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Cytopathology Review Guide
4e
Erik N Tanck (production)
Martin Tyminski (cover & chapter opener art)
Joshua Weikersheimer (publishing direction)
Notice
Trade names for equipment and supplies described are included as suggestions only. In no way does their inclusion constitute an
endorsement of preference by the Author or the ASCP. The Author and ASCP urge all readers to read and follow all manufacturers'
instructions and package insert warnings concerning the proper and safe use of products. The American Society for Clinical Pathology,
having exercised appropriate and reasonable effort to research material current as of publication date, does not assume any liability for
any loss or damage caused by errors and omissions in this publication. Readers must assume responsibility for complete and thorough
research of any hazardous conditions they encounter, as this publication is not intended to be all inclusive, and recommendations and
regulations change over time.
•PRESS
Copyright © 2015 by the American Society for Clinical Pathology. All rights reserved. No
part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, database,
online or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in Singapore
19 18 17 16 15
Lastly, to Liesl and the kids (Caleb, Noah, and Frances), who understand the reason why I spend most
of my time away. Thank you for the latitude in letting me pursue my dreams and help patients worldwide
have access to the right test, at the right time, at the right cost. There's nothing more powerful than being
given the opportunity to pursue one's own dreams, and nothing more rewarding than seeing them come true.
I thank you with all my heart.
EBH
Chapter 1
Female Reproductive Tract 1
Chapter 2
Reporting, Screening & Management Guidelines 111
2014 Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology
2012 ACS, ASCCP & ASCP Screening Guidelines
for the Prevention & Early Detection of Cervical Cancer
2012 ASCCP Updated Consensus Guidelines
for the Management of Abnormal Cervical Cancer
Screening Tests & Cancer Precursors
Chapter 3
Body Fluids 125
Chapter 4
Gastrointestinal Tract 161
Chapter 5
Respiratory Tract 183
Chapter 6
Breast Secretions/Aspirations 217
Chapter 7
Urinary Tract 237
Chapter 8
Fine Needle Aspiration 257
Chapter 9
Cytopreparatory Techniques/Lab Operations 325
Chapter 10
Laboratory Management & Administration 341
Chapter 11
Molecular Techniques & Special Stains 359
Chapter 12
Molecular Diagnostics & Theranostics 369
Index 385
Cibas ES, Ducatman BS, eds [2009] Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3e. Philadelphia:
Saunders Elsevier [ISBN 978- 141605-3293]
Davis D [2008] Laboratory Safety: A Self Assessment Workbook. Chicago: ASCP Press [ISBN 978-089189-5701]
DeMay, RM [20121 The Art 8. Science of Cytopathology, 2e. Chicago: ASCP Press [ISBN 978-089189-64491
Keebler CM, Somrak TM [1993] The Manual of Cytotechnology, le. Chicago: ASCP Press
[ISBN 978-089189-3520]
Nayar R, Wilbur D, eds [20151 The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology [in press]
Perney S [2002] HIPAA Training Handbook for the Healthcare Staff' An Introduction to Confidentiality and
Privacy Under HIPAA. USA: Opus Communications [ISBN 978- 157839- 1516]
Snyder JR, Wilkinson DS, eds [1998] Management in Laboratory Medicine, 3e. Philadelphia: Lippincott
[ISBN 978-039755- 14911
A full list of all references including journal articles may be found at www.ascp.org
The portion of the menstrual cycle that is constant is: 7 Which of the following may be associated with a
a follicular phase threatened abortion?
b secretory a increase in desquamation and cytolysis
c ovulation b boat shaped intermediate cells
d proliferative c large cells with multiple, tightly clustered nuclei
d intermediate cell maturation
2 Which of the following is considered a pituitary
gonadotropin? 8 A vaginal smear from a 23-year-old female contains
a luteinizing hormone ciliated glandular cells, metaplastic epithelial cells,
b estrogen and mixed mature squamous cells in the presence of
C androgen
a moderate inflammatory exudate. The appropriate
d glucocorticoid
diagnosis is:
3 Cells normally found in the endocervical canal that a negative for squamous intraepithelial lesion
b negative for squamous intraepithelial lesion, limited by
resemble histiocytes, possess uniform nuclei with fine,
inflammation
regular chromatin distribution, and have discretely c vaginal adenosis
vacuolated but poorly defined cytoplasm are: d a diagnosis cannot be rendered based on the above
a reserve cells cytologic findings
b cells from microglandular hyperplasia
C metaplastic cells 9 Estrogen reaches its greatest concentration in the
d oxyphilic cells bloodstream at which day of the menstrual cycle?
a 1
4 LH peaks at which day of the menstrual cycle? b 14
a 28 C 21
b 5 d 28
C 14
d 1 10 A masculinizing tumor of the ovary is:
a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors
5 The presence of mitotic figures indicates: b Brenner tumor
a the possibility of neoplasia c gynandroblastoma
b reparative/regenerative processes d endodermal sinus
c a current HPV infection
d no pathologic information 11 In order for menses to occur, which structure in the
ovary must degenerate?
6 An example of a protective reaction of the uterine
a corpus luteum
cervix is: b tunica albuginea
a hyperkeratosis c Call-Exner bodies
b pemphigus d medulla
c folic acid deficiency
d chronic lymphocytic cervicitis 12 The ratio of estrogen to follicle stimulating hormone in
the bloodstream is:
a proportional
b inverse
c unrelated
d these 2 hormones are never found together
14 Which phase of the menstrual cycle directly follows a 21 A patient with secondary amenorrhea would have a
degenerated corpus albicans? maturation index of:
a menses a 100/0/0
b follicular b 0/100/0
C secretory C 0/0/100
d ovulation d cannot be determined based on the above clinical
information
15 Which pituitary hormone stimulates the primordial
follicles of the ovary to grow? 22 The significance of hyperkeratosis and/or parakeratosis
a LH is that they:
b FSH a may overlie and/or be associated with a possible lesion
C estrogen b are usually associated with a high grade squamous
d progesterone intraepithelial lesion
C are predictive of reparative/regenerative processes
16 A 22-year-old female presents with primary d are of no significance
amenorrhea. Upon clinical investigation, she was found
to have a low hairline, large numbers of pigmented 23 Severe hypothyroidism may be represented by which
nevi, polydactyly, and a short webbing of the neck. of the following maturation indices?
A smear from the lateral vaginal wall was collected a 0/100/0
b 0/0/100
for hormonal analysis. What maturation index is C 0/50/50
compatible? d 75/25/0
a 0/0/100
b 0/50/50 24 The administration of tamoxifen citrate in
C 0/100/0 postmenopausal breast cancer patients:
d 100/0/0
a increases cellular maturation
b has no effect on cellular maturation
17 What may explain why some postmenopausal women C promotes formation of navicularlike cells
have an intermediate cell maturation while others will d decreases cellular maturation
have deep atrophy?
a increased vascularization near the basal lamina in 25 Cells with spinelike processes protruding from the
women with intermediate cell atrophy cytoplasmic membrane (spider cells), occurring
b women with deep atrophy are most likely to have singularly and rarely in sheets, with smooth nuclear
undergone castration early in their reproductive years margins found proximal to the endocervical canal are
C weak adrenal hormonal production in those patients
with intermediate cell maturation diagnostic of:
d weak ovarian stromal hormonal production in those a adenocarcinoma in situ, endocervix
patients with intermediate cell maturation b endocervical columnar cells
C immature metaplastic cells
18 A 64-year-old asymptomatic woman presents for a d mature metaplastic cells
routine Pap smear. A vaginal smear is performed for
26 Torulopsis glabrata is similar in morphologic
hormonal analysis. Which of the following maturation
appearance to Candida albicans with the exception
indices are feasible given this patient's age?
that:
a 0/0/100
b 75/25/0 a Torulopsis 9/abrata lacks hyphae
C 0/25/75 b Candida albicans has true mycelium
d 0/10/90 C Torulopsis glabrata contains sulfur granules
d Torulopsis glabrata reproduces by binary fission
19 Which of the following are contraindications for
27 An abortive attempt at keratinization is termed:
performing hormonal analyses?
a hyperkeratosis
a mature cycling female
b reserve cell hyperplasia
b correlation of follicular persistency
C parakeratosis
C Trichomonas vagina/is infection
d Arias-Stella reaction
d correlation of Turner syndrome
32 The smear pattern for a patient with Stein-Leventhal 39 What microorganism maintains the vaginal pH?
syndrome would reveal: a Lactobacil/us acidophilus
b Leptothn'x
a superficial predominance, intermediate cells without C Bactenonema species
folding or clustering d staphylococci
b parabasal cells
C mixed parabasal and intermediate cells
40 It has been determined that squamous cell carcinoma
d intermediate cell predominance with excessive
Doderlein cytolysi� of the uterine cervix is associated with:
a expression of HPV6, 11 viral DNA
33 A 32-year-old patient presents with severe bullous b expression of HPV6, 16 viral DNA
C expression of HPVl 6, 18 viral DNA
dermatitis and vulvar itching. A vulva! smear revealed
d antibody titer against episomal viral DNA
numerous parabasal squamous cells in sheets with
large oval nuclei, perinuclear halos, regular to coarse 41 The most common clinical term that describes a benign
chromatin, and prominent nucleoli. The most likely ovarian tumor is:
diagnosis is: a embryonal teratoma
a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma b mature cystic teratoma
b poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma C Krukenberg tumor
C Haemophilus ducreyi d gynandroblastoma
d pemphigus vulgaris
34 Which pregnancy related deficiency produces
multinucleated giant cells with relatively normal
N:C ratios?
a folic acid
b benzopyrene
C birth control pills
d podophyllin
Abnormal cells originating from endocervical 50 Which characteristic serves as the most important
44
adenocarcinoma may be distinguished from cells hallmark of ectocervical squamous lesions?
a opaque nuclei
originating from endometrial adenocarcinoma by:
b pleomorphism
a presence of granular cytoplasm and columnar cellular C orangeophilidamphophilic staining
shape d sheets of cells
b frothy, delicate cytoplasm and round cellular shapes
C nucleoli and polymorphonuclear neutrophilic
51 An in situ carcinoma of the vulva is termed:
cannibalism
d diathesis background with 3D hyperchromatic cell a Nabothian cyst
groupings b Paget disease
C Gartner disease
47 The vagina, uterus, and ovaries are formed 54 Remnants of the mesonephric system found in the
embryologically from which germ cell layer(s)? lateral vaginal wall are termed:
a ectoderm a Gartner cysts
b mesoderm b cloacal fold
C Bartholin ducts
C endoderm
d ectoderm and mesoderm d Skene glands
57 Which cytomorphologic criteria are essential when 65 A 42-year-old nulliparous woman complaining of
establishing a diagnosis of a reparative process over a irregular menses frequently sheds fragments of normal
malignant one? endometrium in the midluteal phase of her menstrual
a anisonucleosis, hyperchromasia cycle. Further clinical evaluation might suggest:
b hyperchromasia, single cells a dilation and curettage to rule out hyperplasia of the
C anisonucleosis, syncytial fragments endometrium
d normochromasia, cytoplasmic streaming b conization for endometriosis
C hysterectomy
58 Which clinical finding would place the patient at risk for d further evaluation not necessary; endometrial cells are
infection by Candida species? normally found in midluteal phase
a follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
b diabetes mellitus 66 Radiated crystalline arrays lacking central filaments,
C intrauterine devices found in late pregnancy, formed from stagnating
d antibodies against cytomegalovirus products of degenerated cells, and composed of
nonimmune glycoprotein, lipid, and calcium are
59 During the embryological development of a female, if
diagnostic of:
the Mi.illerian ducts fail to fuse, the end result may be
a Actinomyces species
a(n): b hematoidin crystals
a pseudohermaphroditic female C cockleburs
b bicornuate uterus d corpora amylacea
C improper ovarian ligament support
d Wolffian duct continuation 67 Which clinical feature is associated with an increased
risk for well differentiated endometrial cancer?
60 A 24-year-old female presented to the clinician with
a a history of opposed estrogen
hyperemic, petechial hemorrhages of the vaginal b nulliparous
walls and fornices. Which of the following may be C early menopause
responsible for the clinical findings? d increased number of sexual partners
a a yeast infection
b Trichomonas vagina/is infection 68 What has been hypothesized to promote squamous cell
C Bowen disease carcinoma of the uterine cervix?
d condyloma acuminata a oncogene activation secondary to HPV
b increased progesterone stimulation
61 Puerperal endometritis may present cytologically as: C episomal viral types
a reactive trophoblasts d HPV induced exophytic lesions
b psammoma bodies
C Curschmann spirals 69 Human chorionic gonadotropin is:
d folate changes a produced by the corpus luteum in early pregnancy
b found during the third trimester of pregnancy only
62 Cervical smears containing irregular spherical C considered important in menstruation
structures that take on a radiated appearance and are d produced by the Graafian follicle in early pregnancy
associated with hemorrhagic infarcts are:
a cockleburs 70 Which embryological duct system develops internal
b brown artifact ("cornflaking") genitalia in the female?
C impossible to identify without special stains a Wolffian
d hematoidin crystals b mesonephric
C paramesonephric
63 Which of the following occurs due to the estrogenic d mesentery
effect upon normal squamous epithelium during the
follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? 71 Multinucleated cells with cytoplasmic tails and tightly
a increased deposition of glycogen in the cytoplasm packed centrally located small hyperchromatic nuclei
b folding and clustering of intermediate cells found in pregnancy are diagnostic of:
C desquamation of squamous cells a cytotrophoblasts
d increased Doderlein cytolysis b endometrial adenocarcinoma
C syncytiotrophoblasts
d choriocarcinoma
116 An indication of recurrent postirradiation 123 What is a useful criterion in distinguishing low grade
adenocarcinoma is: squamous intraepithelial lesions from high grade
a large, round to oval stripped nuclei lesions?
b cytoplasmic vacuolization a cytoplasmic inclusions in low grade lesions
C polymorphic cells with orangeophilic cytoplasm b co-infection with HPV in high grade lesions
d opaque nuclear features C increased nuclear to cytoplasmic area in high grade
lesions
117 The most common histologic appearance associated d larger nuclear size in high grade lesions
with the "high risk" HPV viral types is:
a flat 124 Cells found in 30 syncytial-like arrangements with
b spiked chaotic architecture, coarse regular chromatin, and
C exophytic hyperchromatic crowded groups are found in a clean
d inverted background. The diagnosis is:
a low grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, mild
118 A 65-year-old female on long term, low dose estrogen dysplasia
therapy will most likely show: b high grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia,
a parabasal cell predominance moderate dysplasia
b intermediate cell predominance C high grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, severe
C superficial cell predominance dysplasia
d cannot be predicted d high grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia,
carcinoma in situ
119 Which process mimics a dyskeratotic process but is
not considered part of the cytologic spectrum of HPV 125 Which of the following is considered a synonym for
infection? carcinoma in situ?
a dyskeratocyte a Paget disease
b koilocyte b CIN3
C parabasal-like cells C infiltrating epithelioma
d pseudokeratosis d low grade squamous intraepithelial carcinoma
120 Recurrent carcinoma cells found in patients who have 126 A mechanism that might prove useful to differentiate
previously received radiation therapy are: severe keratinizing dysplasia from invasive keratinizing
a smaller than the original tumor cells carcinoma is:
b larger than the original tumor cells a diathesis, increased cellular pleomorphism in
C the same size as the original tumor cells carcinoma
d size cannot be predicted b nucleoli in dysplasia
C increased mitotic activity in dysplasia
d presence of pearl formation in carcinoma
129 What benign cellular change mimics dysplasia? 137 Small cells exhibiting cell to cell compression, high
a irradiation N:C ratios, and coarse, irregular chromatin distribution
b severe inflammation in a "dirty" necrotic background represent:
C nuclear vacuolation
a small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, cervix
d decreased N:C ratios b squamous cell carcinoma, cervix
C high grade intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ
130 Cytology reveals single cells and syncytial-like d serous cystadenocarcinoma, metastatic from ovary
aggregates, extreme pleomorphic cytoplasmic features,
opaque nuclei, and occasional cells with irregular 138 The most sensitive technique to identify a specific HPV
chromatin distribution. Background material is granular virotype is:
with eosinophilic fibrinous material. The diagnosis is: a immunohistochemistry
a high grade intraepithelial neoplasia, moderate · b cytologic morphology
dysplasia C histomorphology
b squamous cell carcinoma, keratinizing type d nucleic acid analysis
C atypical reparative/regenerative process
d pleomorphic parakeratosis 139 Which of the following special stains will help verify
the neuroendocrine differentiation (ND) found in
131 The morphogenesis of small cell squamous carcinoma small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix from
of the uterine cervix is related to the development of: nonneuroendocrine in poorly differentiated small cell
a atypical squamous metaplasia squamous carcinoma?
b mature squamous metaplasia a synaptophysin
C native squamous epithelium
b HMB45
d atypical reserve cell hyperplasia C PAS
d alcian blue
132 In a subclinical HPV infection, the virus is most likely
harbored in: 140 Which technique might be useful in determining the
a dysplastic epithelium primary site of a carcinoma metastatic to the vaginal/
b reserve cells cervical area?
C ectocervical cells
d the underlying stroma a ploidy analysis
b DNA analysis for human papillomavirus
C immunohistochemistry
133 The most common malignancy that involves the
d flow cytometry
uterine cervix is:
a keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma 141 The progression rate of immature metaplastic dysplasia
b nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma compared with the most common dysplasia variant is:
C small cell squamous carcinoma
d adenocarcinoma, endocervical type a greater
b less
C the same
134 Which viral genomic segment is responsible for host
d dependant upon coexisting infections
cellular transformation in vivo?
a late region 1,2 142 The cytologic features of mucinous/intestinal
b early region 1,2
endometrial adenocarcinoma are which grade?
C upstream regulatory region
d early region 6,7 a 1
b 3
C 4
d cannot be determined with available information
158 The most common primary carcinoma of the vulva is: 165 Which statement is true?
a basal cell carcinoma a atypical glandular cells <AGUSl often accompany
b malignant melanoma squamous dysplasia
c verrucous carcinoma b atypical endocervical repair is associated with
d squamous cell carcinoma, keratinizing type Doderlein bacillus metaplasia
c endometrial adenocarcinoma presents in strips or a
159 A vulvar smear from a 43-year-old patient shows "feathering" cellular pattern
d cells associated with Arias-Stella reaction may be
a large group of columnar cells with anisocytosis,
distinguished from squamous carcinoma in situ
large hyperchromatic nuclei, fine irregular chromatin, because of their small cell size
macronucleoli, and signet ring formation. A mucinous
background was identified. Subsequent endocervical 166 Stratified strips, rosettes, and columnar shaped cells
and endometrial biopsies were normal. Which of the presenting with palisading, enlarged, <crowded and
following may represent the possible origin of these overlapping), hyperchromatic nuclei possessing coarse
cells? chromatin and micronucleoli are diagnostic of:
a transitional cell carcinoma, bladder a high grade intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ
b vulvar adenosis b squamous cell carcinoma
c Bartholin gland adenocarcinoma c atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance,
d ductal carcinoma, breast favor neoplastic
d adenocarcinoma, endometrial
160 Which ovarian tumor presents bilaterally and has cells
that are positive with the CA125 monoclonal antibody? 167 The cytoplasm of endocervical adenocarcinoma is:
a serous cystadenocarcinoma a diffusely vacuolated
b mucinous cystadenocarcinoma b generally cyanophilic
c endometrioid tumor c granular
d malignant teratoma d amphophilic
161 A pure uterine sarcoma presenting with small, round, 168 Cervical smears containing pleomorphic cells with
and uniform cells with high nuclear to cytoplasm enlarged, eccentrically located, fine to granular
ratios, coarse chromatin, and frequent micronucleoli is hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, PAS+
considered: vacuolated cytoplasm, and occasional giant cells with
a leiomyosarcoma low N:C ratios resembling chemotherapeutic changes
b endometrial stromal sarcoma found in a late stage pregnancy are diagnostic of:
c rhabdomyosarcoma a choriocarcinoma
d osteosarcoma b endometrial adenocarcinoma
c endocervical repair/regeneration
162 Psammoma bodies may be seen with all of the d Arias-Stella reaction
following except:
a endometrial adenocarcinoma 169 Which cytologic criteria are helpful in distinguishing
b fallopian tube adenocarcinoma endocervical adenocarcinoma from endometrial
c patients with an IUD adenocarcinoma?
d Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor a cells with columnar morphology arranged into rosettes
and crowded sheets with holes for endocervical
163 The nuclei of adenocarcinoma in situ of the endocervix adenocarcinoma compared with round, plump
present with: cells arranged into balls and molded groups for
a great pleomorphism endometrial adenocarcinoma
b little pleomorphism b granular cytoplasm, coarse chromatin in endometrial
c macronucleoli adenocarcinoma
d spindle shapes c diffusely vacuolated cytoplasm, limited hyperchromasia
in endocervical adenocarcinoma
d cells in sheets, larger cell size, and cyanophilia in
endometrial adenocarcinoma
181 Compared with conventional smears, tumor diathesis 189 Following an interpretation of atypical glandular cells
seen in liquid based Paps is often: of undetermined significance (AGUS) in a liquid based
a absent Pap, compared with AGUS in a conventional smear, the
b clinging to cells follow-up diagnosis of the cervical biopsy is more often:
C found at the periphery of the preparation
a carcinoma in situ
d obscuring cellular material b reactive endocervical epithelium
C glandular pathology
182 Compared with liquid based Paps, metaplastic cells in d normal
conventional smears appear to have:
a thicker cytoplasm 190 Compared with conventional smears, red blood cells
b more cytoplasm seen in liquid based Paps are usually:
C increased cyanophilia
a better preserved
d increased eosinophilia b lysed
C absent
183 Compared with conventional smears, endocervical cells d nucleated
in liquid based Paps may appear:
a more flattened 191 Compared with conventional smears, the cell groups of
b more elongated adenocarcinoma as seen in liquid based Paps show:
C more hypochromatic
a greater depth of focus
d more hyperchromatic b flattening of cell sheets
C larger clusters
184 Endocervical component, as seen in liquid based d less nuclear overlap
preparations, is composed of:
a mature superficial squamous cells 192 Compared with conventional smears, the cells of
b endometrial cells squamous cell carcinoma as seen in liquid based Paps
C endocervical and/or squamous metaplastic cells
may:
d cervical mucus
a show increased orangeophilia and keratinization
b lack orangeophilia and keratinization
185 Compared with conventional smears, cells in
C exhibit more tadpole forms
liquid based Paps demonstrate: d be larger in size
a larger nuclear diameter
b smaller nuclear diameter 193 The incidence of infectious organisms in liquid based
C paler staining
Paps, compared with conventional smears, is:
d more atypia
a higher
b lower
186 An important feature in distinguishing cells of HSIL
C identical
from small metaplastic cells in liquid based Paps is the d infectious organisms cannot be diagnosed with
presence of: liquid based Paps
a hyperchromasia
b higher N:C ratios 194 When atypical glandular cells of endocervical origin are
C irregular nuclear borders reported in Pap tests, they are:
d homogeneous chromatin distribution a of limited diagnostic significance for patient care
b rarely associated with polyps
187 The greatest cause of false negative Paps, both C best evaluated by colposcopy
conventional and liquid based, is attributed to: d often seen concurrent with squamous atypia or
a screening locator error intraepithelial lesions
b screening interpretation error
C slide preparation error 195 Chlamydia trachomatis as seen in Pap tests is
d sampling error characterized by the presence of:
a clue cells
b granular intracytoplasmic inclusions
C sulfur granules
d large intranuclear inclusions
197 The most common cancer metastatic to the uterine 204 Single cells from which of the following lesions
cervix is: are most commonly missed on initial cytologic
a malignant melanoma interpretation <false negative)?
b lung adenocarcinoma a endocervical adenocarcinoma
c ovarian carcinoma b squamous cell carcinoma
d malignant lymphoma c low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
d high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
198 The most useful cytologic criteria for the differentiation
between high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
and endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ are:
a nuclear size and shape
b nuclear chromatin patterns
c cell arrangements and architecture
d slide background characteristics
*****
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