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HISTORY OF ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
Interdisciplinary
Investigations into the
Lvov-Warsaw School
Edited by
Anna Drabarek
Jan Woleński
Mateusz M. Radzki
History of Analytic Philosophy
Series Editor
Michael Beaney
King’s College London
Humboldt University Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Series editor: Michael Beaney, Professor für Geschichte der analytischen
Philosophie, Institut für Philosophie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,
Germany, and Professor of Philosophy, Department of Philosophy,
King’s College London, UK.
Editorial Board Members: Claudio de Almeida, Pontifical Catholic
University at Porto Alegre, Brazil · Maria Baghramian, University
College Dublin, Ireland · Thomas Baldwin, University of York, England ·
Stewart Candlish, University of Western Australia · Chen Bo, Peking
University, China · Jonathan Dancy, University of Reading, England ·
José Ferreirós, University of Seville, Spain · Michael Friedman, Stanford
University, USA · Gottfried Gabriel, University of Jena, Germany ·
Juliet Floyd, Boston University, USA · Hanjo Glock, University of
Zurich, Switzerland · Nicholas Griffin, McMaster University, Canada ·
Leila Haaparanta, University of Tampere, Finland · Peter Hylton,
University of Illinois, USA · Jiang Yi, Beijing Normal University,
China · Javier Legris, National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires,
Argentina · Cheryl Misak, University of Toronto, Canada · Nenad
Miscevic, University of Maribor, Slovenia, and Central European
University, Budapest · Volker Peckhaus, University of Paderborn,
Germany · Eva Picardi, University of Bologna, Italy · Erich Reck,
University of California at Riverside, USA · Peter Simons, Trinity
College, Dublin · Thomas Uebel, University of Manchester, England.
Interdisciplinary
Investigations into
the Lvov-Warsaw
School
Editors
Anna Drabarek Jan Woleński
Institute of Philosophy and Sociology Department of Social Sciences
The Maria Grzegorzewska University University of Information Technology
Warsaw, Poland and Management
Rzeszów, Poland
Mateusz M. Radzki
Institute of Philosophy and Sociology
The Maria Grzegorzewska University
Warsaw, Poland
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Series Editor’s Foreword
v
vi Series Editor’s Foreword
Just like history and culture can never be finally closed and finished,
neither can philosophical reflection. The non-final nature of the results
of philosophical work is not a defect or a shortfall, but the very essence
of reflections which are aimed at pursuing truth. This is even more dis-
tinctly visible in the continuous and repeated process of the new being
inspired by the old. The consonance of that which was achieved in phi-
losophy with that which is currently analysed by various philosophers
is the subject matter of analyses contained in this volume, devoted to
interdisciplinary investigation into the Lvov-Warsaw School.
Philosophy pursued by Kazimierz Twardowski and his students founded
its activities, still continued today, on openness and interdisciplinarity.
They were fully aware that disregard for transformations taking place in
science entails negative consequences for the philosophical understanding
of reality. It is to Twardowski and his students that we owe the establish-
ment of a centre of analytical philosophical thought in Lvov at the begin-
ning of the twentieth century. Their approach to philosophical problems,
clarity of thought and language, a specific type of rationalism and realism
provided the foundations for this school of philosophy in Poland and war-
ranted its international success, particularly in the logic of methodology.
ix
x Preface
1 Introduction 1
Anna Drabarek
xi
xii Contents
Part II Psychology
Index 281
Notes on Contributors
Chapter 12
Fig. 1 The argument for the methodological thesis of reism,
where ‘C’ stands for the ‘conclusion’, and ‘P’ stands
for the ‘premise’ 219
Fig. 2 The argument for the thesis of idealism in the semantic
formulation proposed by Ajdukiewicz, where ‘C’ stands
for the ‘conclusion’, and ‘P’ stands for the ‘premise’ 227
xix
List of Tables
Chapter 11
Table 1 The definitions of the propositional connectives
in the three-valued logic of Łukasiewicz
(In the truth-tables for binary propositional connectives,
the truth-value of the first argument is given in the vertical
line, the truth-value of the second argument is given
in the horizontal line, and the outcome is given
in the intersection of these lines) 207
Table 2 Słupecki’s T-function 208
Chapter 12
Table 1 A one-to-one correspondence between constituents
of the thesis of idealism and its paraphrase 232
xxi
1
Introduction
Anna Drabarek
A. Drabarek (*)
Institute of Philosophy and Sociology,
The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
© The Author(s) 2019 1
A. Drabarek et al. (eds.), Interdisciplinary Investigations
into the Lvov-Warsaw School, History of Analytic Philosophy,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24486-6_1
2
A. Drabarek
due to political reasons (restrictions imposed on the School and its dis-
continuation after World War I) and ideological trends (after 1918,
Polish psychologists published mainly in the Polish language).
In this chapter, Citlak draws attention to the most original achieve-
ments of Witwicki and their similarity to the then contemporary
achievements of world psychology. They involved a number of areas, in
both the theoretical and the empirical tradition. Firstly, Alfred Adler’s
individual psychology and his theory of will to power. Citlakpoints out
that several years earlier Witwicki had developed his original theory of
kratism, which is similar to the assumptions of the Austrian psycholo-
gist, and yet remains virtually unknown in world literature. Secondly,
the Dorpat School of the Psychology of Religion, whose achievements
coincided in some respects with Witwicki’s research into religious beliefs.
Thirdly, the theory of cognitive dissonance developed by Leon Festinger,
and fourthly—based on the theory of kratism– the psychobio—aphies of
Socrates (already in 1909) and Jesus Christ (1958), which are two of the
earliest non-psychoanalytical psychobiographies in the world.
Citlak concludes that Witwicki’s psychological research was inter-
disciplinary and concerned with important problems of contemporary
psychology. It was also part of the historical (or cultural-historical) psy-
chology postulated by Wundt. One of the most important features of
his analyses was the use of description and interpretation of empirical
data, and to a lesser extent the experiment or methods derived from the
natural sciences.
In the first chapter of the third part of this volume, ‘Pragmatic
Rationalism and Pragmatic Nominalism in the Lvov-Warsaw School’,
Witlod Marciszewski considers the stance of ‘pragmatic realism’ con-
cerning the existence of abstract objects. He points out that the acknowl-
edgement of abstracts may be motivated either by their direct intellectual
vision, as claimed by Plato, or by their ‘indispensability’ for scientific
progress, as claimed by Willard V. O. Quine and a number of other
famous thinkers. For such a practical approach, the term ‘pragmatic
rationalism’ should be in order (‘pragmatic Platonism’ is used more fre-
quently, but in the present context this term would be misleading).
Its followers included some eminent members of the Lvov-Warsaw
School: Ajdukiewicz with his empirical methodology of sciences, and
1 Introduction
9