States of Matter (Atmospheric Pressure)

ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
Atmospheric pressure is the force
exerted by the weight of the air above
a certain point on Earth's surface.
Imagine the Earth is surrounded by an
invisible ocean of air, extending
hundreds of kilometers into space.
Just as water exerts pressure at
the bottom of a swimming pool
due to its weight, air also exerts
pressure on the Earth's surface
due to its mass.
Factors contribute to
atmospheric pressure:
• Temperature
Weather Systems
Air Density
Gravity
BAROMETER
a classic device used to
measure atmospheric
pressure. It operates on the
principle of balancing the
weight of a column of mercury
against the atmospheric
pressure pushing down on an
open mercury-filled reservoir.
BAROMETER
Mercury is a dense liquid metal
that is commonly used in
barometers due to its high density
and visibility in the column. The
barometer consists of a long glass
tube sealed at one end and filled
with mercury. The tube is then
inverted and placed into an open
container of mercury.
BAROMETER
Vacuum: When the tube is
inverted into the container of
mercury, some of the mercury
flows out due to gravity until the
pressure inside the tube equals
the atmospheric pressure outside.
This leaves a column of mercury
inside the tube, with a vacuum
space at the top.
BAROMETER
Atmospheric Pressure: The weight
of the mercury column in the tube
is balanced by the atmospheric
pressure pushing down on the
open mercury reservoir. The
greater the atmospheric pressure,
the higher the mercury column
rises in the tube to maintain the
balance.
BAROMETER
Measurement: The height of the
mercury column in the tube is a direct
measure of the atmospheric pressure.
Standard atmospheric pressure at sea
level can support a mercury column
about 760 millimeters (mm) high. This
is why atmospheric pressure is often
measured in millimeters of mercury
(mmHg) or inches of mercury (inHg).
BAROMETER
Pressure Variations: Changes in
atmospheric pressure due to weather
systems or altitude variations are reflected
in the height of the mercury column. For
example, during high-pressure systems, the
mercury column rises, indicating greater
atmospheric pressure. Conversely, during
low-pressure systems, the mercury column
falls as atmospheric pressure decreases.
BAROMETER
Atmospheric pressure is
directly proportional to the
height of the mercury
inside the tube
BAROMETER
A drop in the barometric reading

indicates low atmospheric pressure
and usually bring bad weather.
Atmospheric pressure is measured in
bars and millibars. 1 bar = 100 000
N/𝒎𝟐
When we drink through a
straw, the liquid is
actually pulled up
We reduce pressure in the
straws and allow weight of
the atmosphere to press
the liquid up into the
straws
Could we drink a soda this
way to the moon?
Pascal’s
Principle
Pascal’s Principle
This principle tells us that

when you apply pressure
to a fluid in a closed
container, that pressure is
evenly distributed
throughout the fluid and
transmitted to all parts of
the container.
One of the most practical

applications of Pascal's principle
is in hydraulic systems.
Pascal’s Principle Since,
P1=P2
P1=F1/A1 Input Pressure So…
F1/A1=F2/A2
F1 =P1A1 Input Force
A1>A2 Pistons
The large piston of a hydraulic
press has a cross sectional area of
200 cm² and the smaller piston
has a cross sectional area of 5
cm². If a force of 250 N is applied
to the smaller piston, find the
force on the large piston
The large piston of a hydraulic press has a
cross-sectional area of 2000 c𝑚3 , and the
smaller piston is unknown because it is inside
the machine and it is automatic. If a force of
2500 N is applied to the smaller piston, the
output force in the larger piston is 100 000 N.
Find the cross-sectional area of the smaller
piston.
The large piston of a hydraulic press has a
cross-sectional area of 2000 c𝑚3 , and the
smaller piston is unknown because it is inside
the machine and it is automatic. If a force of
2500 N is applied to the smaller piston, the
output force in the larger piston is 100 000 N.
Find the cross-sectional area of the smaller
piston.
Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics is the branch of fluid
dynamics that deals specifically with
the behavior of fluids in motion,
particularly liquids like water. It
encompasses the study of how fluids
move, interact with their surroundings,
and exert forces on objects within
them.
Hydrodynamics
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

Hydrodynamics
"Laminar flow" refers to a type of fluid
motion characterized by smooth, orderly
movement of fluid particles in parallel layers,
with little or no mixing between adjacent
layers.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Hydrodynamics
"Turbulent flow" refers to a type of fluid motion
characterized by chaotic, irregular movement of
fluid particles. In turbulent flow, fluid motion is
highly unpredictable, with fluctuations in velocity,
pressure, and vorticity occurring on a wide range
of length and time scales.
Bernoulli’s
Principle
The Bernoulli Principle, named after
the Swiss mathematician Daniel
Bernoulli who formulated it in the
18th century, is a fundamental
concept in fluid dynamics. It
describes the behavior of fluids
(liquids and gases) as they flow
through different conditions, such as
changes in velocity, pressure, and
elevation.
At its core, the Bernoulli Principle states
that within a steady flow of fluid, an
increase in the speed of the fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in
pressure, and vice versa. This means
that as a fluid speeds up, its pressure
decreases, and conversely, as it slows
down, its pressure increases.
For example, imagine airflow around an aircraft
wing. As the air moves over the curved upper
surface of the wing, it accelerates to meet up with
the air moving along the flatter bottom surface.
According to Bernoulli's Principle, this acceleration
of the air above the wing corresponds to a
decrease in pressure. Therefore, the pressure
above the wing is lower than the pressure beneath
it, generating lift.
Lift is the upward force created by the
difference between air pressure
above and below the wing
Stress
and
Strain
Stress and Strain
Stress: Stress refers to the internal
force per unit area experienced by a
material when subjected to external
loads or forces. It is a measure of the
intensity of the force applied to the
material's surface.
Stress
Stress = distorting force/area =F/A
Forms of stress
a) Tension or tensile stress - force that tends to
pull the atoms or molecules of an object apart.
b) Compressive stress - force that tends to bring
the atoms or molecules of an object closer
together.
c) Shear stress -force that tends to cause the
atoms or molecules to slide over one another
Stress and Strain
Stress: Stress refers to the internal
force per unit area experienced by a
material when subjected to external
loads or forces. It is a measure of the
intensity of the force applied to the
material's surface.
Strain
Strain= change in dimension/original dimension

Forms of stress
a) Tension or tensile strain/Compressive strain –
𝒍−𝒍𝒐 ∆𝒍𝒐
=
𝒍𝒐 𝒍𝒐
a) Volume strain
𝒗−𝒗𝒐 ∆𝒗𝒐
=
𝒗𝒐 𝒗𝒐
Hooke’s
Law
Hooke’s Law
Hooke's Law is a principle in physics that
describes the behavior of elastic materials
when subjected to stretching or
compression. It states that the force
required to extend or compress a spring
by a certain distance is directly
proportional to that distance
Hooke’s Law
F=k ∆l
Where:
F= distorting force
∆l= change in length
k=force constant
Hooke’s Law
F=k ∆l
This equation shows that the force (F) is directly

proportional to the displacement (∆l) and the
spring constant (k). It implies that doubling the
displacement will require twice the force, and so
on.
Hooke’s Law
Hooke's Law is applicable as long as
the material stays within its elastic
limit, which means it can return to its
original shape and size once the
deforming force is removed. Beyond
this limit, the material may undergo
permanent deformation or even
break.
Young
Modulus of
Elasticity
Young Modulus of Elasticity
Young's modulus quantifies how much a
material will deform (strain) under a
given amount of force (stress).
Young Modulus of Elasticity
Young Modulus (Y)= stress/strain

A small elevator of a mass 500 kg
hangs from a steel cable 4.0 m
long. The wires making up the
cable have a cross sectional area of
30 cm² and with this load, the cable
stretches 0.50 cm beyond its no
load length. Determine the stress,
strain and the value of the Young's
Modulus for the steel in the cable.
Work, Energy, and
Power
Work is defined as the
product of the force applied
to an object and the
displacement of that object
in the direction of the force.
Work (W)=Force (F)×Displacement (d)
Work Along x-axis
Work= Fxdx
Work Along y-axis
Work= Fydy
Work=mgh
Work at an angle
Work= Fcosθd

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ATMOSPHERIC

A drop in the barometric reading

This principle tells us that

One of the most practical

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Strain= change in dimension/original dimension

This equation shows that the force (F) is directly

Young Modulus (Y)= stress/strain

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