers of most religions believe that the Supreme Being is the ultimate source
of morality. They believe that the rules of behavior come from the Supreme
Being. For example, in Christianity God is the source of morality.
• Founders of Religion
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• Code of Conduct
A code of conduct is a set of rules that guide and controls behavior of followers.
For example, in Christianity the moral code is known as the Ten
Commandments, the moral code for Islam is based on the Shariah law and
Botswana traditional religion is based on the appeasement of the ancestors,
Badimo.
Philosophy is the search for understanding and truth about life and knowledge
about people’s behavior and beliefs. People who study philosophy especially
those who develop philosophical theories are known as philosophers. There are a
number of theories, which try to justify our conduct and behavior. The theories
are based on research and experiences of human existence.
• According to Emmanuel Kant, morality comes from the human mind, which
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gives people the ability to think and reason. He believes that every human being
who has the ability to think and reason well should be able to act and behave
morally. He also suggested that those who have the ability to think and reason
well should use the principle that determines a person’s morality which is
rationality, autonomy, respect and universality.
Rationality: People should have good reasons for their actions and behavior.
Autonomy: being able to decide independently and freely on how to act or behave.
Respect; being able to think whether or not their actions and behavior show respect to
others
Universality: consider whether or not their actions on behavior are acceptable to most
people.
According to Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill and James Mill, the source of
morality is the desire for pleasure, happiness and to avoid pain. Any action or
behavior that brings happiness to the greatest number of people is considered right or
good. In addition, any action that causes displeasure, pain and unhappiness is
considered to be bad or wrong.
According to David Hume, the source of morality is the feelings of benevolence and
sympathy that we naturally have for others. These feelings are a source of morality
because they promote the well being of the community, happiness and prosperity.
They motivate people to treat each other fairly and justly. He argues that, it is natural
for people to approve and support whatever helps the community and society because
individuals also benefit from such.
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• Morality helps people to know the difference between right and wrong behaviors.
That is why in each society, there are structures put in place to discipline wrong
behavior through the use of imprisonment and corporal punishment.
• Morality is needed in society so that people know which actions and behavior are
right and which ones are wrong. Everyone will know what is expected from them and
behave accordingly with the standard expected in society.
• Morality promotes peace and harmony. The promotion of peace and harmony ensures
that people live freely, work and feel safe because their good relations and
communication is well done.
• Morality helps maintain law and order. To maintain law and order in the society,
people observe principles and standards of society through obeying rules and
regulations.
• Morality makes us human. Human beings have the power to control and shape their
own destiny through morality because our knowledge of right and wrong behavior
makes us unique [different] form other humans.
• Morality helps us lead good lives. If we live moral lives, we are likely to live happily
most of the time because of treatment we get from others
Instructions:
The self–assessment questions below are aimed at checking your level of
understanding with regard to what you have learnt above. The questions are generated
in such a way that they match the structure of the final examination papers. That is,
they are divided into 3 Sections. Answer all the questions in each section. Upon
completion, check answers at the end to the Revision Booklet.
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SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (10 MARKS)
5. In one of his teachings, he said. He, who eats and drinks while his brother goes
hungry, is not one of us. Which source of Morality is the above extract from?
A. Values
B. Culture
C. Religion
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D. Philosophy
6. Why is Morality necessary in the School?
A. To promote relationship between leaders and students
B. To help students take responsibility for their actions
C. To help students judge others action
D. To allow students to do what they like
7. The Pastor read some verse from the bible to teach in Church, the bible is
source of Morality in…
A. Islam
B. Church
C. Sikhism
D. Religion
8. Which of the following would be a source of Morality according to
Philosophy?
A. The Supreme Being
B. Founders of Religion
C. Taboos and Values
D. The Human Mind
9. According to Emmanuel Kant, what does the human mind enable people to do?
A. Read
B. Enjoy
C. Reason
D. Relax
LESSON 2
INTRODUCTION TO VALUES
2.1 Introduction
Learner, there are a lot of things you like or consider important in your life. It can be
material things or non- material things. In this lesson, we are going to learn about
values, Values refers to things that are important to an individual and society. They
help shape the society. We have different types of values which include moral values,
personal values, aesthetic values, religious values, environmental values, economic
values and political values.
Personal Values
• This refers to what an individual considers important.
• They are important to an individual but may not be important to other people.
• These may material or non-material e.g. one person may value fancy cars,
smart clothes a, expensive jewelry, respect, responsibility, honesty and loyalty
Cultural Values
• These are what cultural or ethnic group consider as important.
• These include customs, believes, behavior attitudes and material things that
people own.
• In Botswana, people value good manners, cooperation, sharing, botho, unity
and self-reliance.
Religious Values
• These are what followers of different religions consider as important.
• Religions support positive social behavior like honesty, being helpful to the
needy and poor without expecting a reward.
• Moreover, most religions teach their followers that life is sacred, they say
murder is wrong.
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Moral Values
• This refers to thoughts and behaviors that society say are good, acceptable and
fairness.
• Moral values are said to be universal values because they are accepted by
people all over the world.
• Those who follow or accept these values are usually rewarded, but those who
fail to follow them are usually punished or verbally reprimanded.
Political values
• These are seen as important principles in the way people are governed in a
community or society. For example, if a country values democracy, people
have the right to elect their leaders.
Aesthetic Values
• These are things that are things that are seen as important about beauty and
artistic values. For example, beauty
Social Values
• These are what are seen as important to create a sense of community and good
relationships within a society. Examples of social values are friendships,
caring and good neighborliness.
Environmental Values
• Environmental values are about important things we see in the environment
and everything in it.
• We show our environmental values by conserving the environment, using
natural resources like soil in a sustainable way and keeping our environment
clean.
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Our everyday choice and decisions are based on our values. As individuals we
may choose to show people kindness, compassion and reverence depending on
the need and challenges of another person.
• Values help people focus on their lives and gives lives a sense of direction
Values help people concentrate or put more effort on these areas they consider
important to them. For example, a student who values education puts more effort and
time on his or her education and learning. While another person may focus on making
good relations in the society, it depends on individual what they value as sense of
direction.
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• Moral values are used to judge good or right behavior. When someone has
behaved well they can be rewarded for that by praising them whereas when they
do not behave well they are given punishment in the form of discipline or
imprisonment.
• Moral values help promote peace and harmony among people, when people
respect each other’s rights, it is likely that there will be fewer conflicts. We will
live harmoniously and peacefully in the society. If there is no harmony our
society will be characterized by fights and abuse.
• Moral values can be used as a personal principle. Personal principles are rules
that an individual set for himself/herself to guide his/her behavior. When person
values fairness, he may have personal principle that says “I will always treat
everyone fairly”, thus ensuring that he treat each other fairly. If everyone does
that then our society will be hamournious.
• Moral values have set of moral code, the society has a moral code if all members
follow it they can live in harmony and tolerance and work together. These values
help to create unity in a society because people believe in one common accepted
code.
We use moral values at different levels. These are personal, social and global levels.
• Personal Level
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This is where individuals apply moral values in their everyday lives e.g. caring or
helping a sick relative
• Social Level
This is where society applies moral values in their daily interactions. This will
guide and influence the way members of the society interact with others.
Example, at social level caring can be shown when some religious organizations
visit sick people in the hospital and pay for them.
• Global Level
This is where values are applied at national level. When different nations interact,
they are expected to show moral values through their actions and behavior
towards each other. For example, Botswana can show how they care about other
nations by donating some blankets to the victims of flood in Mozambique.
Whereas International organizations such as United Nations, organization
amnesty international, the southern development community, green peace can
respond respectively to other natural disasters call for nations to come together.
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Compassion I show compassion to Our community Botswana
the needy by giving has shown government showed
them clothes compassion to empathy to the
HIV/AIDS patients Zimbabwean by
by donating giving them three
vegetables to them million so that they
so that remain use it to overcome
healthy economic crisis.
Instructions:
Answer all the questions on a lined paper.
Marks are shown in brackets.
4. The golden rule ‘do unto others what you want them to do unto you ‘is based on the
moral value of …
A. Sharing
B. Honesty
C. Generosity
D. Consideration
6 Houses, Money, Plots, Cars and Cattle are examples of which type of Value?
A. Economic
B. Religious
C. Environmental
D Social
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8. At what level was the Red Cross applying the Moral Values?
A. Personal
B. Social
C. Global
D. Loyalty
Question 3. Discuss two ways in which values affect or influence our behavior
LESSON 3:
DECISION-MAKING
3.1 Introduction
In our daily lives we solve problems and make decisions, so it’s important to have
decision making skills so that you make good decisions. So in this topic you will learn
what decision-making is, what it involves and some effective skills to help you make
better decisions in life.
• Explain decision-making
• Describe the process of decision-making
• Outline situations of a conflict of values
• Justify the decisions made in resolving moral dilemmas
• Demonstrate ways in which decision-making can be used in solving problems
Moral Dilemma: Refers to the choice between the better of two solutions.
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3.1.3 Decision-making
• Refers to a process whereby one makes a choice between two or more solutions
to a problem.
• This is a process of reaching a conclusion or making up one’s mind on what to
do.
NB* We make decisions every day, and such decision can either be simple or
complex. For example, simple decisions include what to wear or what to eat whereas
complex decision include those difficult decisions that we sometimes make and that
may affect other people and they can have long term effects
There are certain steps one needs to follow to make wise decisions:
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In this stage, one should assess each solutions looking at its short and long-term
consequences. For example, the teenager must realize that abortion can lead to
death
• Step 6: Act upon the chosen decision: this means that one should
implement the decision he/she has chosen. It involves putting into practice what
one has made up on his/her mind.
• Step 7: In this final step on has to evaluate the decision: this is about
looking at one’s choice after some time and trying to figure out if one is
satisfied or not satisfied about the decision.
• Knowing the steps involved in decision-making enables one to make the right
choices
• Being skilled at decision-making helps one to solve problems quickly
• Decision-making enables communities to resolve communal issues
• Good decision-making builds a sound moral environment. It helps bring about
peace, unity and harmony
• Decision-making skills are necessary when laws are being made passed.
Sometimes we find ourselves in situations where our values clash or are in conflict. It
is usually whereby we can only act on one value but not both. These situations are
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called Moral dilemmas. Moral dilemma is a situation in which we have to make a
choice and there is no clear answer about the right moral decision but our values are
in conflict.
A. Mr Pitso’s wife is dying from heart attack. He does not have money to buy
medicine. He tried to borrow some money from all his friends but failed. The owner
of the chemist also refused to give him the medicine on credit. Mr Pitso does not
know what to do, whether to break in the neighbors’ house and steal the money to buy
some medicines or to leave his wife to die.
B. Masego’s mother does not have the money to pay for her school fees. The
headmaster promised to expel Masego from school if she does not pay. Masego’s
mother does not know whether to steal the money from her neighbors’ or let the
headmaster expel Masego from School.
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• Some may take wrong decisions and regret later
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2. Decisions at national level are made…
A. At the kgotla
B. In parliament
C. By the president.
D. By the trade unions
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D. Major decision
7. What is decision-making?
A. The process of identifying solutions to a problem
B. The process of making a choice between alternatives
C. The steps we should follow to make complex decisions
D. The process of collecting information about the problem
10. What are Decisions that require serious thinking and considerations are
usually known as?
A. Important decision
B. Complex decisions
C. Routine decisions
D. Major decisions
LESSON 4: SELF-CONCEPT
SELF-CONCEPT
4.1 Introduction
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makes them different from everyone and everything else.
Self-understanding: Understanding of oneself: such as. a: knowledge or
understanding of one's own capabilities, character, feelings,
or motivations
Concept: It refers to mental representations; they are understood to
be the fundamental building blocks of thoughts and beliefs.
Positive: Is defined as good, looking towards the good side of things,
Self-concept: Is a mental picture of who you are as an individual. It is
what you understand about yourself, your behavior,
abilities and unique characteristics.
Negative: Is a word, expression, or gesture that means 'no' or 'not'
Characteristics: Characteristics are qualities or features that typically
belong to a person. They can also be defined as features
that make us different from other people. Personal
characteristics can either be positive or negative
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people.
• People’s positive characteristics include kindness, being energetic, hard
work, honesty etc.
Our positive characteristics are the foundation of good or moral behavior. Improving
our positive characteristics helps us in the following ways:
• It helps to build good relationships
• It helps people to gain trust in us
• It attracts people closer to us
• It helps people to respect us and want to be like us
• It helps one to gain recognition and acceptance from the society as well as
people around.
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• Fierce.
• Grumpy.
• Helpless.
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• How we see ourselves; some people see themselves as beautiful while
others see themselves as ugly.
• What we are interested in; some are interested in playing football while
others are interested in playing basketball.
LESSON 5:
POSITIVE SELF-CONCEPT
5.1 Introduction
1. Self Esteem
• Basically, self-esteem is the overall feeling one has regarding one’s self.
• It’s just your image of who you are in your own eyes. It can either be high or
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low.
• High self-esteem is feeling good about oneself, it makes people feel
comfortable with who they are and love themselves even with their
weaknesses or negative characteristics.
• Low self-esteem is characterized by a lack of confidence and feeling badly
about oneself.
2. Self confidence
• Self-confidence means believing in yourself and your capabilities.
• People with self-confidence are usually in control of their lives and depend on
themselves to make their own decisions.
• They are assertive and have self-awareness.
• They are also not afraid of new challenges and have a high self-esteem.
3. Self-assertiveness
• Self-assertiveness is the ability to act in a confident way, speaking firmly
about their opinions and demanding the rights that they believe they should
have while respecting the feelings and rights of others.
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Factors that hinder the elements of positive self-concept
• Focusing on your negative characteristics
• Constant criticism
• Rejection
• Comparing yourself to others
• Abuse
1. What is Self-esteem?
A. The feelings we have about ourselves
B. The feelings we have about others
C. Believing in our capabilities
D. How others feel about us
3. What element of positive self-concept does Neo lack in the above scenario?
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A. Self-assertiveness
B. Low self esteem
C. Self confidence
D. Self-awareness
LESSON 6:
AUTONOMY
6.1 Introduction
Every day we make decisions about everything from what to wear to what to eat.
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Little children usually have their parents making decisions for them but as they grow
older they begin to make their own decisions without the influence of their parents.
The power to make our own decisions without the interference of others is what is
known as autonomy and it is very important in our lives. This topic is going to
explore the importance of autonomy and how autonomy can be promoted.
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6.1.4 WAYS OF PROMOTING AUTONOMY
• Taking ownership over our actions
It’s worthwhile to take ownership of our responsibilities or actions, for
example writing down your weekly plan and schedule for easy reference and
update.
• Equipping people with skills
Without necessary skills people are not able to perform to their level best.
They end up depending on other people to do things for them or to make
decisions for them. Equipping people with the right skills gives them
confidence in what they do and makes them assertive.
• Involving people in decision making
Involving people in decision-making means that they are recognized as people
who can make decisions for themselves.
• Encouraging self-reliance
Encouraging self-reliance gives people a sense of self efficacy (“I can do it on
my own”) which promotes self-esteem and confidence
• Encouraging people to act according to their true interests and personal
values
It makes people feel that they are in control over their lives since they are
driven by their core values interests and personal sense of autonomy
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SECTION A: Multiple choice questions (5 Marks)
1. Which one of the following best describes autonomy?
A. Ability to understand other people’s situations
B. Ability to make your own decisions
C. Being able to say out your views
D. Being able to influence others
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3. Describe two situation where you acted autonomously (4)
4. State two characteristics of autonomous people (2)
LESSON 7:
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
7.1. Introduction
People interact with each other every day might it be at home, school, work and the
community. Basically individuals intermingle everywhere. Bearing in mind that
building and maintaining good relationship between people is very important because
it helps them work well together and live in peace. In a nutshell we need good
interpersonal skills, to have good interpersonal relationships.
• Interpersonal skills are the abilities or the different ways we use to get along
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with other people.
• They are the qualities and behaviors we exhibit while interacting with other
people. Interpersonal skills range from communication and listening to
attitude.
• We demonstrate them whenever we engage in any kind of verbal or nonverbal
communication.
Examples are Emotional intelligence, Assertiveness, Empathy, Respect,
communication skills, problem solving skills, confidentiality, tolerance.
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• There will be no peace since conflicts will increase in society because
people will violate each other’s rights
• People will not respect each other
• People will not be empathetic towards each other
• People will not help others even when they need their help
• People will not trust each other
• Goals will not be achieved because people will not work with each
other
7.1.5 Discussing the Need for Empathy and Respect for Others
What is Empathy?
• Empathy refers to the ability to understand how people feel, what they need
and why they act in certain ways.
• It is imagining how one would want to be assisted if they found themselves in
the same position as the person in need of help.
• Respect on the other hand refers to value someone as a person and admiring
their personal qualities.
• We are able to support each other during• It creates peace and harmony since
times of need people respect each other
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• We avoid hurting other people because• It promotes mutual respect
we put ourselves in their position • It improves the way people relate with
• Community members will care for the each other
less fortunate • Children grow up to be respectful
• Rich families will help poor families because they are brought up in a
respectful environment
• Parents will respect the rights of their
children
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4. What does Empathy mean
A. Learning from others
B. Relating with others
C. Feeling for others
D. Despising others
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LESSON 8
ADOLESCENCE
8.1. Introduction
Before becoming an adult, a child goes through a transitional stage of physical and
psychological development to adulthood and this stage of life is called adolescence.
During adolescence, a child experiences changes that affect the way he or she looks,
feels, thinks and behaves. These changes prepare the child for adulthood. A child
going through adolescence is called an adolescent.
Adolescence: is the stage of life when a child goes through physical (puberty),
emotional, social and mental changes to become an adult.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an adolescent as any person between
ages 10 and 19 years.
Puberty: a stage when boys and girls go through physical, social, mental and
emotional changes as part of their development.
Behavior: Is an action that is observable and measurable.
Attitude: Is the general feeling we have and our ways of thinking and behaving
towards something or someone.
These are changes that affect the body of the child. Girls usually begin puberty earlier
than boys. The following changes happen during puberty to both boys and girls;
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Body size: they both grow taller very quickly.
Body shape: they put on weight.
Skin: their skin may become oily and sweat more.
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Emotional
Some of the emotional changes are:
• Become shy.
• Quiet leading to lack of self-esteem.
• Mood swings.
• Being short tempered.
• Loneliness and confusion
Social
• They want privacy and are secretive.
• They want to be accepted by friends or groups.
• They become independent
Mental behavior
• Think that they are special and unique.
• They begin to reason.
• They can evaluate.
• They can think about the future.
The changes that occur during adolescence influence the behavior of an adolescent in
the following ways;
Emotional • Some become very shy and quiet because they lack self-
confidence.
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Social • May want more privacy and become more secretive.
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• Learn to forgive and let go of your anger.
• Communicate assertively with the person who is making you angry.
8.1.5 Discussing past and present attitudes of boys and girls towards each
other
The attitude of boys and girls towards each other is influenced by their society and
family. From a very young age, children are taught certain attitudes, norms, values,
customs and traditions of their families and communities.
BOYS GIRLS
• Boys regarded girls as being • Girls regarded boys as superior to
inferior or subordinate to them. them.
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• Boys were expected to do tasks • Girls did the tasks for females for
for men, eg; looking after cattle’s example, household chores, grew
and plough crops and take care of the young
children.
• Boys spent most of their time • Girls spent most of their time
playing with other boys. playing with other girls.
• Older boys spent time helping • Older girls spend time helping
their fathers. their mothers in the village and
fields.
1. What is adolescence?
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A. Puberty involves all changes needed to become an adult.
B. Puberty involves physical change of the body.
C. Puberty is the first stage of adolescence.
D. Puberty is the stage when the child becomes sexually mature.
A. Sexual maturity
B. Ability to reason.
C. Becoming independent.
D. Mood swings.
Thato`s (14 years) parents are worried about her different mood changes which
makes it difficult for them to understand her.
A. Maturity stage.
B. Womanhood stage.
C. Adolescence stage.
D. Reasoning stage.
A. Physical maturity
B. Emotional maturity
C. Mental maturity
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D. Sexual maturity
Read the scenario below and use it to answer 2(a) and 2(b)
Naledi, a form 1 student was not feeling well in class and she asked for permission to
visit the toilet. At the toilets she got scared when she noticed that her under pants
were soaked in blood. She screamed loudly as she was scared by the sight of the
blood. She was helped by a form 3 student who was at the toilets.
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LESSON 9:
FAMILY LIFE
9.1. Introduction
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• Extended: Consists of grandparents, their children and grandchildren
leaving together. Child headed: It is made up of children and the elderly
child heads the family. Usually exists where children are orphaned.
• Single parent: This family is made up of one parent, either father or
mother and his/her children
• Blended: This is made up of a man and a woman who brings their children
along to make one family
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• Sharing: family members’ values sharing as this will assist all members to be
almost on the same economic level. Sharing shows that family members are
showing regard to others who may be less fortunate.
• Love: family members should care and support each other in all times and
situations. Such support bring them together and encourage peace and harmony
There are several ways to manage family resources and are as follow:
• Prioritizing: In family members are supposed to come out with a priority list as to
which things are to be done first according to their urgency and importance. This
will help in using properly the available resourcing
• Budgeting: it is wise for family to have a record of how they want to spend their
resources especially money, and follow that record. This helps to avoid
unplanned or haphazard spending which can end up leaving some urgent things
uncovered.
• Planning: it is wise to plan on how the available resources will be used or
allocated. Such planning should include all affected members e.g. children should
be aware.
• Open communication: members of the family are supposed to be open to consult
each other on resources. This will help to make all contribute towards managing
of resources. This will also build trust and unity thus avoids conflicts.
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• Drawing a will: a will is legal document that explains how the resources of a dead
person should be distributed. A will may help to manage the deceased’s resources
to avoid family conflict.
• Saving: it is wise that family members should save some resources for future use.
This avoids wastage and overspending which will make the family poor and not
enjoyable.
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4. The action stated in the passage can lead to the following in the family
except _____
A. Unity
B. Appreciation
C. Quarrels
D. Respect
SECTION C: Essay
Question 1: Describe any three roles played by the family in the moral development
of child (10)
LESSON 10:
10.1 INTRODUCTION
This topic discusses the various factors that influence people’s behavior in the
community. These are referred to as agents of change. They play a major role in
moral development as they shape children’s behavior in the community.
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10. 1.1 Objectives of the topic:
Mass media:
• These are the means or methods of communicating to large number of people.
They include television, magazines, films and newspapers.
• Mass media give people information and therefore can influence them to conform
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to set moral standards by criticizing immoral behavior. This will encourage
people to change their behavior for the better.
• On the other hand, mass media can influence people’s behavior negatively, for
example, some people can copy anti-social behavior from violent films and start
displaying violence.
Role models:
• These are the people we look up to and want to be like. Their role models can
influence admirers of role models both positively and negatively, eg, if a role
model influences drugs and alcohol, the admirer can copy that behavior.
• On the other hand, if a role model is a hard working person, the admirer can also
be influenced to be so as well.
Peers:
• Age mates can influence each other both positively and negatively because
they want the approval and acceptance of their friends, for example, peers can
influence each other to start smoking and using drugs and alcohol, which is a
bad influence.
• On the other hand, they can influence each other to work hard at school and
attain higher marks, which is a good thing to do.
Education/Schools:
• Students acquire new skills and knowledge in schools.
• The skills learned can enable people to change the way they have been doing
things in order to better their lives.
• In addition, schools transmit values of the society to learners as a way of
developing them morally and to help them fit well in the society.
10.1.6 The extent to which agents impact on the individual, family and
community
Agents of change can have a positive and negative impact on the individual, family
and community.
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• Role models: if an individual has been positively influenced by a role model to be
hardworking and successful, he/she will positively contribute to family and
community. At family level, the individual will share survival skills with other
members to help them develop. This person will also help by giving back to the
community. Similarly, negative influence of the individual will harm family and
community development.
• Peers: the positive behavior learnt from peers can have an impact on the
individual, family and community. If an individual has learnt good behavior from
peers, he/she will become a better person and will contribute positively to family
and community development. Similarly, an individual who has been influenced in
a negative way will harm family and community development, for example, if an
individual was influenced to use drugs by friends, he/she will become
irresponsible and endanger his/her life. This person will continue to display
negative behavior at home by stealing money from the family to buy drugs and
rob community members of their hard earned money.
• Schools: they help learners to gain knowledge and skills for the betterment of
their lives. The knowledge gained at schools can be shared with family members,
for example, a learner can explain to other family members about sexual
reproductive health and facts about HIV and AIDS. Furthermore, the knowledge
acquired from schools can be used to change the behavior of some members of the
community, for instance, in the fight against the spread of HIV and AIDS.
• Mass media: individuals can learn new skills from the media and use them in
their lives to better themselves. They can share the skills learned with other family
and community members, by so doing, they will be contributing positively in the
family and community. On the other hand, those who have copied negative
behavior from the mass media, for example, violence, can display that behavior in
their families and hurt family members. They will also commit violent crimes in
the society and harm community development.
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SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 10: AGENTS OF CHANGE IN
THE COMMUNITY
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5. Which of the following influences behavior through communication and
technology?
A. Beliefs
B. Peers
C. Media
D. Experiences
SECTION C: Essay
Question 1. Evaluate the impact of the following agents of change on the society.
i) Role models
ii) Religion
SECTION A: MULTIPLE-CHOICE
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. C
10. B
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SECTIONB: STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
b) Moral Dilemma
It refers to a conflict of values, where one does not know which value to choose
or priorities on. For example one may not be able to choose between loyalty and
accountability in case of situations whereby one has to report a crime committed
by a friend. The conflict arises when they have to choose to report the crime
versus being an accountable citizen.
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people the ability to reason and think. He believes that every human being who has
the ability to think and reason well should be able to act and behave morally. He also
suggested that those who have the ability to think and reason well should use the
principle, which determines a person’s morality, which is:
RATIONALITY: People should have good reasons for their actions and behavior
AUTONOMY: being able to decide independently and freely on how to act or
behave.
RESPECT; being able to think whether or not their actions and behavior show
respect to others
UNIVERSALITY: consider whether or not their actions on behavior are acceptable
to most people.
.
ii] The feeling of benevolence and sympathy towards others
According to David Hume, the source of morality is the feeling of benevolence and
sympathy that we naturally have for others. These feelings are a source of morality
because they promote the well being of the community; happiness and prosperity.
They motivate people to treat each other fairly and justly. He argues that, it is natural
for people to approve and support whatever helps the community and society because
individuals also benefit from such.
Followers of most religions believe that the Supreme Being is the ultimate source of
morality. They believe that the rules of behavior come from the Supreme Being. For
example, in Christianity God is the source of morality.
• Founders of Religion
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Most religions have founders who are a source of morality because their teachings
guide their behavior of followers towards other people, for example, Jesus Christ for
Christianity and Mohammed for Islam.
• Code of Conduct
A code of conduct is a set of rules that guide and controls behavior of followers. For
example, in Christianity the moral code is known as the Ten Commandments.
This is because in every society good actions are rewarded by affirmation and being
praised and the bad actions are punished through corporal punishment and
imprisonment.
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SECTION C: ESSAY QUESTION
• Moral actions
This refers to the kind of behavior that is accepted by most people in the society.
Examples include greeting elders, and obeying all the rules that are set to govern
people within the society. The person is said to be morally upright as his/hers
behaviors satisfies the value system of society.
• Immoral Actions
Immoral actions and behavior are bad, evil, harmful and unacceptable to most people.
An Immoral person knows the difference between good and bad but chooses to do
what is bad or wrong. An example of immoral behavior includes insulting people and
beating others.
• Amoral Actions
It refers to behavior, conduct or character, which is neither good nor bad. The person
lacks the knowledge to distinguish right from wrong because of age or mental state.
Example; a toddler uttering an insult to an elderly person.
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4. D
5. A
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. B
a. Personal Values
This refers to what an individual considers important. These may be material and non-
material e.g. people differ; so, some may value fancy cars, smart clothes, and
expensive jewelry while others may value respect, responsibility, honesty and loyalty.
b. Values
This refers to what individuals or a group of people consider important. It may be
material or non-material things.
• Values helps people focus on their lives and gives lives a sense of direction
Values help people concentrate or put more effort on these areas they
consider important to them. For example, a student who values education
puts more effort and time on his or her education and learning.
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• Personal Values
• Cultural Values
• Religious Values
• Moral Values
• Political Values
• Aesthetic Values
• Social Values
• Environmental Values
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Question 2. Explain why Moral Values are important in the Society
Moral values are used to judge good or right behaviour.
When we say a person has behaved well, we are looking at the moral value in the
person’s behavior.
Moral values help promote peace and harmony among people, when people
respect each other’s rights, it is likely that there will be fewer conflicts. They will live
harmoniously and peacefully.
Moral values can be used as personal principles: Personal principles are rules that
an individual set for himself/herself to guide his/her behavior. When person values
fairness, he may have personal principle that says “I will always treat everyone
fairly,” thus ensuring that he treat each other fairly. If everyone does that, then our
society will be harmonious.
Moral values have set of moral code, the society has a moral code if all members
follow it they can live in harmony and tolerance and work together. These values help
to create unity in a society because people believe in one common accepted code.
Q3. List the first five steps involved in the decision making process
List any two steps of Decision Making
• Identify and define the Problem
• Collect Information
• Identify possible solutions
• Examine each alternative
• Select the best option
• Act on the chosen solutioQ4. Give two examples of complex decision.
• Choice of subjects at schools
• Career Choice
• Choosing Friends
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SECTION C: ESSAY QUESTION
One should know what the problem is and what it involves. For example, a teenager
fell pregnant while still at school. The problem here is a teenager pregnant.
In this stage one should find information about the problem from various sources such
as books, friends, media, parents and many others. For example, the teenager who is
pregnant should read about the effects of pregnancy on her and how it is going to
affect her studies and body.
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FEEDBACK FOR SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 4: TOPIC – SELF
CONCEPT
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 4
SECTION A: Multiple Choice questions (10 marks)
1. What is self-concept
A. The way we are seen by others
B. The way we see ourselves
C. The way we see others
D. The way others see us
3. Naomi works so hard and her schoolwork has greatly improved. Which
positive characteristic is shown by Naomi?
A. Hard work
B. Kindness
C. Respect
D. Honesty
6. Thabang has a tendency to answer back when the mother tries to correct
his ways. Which of the following qualities describes his character?
SECTION C: Essay
4. Explain three reasons why we should improve positive characteristics (10)
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4. B
5. B
6. B
7. D
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SECTION C: Essay (10 Marks)
Question 1:Explain three reasons why we should improve positive characteristics
(10)
• It helps people to respect us and want to be like us: people with positive
characteristics become role models to the society.
• Being polite with others will not only make you popular among other people
but also earn you respect and pride. You can’t demand respect by being rude
with people around. Personality development plays an important role in
developing not only your outer but also inner self. Human being is a social
animal. One needs people around. An individual needs to have that magnetic
power which attracts people towards him. You need to have that charisma of
yours. Personality development helps you gain recognition and acceptance
from the society as well as people around.
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FEEDBACK TO SELF-ASSESSMENT EXCERSICE 5: TOPIC POSTIVE
SELF-CONCEPT
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People who are praised and encouraged thrive to do good things all the
time so that they don’t hurt the people around them. As a result they end
up improving their positive characteristics and have a high self-esteem.
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• Cleaning the house every morning without being told to do so
4. State two characteristics of autonomous people (2)
• They are confident
• They speak for themselves
SECTION C: Essay
5. Discuss two ways in which autonomy can be promoted (10)
• Involving people in decision making
Involving people in decision-making means that they are recognized as people who
can make decisions for themselves.
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b. Interpersonal relationships (2)
• Mother-daughter relationship
• Student teacher relationship
3. Briefly explain TWO reasons why we need to show respect to others? (4)
• Children grow up to be respectful because they are brought up in a
respectful environment.
• It promotes peace and harmony since people will not violate each other’s
rights
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SECTION B: Structured Questions
1. What is the difference between puberty and adolescence? (2)
• Adolescence involves all the changes that take place when a child moves
from childhood to adulthood whereas puberty involves only the physical
changes.
2. Give any one physical changes that is experienced by both girls and boys
(1)
• They develop hair on their private parts
3. Identify two skills that an adolescent can use to cope with emotions
(2)
• Anger management skills
• Stress management skills
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FEEDBACK TO SELF-ASSESMENT EXERCISE 8: TOPIC –
ADOLESCENCE
a) Adolescence
• It is the stage of life when a child goes through physical, emotional, social and
mental changes to become an adult from the age of 10-19 years.
b) Puberty
• It is the stage of life when a child goes through physical, emotional, social and
mental changes to become an adult from the age of 10-19 years.
a)
Naledi, a form 1 student was not feeling well in class and she asked for permission to
visit
Readthethe toilet. At below
scenario the toilets she itgot
and use scared when
to answer 2a andshe
b noticed that her under pants
were soaked in blood. She screamed loudly as the sight of the blood scared her. She
was helped by a form 3 student who was at the toilets.
b) Advice Naledi about two things she must do when she experiences this
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again.
• She must be always prepared every month. She must always have a sanitary
pad in her bag.
• She must talk to a trusted friend in class.
• She must know that it is part of nature and accept it.
3. State any two skills that Naledi need in order for her to cope with the
change.
• Stress management skills.
• Decision making skills.
4. Give any two changes that happen to both boys and girls at puberty.
• Body size: they both grow taller very quickly.
• Body shape: they put on weight.
• Skin: their skin may become oily and sweat more.
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Some adolescents may become shy and quiet. They may not want to participate in
class or any school activity. This may negatively affect their academic performance
and they may end up failing in school.
Adolescents may get irritated or angry easily. They may not want to associate with
others as they feel that they do not understand them. Getting angry easily can lead to
misunderstandings, which may lead to fights. This attitude may create a lot of
enemies to the adolescent.
Social changes
Adolescents begin to prefer to spend more time with their friends than their families.
Friends begin to influence each other positively or negatively. The positive influences
will help the adolescent to perform well academically whereas the negative influence
will jeopardize the future of the adolescent.
Adolescents may want more privacy. They may not want their parents to check their
school bags or even enter their bedrooms without their permission. They may hide
everything that they do to their family members and if some of them are bad they may
affect their well being without parents’ knowledge. For instance, if the adolescent
starts to engage in the use of illegal drugs the parents may realize that when the child
is addicted.
Mental changes
Adolescents may begin to question everything. They may want to do anything after
the reasons for doing it have been fully explained to them. As such parents may see
them as disrespectful and as such punish them most often. Children may become
rebellious as they do not agree with anything said to them by parents.
Question 2. Discuss any two skills, which are needed to cope with adolescent
changes.
Stress management skills
The changes that happen during adolescence can be stressful. Therefore, the
adolescent need to do the following in order to cope; get enough rest as this gives the
body and mind time to rest. When the body has rested the person is able to think
constructively. An occupied mind releases stress and tension from a person. This
helps to keep the body strong always.
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FEEDBACK FOR SELF- ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 8: TOPIC AGENTS OF
CHANGE IN THE COMMUNITY
1. D
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. C
Question 1. Explain how the following factors can negatively influence the sexual
behavior of adolescents:
a) Peers: adolescents can be influenced by their peers to be involved in loved affairs
and to have multiple concurrent partners. They may succumb to the pressure
because of fear of rejection and to fulfil the desire to fit in the group.
b) Mass media: Adolescents who watch pornographic movies may be influenced to
copy what they have seen. As a result, they may engage in early sexual debut.
Question 2. Evaluate the impact of any two agents of change on the behavior of the
people.
Role models: People can admire certain individuals and start imitating their behavior.
If the individual has copied negative behavior from a role model, he/she will
display such bad behavior and cause harm on the society, for example, an
individual who has been influenced to abuse drugs can become an addict. Such
a person would start stealing from members of the society in his quest to satisfy
his/her addiction. In addition, while high on drugs, such a person can become
anti –social and harass members of the society thus hindering peace and
harmony that should prevail in the society.
Religion: different religions have moral codes, which guide the behavior of religious
followers. These moral codes can have a positive impact on the behavior of
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followers as they stipulate what should and should not be done by followers.
People can also copy what their religious leaders do and become like them. If
followers are influenced to be loving and respectful to others, they will treat
members of society with love and respect. By so doing, conflicts and fights will
be avoided and people will live peace and harmony.
As revise for the examinations, it is a good idea to practice in the same or similar
manner in which you will be assessed. It is important to take into consideration the
following:
• Understanding the action verb in every question as it determines how much
one should write.
• Understanding some of the most commonly used action verbs in Moral
education examinations.
- List OR state often requires just one word or statement and carries only one
mark. This is just a recall question.
- Define call for the learner state the meaning of something. It usually carries 1
mark.
- Explain means expounding on something by giving some detail on something.
It carries 2 marks.
- Discuss brings about an element of extensive elaboration of your points and
demands that the learner state the point and elaborate the point even giving
contrasting views on the subject. It usually carries 10 marks.
- Evaluate this one calls for a learner to make a judgment of how good or bad
the issue at hand is.
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- Analyze
Read through the two-sample exam marked essay below. It is meant to guide
you on how to score good marks from your essays
It may lead to serious health complications: The young girl’s body is not yet fully
developed to carry a baby full term. The pelvic area may be too narrow for the baby
to pass through during birth. As a result, the teenager may suffer serious injuries
during birth and may even lose a lot of blood. Some may even suffer paralysis and
serious disabilities. In extreme cases, the teenager may even die while giving birth.
Dreams may be shattered: The teenager may decide to drop out of school because
of embarrassment and sometimes because of sickness. Some women become sick
during pregnancy and may not cope with the stress of schoolwork. As a result, the
teenage mother may never be able to go back to school in order to raise the child
especially if the teenager is from a poor family. This will mean that the teenagers
dream of ever getting a qualification and a good job will be shattered, living her to
live a life of poverty because without qualifications, they can only do menial jobs
which will give them minimum salary.
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Ø 2 mark for the explanation/elaboration of the
stated point in red, OR 1 mark if it is partially explained.
Ø 2 Marks for the moral implication arising from
the explained point in blue, OR 1 mark if it’s not fully explained.
Ø Total: 5 points for each point.
Ø Overall for the essay: 10 MARKS
EXAMPLE 2
DISCUSS TWO (2) MORAL IMPLICATIONS OF POLYGAMOUS
MARRIAGE.
Promotes vices like jealousy and backstabbing: If a man is married to two or more
wives, they are likely to fight for attention and resources from their husband. Others
may feel that one is getting more attention from the husband than them and this may
breed jealousy. Serious conflicts will then arise and as a result they will be fights in
the household and hatred may also spread from parents to children. In some cases,
wives have even been accused of bewitching each other which further divided the
children.
High risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections: Polygamy involves
having sex with multiple sexual partners and as such, if one of the spouses is infected,
all the other spouses will be infected as they may not necessarily use protection
during sexual intercourse. In a case where the sexually transmitted disease is HIV, it
means that the whole family will be infected. As results, they might all die and leave a
lot of orphans behind. These children may not be able to fend for themselves and end
up living in poverty.
(2)
Ø 1 mark is for the stated point in black.
Ø 2 Marks for explanation/elaboration of the stated
point in red, OR 1 mark if it is partially explained.
Ø 2 marks for the moral implication arising from
the explained point in blue, OR 1 mark if it’s not fully explained.
Ø Total: 5 points for each point.
Ø Overall for the essay: 10 MARKS
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References
Dudzayi, K., Mannathoko, I., & Moswela, U., (2009). Moral Education. Gaborone.
Collegium.
Kgathi, G., Seganabeng R., & Seretse, T. (2009). Exploring Moral Education.
Gaborone.Heinemann.
Malanse, C., Mokobi, U., & Anderson, V. (2009). Moral Education: A fresh Start.
Diamond. Gaborone. Educational Publishers.
Fleming, E.; O ’Hara, B. (1995). World Religions. Dublin. Gill & Macmillan.
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