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Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Volodymyr Onyshchenko
Gulchohra Mammadova
Svitlana Sivitska
Akif Gasimov Editors

Proceedings of the
2nd International
Conference
on Building
Innovations
ICBI 2019
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Volume 73

Series Editors
Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,
Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of
Athens, Athens, Greece
Sanjay Kumar Shukla, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup,
WA, Australia
Anuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Volodymyr Onyshchenko •

Gulchohra Mammadova •

Svitlana Sivitska Akif Gasimov

•

Editors

Proceedings of the 2nd

International Conference
on Building Innovations
ICBI 2019

123
Editors
Volodymyr Onyshchenko Gulchohra Mammadova
Poltava National Technical Yuri Kondratyuk Azerbaijan University of Architecture
University and Construction
Poltava, Ukraine Baku, Azerbaijan

Svitlana Sivitska Akif Gasimov

Poltava National Technical Yuri Kondratyuk Azerbaijan University of Architecture
University and Construction
Poltava, Ukraine Baku, Azerbaijan

ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
ISBN 978-3-030-42938-6 ISBN 978-3-030-42939-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42939-3
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
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Contents

Building Constructions, Technologies and Technics

Features of Public Spaces Development in the Context of Shopping
Complexes Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
T. Apatenko, O. Bezlyubchenko, T. Lytvynenko, and T. Lvovska
Proposals Design of Steel Storage Tanks for Gas and Oil Products . . . . 13
Kseniia Chichulina and Viktor Chichulin
On Clarification of the Application Area of the Concrete Plasticity
Theory to the Strength Problems Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
O. O. Dovzhenko, V. V. Pohribnyi, V. F. Pents, and M. V. Pents
Non-crane Method of Reconstructing Buildings with Additional
Storey Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Evgen Dyachenko, Oleksandr Zyma, Roman Pahomov,
and Oleksandr Shefer
Corrosion Protection of Metal Structures in Manufacturing
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
O. M. Gibalenko and V. A. Gibalenko
Ways to Improve the Combined Steel Structures of Coatings . . . . . . . . 53
Myron Gogol, Tetiana Kropyvnytska, Tatiana Galinska,
and Mukhlis Hajiyev
Mathematical Model for Clarifying Low-Concentration Suspension
by Dissolved Air Flotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
O. Haiduchok, O. Syrovatsky, A. Karahiaur, and S. Kostenko
Features of Operation and Design of Steel Sloping Roof Purlins . . . . . . 65
Serhii Hudz, Leonid Storozhenko, Grygorii Gasii, and Olena Hasii

v
vi Contents

Improvement of Residential Buildings Walls Operation

Thermal Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Alla Kariuk, Victoria Rubel, Victor Pashynskyi, and Stanislav Dzhyrma
Design of Effective Statically Indeterminate Reinforced Concrete
Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
D. Kochkarev, T. Azizov, and T. Galinska
Time Measurement of Ultrasonic Vibrations Extension in Concrete
of Different Compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Victor Kolokhov, Mykola Savytskyi, Artem Sopilniak, and Grygorii Gasii
Hydraulic Single Pump with Combined Higher Volume Compensator
Operation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Bogdan Korobko, Inna Khomenko, Mykola Shapoval,
and Viktor Virchenko
Modern Possibilities of Management of Technogenic-Natural Systems
of Heat-Energy Objects of Industrial and Construction Industry . . . . . 115
P. M. Kulikov, N. Y. Zhuravska, and A. M. Savchenko
Deformations of Soil Massifs Under the Existence of Saline Solutions
with Different Concentration and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Mykola Kuzlo, Yuriy Vynnykov, Volodymyr Ilchenko,
and Nataliya Zhukovska
Experimental Researches of Concrete Ultimate Characteristics
and Strength of Compressed and Bended Reinforced Concrete
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Dmytro Lazariev, Yurii Avramenko, Oleksandr Zyma,
and Pavlo Pasichnyk
Application of the Universal Design Principles in the Improvement
of Street and Urban Road Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Tetyana Lytvynenko, Iryna Tkachenko, Viktoriia Ivasenko,
and Tetiana Lvovska
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Pipes for Long-Term
Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Valerii Makarenko, Yuriy Vynnykov, and Andrii Manhura
Public Cadastral Maps as a Basis for a Construction of the Building
General Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Svitlana Nesterenko, Roman Mishchenko, Vira Shchepak,
and Grigoriy Shariy
Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Members of Circular Cross
Section by Nonlinear Deformation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
A. Pavlikov, D. Kochkarev, and O. Harkava
Contents vii

Reliability Assessment of Multi-bolt Joints of Silo Capacity’s Wall . . . . 183

Sergei Pichugin, Anton Makhinko, and Nataliia Makhinko
Accidents Analysis of Steel Vertical Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
S. F. Pichugin and L. A. Klochko
Experimental Investigation of Masonry and Reinforced Masonry
Walls Under Local Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Nataliia Pinchuk and Volodymyr Byba
Research of Acoustic Properties of Modern Building Structures . . . . . . 215
P. Sankov, Y. Zakharov, V. Zakharov, and B. Hvadzhaia
Modern Smart City Concept Considering Population Safety Issues . . . . 225
P. Sankov, K. Dikarev, Y. Kushnir, and N. Tkach
The Rational Parameters of the Civil Building Steel Frame
with Struts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Oleksandr Semko, Anton Hasenko, Volodymyr Kyrychenko,
and Vitaliy Sirobaba
Investigation of the Temperature–Humidity State of a Tent-Covered
Attic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
O. V. Semko, O. I. Yurin, O. I. Filonenko, and N. M. Mahas
One-Piston Mortar Pump with Increased Volume Combined
Compensator Working Processes Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Mykola Shapoval, Viktor Virchenko, Maksym Skoryk,
and Anatolii Kryvorot
Calculation of Bending Composite Steel and Concrete Elements
with Glutinous Connection of Concrete and Steel According to Theory
of Compound Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Oleksandr Skurupiy, Yurii Davidenko, Oleksandr Horb,
and Pavlo Mytrofanov
Improving the Efficiency of Road Machines During Introduction
Innovative Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Nataliia Smirnova, Alexander Yefimenko, Anna Filatova,
and Oksana Demchenko
Some Physicochemical Aspects of the Preparatory Stages
in the Formation of Self-cleaning Photocatalytic Active Coatings
for Building Construction Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
D. Storozhenko, O. Dryuchko, T. Jesionowski, and I. Ivanytska
Some Technical Solutions for the Use of Aerodrome Pavements
in the Soft Soil Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Svitlana Talakh, Oleksandr Dubyk, Olha Bashynska,
and Volodymyr Ilchenko
viii Contents

Research of Possible Methods of Increasing the Duration

of the Insolation of Rooms in Residential Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Oleh Yurin, Yurii Avramenko, Maryna Leshchenko,
and Olesia Rozdabara
Construction Features Durable Storage of Toxic Waste
in Boreholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
M. L. Zotsenko, O. V. Mykhailovska, and S. P. Sivitska
Analysis of Emergency Management Methods in Oil and Oil-Product
Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Oleksandr Zyma, Roman Pahomov, and Evgen Dyachenko

Planning of Cities, Buildings and Engineering Networks

Features of Formation of Branding of Historical Settlements
in the Context of Development of Religious Tourism
(on the Example of Small Settlements of Poltava Region) . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Larysa Borodych, Oleksandr Savchenko, Pavlo Vasyliev,
and Maryna Borodych
Scientific and Technical Activities Management Automation
of the Department of Structures from Metal, Wood, and Plastics . . . . . 355
T. A. Dmytrenko, A. O. Dmytrenko, T. M. Derkach, and L. A. Klochko
Big Cities Industrial Territories Revitalization Problems and Ways
of Their Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Mykola Dyomin, Andrii Dmytrenko, Denys Chernyshev,
and Oleksandr Ivashko
Environmental Areas of Poltava Planning Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Yuri Golik, Oksana Illiash, Yuliia Chuhlib, and Nataliia Maksiuta
Ways to Improve the School Buildings Capital Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Vadym Kutsevych, Halyna Osychenko, Volodymyr Rusin,
and Olga Tyshkevych
The Spatial Arrangement and Structural Solutions Concept of a Small
Rural Public Building in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Tetiana Kuzmenko, Vasyl Liakh, and Andrii Dmytrenko
Application of the Modern Finishing Materials in Interiors
of the Preschool Educational Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
N. E. Novoselchuk
Basics of Forming a Network of School Objects Network in Rural
Administrative Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Oleksandr Obidniy
Contents ix

Problems of Construction of Industrial Buildings in Ukraine . . . . . . . . 431

Viktor Rudenko, Taras Rudenko, and Mariia Rudenko
The Use of Bricks in the Facade Decoration of Architectural
Structures of Poltava of the Late Nineteenth–Early Twentieth
Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Tetiana Savchenko
Second Life of the Residential Building Area of the Middle
of the 50s—Early 80s of the Twentieth Century in Ukraine:
Opportunities and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
L. S. Shevchenko
Residential Marinas and Marina Villages on Inland Waterways . . . . . . 463
Matvey Shkurupiy, Volodimir Nikolaenko, Yulia Kuznetsova,
and Tamara Kutiak
Residual Life Cycle of the Motorway Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
G. O. Tatarchenko, N. I. Biloshytska, M. V. Biloshytskyy,
and P. Ye. Uvarov
Modern Information Technologies in System Architecture—Urban
Planning—Building Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
G. O. Tatarchenko, O. A. Chernih, V. M. Sokolenko,
and Z. S. Tatarchenko
Light Facilities Complex in Architectural Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Aleksandr Vasilenko and Andrii Koniuk
Modeling of Shell-Type Spatial Structural Forms by Superpositions
of Support Nodes Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Oleg Vorontsov, Larissa Tulupova, and Iryna Vorontsova

Energy Efficient Economy in Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and the EU

Problems of Present and Future
English Compound Construction Economic Terminology: Current
Aspects of Professional Text Cohesiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Anna Ageicheva, Alla Bolotnikova, Yuliia Hunchenko, and Iryna Perederii
Application of the Modern Motivational Theories for Increasing
Competitive Advantages of Construction Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Konul Asaf Aghayeva
Promising Directions for the Development of BIM Technologies
in Ukraine on Its Way to European Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
A. I. Bielova, N. Y. Zhuravska, and A. Y. Kochedikova
x Contents

Management of Production Processes in the Construction of Logistics

Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
L. M. Boldyrieva, K. M. Kraus, and O. V. Stanislavyk
Infographic Modeling of Heat Exchange of Energy-Efficient
Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Natalia Bolharova, Mykola Ruchynskyi, Volodymyr Skochko,
and Vitalii Lesko
Analysis of the Current State of Construction of High-Rise Monolithic
Reinforced Concrete Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
S. A. Farzaliyev, S. R. Quluzadeh, and T. F. Mehtiyeva
Scientific Approaches for Planning the Architecture for Urban
Economic Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Petro Gudz, Maryna Gudz, Olga Vdovichena, and Oksana Tkalenko
The Influence of Oxygen Regime on Aerotank-Displacer with Fixed
Biocenosis Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Andriy Karahiaur, Tamara Airapetian, Valeriy Novokhatniy,
and Oleksandr Matyash
The Management of Organizational Processes of the Transport Use
in Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
O. V. Komelina, Iu. V. Samoilyk, L. M. Boldyrieva, and V. V. Krapkina
Methodical Approach to Optimization of Housing Cost in the Housing
Market of Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
O. V. Komelina, L. H. Shcherbinin, S. A. Shcherbinina, and B. M. Ivanyuk
Construction Enterprises Innovating Activities on the Basis
of Industry 4.0 and “Deep” Digital Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Nataliia Kraus, Olena Zerniuk, and Alina Chaikina
Determination of Critical Depth of Cutting Soil by Cutters with
Building Excavators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
S. V. Kravets, O. P. Lukianchuk, O. V. Kosiak, and O. O. Gaponov
Calculation Method of Safe Operation Resource Evaluation of Metal
Constructions for Oil and Gas Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Valerii Makarenko, Andrii Manhura, and Iryna Makarenko
Hydrate Formations Modeling for the Oil and Gas Facilities
Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Valeriy Makarenko, Yuriy Vynnykov, Anna Liashenko,
and Oleksandr Petrash
Contents xi

Principle of Equireliability at the Internal Water-Supply System

Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Valeriy Novokhatniy, Oleksander Matyash, Sergiy Kostenko,
and Stepan Epoian
Buildings Reconstruction Within the New Educational Space Project
in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Volodymyr Onyshchenko, Svitlana Sivitska, and Anna Cherviak
A New Agent for Removing Concrete Residues from the Surfaces
of Polypropylene Molds in the Manufacture of Paving Slabs
and Its Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
V. O. Onyshchenko, O. M. Filonych, N. V. Bunyakina, and N. B. Senenko
Ukraine Construction Complex Innovation-Oriented Development
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
S. Onyshchenko, S. Yehorycheva, O. Furmanchuk, and O. Maslii
Increase of Thermal Resistance of the Gas-Filled Shell and Pneumatic
Building for Use as Natural Gas Storages in Gas-Hydrated Form . . . . . 701
M. M. Pedchenko, L. O. Pedchenko, and N. M. Pedchenko
Managing the Field of Reconstruction and Preservation of Historical
and Cultural Complexes in Ukraine and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Tetiana Pulina, Tetiana But, Olena Khrystenko, and Valentyna Zaytseva
Calculation of Lifetime of Steel Oil Pipelines with the Account
of Corrosive Environment Affect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Olena Stepova, Inna Rassoha, Lyudmila Blazhko, and Olena Hanoshenko
Building a System of Diagnosis Technical Condition of Buildings
on the Example of Floor Beams Using Methods of Fuzzy Sets . . . . . . . . 729
O. O. Terentyev, P. E. Grigorovskiy, A. A. Tugaj, and O. V. Dubynka
Features of Investment Regulation of Construction in Agriculture . . . . 741
O. O. Tomilin, V. V. Gryschko, and S. A. Kolomiyets
Building Constructions, Technologies
and Technics
Features of Public Spaces Development
in the Context of Shopping Complexes
Formation

T. Apatenko , O. Bezlyubchenko , T. Lytvynenko , and T. Lvovska

Abstract The public-urban spaces, including shopping complexes, which bring

together many different groups living in urban environments, have changed in par-
allel with the development of the city today. When the cities were first founded, the
shopping action was carried out in open spaces. In modern cities, public spaces look
different, because they are a platform for communication that in the era of the Internet
and social networks makes the shopping center a powerful center of attraction. This
study specifically is attributed to the public-urban characteristics of shopping centers
which are interpreted as characteristics of urban space as the public space part.

Keywords Public space · Shopping center · Shopping complex · Shopping mall

1 Introduction

The creation of opportunities for social interactions is one of the most important
aspects of the vast expanses. In these interactions, people will establish a greater
silence with their own desires and suspensions. At the public establishments, there is
the possibility of special interactions, part-time, open-minded activities, and partic-
ipation in large-scale visits [1]. Shopping centers (complexes) are an integrant part
of the vast expanse; a shopping center for ordinary people is being re-organized in
a special way, not so much of a “shopping row,” but a large number of commer-
cial areas, to spend all their homeland. The trading function attracts to itself the

T. Apatenko · O. Bezlyubchenko
O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
e-mail: [email protected]
O. Bezlyubchenko
e-mail: [email protected]
T. Lytvynenko · T. Lvovska (B)
Poltava National Technical Yuri Kondratyuk University, Poltava, Ukraine
e-mail: [email protected]
T. Lytvynenko
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 3

V. Onyshchenko et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Building
Innovations, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 73,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42939-3_1
4 T. Apatenko et al.

rest of functions, in such a way, concentrating around itself the whole world, where
everybody can find leisure activities according to the interests [2].
Thus, we see currently in the world practice of engineering and construction,
there is a tendency to the enlargement of consumer services, their concentration in
big complexes in combination with other institutions and businesses in the service
sector and in close communication with major urban highways.

2 Trade Establishment Formation

2.1 New Concept

For the modern consumer, with accelerated rhythm of living, which is characteristic
of modern lifestyles of most people, one of the main requirements is the concentra-
tion of more functions in one place, the ability to solve several problems at the same
time. New needs define a conceptually new approach to the factors of competitive-
ness of trading enterprises. Although the shopping process has become a popular
activity, it is not enough to continue shopping in the mall. This causes the need to fill
it with additional functions that allow you to get consumer services, cultural, edu-
cational, recreational, entertainment, and other services. According to research by
the American Urban Land Institute (ULI): “A shopping mall is a group of retail and
commercial outlets located in one specially designed location, organized according
to a specific concept and united by a single architecture, with common areas for all
public utilities that work as one unit and are under single management” [3].
In general, malls are closed or open spaces that include a number of stores that
may be of one or more types. These places are trading centers and create a direct
link between supply and demand. According to the classified division, the variety
of shopping complexes includes a gallery, a passage, a shopping and entertainment
complex, a shopping complex, a shopping mall.
Throughout history, the process of commercial establishments formation was con-
sidered a complicated task. Even today, such facilities are one of the most powerful
leisure activities in the world, and consumption is also defined as leisure. Jacobs,
using the typology of dependency and connection between purchases, leisure and
the place of purchase, stated that the “mall” is a place to buy for leisure [4].

2.2 Research of Public Spaces Development Features

in the Shopping Centers Formation

Shopping center planning is one of the most important architectural and town-
building challenges that can solve many urban problems. With the trade development,
Features of Public Spaces Development in the Context … 5

economic, and cultural relations with other countries, the need to strengthen the pre-
sentation of industrial products, with a sharp increase in urban automation, with
changing lifestyles, cultural and economic priorities, consumers prefer, as research
has shown, large shopping complexes where they can get a wider range of services.
Therefore, in recent years, intensive development has become the creation of online
multifunctional stores that represent all the needs and requirements of customers, and
the competition between them leads to the emergence of new ideas and the formation
of new approaches to their design. This requires research and consideration of public
spaces development features in the context of shopping complexes formation:
1. Changes in the trading system require a new approach to the design of shop-
ping centers, the need to fill them with additional functions, their competent
architectural formation based on a kind of “magnet-blocks”;
2. The transition to modern economic relations has shown that the most flexible,
capable of a high adaptation level, even in rough conditions of Ukrainian reality,
is the trade, for this reason the shopping center becomes one of the most popular
types of buildings;
3. The most successful in terms of economic feasibility multifunctional shopping
and entertainment centers that absorb many objects of different purpose on the
basis of trade “magnets,” kind of anchors-centers of gravity, are difficult in their
planning structure and functional technological objects;
4. At the moment, there is a tendency to mix integrated and suburban shopping
centers—modern large, multifunctional complexes can involve both features at
the same time.
Multifunctional shopping centers become in the minds of people the center of
social life, which can also carry a socio-cultural function [1].

2.3 Functional Solution of Shopping Center Space

In the initial process of preparation for functional solutions, first of all, it is necessary
to decide on flexible modular systems, a feature that directly affects the sustainable
space of the shopping center or the composition of its premises. The modular principle
should be developed with the possibility of multiplying it several times in order
to form a functional model. Therefore, a convenient geometric module does not
mean a static ideal unit and will continue to change over time. However, taking
into account the trends and initial design concepts, the modular design should be
flexible in size, focusing on a sales area that would fit more typical design decisions.
Moreover, as a rule, referring to approved standards and regulations is aimed at
achieving international standards of conceptual design. Consequently, it is possible
that modular mall units will achieve interconnected functional hybridization [5].
One of the main means of analyzing, adopting, adapting and improving pedestrian
traffic in shopping areas should be based on empirical observation of the number of
persons in the most frequently visited areas of sale (Fig. 1).
6 T. Apatenko et al.

Fig. 1 Functional scheme

for points of interest
determining

Fig. 2 Pedestrian
circulation determines the
mall geometry

Retail business advantageous zones are the ones that are perceived as the most
important for sale: brand, exclusivity and price, or checkpoints as the most attractive
outlets with other major leisure destinations (Fig. 2).
Usually, the most important areas are found with the main stores, while the interest
in shopping comes through communications, unless a new attractiveness or the most
interesting new object (point) appears [6].

3 Determination of Dimensions and Communication

Spaces Area

An integral part of the functional process (Fig. 3) is the construction of a stream

of people rational movement, compliance with fire regulations in the context of
visitors evacuation, taking into account the issues of servicing the population with
various disabilities. While designing shopping complexes, it is necessary to create a
comfortable and convenient environment, aesthetic spaces of interiors (Fig. 4) [7].
Features of Public Spaces Development in the Context … 7

Fig. 3 Scheme of shopping malls functional organization

8 T. Apatenko et al.

Fig. 4 Comfortable shopping malls formation for all segments of people

Foreign experience (Austria, Germany) uses the floor area coefficient to deter-
mine the dimensions and communication spaces area. This factor is the ratio of
communication spaces area and transitions to the floor area of the building (complex).
The domestic practice of calculating a stream of people distribution in communi-
cation spaces is absent, but it should be based on the Soviet experience as well as a
large amount of normative literature, which is still valid documentation [8].
According to these documents, the following formula can be applied:

N
S= , m2 (1)
D
where
S is the area of the path,
N is the total number of people in the stream,
D is the density of people in the stream.
It should be further established that N is the total number of people in the stream
as the plane sum of their horizontal projections to the floor plane:

N= f, m2 (2)

where
f is the area of one person horizontal projection, m2
Using the statistics of DBN data [9], we determine the sum of the horizontal plane
of people projections involved in a stream of people, taken, according to the norms,
comfortable flow density for business purposes 0.2–0.3 persons/m2 , for the purpose
Features of Public Spaces Development in the Context … 9

of purchases 0.12–0.2 persons/m2 , recreational movement 0.05–0.15 persons/m2 ,

and determine the communication space necessary parameters.
Analyzing the calculation results, the next step is to determine the ratio of the
total area of the shopping centers to the communication areas, which will allow in
the initial stages of design to provide economic and functional feasibility evaluation
about chosen variant quality of object planning decision.

Sk. p. 2
,m (3)
Sm.k.

where
S k.p the total area of the multifunctional complex,
S m.k. the total area of all communication zones, which is determined by following
formula:

Nm Na N0 Nr Nn
Sm.k. = + + + + ··· + , (4)
Dm Da D0 Dr Dn

Nm simultaneous amount of retail and service enterprise visitors;

Na administrative agency visitors amount;
No simultaneous amount of office and business areas visitors;
Nr simultaneous amount of recreation area visitors;
Nn the number of visitors to other areas of shopping complex.
Simultaneous visitors number is setting individually for each trading company,
based on design, capacity and pass-through function.
Dm , Da , Do , Dr , Dn —stream of people density for each area.
The basis for calculating the evacuation of people should be based on Formula (5)
[8], which accepts the following coefficients η − 1, the deaf, hearing impaired people
and people with severe speech impairment η – 0.85, people with mental disabilities
η – 0.75, people with visual impairment η – 0.62, people with limb defects (two
additional artificial supports) η – 0.35, etc.

 l  N  1 1

t= + + ≤ td , min (5)
νμη μη Q n+1 Qn

where
t evacuation time;
l length movement, m/min;
v speed movement, m/min;
N estimated amount of people in a stream, m2 ;
Q pass-through function, m2 /min.
μ coefficient of traffic conditions (emergency μ = 1.2–1.5; normal μ = 1,
comfortable μ = 0.8)
10 T. Apatenko et al.

η coefficient of traffic conditions depending on physical aspects of particular groups

of people (youth, children, disabled, etc.)
Pass-through function (Q)—the number of people passing per unit of time across
the intersection of paths (the segment of the path with the smallest length).

Q = Dνσ , m/min (6)

where
δ the width of the path section, m.
In buildings, it is advisable to avoid crowds and ensure uninterrupted movement
by

Q n = Q n+1 , m2 /min (7)

Then
 l
t=Q ≤ td , min (8)
νμη

It is advisable to use such a shortened formula for variable architectural design

[10].
Insufficient study of typological and architectural and spatial public spaces orga-
nization problem in the context of shopping complexes formation: necessitated the
consideration of new trends in their design, functional zoning, planning and architec-
tural and compositional modeling. Public space in large shopping malls is a matter
of individual design and its composition is entirely author-determined. But in the
process of designing, it should be guided by a system of general compositional
principles, specific examples of practice, based on generalization. Research meth-
ods and research were obtained by reviewing the literature consisting of empirical
observation through spatial planning with a focus on shopping mall structures.
The aim of this study was to emphasize the necessity for architectural design as
a creative artistic process that must take into account all “sides”: good architectural
design with optimized space use, aimed at profitability and a uniquely comfortable,
convenient, safe environment.

4 Conclusion

As a conclusion, we state that shopping center (complex) for the modern man
becomes a place where not just “strip mall,” but also various entertainment and
socio-cultural zones, where you can spend your leisure time are concentrated. Trad-
ing function as a kind of “magnet” attracts other functions, thus, concentrating around
the space where each person can find a certain occupation. Thus, modern types of
Features of Public Spaces Development in the Context … 11

shopping malls should have flexible, easy-to-transform architectural solutions, be

able to grow in size due to the growing number of goods and services, multifunc-
tional, and accessible in any area of the city requiring the addition of small, medium
or large public and commercial areas. “Trade civilization” became one of the com-
ponents of entire urban space reorganization, the logic of which is derived from the
need to increase urban environment quality.

References

1. Rahimi, A., & Khazaei, F. (2018). Designing shopping centers: The position of social inter-
actions. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 7(2), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.7596/
taksad.v7i2.1588.
2. Gosling, D. (1979). Proektirovanie torgovyh kompleksov: per. s angl./ D.
Gosling, B. Mtlend; Red. I. R. Fedoseeva, Per. D.G. Kopelnski. M.:
Stroizdat, 136 s.
3. Maliborska, G., & Ivanov, S. (2008). Torgovye centry i ih ocenka./ Pod obw.
red. . I. Markusa. K., 52 c.
4. Jacobs, J. (1993). The city unbound: Qualitative approaches to the city. Urban Studies, 30(№
4/5), 827–848.
5. Alfeld, E. (1995). System dynamics review (Vol. 11(3), pp. 199–217). New York: Wiley. CCC
0883-7066/95/030199-19.
6. Bujar, B. (2016). Architectural conceptual design—The sustainable shopping malls structures.
European Journal of Technology and Design, 14(4), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejtd.
2016.14.136 www.ejournal4.com.
7. Elif, Ö., & Pelin C. (2016). Public space characteristics of contemporary shopping centers:
The case of Mersin forum shopping center. International Refereed Journal of Design and
Architecture, 55–72. doi: 10.17365/TMD.2016716507.
8. Predtenski, V., & Malinski, A. (1984). Proektirovanie zdani s uqetom
dvieni ldskih potokov. M., Stroizdat, s. 375.
9. DBN V.2.2-10:2017 Budinki  sporudi. Zakladi ohoroni zdorov’. K.: Mnregon
Ukra|ni, s. 215 (2017).
10. Lytvynenko, T., Tkachenko, I., & Gasenko, L. (2017). Principles of the road beautification
elements placing. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 45(2), 94–100. https://
doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.8592.
Proposals Design of Steel Storage Tanks
for Gas and Oil Products

Kseniia Chichulina and Viktor Chichulin

Abstract The article presents general recommendations for the calculation of steel
tanks for gas and petroleum products storage. The analysis of the existing structural
forms of tanks is carried out and their classification is provided. The paper analyzes
the main types and features of tanks. Optimal dimensions and parameters of steel
tanks are given. The article presents coefficients of working conditions for the calcu-
lation of vertical cylindrical tanks elements. The article details calculation of the tank
wall and negative tolerances on the thickness of the steel sheet. The stress–strain state
of the tanks is estimated according to the theory of shell calculation. This assessment
takes into account only the ring and meridional stresses, operational snow and wind
loads, temperature and aggressive effects. Negative trends of reducing the indicators
of bearing capacity, operational reliability and durability of steel tanks were revealed.
A variant of calculated diagram of the fluid pressure on the tank wall is presented.
Calculation proposals based on the experience of designing steel tanks are formed.
An example of calculation of a steel vertical tank is considered. The formula of cal-
culation of the tank wall belt from condition of strength provision (according to the
first group of limit states) is presented. The formula for checking the stresses in the
lower zone of the tank wall taking into account the action of the boundary moment
is also obtained.

Keywords Steel tanks · Gas · Oil products · Calculation · Classification ·

Stress–strain state · Boundary moment

1 Introduction

Modern market of building structures is saturated with innovative design methods and
new forms of design solutions. But today, the requirements for building structures
are growing. Considering objects of oil and gas complex, it is very important for
design engineer’s calculation of storage tanks for gas and petroleum products. It
should be noted that there are certain difficulties during the storage of hydrocarbons

K. Chichulina (B) · V. Chichulin

Poltava National Technical Yuri Kondratyuk University, Poltava, Ukraine
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 13
V. Onyshchenko et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Building
Innovations, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 73,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42939-3_2
14 K. Chichulina and V. Chichulin

due to the qualities of such substances. It is known that they are flammable and
explosive, highly sensitive and there is no possibility of changing hydrocarbons
characteristics. Choosing the main criteria for creating optimal conditions for oil
and gas storage, an important factor is the design of tanks according to modern
standards and requirements. The type of placement and design features of tanks
are important. A general factor is the physical and chemical characteristics of the
tank material. Existing types of tanks can be divided into: method of location in
space, namely vertical and horizontal, surface and underground. The shape of tanks
is divided into rectangular, cylindrical and teardrop; thickness: single-walled and
double-walled. It is also important to identify key metrics that will help you keep
track of products. In particular, the mass of oil in the tank is also important. In general,
there are several ways to determine the mass. In traditional cases, the tank volume
and density of petroleum products are taken into account. Let us consider the options
for safe operation of tanks. One such option is regular cleaning and monitoring of
the existing tank condition. It provides an opportunity to prevent possible accidents
and fire situations, as well as the detection of defects at the initial stage. Thus, the
design of steel tanks for gas and oil products storage and their further maintenance
is very relevant and meets modern challenges.
General trends in design, classification and characteristics of tanks are presented
in the works [1–10]. In the article [1], storage tanks characterization based on con-
ventional science and engineering analysis are presented. It is well known that new
science has numerous contradictions and unfounded premises that make it difficult
to include new synthesis. This article [1] introduces a fundamental science of mass
and energy that enables readers to grasp the concept of natural energy and mass.
This forms a background for characterizing unconventional gas reserves and ranks
them according to their sustainability and environmental integrity. When conven-
tional oil and gas reservoirs are reconsidered based on their geology, they can be
linked to added resources of unconventional oil and gas. It creates opportunities for
new developments with little additional cost of reservoir development. The paper
[2] reviews 242 accidents of storage tanks that occurred in industrial facilities over
last 40 years. Fishbone diagram is applied to analyze the causes that lead to acci-
dents. Corrective actions are also provided to help operating engineers handling
similar situations in the future. The results show that 74% of accidents occurred in
petroleum refineries, oil terminals or storage. Fire and explosion account for 85%
of the accidents. There were 80 accidents (33%) caused by lightning and 72 (30%)
caused by human errors including poor operations and maintenance. Other causes
were equipment failure, sabotage, crack and rupture, leak and line rupture, static
electricity, open flames, etc. Most of those accidents would have been avoided if
good engineering has been practiced. In [3], oil storage tanks play a very impor-
tant role in economic and social development; however, there are numerous cases
of damage caused by wind and earthquake. Considering fluid-structure interaction,
wind interference and material nonlinearity, firstly, wind fields are simulated by com-
putational fluid dynamics and solved by SIMPLEC method under the conditions of
single tank and double tanks; second, the wind pressures in the two cases are obtained
and applied to the oil storage tanks, 3D numerical calculation model is established.
Proposals Design of Steel Storage Tanks for Gas … 15

Wind disturbance effect on dynamic responses is discussed, and influence of storage

ratio and seismic wave type on dynamic responses under wind–earthquake action is
further investigated. Results show that wind disturbance effect has a great influence
on the dynamic responses of liquid storage tank, especially in the empty state. When
the liquid storage ratio is large, traditional oil storage tank is easy to be damaged
under the action of wind–strong earthquake. Wind interference effect should be con-
sidered in the design and application of oil storage tanks; at the same time, shock
absorption and strengthening measures should be taken for oil storage tanks under
wind–strong earthquake. The article [4] revealed that aboveground storage tanks are
usually empty during construction, inspection and repair periods; they are more vul-
nerable to buckling due to wind loading than they are in use filled with liquid product.
The uplift effect of the bottom plate of empty storage tanks due to wind pressure is
investigated in this work. The buckling behaviors of two sets of tanks were studied
using finite element analysis. The article [5] describes how tanks used for storage
of process fluids have a record of vulnerability to a number of triggering events
and their consequences: overfilling, leaks, overpressurization, underpressurization,
spills, fires and explosions. Qualified professionals must be involved in the design,
layout, maintenance and operation of storage tanks and ancillary equipment. The
study [6] investigates the buckling behavior of aboveground storage tanks (ASTs)
subjected to storm surge and wave loads during hurricane events and explores the
importance of dynamic effects on the buckling behavior. First, a computational fluid
dynamics model is developed to estimate water pressures on ASTs subjected to wave
loads. The modeling assumptions of this model are also validated with experimental
data. Next, a methodology is presented to perform dynamic buckling analysis of
ASTs subjected to surge and wave loads by adapting procedures commonly used for
ASTs subjected to wind or seismic loads; the methodology is illustrated with a case
study AST located in the Houston Ship Channel. For comparison, static buckling
analyses are also performed to determine the significance of dynamic effects. Lastly,
design of experiments principles and regression analyses is employed to investigate
the effects of varying AST and loading parameters on the buckling behavior and the
relative importance of dynamic effects. Results indicate that wave loads can signif-
icantly affect the buckling behavior of ASTs subjected to storm surge and need to
be considered, while the dynamic effects induced by waves have a negligible influ-
ence on the buckling strength of ASTs. Simpler and computationally inexpensive
static buckling analysis provides reasonable estimates for ASTs subjected to surge
and waves. However, dynamic buckling analysis might still be required if the objec-
tive is to assess the post-buckling behavior of ASTs subjected to waves, rather than
only to estimate the critical load. The article [7] noted that with the development of
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the on-board hydrogen storage technology with safety,
efficiency and economy has become a fundamental part. Low cost, lightweight and
good safety performance are required for the on-board hydrogen storage tanks. The
composite high-pressure hydrogen storage tank has been recognized as an efficient
solution that could address these problems. However, the complex working environ-
ment of hydrogen-thermo-mechanism presents challenge to the failure analysis and
predictive model establishment of the composite hydrogen storage tanks. The crucial
16 K. Chichulina and V. Chichulin

parameters or indicators for tank’s failure analysis include burst pressure, damage
state and fatigue lifetime, etc. So, this paper gives a comprehensive review on the
failure behavior analysis methods and prediction models of composite high-pressure
hydrogen storage tanks from the literature. First, the failure analysis methods of
composite high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks are summarized. Second, the latest
literature regarding failure mode predictive methods and models of type III and type
IV tanks are reviewed. The different failure criteria are compared and summarized,
including some new failure criteria. These criteria enable failure analysis methods
to obtain the interaction information on the interaction between the microscopic and
macroscopic aspects of the composite. Damage evolution model and constitutive
model are summarized. The post-initial failure behavior of the composite laminates
structure is simulated by the material property degradation method (MPDM), espe-
cially the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) in conjunction with commercial
finite element (FE) analysis method. The process of progressive failure analysis of
composite tank is summarized as a reference for subsequent failure analysis. In the
work [8], computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to investigate the pressuriza-
tion behavior of cryogenic storage tanks by applying the volume-of-fluid method and
taking into account vaporization–condensation phenomena. The boundary conditions
are estimated from a 1-dimensional model to solve the heat transfer through the tank
insulation layers, eventually taking into account accidental damages. The tank CFD
model is preliminary validated against small-scale experimental data obtained for
cryogenic nitrogen and then extended to the simulation of an industrial cylindrical
tank, whose volume is 100 m3 . The effect of fluid, i.e., ethylene and LNG (modeled
as pure methane), filling level and possible insulation damage, on natural convection
driving liquid stratification and ultimately tank pressurization is analyzed. Specific
performance indexes are proposed to compare efficiently the different scenarios. The
chapter [9] covers both atmospheric and pressurized storage tanks, as well as LNG
tanks. It covers the codes and regulations required in the design of these tanks. The
types of tanks, as well as their sizing, are discussed along with details of their con-
struction. Spill containment for these tanks and the design of berms is explained
and how to calculate the berm containment area. Tank heaters and relief vents are
explained along with piping examples. Possible risks of living near petroleum storage
tanks are presented in [10–13].

2 Main Body

In the course of the study, it was revealed that the tanks are called vessels. These
vessels are designed for receiving, storing, processing and dispensing of various
liquids, oil, petroleum products, liquefied gases, water, aqueous ammonia, industrial
alcohol and the like. Vertical cylindrical tanks (see Fig. 1) are used at overpressure
in a steam–air zone to 2 kPa and vacuum to 0.25 kPa. These tanks have flat bottoms
made of steel sheets 4–6 mm thick and the walls in the form of a series of belts. The
Proposals Design of Steel Storage Tanks for Gas … 17

Fig. 1 Facade and section of vertical cylindrical tank

thickness of these belts increases in proportion to the increase in fluid pressure as it

approaches the bottom.
The main elements of such a tank are the wall (body), bottom and roof (coating),
which are made of sheet steel. The operational equipment of the tank consists of
fittings (devices for filling, measuring and releasing liquid, safety valves) and devices
for cleaning and inspection (stairs, light and measuring hatches, manholes). Let us
consider the dimensions of the tank.
The optimum height of the tank body is determined by the Formula (1):

Hopt =  · Rwy · γc /(γ f, · γg ), (1)

where
 = 0.9 cm—the sum of the given thickness of the bottom and roof (Table 1);
Rwy = R y = 24 kN/cm2 —calculated resistance of the weld [14], taking into
account that the welds are performed with physical quality control of the weld;
γg —the specific gravity of the fuel is determined by Table 2;

Table 1 Thicknesses for tanks are given

Volume V, Thous. m 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 20
The sum of the given thickness of the 0.8 0.9 1.05 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8
bottom and roof  (cm)
18 K. Chichulina and V. Chichulin

Table 2 Density and specific

The name of the Density (kg/m3 ) Specific gravity
gravity of liquids stored in
liquid (kN/cm3 )
tanks
Acetone 800 7.85 × 10−6
Gasoline (light) 700 6.87 × 10−6
Benzene 880 8.63 × 10−6
Glycerin 1260 1.24 × 10−5
Diesel fuel 1000 9.81 × 10−6
Kerosene 800 7.85 × 10−6
Rectified alcohol 830 8.14 × 10−6
Ethanol 790 7.75 × 10−6
Essential 720 7.06 × 10−6
Black oil 960 9.4 × 10−6

γ f, = 1.1—reliability coefficient on the load from the hydrostatic pressure of the
liquid;
γc —coefficient of working conditions [14].
This height should be a multiple of the width of the standard sheet, taking into
account the edge guard. The desired sweep length is:

V
L = 2π , (2)
π H0

where H0 —filling height of the tank product.

In the arrangement of the tank wall, the radius of the shell is:

r = (L − n · δ)/(2π ), (3)

where
n—number of rolls of the tank wall;
δ—the total length of the blending in one installation the junction (taken in the
range 140–200
 mm);
L = −2π π H —the length of the tank wall.
V
0

Actual tank volume is:

Vfact = πr 2 H1 (4)

The difference with the specified volume is (Vfact /V − 1)/100%.

We present in detail the calculation of the tank wall. The calculation is based on
the Formulas (5), (6):
Proposals Design of Steel Storage Tanks for Gas … 19

Table 3 Coefficients of working conditions for the calculation of elements of vertical cylindrical
tanks
Type and place of calculation The coefficient of working conditions γc
Walls in the calculation of strength
Lower belt 0.6
Other belt 0.7
Pairing wall with a bottom 1.2
Tank walls in the calculation of stability 1.0
Spherical and conical cover spacer structures 0.9
calculated according to the membrane theory

Nr,1 γn [γg γ f, h p + p0 γ f, p · r ]

tw = + c1 + c2 = γn + c1 + c2 , (5)
γc Rwy γc Rwy

where
tw —wall thickness at level x;
Nr,1 —internal force on the belt (when calculating the strength);
γc —the coefficient of working conditions according to Table 3;
h p = h − h  · (n i − 1) − x —the height of the calculated level;
h—distance to calculated liquid level;
h  —constructive height of belt (1490, 1790, 1990 mm);
n i —sequence number of the belt at the bottom of the account;
p0 —characteristic value of overpressure in steam–air medium;
r = R2 —radius of tank;
γ f, = 1.1 and γ f, p = 1.2—accordingly, the load reliability coefficients for
hydrostatic pressure and overpressure of the steam–air mixture:

Nr,2 [γg (h − h  · (n i − 1) − x ) + p0 ] · r
y= r= r, (6)
Etw Etw

where
E = 2.06 × 104 kN/cm2 —modulus of elasticity of steel;
Nr,2 —the internal stress in the belt (when calculating stiffness);
tw —wall thickness at the stiffness check point.
It is taken into account that the wall will consist of n belts (variable n i ∈ [1 − 8]).
All belts are recruited from sheets 6000 × 1500 mm when processing the edges of
the sheets on each edge of the sheet is removed by 5 mm. Additive corrosion is taken
c1 = 1.0 mm; negative tolerances for hire are taken according to Table 4. In addition,
the thickness of the belt should not be less than 5 mm. Maximum fill level of the tank
is assumed equal to its design height H.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Vigilant
41 Psalms
Civil42 Maker92 of arms
Possessive
43 pronoun A murænoid
95 eel
Revised
45 Even96
Fierce
46 look Australian
97 bird
Celebrated
47 sorceress Longs99
Chums48 Polecat
100
Uncloses
49 Economical
101 person
Sufferings
50 Dirty
102street or district
Polyp’s
51 skeletons Weird
103
Molten
52 rock Virtuous
104
Reared
53 Scout
105
Carved
54 gem Raise
106the spirits
Jury55 Decree
107
Signs56of omission As 108
far as
Guided
58 Earth
109
Morning
59 worship Nothing
110
Wed60 Appropriate
111
British
61 title Water-nymph
112
Mature
62 Slurred
113
Flower
63 nectar

VERTICAL

Crane1 Junto56
Pieces2 out Rock57
Allow 3 Secondary
59
Finch-like
4 bird Is melancholy
60
Stockades
5 Asiatic
61 shrub
Sliding
6 vehicle Religious
62 ceremony
Possessive
7 pronoun Inferno
63
Rudiment
8 Juliet’s
64 lover
Draw66out
Deep,9lethargic sleep Clenched
67 hands
(pl.) Summons
68
Cause 10 of pediculosis Black69and shining
Comminuted
11 lava Fragment
70
Eccentric
12 Church
71 officer
More13orderly Destinies
73
Removed
14 Aromatic
74 wood
Fodder15 storage Roost75
Rainbow
17 Lid 77
Mechanical
19 repetition Standard
78 golf score
without understanding Of the
79kidneys
Dregs 21 Madagascar
80 mammal
Narrate
22 Ebb 81and flow
Contemptuous
26 Royal82
insinuations Layer83of tiles
Vegetables
28 with Bean84
dressing Large86wasps
Prop29 Impure
87 soda
Ink of30the cuttlefish Divers
88
Governs
32 Water89raising
Rows 33 apparatus (pl.)
Disentangle
34 Town90in Ohio
Silenced
35 Harsh91
Flat,36treeless plain Coral93barrier
Pertaining
37 to tides The 94
Madonna
Worship
39 Death95(Fr.)
Two-legged
40 Den 96
Foreign
41 African
97 antelope
Sealed42 with wax Dumb 98
Harbor43 Strip
100of land
Excite44 Hurried
101
Street46urchin The102
black haw
Spondulix
47 Silent
104
Verbal48 Station
105 (abbr.)
Top 50of the head (pl.) Finish
106
Provide
51
 Etruscan
52 gods
Grass53leaf
Antic54
Panels
55

[83]

[Contents]
Puzzle No. 85
DIRTY WORK AT THE CROSS WORDS
By Neophyte

Perhaps you agonized over Neophyte’s creation in

the First Series. Here’s its mate. Neophyte, being a
hardened veteran of the cryptic art, must have heard
the groans from the breasts of puzzlers poring over
his brain buster. And he gloated and went at his fell
work again. However, this one is a little easier than
the other.
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11
12 13
14 15 16
17 18
19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36
37 38
39 40
41

[82]
HORIZONTAL

Ungainly
1 Hums21
Malayan7 animal Readjusted
25
Simpleton
9 Learning
29
Expiate
12 Affection
32
Fools 13 Ancient
33 weapons
Stiff 14
mass, esp. of Laborer
35
bread Prevent
37
Most15 singular Venomous
38 serpent
Fruit17of Cola Boundary
39
acuminata Thin40
Look18 rudely Yields
41
Hero19 of series of
books
Abounding
20 in ferns

VERTICAL

Footless
1 Keeper
16 of an
Wound 2 but not kill engagement
Basket 3 or trap for fish Openings
22
Glowing4 Pert.23
to Ireland
Unit of5 square One24 who rents
measure Cuts26out
Trifler6 Furnished
27 with guard
Prick 7designs on skin All possible
28
Coral 8island Poplar
30
Curl 10
the lip Gaze 31earnestly
German11 town Blood34
Writes
14 unskillfully German
36 river
[85]

[Contents]
Puzzle No. 86
 HEY, THERE!
By Neophyte

Dear Neophyte: Whaddaye mean by those two bare,

indecently naked words, each with three unkeyed
letters? An expert like you? However, you tried too
hard to keep it down to the level of ordinary mankind
and restrained yourself from so many outlandish
words that you are addicted to—that, we believe, the
puzzlers will forgive you.
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11
12 13
14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22
23 24
25 26 27
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
36 37
38 39 40 41
42 43
44

[84]
HORIZONTAL

Outlive
1 Explode
24
Look 7hard Behold
25
Pert. to
9 ships Conjunction
27
Spoil12 Holy28
day
Metric
13cubic unit One32who reads
Storehouse
14 Anger
36
Shelter
15 Moves
37 slowly
Bivalve
17 Come38to fruition
Condition
19 Musical
40 drama
One21 Give42
pain
Parent
22 Enticed
43
Twig,23spray Most44
profound

VERTICAL

Godly1person American
18 bird
Vessel2 Kind20of sword
Come3back Fruit26
Part of
4 foot American
27 bird
Vessel5 Manners
29
Happening
6 Narrow
30 opening
Continue
7 Lukewarm
31
Sailors
8 Watchful
33
Surface
10 Defy34
That11
not Euphemism
35 for “By
Support
14 God”
Canopies
16 Point39of compass
Matter
41
[87]

[Contents]
Puzzle No. 87
 SPOT
By Irvan Neckerman

The blacks strewn negligently over the form give it an

informal look, different from those forms that are
studiedly ornamental and almost forbidding in the
courtly, mannered preciseness. However, Mr.
Neckerman’s construction may make you knit your
brows now and then.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13
14 15 16 17
18 19
20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27
28
29 30 31 32 33
34 35 36 37 38
39 40 41
42 43 44 45
46 47 48
49 50

[86]

HORIZONTAL
 Lampoon
1 Remedied
29
Key 6 Banked
31
Unit 11
of superficial Anglo-Saxon
34 money
measure of account
Parisian
12 theater Sovereign
35
Southern
13 constellation Sooner
38 than
Watched
14 Change
39
Beetle
16 Backward
42
Visitations
18 One44 who escapes
Christmas
20 Deviate
46
Signal
22 of distress Decline
47
Think23 Oil seeds
48
Fragment
25 Assistant
49 foreman
Flowers
27 At stated
50 periods
Small28dog

VERTICAL

Silk cloth
1 Cut 24
Part of
2 “to be” Retailer
26 of small
Humane3 wares
Female4 deer Redistribution
27
Scandinavian
5 myths Magnetic
29 metal
Detriment
6 Species
30 of palm
At one7 time Preserver
32
Foot of
8 an insect Earnestly
33
Fixed9point of time Inside
36
Madness
10 Fertile
37 (poetic)
Enlarge
15 Tear40
Branch
17 of heraldry Green41 and white
Springs
19 monkey
To meet
21 the eye
 Jurisdiction
43 of a
bishop
Fish45

[89]

[Contents]
Puzzle No. 88
 CENTRIFUGAL
By Minerva

Look at this with your eyes half closed and get the
effect of rotary motion. Then try and solve it, and see
if the rotary motion doesn’t transmit itself to your
head. Plenty of short words, but not all of them easy,
and the long ones—but go ahead!
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34
35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46
47 48 49 50
51 52 53
54 55 56 57 58
59 60 61 62 63 64
65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75
76 77 78 79 80 81
82 83 84 85 86
87 88 89 90 91 92
93 94 95
[88]

HORIZONTAL

An ancient
1 symbol Sea 53eagle
Fatigued
7 Owing 54
In case
12 Color 55
Proceed
14 Any 56plant of the
Coloring
15 amaryllis family
New17 Severe59 trial
Contained
19 Pen 61
Revolves
21 Excrements
63
Slip 23
away from Sun 65god
Suspended
25 Belonging
66 to me
A ship’s
27 smallboat Ridiculed
67
School
29 near Windsor One69
Castle Affirmative
70
Rodent
30 Preposterous
71
Enemies
31 To scorch
73
Inhabitants
33 of a A long75 strip of wood
country used for gliding over
Otherwise
35 snow
Myself
36 Small 76British isle
At no37time where Macbeth was
Maiden
39 changed by buried
Hera into a heifer Common78 laborer in
Sloth40 bondage for debt
Discolors
41 Stiffly
80formal
Existed
44 Beginning;
82 first
Testify
45 under oath attempt
Asiatic
47 country Get 84up
Turf 49 A fratricide
86
Deity50 Distorts;
87 pulls
Augment
51 obliquely
 Injured
52 by a blow Inter89
Chief91Babylonian deity
Toward
93
Precipitous
94
A king
95 of Thebes, son
of Œdipus

VERTICAL

Thus 1 Fearsome
46 giants
Deputy
2 Exist48
Disposed
3 of for a Large49body of water
consideration Invisible
51 emanation
The thing
4 Equal53
Young5 domestic Sleeping
54
animal Periods
55 of time
Assyrian
6 god of A mushroom
57
Chaos Mohammedan
58 title of
Reply8 courtesy
Accomplish
9 Engages
60 in any affair
Made10from a rib or business
Promote;
11 cause to Perspiration
61
grow Aye 62
Maddened
13 Seized
64
Attempt
16 Animal
67 fat
Recent
18 Abandon
68
Center
19 Small71insects
Protect;
20 fight for Above72
Backs
22of the necks In, on,
74 near or by
Accomplish
24 Quiet75
Unmetrical
25 literary Over77and in contact
composition with
Not any
26 Point79
 Behold
28 Secular
81
Stitch
32 Still 83
Party-colored
34 Plead 85
Intellect
36 Ourselves
88
Diversity
38 You 90
Soon40 Exists92
Assisted
42
Prophetess
43
Artful45device to evade
or cheat

[91]