Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III
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Editors
Sébastien Erpicum
Laboratory of Engineering Hydraulics – HECE, University of Liege,
Liege, Belgium
Frédéric Laugier
Electricité de France – Hydro Engineering Center, EDF-CIH,
Le Bourget du Lac, France
Michel Ho Ta Khanh
Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams, VNCOLD, Hanoï, Vietnam
Michael Pfister
Laboratory of Hydraulic Constructions, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
Haute école d’ingénierie et d’architecture HEIA-FR, Fribourg, Switzerland
Cover photo description
Van Phong Piano Dam – Vietnam – 2015
Courtesy of Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams (VNCOLD)
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior
permission from the publishers.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the
information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any
damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication
and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN: 978-1-138-05010-5 (Hardback)
ISBN: 978-1-315-16906-4 (eBook)
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5
Table of contents
Preface IX
Acknowledgements XI
Organization XIII
Organizing institutions XV
Supporting institutions XVII
Sponsoring companies XIX
Keynote lectures
History and development of Piano Key Weirs in Vietnam from 2004 to 2016 3
M. Ho Ta Khanh
Twenty years of research in Biskra University for Labyrinths and Piano Key Weirs
and associated fuse plugs 17
A. Ouamane, M. Debabeche, F. Lempérière & J.P. Vigny
Hydraulics of Piano Key Weirs: A review 27
S. Erpicum, P. Archambeau, B. Dewals & M. Pirotton
Overview of design and construction of 11 Piano Key Weirs spillways developed
in France by EDF from 2003 to 2016 37
F. Laugier, J. Vermeulen & B. Blancher
I.2 Geometry
The effect of the geometric shape of the alveoli on the performance of Piano Key Weirs 93
A. Laiadi, B. Athmani, F. Belaabed & A. Ouamane
Numerical investigation of wall thickness influence on Piano Key Weir
discharge coefficients: A preliminary study 101
F.L. Bremer & M. Oertel
V
Experimental study of discharge coefficient of a Piano Key Side Weir 109
M. Karimi, J. Attari, M. Saneie & M.R. Jalili Ghazizadeh
II Projects
II.1 Studies
A Piano Key Weir to improve the discharge capacity of the Oule Dam
spillway (France) 195
S. Erpicum, P. Archambeau, B. Dewals, M. Pirotton, H. Tralli & J. Alende
Piano Key Weirs on a lateral spillway: From an analytical preliminary design to a
detailed design validated by a physical model 205
A. Chapuis, M. Thomas, L. Deroo, C. Richit & C. Touzet
Estimation of discharge coefficient and optimization of Piano Key Weirs 213
K. Azizi, J. Attari & A. Moridi
A comparison of side weirs and labyrinth weirs at Ilmenau river 221
M. Gebhardt, J. Merkel, F. Belzner & C. Thorenz
II.2 Construction
The raising of Hazelmere Dam by means of Piano Key Weir 231
D. Booyse
VI
Construction and testing of two Piano Key Weirs at Charmines dam 237
P. Valley & B. Blancher
Construction of a Piano Key Weir spillway at La Raviège dam 245
M. Cubaynes, F. Laugier & V. Nagel
Construction of a Piano Key Weir spillway at Record dam 255
F. Dabertrand, J. Vermeulen & B. Blancher
Study, design and construction of the Van Phong Piano Key Weirs 265
Q. Dinh Sy, A. Nguyen Luong & H. Nguyen Manh
Adoption of a type D Piano Key Weir spillway with tapered noses at
Rambawa Tank, Sri Lanka 275
H.M. Jayatillake & K.T.N. Perera
VII
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5
Preface
Since the first implementation by Electricité de France on Goulours dam (France) in 2006, the
Piano Key Weir has become a more and more applied structure to increase the discharge capacity
of existing spillways. In parallel, several new large dams’ projects have been built with such a flood
control structure, usually in combination with gates. In less than 10 years, more than 25 Piano Key
Weirs have been commissioned or are under construction all over the world.
This strong revival of labyrinth oriented weirs is due first to more and more acute extreme flood
issues making the requirement for performing and reliable spillways becoming higher and higher.
Secondly, it has been possible thanks to the invention of the Piano Key weir (PKW) concept.
With a repetitive constructional character, reduced foot print requirements thanks to overhangs
and an increased specific discharge capacity, the PKW enables to install non-linear crests almost
everywhere and in particular at the top of gravity dams. It is also an attractive technico-economical
compromise and its operation, as free flow spillways, seems more reliable than gates.
The third international workshop on Labyrinth and Piano Key weirs is the latest one of a workshop
series started in 2011 in Liège (Belgium) and continued in 2013 in Paris (France). The third edition
of the workshop has been co-organized by the Vietnam National Committee on Large Dams, the
University of Liege, Electricité de France and the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
which all together have played a significant role in PKW development. It has been the occasion to
honor the key contribution of the University of Biskra, one of the father’s institution of the PKW
development. The conference took place on 22–24 February 2017 in Qui Nhon, central Vietnam,
close to one of the most famous Vietnamese PKW in operation. The 2 days long workshop was
followed by a technical tour visiting the recently commissioned Van Phong diversion dam on the
Côn River, equipped with a 300 m long PKW and 10 gates.
This book, gathering the proceedings of this third Workshop on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs,
summarizes 15 years of research and development on PKW and presents most of the main projects
in operation or under construction. It can thus been considered as an up-to-date Reference document
for students, practitioners and researchers.
Sébastien Erpicum, HECE – ULg
Frédéric Laugier, EDF – CIH
Michel Ho Ta Khanh, VNCOLD
Michael Pfister, LCH – EPFL & HEIA-FR
IX
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5
Acknowledgements
The organization of a conference is only possible with motivated contributors. We are therefore
grateful to practitioners and researchers who allowed taking up the challenge of proposing a work-
shop on the very specialized domain of Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs. In order to warrant the
high technical and scientific level of the contributions, a serious reviewing process was carried
out by the International Scientific Committee, in collaboration with the Committee on Hydraulic
Structures of IAHR. All the Reviewers merit our gratitude for the serious of their work and the
respect of very short deadlines.
The success of a workshop is also dependent of the support of professional associations and
technical and scientific journals that helped to announce the manifestation. Our thanks are devoted
to the Société Hydrotechnique de France, the Comité Français des Barrages et Réservoirs, the
Swiss Committee on Dams, the International Commission on Large Dams, the International Jour-
nal of Hydropower & Dams, the Schweizerischer Wasserwirtschaftsverband and the International
Association for Hydro-environment Engineering and Research (IAHR).
The edition of these proceedings has been made possible thanks to the contribution of the work-
shop sponsors. We greatly acknowledge the help of ISL Ingénierie (France), Schnabel Engineering
(USA) and Company 47, the contractor of the Van Phong dam (Vietnam).
The technical tour in Vietnam allowed visiting the recently commissioned Van Phong dam,
where a 300 m long PKW spillway was recently built. The tour was guided by competent persons
in charge of management and safety of this hydraulic scheme. All our thanks go to VNCOLD and
the Company 47 representatives for their pleasant availability.
The involvement of four Co-organizing institutions, Vietnam National Commission on Large
Dams, University of Liège, Electricité de France and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne was
fundamental for the preparation of the workshop and for the edition of the proceedings. Concerning
these activities, the organizers want to express their recognition to the publisher for his guidance,
to Pham Hong Giang, Michel Ho Ta Khanh and Dinh Sy Quat from VNCOLD and to Laurence
Defrère and Pierre Archambeau from HECE-ULg for their helpful contribution.
The Scientific Secretariat of PKW 2017
XI
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5
Organization
XIII
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5
Organizing institutions
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs 2017 was organized by the following institutions:
Electricité de France
Centre d’Ingénierie Hydraulique
Université de Liège
Hydraulique de l’Environnement Naturel et Construit
XV
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5
Supporting institutions
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs 2017 was supported by the following institutions:
Schweizerischer Wasserwirtschaftsverband
XVII
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5
Sponsoring companies
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs 2017 was sponsored by the following companies:
XIX
Keynote lectures
Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5
M. Ho Ta Khanh
VNCOLD, Vietnam
ABSTRACT: The paper describes first the beginning of the laboratory research on Piano Key
weirs (PKW) in 2004. These studies focused on the rating curves for different types and sizes of
PKW and their main characteristics. The paper gives in a second chapter some information about the
existing and foreseen dams with PKW. It is pointed out the advantages of the Van Phong barrage, an
innovative combination of PKW and gated weir discharging high flows in a large river. Some data
concerning results of the design of the Xuân Minh barrage under construction are also indicated. In
conclusion, the report notes the advantages of the PKW, their possible larger development based on
the good experience of the PKW already realized worldwide and if the research concerning some
topics such as the dissipation of energy downstream the dam and the evacuation of the floating
debris can be better addressed.
1 INTRODUCTION
The concept of PKW was presented by Lempérière. F & Ouamane. A in the late 1990’ and the
corresponding studies commenced some years later in Vietnam as it appeared that the PKW have
some advantages compared with the previous labyrinth weirs already installed on some Vietnamese
dams. During this period (1990 to 2010), dam construction in Vietnam, for hydroelectricity and
irrigation, was growing in importance with regards to both projects and the innovative solutions
for spillway, to increase their capacity and to lower their cost, were much researched.
3
Figure 1. Fundamental parameters of a PKW (Pralong et al. 2011).
Figure 2. Tests for free flow discharge and comparison of different rating curves in HCMUT laboratory.
with a linear trend line, is a good approximation which can be used for the prefeasibility studies.
Some authors, cited in the references, have provided the changes to bring in this latter case and
also some more complete and precise formulas if other very different PKW are used.
– For a submerged flow, the PKW capacity is a bit reduced, but generally less than for a Creager
weir. The Figure 3 shows the tests for highly submerged flows and the results of some measures
in the HCMUT laboratory. This latter topic was also studied by several researchers abroad cited
in the references.
4
Figure 3. Tests for highly submerged flows in HCMUT laboratory.
– Given the great number of details for the shapes and the sizes, a hydraulic optimization of a
PKW is often possible for a new dam by refining its characteristics, but generally it increases
only some per cents (<10%) the P.K weir’s capacity, i.e. often less than the percentage of error
concerning the floods or the authorized Maximum Water Level (MWL). In case of a PKW
installed on an existing dam, the structural and construction constraints are often predominant
for the selection of the type and the characteristics of the PKW. Then, the discharge capacity is
not always optimal, but the main goal is reached as the PKW enables increasing the spillway
capacity with a minimal overflow depth. This can be observed with the PKWs recently installed
on the existing EDF’s dams that are generally different from this “Standard model” with values
of n up to 8.
– Given the advantages of placing PKW on the crest of new gravity dams with stepped downstream
face as for the Roll Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams and with the high flow energy at the toe
of the dam, it appeared that the issues of the dissipation of energy and the sizing of the stilling
basin deserve further detailed studies. The Figure 4 shows the tests performed in the HCMUT
laboratory to better appraise this concern.
Following rapidly these first studies, several PKWs were designed and constructed in Vietnam for
small hydropower plants owned by Independent Power Producers (IPP) with the goal of minimizing
the costs and the delays of the design and construction. Consequently, almost all designers adopted
PKW with the characteristics not very different from the “Standard models type A & B” as these
devices can be easily designed and placed on the crest of the new gravity dams. They adjusted the
PKW characteristics to the local conditions – often but not always – by means of further tests in
the MARD Hydraulic Laboratories in Hanoi (HRC) and in Binh Duong near HCM city (SIWRR).
For example, the Van Phong barrage, owned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Develop-
ment (MARD), was pre-sized according to this method, but was controlled after by several hydraulic
model tests in the SIWRR laboratory which confirmed generally the initial design. Because this
PKW is submerged during high floods, research was performed in different laboratories to better
precise the particularities of the submerged flows, particularly with the utilization of the software
FLOW-3D® in cooperation with EDF-CIH and EDF-LNHE (France).
5
Figure 4. Tests for the dissipation of energy at the toe of the dam in HCMUT.
6
Figure 6. The Dakmi 4C dam.
Hoho gravity dam overflow in September 2010, due to a complete jamming of the surface gates
during a flood, provoked by a landslide on the left bank which destroyed a part of the power
plant and the gates control system. Following this incident, many Vietnamese engineers think
that a combination of PKW and gates is probably a safer solution for the IPPs, in case of the
gates’ jamming or mal-operation by the local staff during the floods.
The bad quality of the concrete of this PKW – one of the first built – has shown that the more
difficult construction of the PKWs should be devoted only to qualified contractor.
• The Dakmi 4C dam
The Dakmi 4C belongs to the power plants in cascade on the Dak Mi River. The Dakmi 4C
dam (Figure 6) is an example of a combination of 2 radial gates and a PKW type B (upstream
overhang only) acting as an emergency spillway in case of a gate jamming. This modest PKW,
which didn’t justify long and costly study, was dimensioned only with the results of the “Standard
model”.
7
Figure 8. The Dakmi 3 dam. Plan view and cross sections.
lowering of the Full Supply Level (FSL) – allows reducing 2 m high the previous MWL, as
demanded by the population around the reservoir. Then, the PKW enables to address this issue
with a minimum of cost and delay.
Some detailed characteristics of this PKW are given in the Table 2.2.
8
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