Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Machine learning (ML), a technology that is transforming several

industries, including education, by enabling computers to learn and grow without explicit

programming. Adaptive exams, intelligent tutoring programs, and personalized learning

platforms are just a few instances of how machine learning (ML) is revolutionizing

education. With its wide-ranging student body and geographic reach, the Philippines

presents a huge opportunity for ML to close learning gaps and tailor instruction to each

student's needs.

UDDPREPSUCCESS is comprehensive mobile application that support students

enrolled in the School of Teacher Education at UdD in preparing for their licensure

examinations. This app serves as a comprehensive tool, offering a diverse range of

practice exams specifically tailored to the requirements of teacher licensure

examinations. With a user-friendly interface and dynamic features, the application aims

to empower students by providing a convenient and effective platform to enhance their

knowledge, skills, and confidence, ultimately assisting them in achieving success in their

licensure examinations and preparing them for a rewarding career in education.

The Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) is the primary entry point for

Filipinos who want to work as teachers. Getting a passing score on the LET guarantees

high standards for the teaching profession and shows proficiency in the fundamental

1
topics. Notwithstanding the rigorous nature of pre-service education programs, many

graduates nevertheless struggle to achieve success on the LET. Exam performance and

preparation might vary depending on several factors, including individual learning styles,

technological proficiency, and program diversity in material covered.

The September 2023 Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) results showed

that Universidad de Dagupan (UdD) graduates in education had accomplished a lot. The

Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) program's institutional passing percentage of

100% is noteworthy and demonstrates a strong dedication to academic quality. In the

meantime, the program offering Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) demonstrated

an impressive 80.77% institutional passing rate. These outcomes contrast with the

47.01% and 56.26% national passing rates for BEED and BSED, respectively. The

notable superiority of UdD alumni highlights the value of the school's curricula and

indicates a solid groundwork for future educators joining the workforce.

The educational landscape is embracing technology-assisted learning platforms

like UDDPREPSUCCESS, offering personalized pathways to success. However, a

crucial gap remains in understanding how such platforms impact student assessment

performance, particularly within the crucial context of pre-licensure teacher preparation.

While past research explored isolated aspects of platform usage or general learning

outcomes, a holistic understanding of the multifaceted relationship between student

behavior, platform interaction, and assessment readiness for high-stakes exams like the

LET remains elusive. This hinders our ability to optimize technology-assisted learning

for maximized student success. Furthermore, as Okagbue et al. (2022) highlight, "AI has

2
been a popular nomenclature in physics, technology, computer science, engineering, and

mathematics, but less known in the education pedagogy," suggesting a lag in the field's

adoption and integration of these advancements, especially within pre-service teacher

education.

Several theories underpin the potential effectiveness of machine learning (ML) in

education. According to the personalized learning theory, ML-based systems can offer

customized learning experiences depending on each student's requirements and preferred

method of learning, which will enhance comprehension and help students retain the

information. According to the theory of adaptive learning, machine learning algorithms

can adjust to the performance of students by giving them individualized instruction and

scaffolding support based on their development, so optimizing the effectiveness of

learning. Furthermore, according to the Intelligent Tutoring Systems Theory, tutoring

programs that use machine learning (ML) can improve student learning outcomes by

imitating a human tutor by offering personalized feedback, justifications, and advice on

how to solve problems.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of machine learning

(ML) on student learning. Comparing an ML-based personalized learning system to

conventional teaching approaches, Zhang et al. (2023) revealed that the former greatly

increased student performance on a standardized math exam. An adaptive learning

system driven by machine learning (ML) was able to predict student performance with

high accuracy and successfully customize training to meet individual needs, which

enhanced learning outcomes, according to a different study by Liu et al. (2022). The

3
usefulness of an intelligent tutoring system built on machine learning algorithms was

examined in a third study conducted by Azevedo et al. (2022). According to the results,

students' comprehension of difficult topics was greatly improved by the system's ability

to offer tailored guidance and feedback.

This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of

UDDPREPSUCCESS in enhancing student assessment performance using

UDDPREPSUCCESS, a machine learning approach in education. This study will

leverage UDDPREPSUCCESS' machine learning capabilities to personalize learning and

track student progress through in-depth analyses of behavioral patterns like attempt

count, question views, submission rate, and hint usage alongside platform engagement

and actual assessment outcomes. (Indention)By illuminating the specific mechanisms

through which UDDPREPSUCCESS influences student learning and LET preparedness,

we aim to unveil its overall effectiveness in improving assessment performance.

Ultimately, this study will contribute valuable insights to optimize machine learning

platforms for empowering pre-service teachers to excel in their LET examinations and

enter the profession with confidence.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

Media Richness Theory

Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel in 1986, Media Richness Theory posits

that different communication media possess varying degrees of richness, defined by their

capacity to transmit diverse cues and information channels. Rich media like face-to-face

4
interaction offer high richness, while lean media like text lack the ability to convey

nonverbal cues and emotions. This theory emphasizes that the effectiveness of a chosen

medium hinges on its ability to match the specific demands of the communication task.

This theory assesses the suitability of UDDPREPSUCCESS as a learning

platform for achieving specific learning objectives based on the richness and interactivity

it provides. By analyzing student performance in relation to different types of learning

objectives targeted by UDDPREPSUCCESS features, this study can evaluate how well

the platform supports those objectives.

Cognitive Load Theory

Developed by John Sweller in the 1980s, Cognitive Load Theory focuses on the

amount of information that working memory can hold and process at a given time. It

emphasizes that overloading learners with excessive cognitive load can hinder learning

and performance. The theory proposes strategies for managing cognitive load, such as

chunking information, providing scaffolding, and offering timely feedback.

This theory focuses on managing cognitive load (amount of information

processed at once) during learning. By analyzing behavioral patterns and performance

outcomes, this study can explore how UDDPREPSUCCESS features like adaptive pacing

and feedback impact students' cognitive load, influencing their engagement and

performance.

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 Conceptual Framework of the Study

Input Process Output

A. Behavioral Patterns A.
(Attempt Count, Question UDDPREPSUCCESS Evaluating Students
Views, Submission Rate, Implementation Assessment
Hint Rate,) B. Data Collection Performance Using
B. Students Level of C. Data Integration and UDDPREPSUCCESS;
Performance Analysis A MACHINE
C. Relationship Between LEARNING Approach
Students Performance in Education.
and
UDDPREPSUCCESS.

Figure 1: Paradigm of the Study

The input phase of the study "Evaluating Students Assessment Performance

Using UDDPREPSUCCESS: A Machine Learning Approach in Education" involves the

collection of diverse data sources. Behavioral patterns, such as attempt count, question

views, submission rate, and hint rate, are extracted directly from the

UDDPREPSUCCESS platform. To gauge students' performance, assessment scores or

performance percentage in each category are considered, providing a comprehensive

understanding of their progress. Additionally, a questionnaire on self-perceived

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performance levels enriches the input data. The relationship aspect involves combining

mean and weighted mean scores and correlation analysis to unveil potential insights.

Data collection involves the extraction of information from the

UDDPREPSUCCESS platform, assessment scores in every category, and questionnaire

responses from students. This phase ensures a holistic and multifaceted approach to

gathering relevant data. The subsequent step encompasses data integration and analysis,

where the UDDPREPSUCCESS data and assessment scores undergo thorough

examination using statistical methods like mean and weighted mean and correlation

analysis. The questionnaire data is also subjected to appropriate statistical analyses, such

as descriptive statistics and correlation assessments.

The ultimate output of the study is encapsulated in the report titled "Evaluating

Students Assessment Performance Using UDDPREPSUCCESS: A Machine Learning

Approach in Education." This comprehensive output serves as a culmination of the

thorough examination of behavioral patterns, student performance, and their relationships

with the UDDPREPSUCCESS platform. The report presents findings that will contribute

valuable insights into the effectiveness of UDDPREPSUCCESS in enhancing students'

assessment performance in an educational context.

7
Statement of the Problem

This study aims to evaluate students’ assessment performance using

UDDPREPSUCCESS, a machine learning approach in education. The following research

questions are explored in this study:

1. What are the behavioral patterns that may affect students' assessment performance

towards the objectives of UDDPREPSUCCESS approach?

Behavioral patterns such as:

a. Attempt count.

b. Question views.

c. Submission rate.

d. Hint rate.

2. What is the students' level of performance based on the results of the assessment

after using UDDPREPSUCCESS?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the student’s assessment performance

and UDDPREPSUCCESS?

Significance of the Study

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of UDDPREPSUCCESS, a machine

learning tool, in enhancing the academic performance of third-year education students at

Universidad de Dagupan (UdD) who are preparing for the Licensure Examination for

Teachers (LET).

The findings of this study can benefit a wide range of stakeholders:

8
 UdD Education Students: The study will give UdD education students a deeper

comprehension of machine learning (ML) and its educational applications, which will

enhance their LET performance, boost their confidence in utilizing ML for teaching and

learning, and equip them with a more complete set of abilities for the classroom of the

twenty-first century.

UdD Faculty and Administrators: UdD administrators and faculty will be able

to address student concerns about ML, create successful ML-based interventions, and

allocate resources and training programs with greater knowledge thanks to the study,

which will provide evidence-based strategies for ML integration into teacher education

programs.

Educational Researchers: Deeper understanding of the role of machine learning

(ML) in teacher preparation and student learning will result from this study, which will

also identify areas for future research and provide new information about the potential of

ML in teacher education.

The Field of Education: A more thorough and efficient approach to teacher

education as well as improved student learning across the field will result from the study,

which will also advance the field of education's understanding of the role of machine

learning (ML) in teacher education, encourage the development of creative teaching

practices that make use of ML, and contribute to improved student learning outcomes and

teacher effectiveness.

9
Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study examines how UDDPREPSUCCESS, a machine learning platform,

impacts assessment performance of education students, specifically third-year education

students at Universidad de Dagupan. Using data from platform interactions and

assessments, it analyzes Student Behavior, Performance Outcomes, and Behavior-

performance link.

Findings may not generalize to other populations or educational environments

because they are based on third-year education students at Universidad de Dagupan. We

acknowledge but do not control external factors such as study habits and socioeconomic

origins. Examining individual differences and subjective experiences may be restricted

by the dependence on self-reported data and quantitative data. Incorporating qualitative

methodologies and examining a wider range of variables could potentially solve these

limitations in future study.

10
Definition of Terms

UDDPREPSUCCESS: A mobile application designed to support teacher education

students at UdD in preparing for the LET through personalized learning experiences.

LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET): A standardized, multiple-

choice examination administered by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) in

the Philippines specifically for Teacher Education graduates.

MACHINE LEARNING (ML): In this study, Machine Learning (ML) refers to

algorithms and techniques employed within the UDDPREPSUCCESS platform to

personalize learning experiences based on student data.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Machine Learning

Machine learning is evolving quickly in tandem with the internet's explosive

growth. Students' learning logs can be recorded, and many other learning characteristics

can be achieved using online learning environments. In earlier research, system logs were

analyzed using machine learning methods to forecast how well students would learn

(Romero et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2018). It's common to discuss AI and machine learning

together. AI techniques such as machine learning can be used for both supervised and

unsupervised categorization and profiling. Examples of these applications include

predicting a student's probability of failing a course or getting accepted into a program, as

well as identifying themes in written work.

According to Popenici and Kerr (2017), machine learning is a branch of artificial

intelligence that deals with software that can identify patterns, forecast outcomes, and

utilize recently found patterns in contexts outside of its original design. Easy adaptation

and operation for students, teachers, and administration are made possible by the

exceptional capacity for explanation and interpretation. According to Linardatos,

Papastefanopoulos, and Kotsiantis (2020), machine learning (ML) requires fundamental

knowledge and abilities to be used in education.

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Application Of Machine Learning to Education Field

Predictive analytics, which makes use of machine learning, has become a very

powerful tool for improving operational efficacy and efficiency in a variety of industries,

including education. In the field of education, machine learning algorithms are used to

extract meaningful information from a variety of student data sets. This facilitates the

prediction of students' future academic performance, the identification of factors that

influence their academic performance, and the identification of potential risks, such as

pupils who are prone to dropping out of school. By employing predictive analysis,

educational establishments and instructors can improve intervention planning, offer

targeted assistance, and create more effective learning initiatives. According to research

by (Tsiakmaki et al. and Zanirato et al.,2023) machine learning not only improves our

understanding of past educational trends but also makes it possible to make more precise

and effective predictions about the future of education.

Currently, machine learning technology is opening new possibilities for higher

education around the world. Textbook instruction and the requirement that students

remember manuscripts inside of a classroom are no longer part of higher education. With

the use of digital tools, students' performance may now be anticipated in the classroom.

Thanks to the development of global technology, which has made it possible to offer

options like individualized and customized instruction, reliable and efficient grading

systems, and several other algorithms that increase learning process efficacy, teaching

and learning have become more dynamic (Nafea, 2018). "Machine learning based
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assessment provides constant feedback to teachers, students, and parents about how the

student learns, the support they need, and the progress they are making towards their

learning goals," according to Kucak, Juricic, and Dambic (2018).

Let Performance

The PRC offers the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) in the field of

education as a requirement to become qualified to work as a teacher (Esmeralda & Perez-

Espinosa, 2015). After passing, candidates can obtain their professional teaching

credential and the rights and advantages that come with being a licensed educator in

either public or private school.

One of the metrics used in the Philippines to indicate the caliber of teachers and

the education they deliver is their passing score on the licensing exam. Being employed

in schools has become a critical safety net for teachers of a certain caliber. It provides a

benchmark by which to assess if a graduate possesses the minimal competency required

to work as a teacher. For qualified graduates to be admitted into their areas, most

occupations require licensing exams. According to Acosta and Acosta (2016), as

referenced in Cahapay (2021), the licensure exam functions as an initial gauge of

teaching competency in the context of teacher education, .Generally speaking, it

evaluated how well teacher education institutions (TEIs) had equipped their graduates

with the skills, knowledge, and resources they expected them to have in accordance with

the Commission on Higher Education's (CHEd) directives (Antiojo, 2017; Guzman,

2020). The chances offered to preservice teachers who subsequently sit for the Board

Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers (BLEPT) determine the level of

14
learning. Higher education institutions—more specifically, Teacher Education

Institutions, or TEIs—carefully package a variety of areas that support preservice

teachers' learning, such as curriculum and instruction, assessment, laboratories, and

faculty preparation, among others.

These areas are thought to have a significant impact on how well graduates

perform on the licensure exam. According to Delos Angeles (2020), passing the teacher

licensing exam is a crucial indicator of how successful a teacher education program is.

Success is influenced by prior knowledge, the credentials and expertise of the lecturer,

and the excellent services that are offered to the students. Furthermore, according to

Dagdag et al. (2017), Philippine universities have prioritized getting their graduates ready

for the licensing exam to meet the demands of both domestic and foreign educational

institutions and communities. Among the various courses that call for a license exam

before practicum is teacher education. Like the fields of architecture, engineering,

medicine, and nursing, graduates of these schools are not permitted to legally practice

their craft until they pass the board test.

Through these licensure exams, the government regularly verifies the caliber of

graduates (Laganao, 2017). This concept demonstrates the necessity of assessing the

effectiveness of teacher education programs, as the majority do not generate competent

graduates who will instruct the nation's children (Laganao, 2017). Furthermore, Rabanal

(2016) discovered a substantial correlation between the respondents' academic

achievement in significant courses, professional education, and general education and

their LET performance. The PRC offers the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET)
15
in the field of education as a requirement to become qualified to work as a teacher

(Esmeralda & Perez-Espinosa, 2015). After passing, candidates can obtain their

professional teaching credential and the rights and advantages that come with being a

licensed educator in either public or private school.

Machine Learning and Students Performance

A conceptual framework for attribute selection and ML model-based student

performance prediction has been proposed by (Khan et al., 2021). Using replies,

simulations, educational assessment, and other methods, ML is used to automatically

assess students' learning (Zhai et al., 2021). After putting the K-Means clustering method

into practice, Iatrellis et al. (2021) talked about the promise of the clustering-aided

strategy for forecasting student outcomes in higher education. Remote learning has

helped students complete their higher education during the COVID-19 crisis, and

machine learning approaches have been used to predict students' happiness with online

learning models (Ho et al., 2021). Learning management systems with AI integration are

useful for data analysis, better learning, efficient resource management, and other things

during pandemic emergencies (Villegas-Ch et al., 2020). Authors (Iatrellis et al., 2020)

suggest using simulation modeling in conjunction with ML-based frameworks to build

learning routes and assess quality assurance indicators in higher education. Artificial

neural networks and other machine learning techniques are useful for classifying a range

of educational outcomes, including student grade point averages, retention rates, and

degree completion rates, among others (Musso et al., 2020).

16
 Ibtehal Talal Nafea, Danijel Kucak, Vedran Jurcic, and Goran Dambic claim that

smart teaching may be implemented in schools using machine learning, which can lessen

the need for human labor and allow students to make revisions to their lessons as needed.

Using machine learning frameworks and algorithms that assist in storing large amounts of

data and converting them into organized knowledge from many domains. In this sort of

application, virtual machines serve as a mediator between humans and machines.

17
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter incorporates the research design. It presents methods of research

used, instrument or means in gathering data, source of data, method of collecting data,

and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

This study employs a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the impact of

UDDPREPSUCCESS, a machine-learning powered application, on student assessment

performance in Special Topics 1 at Universidad de Dagupan.

Research Locale

The research will be conducted within the specific locale of Arellano Street,

Dagupan City, focusing on education students, specifically third-year Education students.

Source of Data

This study will gather data from three primary sources. First, the UDDPREPSUCCESS

platform itself will serve as a rich data mine. Its built-in functionalities will automatically

capture students' behavioral patterns as they interact with the app, recording metrics like

attempt count, question views, submission rate, and hint usage. This behavioral data

offers valuable insights into how students engage with the learning materials and

potentially their cognitive processes while practicing. Second, assessment performance in

18
relevant subject areas will be administered to students. Comparing the assessment scores

in UDDPREPSUCCESS will enable analysis of potential performance changes

attributable to the platform's intervention. Additionally, a self-perceived performance

level questionnaire will capture subjective student perspectives on their learning

experience and perceived improvement after using UDDPREPSUCCESS. This

qualitative data adds a valuable layer of understanding beyond just numerical scores.

Lastly, to explore potential relationships between identified behavioral patterns and

performance outcomes, correlation analysis will be employed. By statistically examining

the associations between platform usage metrics and pre-post assessment scores, the

study can shed light on whether specific behaviors might indicate or predict better

learning outcomes within the UDDPREPSUCCESS environment.

Instrumentation and Data Collection

Data collection will utilize a mix of automated and manual methods. The

UDDPREPSUCCESS platform will automatically collect behavioral data as students

interact with it throughout the course. The self-perceived performance level questionnaire

will be administered in paper format after students have completed using

UDDPREPSUCCESS for a designated period.

Data collection will encompass both automated and manual techniques tailored to

each source. The UDDPREPSUCCESS platform itself will automatically capture

behavioral patterns such as attempt count, question views, submission rate, and hint rate

as students interact with it. Finally, to gather performance data, a questionnaire utilizing a

19
five-point Likert scale will be in paper format after students have completed using

UDDPREPSUCCESS for a designated period. This multi-pronged approach ensures

comprehensive data collection from both objective platform usage metrics and subjective

student perceptions.

Tools for Data Analysis

For the first research question, the focus is on understanding the behavioral

patterns associated with students’ assessment performance when using

UDDPREPSUCCESS. Behavioral patterns, including attempt count, question views,

submission rate, and hint rate, will be gathered from the UDDPREPSUCCESS platform.

The data will be subjected to comprehensive analysis to uncover insights into how these

patterns correlate with students’ assessment outcomes. While no specific formula is

mentioned here, the analysis may involve descriptive statistics and correlation

coefficients to identify patterns and relationships among the behavioral variables. This

investigation aims to shed light on the ways in which students engage with

UDDPREPSUCCESS and how their behavior may influence their overall assessment

performance.

To address the second research question, the mean and weighted mean scores will

be computed as quantitative way to assess the level of performance of students This will

reveal if there is a statistically significant difference in student performance as they use

the UDDPREPSUCCESS, providing an objective measure of the platform’s impact on

assessment outcomes.

20
 The self-perceived performance questionnaire, utilizing a Likert scale, will

capture students’ own evaluation of their improvement within relevant subject areas after

using UDDPREPSUCCESS. Descriptive statistics will summarize responses to each

questionnaire item, providing insights into students’ perceived changes in performance.

The Likert scale responses collected from this questionnaire will be analyzed using the

Average Weighted Mean (AWM) formula:

5(fw )+4 (fw)+3(fw)+2 (fw )+ 1(fw )

AWM¿
N

Where:

AWM = Average Weight Mean

N = No. of Respondents

OWM= AWM/N

Where:

OWM= Over-all Average Weighted Mean

AWM= Average Weighted Mean

N= Number of AWM

21
 To gauge students’ performance, a Likert scale will be employed. The researchers

used the following descriptive rating “strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly

disagree” to have a compatible response to the question in the questionnaire.

The Average Weighted Mean point of each item was interpreted using the Likert

scales with the following range of point value.

Legend:

SCALE SCALE MEAN DESCRIPTIVE

RATING

5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree

4 3.41-4.20 Agree

3 2.61-3.40 Neutral

2 1.81-2.60 Disagree

1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree

22
 By combining the analysis of objective assessment scores with student

perceptions captured through the Likert-scale questionnaire, this research aims to paint a

more comprehensive picture of how UDDPREPSUCCESS might impact both actual and

perceived learning outcomes. For the third research question, exploring the relationship

between students’ assessment performance and UDDPREPSUCCESS, correlation

analysis will be applied. The correlation coefficient ® will be calculated to quantify the

strength and direction of this relationship. The formula for the correlation coefficient is

given by:

∑ ( ( X −X ) × ( Y −Y ))
r=
√∑¿¿¿

Where:

 X i and Y iare individual data points for the two variables.

 X and Y are the means of the variables.

Through these statistical methods, the study aims to discern whether

UDDPREPSUCCESS has a significant impact on students’ assessment performance and

identify any specific behavioral patterns that may contribute to this relationship.

This analysis will provide insights into whether there are significant variations in

scores throughout the semester, considering the impact of UDDPREPSUCCESS

utilization.

23
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