Class Adm No

Candidate Name:

2023 Preliminary Examination

Pre-University 3
H2 CHEMISTRY 9729/03
Paper 3 Free Response 18 September 2023
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

Additional materials: Data Booklet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Do not turn over this question paper until you are told to do so.

Write your name, class and admission number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.

Answer all questions in the spaces provided on the Question Paper. If additional space is
required, you should use the page at the end of this booklet. The question number must be
clearly shown.

Section A
Answer all questions.

Section B
Answer one question.

A Data Booklet is provided.

The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

A B
Question Total
1 2 3 4/5

Marks
24 19 17 20 80

This question paper consists of 26 printed pages.

 2

Section A

Answer all the questions in this section.

1 Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It has a great affinity towards oxygen,
forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air.
(a) Aluminium is protected from corrosion by a protective oxide layer. The thickness of the
aluminium oxide layer on the surface of aluminium can be increased by anodising the
aluminium. H2SO4 is used as an electrolyte in the anodising of aluminium.
(i) Draw a well-labelled diagram to illustrate the electrolysis set-up for the anodisation of
aluminium. [2]
(ii) Write chemical equations to show the reactions at the anode and cathode during
anodising. Include the overall equation in your answer. [3]
2
(iii) The aluminium piece to be anodised has a surface area of 29.2 cm . Determine the
current required to pass through the set-up for 1.8 hours to form a 0.2 mm-thick
protective layer of Al2O3 on the aluminium piece.
[Density of Al2O3 is 3.95 g cm−3] [4]
(iv) Give one example of an anodised aluminium object, and explain the advantages of
anodising it. [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 3

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, decomposes upon heating, forming aluminium oxide, sulfur
dioxide gas and oxygen gas.
In an experiment, a 150 g sample of impure aluminium sulfate was heated until the sample
reached a constant mass of 83.6 g.

(i) Write a balanced equation, with state symbols, for the decomposition of solid
aluminium sulfate. [1]
(ii) Determine the percentage purity of the sample, assuming the impurities remained inert
during the decomposition. [4]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 4

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Aluminium chloride is an active ingredient used in skin medication to control excessive
sweating.
In the vapour phase, a dynamic equilibrium is established between aluminium chloride and
its dimer as follows:

2AlCl3(g) ⇌ Al2Cl6(g)

(i) Aluminium chloride is often described as electron deficient. Explain what is meant by
electron deficient. [1]
(ii) With the aid of a diagram, explain how the dimer is formed. [2]
(iii) Explain what is meant by dynamic equilibrium. [1]
(iv) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the dimerisation. [1]
(v) In an experiment, 10 atm of AlCl3(g) was allowed to reach equilibrium in a sealed
vessel. At equilibrium it was found that the total pressure was 6.8 atm.
Calculate the value of Kp, stating its units. [3]
(vi) Suggest a reason why the dimerisation would not take place readily if the AlCl3 is
placed in an aqueous system. [1]
[Total: 24]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 5

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 6

2 (a) Compound P has a molecular formula C8H9O3N. Treating P with hot acidified potassium
manganate(VII) gives Q, C7H5O4N, which produces effervescence with sodium
hydrogencarbonate.

Heating P under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) gives R, C8H7O4N. When R
is treated with tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid, followed by careful neutralisation
using an aqueous alkali, S, C8H9O2N, is obtained.

1 mol of S reacts with 2 mol of aqueous bromine. Treatment of S with anhydrous

phosphorus pentachloride produces T, C8H7ON.

(i) Deduce the structures of compounds P – T and explain the chemistry of the reactions
involved. [10]
(ii) Compound T can be separated from any unreacted compound S that is left in the
product mixture. This can be done by shaking the product mixture with cold dilute
hydrochloric acid. The two layers (organic and aqueous layers) formed are then
allowed to stand.
State and explain which compound, S or T, will be present in the aqueous layer. [2]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 7

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 8

(b) PCl5 reacts with ketones in a 1 : 1 molar ratio to give gem-dichlorides. A gem-dichloride
contains two chlorine atoms bonded to the same carbon atom.
For example, when butanone is treated with PCl5, a gem-dichloride, 2,2-dichlorobutane, is
obtained.
CH3CH2COCH3 → CH3CH2CCl2CH3
(i) Suggest the phosphorus-containing by-product of this reaction. [1]
(ii) Heating 2,2-dichlorobutane with alcoholic NaOH produces compounds U and V. U and
V are constitutional isomers with the formula C4H6. Treating U and V with hydrogen
over a suitable catalyst procures butane.
Suggest the displayed formula of U and V and clearly indicate on your structures, the
type of hybridisation for each C atom in the two structures. [4]
(iii) If 1,1-dichlorocyclobutane is similarly heated with an excess of alcoholic NaOH, a
product W, C4H5Cl, is obtained and no further loss of chlorine atoms occurs. W
decolourises aqueous bromine.
Suggest the structure of W, and suggest why the expected loss of both chlorine atoms
do not occur. [2]
[Total: 19]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 9

3 Chlorine is a yellowish-green gas with a choking smell. It has many uses, including in the
treatment of drinking water.
(a) (i) Write balanced chemical equations for the reactions that occur when separate samples
of magnesium and phosphorus are heated in excess chlorine. [2]
(ii) Describe the reaction of each of the resulting chloride with excess water, stating the
approximate pH of the solution formed, and writing a balanced equation for any
reaction that takes place. [3]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 10

(b) Sulfur and chlorine can react together to form S2Cl2.

S2Cl2 can further react with Cl2 to form SCl2, as shown in the equation below.
S2Cl2(l) + Cl2(g) → 2SCl2(l) H1
(i) Draw ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams to illustrate the bonding in S2Cl2 and SCl2
respectively.
State the bond angle about the S atom in SCl2. [3]
(ii) Using relevant bond energy data from the Data Booklet, determine the enthalpy change
for the reaction, H1. [2]
(iii) The actual value of H1 is less endothermic compared to your answer in (b)(ii).
Suggest two reasons for the discrepancy between the actual value and your answer
in (b)(ii). [2]
(iv) Define the term entropy. [1]
(v) State the sign of the entropy change for the reaction between S2Cl2(l) and Cl2(g).
Explain your answer. [2]
(vi) OCl2 is a compound analogous to SCl2.
State and explain how the bond angle in OCl2 would differ from that in
SCl2. [2]
[Total: 17m]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 11

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 12

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

4 (a) Propanal is an aldehyde which exists as a colourless liquid with a fruity smell.
A cyclic diester, Y, can be formed from propanal as shown in the synthetic pathway below.
Y has a molecular mass of 172 g mol-1.

(i) State the reagents and conditions for steps I and III. [2]
(ii) Draw the structure of X and Y. [2]

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
 13

(b) Propanal undergoes reaction with water to yield a gem-diol. The reaction is reversible and
a water molecule can be eliminated from the gem-diol to regenerate propanal.

(i) State the type of reaction for the above reaction. [1]
(ii) The reaction is slow but the rate is increased by the addition of a small amount of NaOH
as catalyst. Suggest why NaOH is needed to initiate the reaction in the mechanism. [1]
16
(iii) The oxygen in water is primarily O but water enriched with the heavy isotope, H218O,
is also available. When propanal is dissolved in H218O, the 18
O becomes incorporated
into the gem-diol which regenerates propanal.

Using your answer to (a)(ii), suggest how 18O is incorporated into the gem-diol. [1]
(iv) Suggest a reason why the addition of water to aldehydes proceeds more rapidly than
it does to ketones. [1]
(v) With the aid of a labelled Boltzmann distribution diagram, explain how the addition of
NaOH catalyst increases the rate of the reaction. [3]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 14

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 15

(c) 2-hydroxybutanoic acid can also be formed from propanal in two steps.
(i) 2-hydroxybutanoic acid is a weak BrØnsted acid.
Define the term BrØnsted acid. [1]
(ii) Draw the structure of the conjugate base of 2-hydroxybutanoic acid. [1]
(iii) Explain whether 2-hydroxybutanoic acid has a larger or smaller Ka than butanoic
acid. [2]

2-hydroxybutanoic acid has a pKa of 3.99.

A 20.0 cm3 sample of 2-hydroxybutanoic acid was titrated against a solution of 1 mol dm-3
of sodium hydroxide, using a suitable indicator. It was found that the colour change occurred
when 17.20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide was added.
A sketch (not drawn to scale) of the pH titration curve is shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1
(iv) State the pH value at point X. [1]
(v) State whether the value of the pH at equivalence point would be 7, smaller than 7 or
larger than 7.
Write an equation to support your answer. [2]
(vi) Calculate the concentration of 2-hydroxybutanoic acid in the sample. [2]
[Total: 20]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 16

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 17

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 18

5 Transition metal ions are often brightly coloured and can exist in a wide range of oxidation states.
Vanadium was named after the Scandinavian goddess of beauty and fertility, Vanadis because
of the wide range of colours found in vanadium compounds. The colours of the various vanadium
ions are given in Table 5.1.

Vanadium Species VO2+ VO2+ V3+ V2+

Colour Yellow Blue Green Violet

Table 5.1

(a) V2+ ions are used in a redox titration to determine the concentration of Fe3+ ions in an
unknown solution. Fe3+ can be reduced to Fe2+ and the solution is acidic throughout the
entire process. The indicator used in the titration is potassium thiocyanate, KSCN. The
thiocyanate ions, SCN-, form an intense blood red complex ion with Fe3+ in solution while it
appears colourless when complexed with Fe2+. It was found that V2+ reacts in a 1 : 1 ratio
with Fe3+.
(i) State the electronic configuration of V3+ ion and hence explain why a solution containing
V3+ ions is coloured. [4]
(ii) Write the oxidation and reduction half equations for the redox reaction.
Hence write the overall balanced equation. [2]
(iii) State the colour change observed at the end point of the titration. [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 19

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 20

(b) Beams of charged particles are deflected by an electric field.

In a particular experimental set-up, 51V2+ ions are deflected through an angle of +4.3°.
(i) Assuming an identical set of experimental conditions, determine the angle of deflection
of 56Fe3+. [1]
(ii) Under identical conditions, a beam of particles, Z2–, was deflected by an angle of
–3.1°.
Determine the atomic mass of Z. [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 21

(c) The following scheme shows the reactions of iron and its compounds.

A NH3(aq) compound B Violet

Reddish FeCl3(aq)
dropwise complex
brown ppt

step I
Na2CaEDTA(aq)

Reddish purple
solution

(i) Identify compounds A and B. [2]

(ii) State the type of reaction undergone in step I and write an ionic equation for the
reaction taking place in step I. [2]
(iii) Another iron-containing compound, FeCO3, undergoes thermal decomposition the
same way as CaCO3.
Using relevant data from the Data Booklet, state and explain which compound, FeCO3
or CaCO3, has higher thermal stability. [3]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 22

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 23

(d) Calcium hydroxide is sparingly soluble in water and has a solubility product with a numerical
value of 5.50 x 10–6.
(i) Write an expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of calcium hydroxide and calculate
the solubility of calcium hydroxide in water. [2]
(ii) A lab technician tried to precipitate Ca(OH)2 by mixing 0.20 mol dm–3 Ca2+(aq) with
equal volume of 0.20 mol dm–3 NH3(aq).
Show through calculation why precipitation of Ca(OH)2 will not occur.
[Kb of NH3 = 1.80 x 10–5 mol dm–3] [2]
[Total: 20]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Turn over
 24

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

END OF PAPER
 25

Additional answer space

If you use this page to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be
clearly shown.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

[Turn over
 26

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................... ...................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

END OF PAPER