Basic German A Grammar and Workbook 2nd Edition Heiner Schenke All Chapter Instant Download
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BASIC GERMAN
Features include:
• Clear grammatical explanations with examples in both English and
German.
• Authentic language samples from a range of media.
• Checklists at the end of each unit to reinforce key points.
• Cross-referencing to other grammar chapters.
• Full exercise answer key.
• ‘Did you know?’ sections with extra learning tips on specific grammar
points and insights into current usage of German.
• Glossary of grammatical terms.
The new edition has been thoroughly revised, including more varied exercises
for practice, and grammar points have been reformulated to use a more
learner-centred approach.
Suitable for independent study and for class use, Basic German: A Grammar
and Workbook is the ideal reference and practice book for beginners, as well
as for students with some knowledge of the language.
Karen Seago is the course leader for applied translation at the London
Metropolitan University.
Other titles available in the Grammar Workbooks series are:
Basic Arabic
Basic Cantonese
Intermediate Cantonese
Basic Chinese
Intermediate Chinese
Basic German
Intermediate German
Basic Irish
Intermediate Irish
Basic Italian
Basic Japanese
Intermediate Japanese
Basic Korean
Intermediate Korean
Basic Latin
Intensive Intermediate Latin
Basic Persian
Basic Polish
Intermediate Polish
Basic Portuguese
Basic Russian
Intermediate Russian
Basic Spanish
Intermediate Spanish
Basic Welsh
Intermediate Welsh
Basic Yiddish
Prefacevii
vi
PREFACE
Basic German is aimed at absolute beginners and those learners who have
some knowledge of German but who need to refresh and consolidate basic
structures. It can be used on its own or in connection with any major German
course book, and it is suitable for self-study, class-based learning or reference
purposes.
Presentation of grammar
The book explains the essentials of German grammar in clear and simple lan-
guage. The format is easily accessible, and grammar topics follow a progression
which moves from simple aspects to more complex features. For more in-depth
study, there are cross-references to related grammar items. Explanations are
simple and avoid specialised terminology while introducing key terms. The
vocabulary is practical and functional. It is introduced on a cumulative basis
and builds on vocabulary associated with topics featured in major course books.
Structure of units
There are 29 units. Each unit covers one key grammar topic, which is con-
trasted with English structures where appropriate. Each topic starts out with an
overview. This is followed by detailed explanation in an easy-to-follow step-by-
step layout, breaking down complex aspects into simple segments. Examples in
English and German illustrate each point and introduce relevant vocabulary.
Extra features
Patterns explained
Unit 1 highlights some basic principles where structures of German are fun-
damentally different from English. It explains their characteristics in simple
terms and draws attention to underlying patterns.
• independent learners
• GCSE preparation
• AS/A-level revision
• beginners’ courses at university and in further education
• adult education courses.
viii
UNIT 1
What’s different in German?
Basic tips and patterns
Note that the pronoun ich (‘I’) has no initial capital in German, but Sie (formal 1
form of ‘you’) does.
1 Different characters
What’s
The German alphabet has some characters which do not exist in the English
different in
German? alphabet:
heißen to be called
Straße street
groß big
The umlauts – ä, ö, ü
These are very important. They change the pronunciation of a word and, more
important, its meaning:
Mutter means ‘mother’, but Mütter is the plural form and means ‘mothers’.
Musste means ‘had to’, but müsste means ‘should’ or ‘ought to’.
Three genders
All nouns in German are masculine, feminine or neuter. This shows in their
singular article: der for masculine, die for feminine, das for neuter.
It is important to realise that gender in German is grammatical, not ‘biolog-
ical’ as it is in English. This means that objects, concepts etc. which are neuter
(‘it’) in English can be masculine, feminine or neuter in German:
Whenever you learn a new noun, always learn it with its gender: the best way
to do this is to learn it with its article. You will find that this will pay off in the
long term.
Endings
2 One of the principal differences between English and German is that, in Ger-
man, words take specific endings depending on their relationship to other
parts of the sentence. This applies to verbs, articles, possessive adjectives and 1
adjectives. What’s
different in
German?
Verbs
These are words describing the ‘action’ of a sentence, such as ‘to run’, ‘to think’.
For example the German verb ‘to go’ has different endings when used with ‘I’,
‘he’ and ‘they’:
Adjectives
These words, which describe the quality of a noun, such as a ‘new’ laptop, an
‘intelligent’ woman or a ‘beautiful’ house, follow a similar pattern when they
appear in front of a noun. In German, adjectives can have different endings
when they are linked to a masculine noun (ein neuer Laptop), a feminine noun
(eine intelligente Frau) or a neuter noun (ein schönes Haus).
Cases
One of the most important features of German is that you can tell what func-
tion a noun performs in a sentence by the ending of the word that accompanies
the noun. That word shows its case. For example a noun can be the subject of
the sentence, i.e. the ‘agent’ of what is happening:
Der Hund beißt den Mann. The dog bites the man.
Or it can be the object, i.e. the ‘receiver’ of the action in the sentence:
Der Hund beißt den Mann. The dog bites the man.
The subject and the object are in different cases, which means that the article 3
(‘the’) has a different ending. Both ‘dog’ and ‘man’ are masculine (der), but
1 in the second sentence, ‘the dog’ is the subject (der Hund) and the man is the
What’s object (den Mann).
different in
German?
Word order
One of the most important features in German word order is the position of
the verb. In most statements the verb is the second element:
Ich kann morgen nicht kommen, weil ich nach Paris fahre.
I can’t come tomorrow because I’m going to Paris.
Tenses
English tenses differentiate between an action happening at the moment (‘I am
working’) and an action taking place regularly (‘I work at Google’). In German,
this difference does not exist. The verb form is the same in both statements:
The past in English is expressed either by the present perfect tense: ‘I have just
eaten’ or the simple past tense: ‘I ate’. In the former example, the action reaches
into the present, whereas in the latter it finished in the past. In German, how-
ever, you use the present perfect when you talk about the past regardless of
when it happened, and you normally use the simple past in written German.
Checklist
1 Where do you use capital letters in German?
2 When do you use the letter ß?
3 Why are umlauts important?
4 What is the difference between the use of gender in German and English?
5 What is one of the most important principles affecting German word order?
6 Is there a difference between ‘I am working’ and ‘I work’ in German?
5
UNIT 2
Verbs in the present tense
What is a verb?
A verb usually describes what a person or any other subject in a sentence is
doing: ‘I go to the restaurant.’ ‘She thinks about her holiday.’ ‘They play foot-
ball.’ It can also describe a state: ‘He is angry.’ ‘She is happy.’
Verbs in English
In English, verbs take no endings except for the third person singular
(‘he’/‘she’/‘it’) in the present tense. You would say: ‘I go’, ‘you go’, ‘he/she/it
goes’, ‘we go’, ‘you go’, ‘they go’. Apart from the third person singular, where
‘-(e)s’ is added, the verb appears in the same form as in the infinitive, that is the
basic form of a verb as it is listed in a dictionary or glossary (‘to go’).
Verb formation
German has more endings for verbs in the present tense than English does.
You take the stem of a verb and then add the required ending. The stem is the
form of the infinitive without -en or -n.
infinitive stem
kommen komm to come
wohnen wohn to live
hören hör to hear
A verb with a personal ending as shown above is called a finite verb. This is
in contrast to the infinitive form of verbs, which mostly ends in -en.
ich (‘I’)
For the first person singular you add -e to the stem:
sie (‘they’)
When referring to several people, German uses sie again (spelt with a small s).
You have to add -en:
Uses of sie/Sie
When you start learning German you may be confused by the different mean-
ings of the word sie.
The verb endings for ‘they’ and the singular and plural formal ‘you’ are identical.
• Some verbs have slight spelling variations, or their stem vowel changes
(see Unit 3).
• Sein and haben (‘to be’ or ‘to have’) are particularly irregular (see Unit 4).
• Also modal verbs follow an irregular pattern (see Unit 21).
But before you explore German verb endings further, make sure that you have
digested all the information from this unit.
Exercise 2.1
Use the endings in bold below to complete the table of verb endings below. The
first one has been done.
ich -e wir __
du __ ihr __
Sie __ Sie __
er/sie/es __ sie __
Exercise 2.2
Here is a short interview with Alex Maschke, a student who lives in Berlin. 9
Complete the gaps with the appropriate verb forms.
2 Example: kommen → Woher ____ du? – Ich ____ aus Frankfurt.
Verbs in → Woher kommst du? – Ich komme aus Frankfurt.
the present
tense 1 wohnen → Wo ____ du? – Ich ____ jetzt in Berlin.
2 studieren → Und was ____ du? – Ich ____ Physik und Chemie.
3 hören → Welche Musik ____ du? – Ich ____ gern klassische Musik.
4 lernen → Welche Sprache ____ – Ich ____ im Moment Spanisch.
du im Moment?
5 trinken → Was ____ du gern? – Ich ____ gern Kaffee.
6 jobben → Und ____ du? – Ja, ich ____ als Kellner in einer Bar.
7 machen → Was ____ du nicht gern? – Ich ____ nicht gern Sport.
As you have probably noticed, Alex was addressed informally. Rewrite the
questions in the formal mode (using the Sie form).
Exercise 2.3
Supply the missing endings.
Exercise 2.4
Translate the following sentences.
1 I live in Berlin.
2 He drinks coffee.
3 She plays tennis.
4 We are learning German.
5 Carla and Sophia are playing football.
6 Where do you come from? (Use (a) the du and (b) the Sie form.)
7 Where do you live? (Use (a) the du, (b) the Sie and (c) the ihr form.)
8 Do you skype? (Use (a) the du and (b) the Sie form.)
Checklist
1 What is the stem of a German verb?
2 Can you name all the verb endings in the singular?
3 Do you know the endings in the plural?
4 How many tenses are there in German for the present?
5 Can you explain what a finite verb is?
11
UNIT 3
Verb variations and irregular verbs
Stems ending in -d or -t
There are some German verbs where the stem ends in -d or -t. It would be diffi-
cult to pronounce the -st ending for du and the -t ending for er/sie/es and ihr if -st
or -t was added directly to the stem. This is why an e is put before these endings:
Examples:
Examples:
In order to ease pronunciation, verbs ending in -eln also drop the letter e when
used with ich:
Examples:
Changes from a to ä
Important verbs – apart from schlafen – which follow this pattern are:
Examples:
Changes from e to i
The verbs sprechen and essen are two frequently used verbs which change
their stem vowel from e to i. Other verbs which follow this pattern are:
Examples:
The verb nehmen ‘to take’ also follows the e to i pattern, but it has addi-
tional spelling variations. Here are all forms:
Changes from e to ie
Some verbs such as sehen and lesen, where the e sound is pronounced long,
the main e sound into ie:
Examples:
• the verbs sein ‘to be’ and haben ‘to have’ (see Unit 4)
• the modal verbs (see Unit 21).
16
Did you know?
In Switzerland the letter ß has been abandoned and is normally replaced with
ss. Straße becomes Strasse, and heißen is spelt heissen. Its present tense forms
are ich heisse, du heisst, Sie heissen, er/sie/es heisst, wir heissen, ihr heisst, Sie 3
heissen, sie heissen. Verb
variations
and irregular
verbs
Exercise 3.1
Write out the full present tense of the following verbs (for all persons: ich, du,
Sie, er/sie/es, wir, ihr, Sie, sie):
1 arbeiten
2 tanzen
3 heißen
4 reisen
5 googeln
Exercise 3.2
Below is a list of frequently used irregular verbs. Place a tick next to the ones
which change their vowel in the present tense and a cross next to the ones
which do not. The first two have been done. Use a verb list, e.g. the one on page
210, to check your answers.
Exercise 3.3
Here is what Hans Homann, a young radio presenter from Austria, says about
himself. Use this information to write a short portrait of him. The first sentence
has been done for you.
Exercise 3.4
Translate the following sentences into German.
Checklist
1 Do you know what happens to a verb when its stem ends in a -d or -t?
2 What do you have to be aware of with verbs such as googeln and bügeln?
3 Which verb forms are affected by a stem vowel change?
4 Can you name three frequently used verbs that change their stem vowel
from e to i?
18
UNIT 4
Irregular verbs: haben and sein
Different patterns
As explained in Unit 3, irregular verbs in German tend to change their stem
vowel. In the present tense this sometimes affects the du and er/sie/es forms:
Sein is an example of an irregular verb whose forms change even more dras-
tically. This is very similar to English, where ‘to be’ has very irregular forms in
the present tense: ‘I am’, ‘you are’, ‘he/she/it is’, ‘we are’, ‘you are’, ‘they are’.
haben sein
ich (I) habe bin
du (you, informal) hast bist
Sie (you, formal) haben sind
er/sie/es (he/she/it) hat ist
wir (we) haben sind
ihr (you, plural, informal) habt seid
Sie (you, plural, formal) haben sind 19
sie (they) haben sind
Examples:
Use of haben
Haben is an important verb which you will be using a lot. It is used on its own
but also with other verbs as a so-called auxiliary verb, where it helps to form
other structures, for instance the present perfect tense:
Useful phrases
Here are a few useful phrases with haben:
Completely irregular
20 The verb forms for sein are completely irregular and are best learned by heart:
ich bin, du bist, Sie sind, er/sie/es ist, wir sind, ihr seid, Sie sind, sie sind.
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A B 1, nous pouvons rattacher tout un côté des œuvres classées
en A 1 de la XXVIIe.
Est-il besoin que je fasse remarquer le petit nombre, mais la
terrible beauté des œuvres ci-dessus ? Est-il nécessaire d’indiquer
les variétés infinies du remords, selon : 1o la faute commise (pour
ce, énumérer tous les délits et crimes selon le code, — plus ceux-là
qui ne tombent pas sous le coup d’une loi ; la faute, d’ailleurs, sera,
à volonté, réelle, imaginaire, non voulue mais accomplie, voulue
mais non accomplie, — ce qui réserve le « dénouement heureux »,
— voulue et accomplie, préméditée ou non, avec ou sans complicité,
impulsions étrangères, raffinement, que sais-je !) ; 2o la nature plus
ou moins impressionnable et nerveuse du coupable ; 3o le milieu, les
circonstances, les mœurs qui préparent l’apparition du remords
(forme plastique, solide et religieuse chez les Grecs ; fantasmagories
énervantes de notre moyen-âge ; craintes pieuses pour l’autre vie,
dans les siècles récents ; déséquilibre logique des instincts sociaux
et par suite de la pensée, selon les indications de Zola, etc.).
Au Remords tient l’Idée fixe ; par sa tentation permanente, elle
rappelle d’autre part la Folie ou la Passion criminelle, et n’est, très
souvent, que le remords d’un désir, remords d’autant plus vivace
que le désir renaît sans cesse et l’alimente, s’y mêle et, grandissant
comme une sorte de cancer moral, pompe la vitalité entière d’une
âme, peu à peu, jusqu’au suicide, lequel n’est, presque toujours, que
le plus désespéré des duels. René, Werther, le maniaque du Cœur
révélateur et de Bérénice (celle d’Edgar Poe, j’entends) et surtout le
Rosmersholm d’Ibsen, en sont des portraits significatifs.
XXXV e SITUATION
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