ARCHITECTURAL AND

PLANNING ASPECTS

Dr. G. P. Chandradhara
Professor of Civil Engineering
S. J. College of Engineering
Mysore- 570 006

E mail : [email protected]
Mobile: 094482 46425
 PERFORMANCE OF STRUCTURES
DURING EARTHQUAKES

Rational studies along with a knowledge regarding the

performance of buildings in previous earthquakes have
shown that

 Poor Building architectural design and planning would

decrease the seismo resistant capacity of the building
and also become the cause of collapse of the building

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 PERFORMANCE OF STRUCTURES
DURING EARTHQUAKES
 The seismic analysis and design alone do not
ensure good performance of the structure during
earthquakes. The building planning should also
conform to the principles of earthquake resistant
configuration

 A real compatibility between the planning and the

structural design avoids a stepping of the seismo
resistant capacity of the building and also provides
a positive, efficient and integral seismic resistant
system

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 What will Architects Do

Develop Innovative
ideas in creating
Architecturally
Impressive
buildings

Montreal’s Expo World’ Fair were 354 individual pre-cast concrete units were inter-
connected with post-tensioning cables, grouped into 158 apartments.

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What will Architects Do
(Unsymmetrical in Plan and Elevation)

CCTV Headquarters, CHINA

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 WHAT WILL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEER DO?

Earthquake engineers are concerned

with creating earthquake resistant
designs and construction techniques
to build all kinds of bridges, roads
and buildings.
Earthquake engineers are faced with
many uncertainties and must be
smart in their decisions in developing
safe solutions to challenging
problems. They rely on state-of-the-
art technology, materials science,
laboratory testing and field
monitoring.

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Indian Standards For Earthquake Design
 IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures (5th Revision)
 IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing
of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
 IS 13935, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Repair and
Seismic Strengthening of Buildings
 IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake
Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings (2nd Revision)
 SP: 22 –Explanatory Handbook On Codes For Earthquake Engineering
 IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake
Resistance of Earthen Buildings
 IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake
Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings

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Different Parts of IS:1893-2002

Part Description
Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings

Part 2 Liquid Retaining Tanks– Elevated and Ground

Supported
Part 3 Bridges and Retaining Walls

Part 4 Industrial Structures Including Stack Like

Structures
Part 5 Dams and Embankments

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BUILDING CONFIGURATION

 IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 has recommended building

configuration system in Section 7 for the better
performance of buildings during earthquakes.

 An important feature in building configuration is

its regularity and symmetry in horizontal and
vertical plane .

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 BUILDING CONFIGURATION

The Irregularities in building configuration system are

classified into two types.

1. Vertical Irregularities- sudden change in strength,

stiffness, geometry and mass results in irregular
distribution of forces over the height.
2. Horizontal Irregularities – Refers to asymmetric plan
shape or discontinuous in the horizontal resisting
elements such as openings and re-entrant corner and
other changes resulting in torsion.

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BUILDING CONFIGURATION PROBLEMS

Example of Plan Irregularity

Example of Vertical Irregularity 11

BUILDING CONFIGURATION: PROBLEMS

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CHOICE OF METHOD FOR MULTISTORIED BUILDING

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FOUR VIRTUES OF EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT BUILDINGS

 Strength
 Stiffness
 Ductility
 Configuration

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 IMPORTANCE

Good Structural Configuration: Its size, shape and

structural system carrying loads are such that they ensure
a direct and smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground.
Lateral Strength: The maximum lateral (horizontal) force
that it can resist is such that the damage induced in it does
not result in collapse.
Adequate Stiffness: Its lateral load resisting system is
such that the earthquake-induced deformations in it do not
damage its contents under low-to moderate shaking.
Good Ductility: Its capacity to undergo large deformations
under severe earthquake shaking even after yielding, is
improved by favourable design and detailing strategies.

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VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES
VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES

 Stiffness Irregularity -Soft Story

 Stiffness Irregularity - Extreme Soft Story
 Weight (Mass) Irregularity
 Vertical Geometry Irregularity
 In-plane Discontinuity in Vertical
Lateral Force Resisting Elements
 Discontinuity in Capacity - Weak Story

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Type 1: Stiffness Irregularities
Soft story
◦ Architectural
considerations
 Taller first story RC columns RC beams
 Unreinforced infill in upper stories
 Completely open ground story Infill

◦ Soft Story
 Stiffness related
 Lateral stiffness of adjacent stories

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Example
◦ Stilts (open ground storey)
 Used as parking lots, garages
 Apartments & commercial buildings
 Prevalent in many countries like India,
Iran Turkey, etc.

◦ Intermediate open storey

 Machinery, recreations, etc.

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 Soft Story RC Frames …

Seismic performance
◦ Under lateral loads
 Excessive story deformation
 Shear failure of columns

Excessive
deformation

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 Type 1: Stiffness Irregularities

 1a - Soft Story
◦ the lateral stiffness is less than
70% of that in the story above or
less than 80% of the average
stiffness of the three stories
above.

 1b - Extreme Soft Story

◦ the lateral stiffness is less than
60% of that in the story above or
less than 70% of the average
stiffness of the three stories
above.

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Soft Storey Collapse

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Soft Storey

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Where is ground storey? (BHUJ, 2001)

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 Ground Storey Collapse of a 4-Storey Olive View Hospital, which nearly Collapsed due
Building with Open Ground Storey at Bhuj to Excessive Deformation in the First Two
Storeys during the 1972 San Fernando
Earthquake

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AVOID SOFT STOREY GROUND FLOORS

Often the columns

are damaged by
the cyclic
displacements
between the
moving soil and the
upper part of the
building

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AVOID SOFT STOREY UPPER FLOORS

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Soft mid storey failure

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What happened to the upper floors (Turkey 1999))

Did they not know column of building should

be stronger than beam?

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 Type 2: Weight (Mass) Irregularity

Mass irregularity shall be

considered to exist
where the effective
mass of any story is
more than TWO times
the mass of an adjacent
story.

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Heavy load at Top

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Short column
failure due to
insufficient
transverse
reinforcement
Krishna Aparments,
Airport Road, Bhuj

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Type 3:Vertical Geometry Irregularity

 Vertical geometry
irregularity shall be
considered to exist
when the Maximum
horizontal projection
exceeds
15 to 20% of the Base
width.
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Stress
concentration
& change in
the stiffness

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 Crushing of corner
column
Building – Insufficient
reinforcement :Tera
Nam Mandir, Main
Road, Bhuj

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Type 4: In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral Force
Resisting Elements

 An in-plane offset of the lateral force-resisting elements greater than

the length of those elements or a reduction in stiffness in the resisting
element in the story below.
 Design forces for lateral force connections to be increased

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Type 5: Discontinuity in Capacity - Weak Story

 A weak story is one in which the story lateral

strength is less than 80% of that in the story
above. The story strength is the total strength of
all seismic-resisting elements sharing the story
shear for the direction under consideration.
 Do not confuse STIFFNESS with STRENGTH.

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Weak & soft story
◦ Weak story
 Strength related
 Lateral strengths of adjacent stories

◦ Soft Story
 Stiffness related
 Lateral stiffness of adjacent stories

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Plan Structural Irregularities
 Building Configuration

The Irregularities in building configuration system are

classified into two types.

1. Vertical Irregularities- sudden change in strength,

stiffness, geometry and mass results in irregular
distribution of forces over the height.
2. Horizontal Irregularities – Refers to asymmetric plan
shape or discontinuous in the horizontal resisting
elements such as openings and re-entrant corner and
other changes resulting in torsion.

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L shaped Building

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L – Shape in Plan / Elevation ?

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 Plan Structural Irregularities
 Seismic behaviour of irregular shaped plans
differs from regular shapes because the first can
be subjected to their asymmetry and/or can
present local deformations due to the presence
of re-entrant corners or excessive openings. Both
effects give origin to undesired stress
concentrations in some resisting members of the
building

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Plan Structural Irregularities

 On the contrary, the ideal rectangular or

square plane, structurally symmetric, with
enough in-plane stiffness in its diaphragm,
presents an ideal behaviour. Building
shaped like a box, such as rectangular, both
in plan and elevation, is inherently stronger
than one that is L-shaped or U-shaped, that
is a building with wings

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Plan Structural Irregularities

1-Torsional Irregularity
2 - Re-entrant Corners
3 - Diaphragm Discontinuity
4 - Out-of-plane Offsets
5 - Nonparallel Systems

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 PLAN IRREGULARITIES

Torsion Irregularities with

Stiff Diaphragm
If max drift is more than 1.2
times the average
Building with Re-entrant Corners

Non-parallel Systems
Diaphragm Discontinuity

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 Type 1: Torsional Irregularities
 1a - Torsional Irregularity
◦ larger story drift more than 1.2 times
average story drift
 1b - Extreme Torsional Irregularity
◦ larger story drift more than 1.4 times
average story drift
 Design forces for lateral force
connections to be increased

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Torsion of unsymmetrical Plans

Center of lateral resistant /stiffness center

Resisting force

CG. Of Building mass

Applied force

Direction of Ground Motion

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 Improper

Proper
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Torsion of Buildings on Sloping Ground

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Torsion Analysis
 The analysis must take into account any torsional effects resulting
from the location of the masses relative to the centers of
resistance.
 In addition to the predicted torsion, accidental torsion must be
applied for structures with rigid diaphragms by assuming the
center of mass at each level is moved from its actual location a
distance equal to 5% the building dimension perpendicular to the
direction of motion.

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Type 2: Re-entrant Corners
 Both projections beyond the corner are
more than 15% of the plan dimension of
the structure in the same direction

Un-symmetrical Plans

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 Guidelines for Planning

L< 3B < 0.2B

B
Separation
PLANS

Desirable geometry of buildings

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Definition of Irregularity as per IS 1893

A should be small
If L =100 m , A can be max of 15 m

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 ROLE OF FLOOR
 When beams bend in vert
direction during earthquake
the thin slabs move along
with them (fig) & when beams
move with columns in horz
direction the slab forces the
beams to move together with
it
 In most buildings the
geometric distortion of slab is
negligible in the horizontal
plane; this behavior is known
as rigid diaphragm action .

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Type 3: Diaphragm Discontinuities

 Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in

stiffness, including those having cutout or open areas
greater than 50% of the gross enclosed diaphragm area, or
changes in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50%
from one story to the next.

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 Type 4: Out-of-Plane Offsets
 Discontinuities in a lateral
force resistance path, such as
out-of-plane offsets of the
vertical elements.
 Design forces for lateral
force connections to be
increased

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 Type 5: Nonparallel Systems

 The vertical lateral force-resisting

elements are not parallel to or
symmetric about the major
orthogonal axes of the lateral
force resisting system.
 Analyze for forces applied in the
direction that causes the most
critical load effect

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General Guidelines for Planning

Building and its Structure

Should Have a Uniform and
Continuous Distribution of
Mass, Stiffness, Strength and
Ductility

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Regular and Irregular Configurations

 To perform well in an earthquake, a building

should possess four main attributes:
◦ Simple and regular configuration
◦ Adequate lateral strength
◦ Stiffness
◦ Ductility
 Buildings having simple regular geometry and
uniformly distributed mass and stiffness in plan
as well as in elevation, suffer much less damage
than buildings with irregular configurations.
 Buildings with plan irregularity suffer from
torsional modes of vibration whose effects may
not be adequately represented in the equivalent
static seismic coefficient method.

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