CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background to the Study

The agricultural sector stands as the pillar of Nigeria's economy, making substantial

contributions to GDP and employing a colossal 40% of the workforce (NBS, 2023). Despite its

importance, the sector grapples with numerous obstacles, including low productivity, reliance on

rain-fed agriculture, and inadequate access to financial resources and markets (World Bank,

2022). These hurdles disproportionately impact young people, who often lack the essential skills,

resources, and opportunities to flourish in this domain (FAO, 2020).

In recent times, agroprenuership has emerged as a promising solution to revitalize agriculture

and empower young Nigerians. This concept involves applying entrepreneurial principles to the

agricultural sector, emphasizing innovation, value addition, and market-oriented production

(Adekunle & Ajayi, 2018). By engaging in agroprenuership initiatives, young people can

become catalysts for change, contributing to food security, generating employment opportunities,

and creating income for themselves while simultaneously addressing the sector's existing

challenges (Adejumo et al., 2021).

One of the primary advantages of agroprenuership for youth is its potential to enhance food

security in Nigeria. Through innovative farming practices, agroprenuers can increase agricultural

output and improve food diversification, leading to more resilient food systems. This not only

ensures sufficient food availability for the nation but also empowers young people to become

economically independent, generating income through their agricultural ventures.

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Agroprenuership initiatives don't just benefit the young entrepreneurs themselves; they also have

the potential to create a cascading effect, generating employment opportunities for other

members of rural communities. As agroprenuers establish and expand their businesses, they

require additional labor for various tasks, from farm work to processing and marketing. This

creates avenues for income generation within rural communities, contributing to poverty

reduction and overall economic development.

Promoting sustainable agricultural practices is crucial for Nigeria's long-term agricultural

prosperity. Agroprenuership, when coupled with appropriate training and support, can play a key

role in driving this shift. Young agropreneurs can embrace innovative technologies and

methodologies that minimize environmental impact, such as precision agriculture, integrated pest

management, and water conservation techniques. This fosters a more sustainable agricultural

future for Nigeria.

One of the major challenges faced by young people in agriculture is limited access to financing

and markets. Agroprenuership initiatives can help bridge this gap by connecting young

entrepreneurs with financial institutions, microfinance organizations, and investors who

understand the specific needs of the agricultural sector. Additionally, collaboration with

established market channels and cooperatives can facilitate access to wider markets for young

producers, enabling them to sell their produce at competitive prices.

Engaging in agroprenuership ventures allows young people to develop a valuable skillset beyond

traditional farming practices. They acquire entrepreneurial skills in financial management,

marketing, and business development, fostering self-reliance and independence. This empowers

them to not only build successful businesses but also become role models and agents of change

within their communities, inspiring others to pursue similar paths.

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Gender plays a significant role in agricultural production, and traditional practices often

disadvantage women. Agroprenuership initiatives can offer opportunities to level the playing

field. By providing women with access to training, resources, and support networks,

agroprenuership can empower them to participate more actively in agriculture, promoting gender

equality and economic inclusion within the sector.

The success of agroprenuership for youth empowerment requires a collaborative approach

involving various stakeholders. This includes government agencies providing enabling policies

and support programs, educational institutions offering relevant training and skill development

opportunities, and private sector players creating partnerships and investment opportunities for

young agropreneurs. A robust support system is crucial for fostering a thriving ecosystem where

young people can confidently pursue their agroprenuerial dreams.

Investing in agroprenuership offers a promising pathway towards revitalizing Nigeria's

agricultural sector and empowering its youth. By embracing innovation, fostering sustainable

practices, and building a supportive ecosystem, agroprenuership can unlock food security,

economic growth, and social development, driving Nigeria towards a brighter future built on the

contributions of its young and enterprising agricultural minds.

1.2. Statement of the Research Problem

Despite the potential of agroprenuership for youth empowerment and agricultural development,

its sustainability in Nigeria remains a concern. Sustainability of agroprenuership ventures

requires not only economic viability but also environmental and social responsibility (Adeosun,

2021). Limited access to knowledge, technology, and financial resources often hinder the

adoption of sustainable practices among young agropreneurs (Ogwumike & Adedipe, 2020).

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Additionally, inadequate support structures and enabling policies from government and other

stakeholders can further stifle the growth and sustainability of agroprenuership ventures.

1.3. Research Questions

To achieve the stated objectives, the following research questions will be addressed:

1. To what extent does organic based farm substainbility affect youth empowerment

initiative in kogi state?

2. What is the effect of diary based farm sustainability on the youth empowerment initiative

in kogi state?

3. To what extent does hydraponic based farm sustainability affect youth empowerment

initiative in kogi state?

1.3. Aim and Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine agroprenuership sustainability initiatives as drivers

of youth empowerment in Kogi State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To examine the effect of oranic based farm sustainability on youth empowerment

initiative in Kogi state

2. To evaluate the effect of diary based farm sustainability on youth empowerment

initiative in Kogi state

3. To assess the effect of hydroponics based farm sustainability on youth empowerment in

Kogi state.

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1.5. Significance of the Study

The findings of this research will provide valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities

associated with promoting sustainable agroprenuership for youth empowerment in Kogi State.

This will inform the development of targeted interventions and policies by government agencies,

non-governmental organizations, and educational institutions to support the growth and

sustainability of youth-led agroprenuership ventures. Additionally, the research will contribute to

the broader discourse on enhancing agricultural productivity, creating employment opportunities

for youth, and ensuring the long-term viability of the agricultural sector in Nigeria.

1.6. Scope of the Study

This research will focus on youth agroprenuership initiatives in Kogi State, Nigeria. Due to time

and resources the scope of this study will be limited to Dekina LGA, being the largest local

government in the Kogi state. The study will target Agropreneurs aged between 18 and 35 years,

encompassing a range of agricultural activities including crop production, livestock rearing,

agro-processing, and value chain development.

1.7. Operational Definition of Terms

Agroprenuership: The application of entrepreneurial principles to the agricultural

sector, focusing on innovation, value addition, and market-oriented production.

Sustainability: The ability of an agroprenuership venture to meet its

economic, environmental, and social objectives in the long term.

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Youth Empowerment: The process of increasing young people's capacity, agency, and

participation in decision-making, enabling them to achieve their full potential and contribute

meaningfully to society.

Organic Farm: An organic farm uses natural inputs and sustainable practices to cultivate crops

and raise livestock, avoiding synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs. It focuses on

maintaining soil health and biodiversity, providing eco-friendly farming opportunities for youth.

Hydroponic Farm: A hydroponic farm grows plants without soil using nutrient-rich water

solutions. This method allows for efficient water use and high yields in limited spaces, offering

innovative agricultural opportunities for youth.

Dairy Farm: A dairy farm produces milk and dairy products from livestock such as cows, goats,

or sheep. It involves managing animal health, nutrition, and hygienic milking practices,

providing youth with skills in animal husbandry and business management.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

Agroprenuership has emerged as a promising avenue for youth empowerment in Nigeria,

particularly in rural areas like Kogi State. By engaging in agricultural-based enterprises, young

people can generate income, create jobs, and contribute to food security. However, the

sustainability of these initiatives is crucial for their long-term impact on youth empowerment.

This review examines the key factors influencing the sustainability of agroprenuership initiatives

in Kogi State, drawing upon conceptual, empirical, and theoretical perspectives.

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1. Agroprenuership Concepts

Agropreneurship, a dynamic fusion of agriculture and entrepreneurship, epitomizes the

application of entrepreneurial principles and strategies within the agricultural domain. This

multifaceted approach involves not only the cultivation of crops or rearing of livestock but also

the strategic engagement across the entire agricultural value chain. Mupangano et al. (2020)

underscore its significance as a means of identifying and capitalizing on opportunities within the

agricultural ecosystem while concurrently addressing social and environmental imperatives. This

entrepreneurial mindset drives agropreneurs to innovate, create sustainable business models, and

generate profits in tandem with societal and environmental well-being.

At the forefront of agropreneurship is a value chain focus, which extends beyond traditional

farming practices. Wynberg et al. (2012) emphasize the importance of identifying inefficiencies

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and value addition opportunities at every stage of the agricultural value chain. By incorporating

processing, marketing, distribution, and knowledge sharing into their operations, agropreneurs

can optimize value creation and capture for themselves and other stakeholders (Afolayan &

Fayomi, 2019). Innovation and technology are integral to the success of agropreneurship

ventures. Fabiyi et al. (2022) highlight the role of precision agriculture techniques and e-

commerce platforms in enhancing efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. Agropreneurs

leverage technological advancements to optimize resource utilization, streamline operations, and

access broader markets, thereby driving sustainable growth and profitability.

Market orientation is another pivotal aspect of agropreneurship, as emphasized by Odebode &

Fayomi (2019). Agropreneurs conduct comprehensive market research to understand consumer

needs and preferences, identify niche markets, and develop tailored products and services. This

customer-centric approach ensures that agropreneurs produce goods that align with market

demands, enhancing their market share and profitability. Sustainability lies at the heart of

agropreneurship, encompassing environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Sumberg et al.

(2012) advocate for environmentally friendly practices such as soil conservation, water

management, and integrated pest management to ensure long-term viability and mitigate

negative environmental impacts. Additionally, agropreneurs prioritize social sustainability

through ethical labor practices, fair trade principles, and community engagement efforts.

Effective financial management is indispensable for the success of agropreneurship ventures.

Adesina & Chigunta (2018) stress the importance of financial literacy and sound financial

decision-making in securing funding, managing costs, and ensuring the financial health of

agricultural enterprises. Risk management is a critical competency for agropreneurs, given the

inherent uncertainties in agriculture. O'Higgins et al. (2019) advocate for strategies such as crop

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diversification, insurance, and hedging to mitigate risks associated with weather fluctuations,

pest outbreaks, and market price volatility. Networking and collaboration are essential for

agropreneurship success. Sumberg et al. (2012) highlight the importance of building strong

networks with farmers, researchers, government agencies, and other stakeholders to share

knowledge, access resources, and leverage collective bargaining power.

Policy engagement and advocacy play a vital role in creating an enabling environment for

agropreneurship. Afolayan & Fayomi (2019) emphasize the need for favorable agricultural

policies that promote infrastructure development, access to credit, and fair trade practices.

Personal qualities and skills are key determinants of agropreneurship success. Mupangano et al.

(2020) highlight the importance of passion, vision, resilience, problem-solving ability, and

leadership skills in driving entrepreneurial ventures forward. Continuous learning and adaptation

are imperative in the ever-evolving agricultural landscape. Odebode & Fayomi (2019) stress the

importance of staying abreast of technological advancements, market trends, and emerging

challenges to remain competitive and innovative in agropreneurship endeavors.

Diverse Ventures, Flourishing Sector

According to the World Bank (2023), agropreneurship manifests in various forms, each

contributing to the innovation and growth of the agricultural sector. One prominent avenue is

farm-based ventures, which involve the adoption of novel approaches to production. Examples

include organic farming, vertical farming, and precision agriculture. These methods emphasize

sustainability, efficiency, and higher yields. For instance, hydroponics farms utilize soil-less

cultivation techniques to grow high-value crops in urban areas, maximizing space and resources.

Similarly, dairy farms employing advanced milking technologies enhance productivity and

product quality, thereby increasing competitiveness in the market (World Bank, 2023).

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Another facet of agropreneurship lies in input supply businesses, which serve the crucial role of

providing farmers with essential resources such as seeds, fertilizers, and equipment.

Agropreneurs in this domain may establish community-based seed banks to ensure access to

quality seeds, develop eco-friendly bio-fertilizers to promote sustainable farming practices, or

offer innovative services like drone-based spraying to optimize crop protection (World Bank,

2023).

Furthermore, processing and marketing businesses play a vital role in adding value to

agricultural products and facilitating direct connections between producers and consumers. By

transforming raw agricultural produce into finished goods, these enterprises contribute to

increased profitability and marketability. For instance, agropreneurs may establish cottage

industries for producing artisanal fruit jams, which not only preserve surplus fruits but also cater

to niche markets seeking gourmet products. Additionally, initiatives such as mobile butchering

units enable farmers to process meat on-site, reducing transportation costs and ensuring

freshness. Moreover, the advent of online platforms for farm-to-table delivery enhances market

access for small-scale producers, fostering transparency and consumer trust (World Bank, 2023).

Empowering Youth through Agriculture

Akinwumi (2018) underscores the pivotal contribution of agropreneurship to youth

empowerment, particularly in rural areas, where economic opportunities are often limited.

Through various mechanisms, agropreneurship offers avenues for income generation,

employment creation, and rural development, thereby addressing key challenges faced by young

people in these regions.

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Firstly, agropreneurship serves as a catalyst for income generation among youth by facilitating

their engagement in innovative agricultural ventures. By harnessing entrepreneurial principles

and practices, young individuals can establish enterprises that leverage modern technologies and

sustainable farming methods to enhance productivity and profitability (Akinwumi, 2018). These

ventures not only provide young agropreneurs with a means of livelihood but also empower them

to become self-reliant and economically independent.

Moreover, agropreneurship generates employment opportunities for youth, both directly within

agribusinesses and indirectly through the development of supporting sectors such as logistics and

marketing. As young people venture into agricultural entrepreneurship, they create jobs not only

for themselves but also for fellow community members, thereby contributing to poverty

reduction and socio-economic development (Akinwumi, 2018). Additionally, the growth of

agribusinesses stimulates demand for ancillary services, leading to the emergence of diverse

employment opportunities across the agricultural value chain.

Furthermore, the promotion of agropreneurship among youth holds significant implications for

rural development. By actively involving young people in agriculture, rural communities

experience a revitalization characterized by increased economic activity, infrastructure

development, and social cohesion (Akinwumi, 2018). The presence of vibrant agribusinesses

attracts investments, both domestic and foreign, leading to the creation of agro-industrial clusters

and agro-processing facilities. Additionally, by addressing the root causes of rural-urban

migration, agropreneurship contributes to the sustainable development of rural areas, ensuring

their long-term viability and resilience.

2.1.2. Organic Farm

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Organic farming is an agricultural production system that shuns the use of synthetic inputs like

chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Instead, it relies on

ecological processes, biodiversity, and cycles that are adapted to local conditions (International

Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements [IFOAM], n.d.). The core principles underlying

organic farming practices are centered around maintaining and improving the long-term fertility

and biological activity of soils through the judicious use of organic matter and the

implementation of crop rotation strategies. Additionally, organic farming aims to minimize the

depletion and degradation of non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels and prioritizes the

promotion of biological cycles within the agricultural ecosystem to facilitate nutrient recycling.

A key tenet of organic farming is the preservation and enhancement of biodiversity, both within

the agricultural landscape and in its surrounding natural habitats (IFOAM, n.d.).

One of the defining features of organic farming is the complete avoidance of synthetic chemical

inputs, including fertilizers, pesticides, and growth regulators (Lampkin & Padel, 1994). Instead

of relying on these synthetic compounds, organic farmers employ a range of natural methods for

pest control, such as crop rotation, mechanical cultivation (e.g., hoeing, tilling), and the strategic

use of beneficial insects and other biological control agents. To maintain and replenish soil

fertility, organic farmers rely on organic fertilizers derived from natural sources, such as

composted plant and animal matter, animal manures, and the incorporation of green manure

crops into the soil (Lampkin & Padel, 1994). This approach helps to reduce the negative

environmental impacts associated with conventional agriculture by minimizing the use and

release of synthetic chemicals into the environment, thereby promoting the conservation of

natural resources and the protection of ecosystems.

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Crop rotation is an integral practice in organic farming systems and is essential for maintaining

soil fertility, reducing pest and disease problems, and improving overall soil health and structure

(Altieri, 2018). This technique involves growing a diverse sequence of different crops on the

same land in successive growing seasons, rather than cultivating a single crop repeatedly. By

rotating crops, organic farmers can take advantage of the natural nutrient cycles and symbiotic

relationships that exist between different plant species, thereby reducing the need for synthetic

fertilizers and pesticides. For example, leguminous crops like beans or clover can be rotated with

cereal crops to replenish soil nitrogen levels through their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen,

while deep-rooted crops can help to break up compacted soil layers and make nutrients more

accessible to subsequent crops (Altieri, 2018).

Promoting and maintaining biodiversity is a central tenet of organic farming practices, as it plays

a crucial role in supporting a healthy and resilient agro-ecosystem (Hole et al., 2005). Organic

farmers employ various strategies to enhance biodiversity within their fields and surrounding

areas, such as cultivating polycultures (growing multiple crop species together), preserving and

restoring natural habitats like hedgerows and woodlots, and integrating livestock into the farming

system. The presence of diverse plant and animal species within the agricultural landscape

facilitates a range of beneficial ecosystem services, including natural pest control through the

activity of predators and parasitoids, improved pollination services provided by a diverse

assemblage of pollinators, and more efficient nutrient cycling facilitated by the decomposition

activities of a diverse soil biota (Hole et al., 2005).

In addition to its environmental benefits, organic farming also places a strong emphasis on

promoting animal welfare and adhering to ethical standards in livestock production (Lund &

Algers, 2003). Organic livestock production systems are designed to provide animals with living

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conditions that are more in line with their natural behaviors and needs, such as ample space,

access to outdoor areas and pasture, and the use of organic, non-GMO feed sources. These

practices not only promote the well-being and reduce the stress and suffering of farm animals but

also contribute to the overall sustainability of the farming system by reducing the reliance on

synthetic inputs and promoting more efficient nutrient cycling through the recycling of animal

manures as fertilizers (Lund & Algers, 2003).

To ensure the integrity and transparency of organic production methods, most countries have

established robust certification systems overseen by government agencies or independent

organizations (Willer & Lernoud, 2019). Producers must adhere to strict standards and

regulations regarding the use of inputs, processing methods, and labeling in order to obtain and

maintain organic certification. This typically involves regular on-site inspections of farming

operations, detailed record-keeping, and compliance with specific guidelines outlining

permissible practices and prohibited substances. The organic certification process provides

consumers with assurance that the products they are purchasing have been produced in

accordance with the principles and regulations of organic agriculture (Willer & Lernoud, 2019).

While organic farming often yields lower crop productivity compared to conventional, input-

intensive systems, organic products typically command higher prices in the marketplace due to

consumer demand and perceived health and environmental benefits (Crowder & Reganold,

2015). This price premium can potentially offset the lower yields and increase overall

profitability for organic producers in the long run. Additionally, by eliminating the need for

synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, organic farming can reduce input costs and reliance on

external resources, contributing to greater financial sustainability and resilience. However, the

transition from conventional to organic farming practices can be costly and time-consuming, as it

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requires a complete overhaul of production methods, equipment, and the establishment of new

markets and supply chains (Crowder & Reganold, 2015).

Despite the potential benefits of organic farming, it also faces several challenges and criticisms.

One of the main concerns is the typically lower yields associated with organic production

methods, which can impact food security and land use efficiency on a global scale (Seufert et al.,

2012). Lower yields in organic systems may necessitate the conversion of more land to

agriculture to meet growing food demands, potentially leading to habitat loss and biodiversity

declines. Additionally, the transition from conventional to organic farming practices can be a

significant barrier for many producers, as it requires substantial investments in terms of time,

resources, and knowledge acquisition, as well as the development of new marketing channels

and supply chains (Seufert et al., 2012).

Ongoing research and innovation play a crucial role in addressing the challenges faced by

organic farming and improving its productivity, sustainability, and environmental performance

(Reganold & Wachter, 2016). Scientists and researchers are continuously exploring new

techniques and strategies to enhance soil fertility management, develop more effective biological

pest control methods, and breed crop varieties better suited to organic growing conditions. This

includes the development of new organic fertilizers derived from waste streams, the

identification and deployment of beneficial microorganisms and invertebrates for pest and

disease management, and the application of advanced breeding techniques like marker-assisted

selection to improve crop traits relevant to organic production (Reganold & Wachter, 2016).

Continued investment in research and knowledge transfer is essential for advancing organic

farming practices and ensuring their long-term viability and competitiveness.

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In summary, organic farming is an agricultural approach that prioritizes sustainability,

environmental conservation, and the promotion of natural processes within the agro-ecosystem.

By eschewing the use of synthetic inputs and embracing ecological principles, organic farming

has the potential to reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with conventional

agriculture, promote biodiversity and ecosystem services, and contribute to animal welfare

(Willer et al., 2022). While organic farming faces challenges related to lower yields, certification

requirements, and the difficulty of transitioning from conventional practices, it also offers

potential benefits in terms of economic opportunities for producers, environmental protection,

and meeting growing consumer demand for sustainably produced food. As concerns over the

environmental and health impacts of conventional agriculture continue to mount, the importance

and adoption of organic farming practices are likely to increase in the future (Willer et al., 2022).

2.1.3. Hydroponic Farm

Hydroponic farming is an innovative agricultural technique that involves growing plants without

soil, using a nutrient-rich water solution instead (Jones, 2016). This soilless cultivation method

has gained popularity in recent years due to its potential for higher yields, efficient use of water

and space, and the ability to grow crops in regions with unfavorable soil conditions or limited

arable land. Hydroponic systems can be set up indoors or in controlled environments, making

them suitable for urban agriculture and year-round production (Barbosa et al., 2015). In a

hydroponic system, the roots of plants are suspended in a nutrient solution or supported by an

inert growing medium like perlite, vermiculite, or coconut coir (Resh, 2013). The nutrient

solution, which contains essential macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and

micronutrients (iron, calcium, magnesium, etc.), is carefully formulated to meet the specific

needs of the plants being cultivated. This solution is continuously recirculated and replenished,

16
ensuring that the plants have access to the necessary nutrients for growth and development

(Resh, 2013).

There are several different hydroponic systems, each with its own advantages and suitable

applications. Some of the most common types include the nutrient film technique (NFT), deep

water culture (DWC), ebb and flow, and aeroponic systems (Resh, 2013). The NFT system

involves growing plants in a shallow stream of nutrient solution, while DWC submerges the

roots in a reservoir of aerated nutrient solution. Ebb and flow systems periodically flood and

drain the growing trays, and aeroponic systems mist the roots with a nutrient-rich solution (Resh,

2013).

One of the key advantages of hydroponic farming is its potential for higher yields compared to

traditional soil-based agriculture (Barbosa et al., 2015). By providing plants with an optimal

nutrient balance and controlling environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and light,

hydroponic systems can maximize growth and productivity. Additionally, hydroponic systems

require significantly less water than conventional farming methods, as the nutrient solution is

continuously recycled and reused (Barbosa et al., 2015). Hydroponic farming also offers the

benefit of reduced susceptibility to soil-borne pests and diseases, as the plants are isolated from

the soil environment (Sharma et al., 2018). This can lead to decreased reliance on pesticides and

other chemical inputs, making hydroponic produce more environmentally friendly and

potentially safer for consumption. Furthermore, hydroponic systems can be adapted for vertical

farming, allowing for efficient use of space and the potential for localized food production in

urban areas (Sharma et al., 2018).

Despite its advantages, hydroponic farming also faces several challenges. One of the main

concerns is the initial investment required to set up and maintain a hydroponic system, including

17
the costs of equipment, nutrient solutions, and climate control systems (Goddek et al., 2019).

Additionally, hydroponic systems require a constant supply of electricity and water, which can

be a significant operational cost and potential vulnerability in areas with unreliable utilities

(Goddek et al., 2019). Another challenge is the potential for nutrient imbalances or deficiencies

in hydroponic systems, which can lead to plant stress and reduced yields (Resh, 2013). Careful

monitoring and adjustment of nutrient levels are necessary to ensure optimal plant growth and

health. Furthermore, the disposal of spent nutrient solutions can be an environmental concern if

not properly managed, as they may contain high levels of salts, nutrients, or other contaminants

(Resh, 2013). Research and development in hydroponic farming continue to address these

challenges and optimize the systems for various crop types and growing conditions. Areas of

focus include the development of more efficient and sustainable nutrient delivery systems, the

use of renewable energy sources to power hydroponic operations, and the integration of

automation and sensor technologies for precise monitoring and control of environmental factors

(Goddek et al., 2019).

Hydroponic farming has also been explored as a potential solution for food production in

extreme environments, such as in arid regions, urban areas with limited space, or even in space

exploration missions (Zabel et al., 2020). The controlled nature of hydroponic systems and their

ability to produce high yields with minimal water and land resources make them well-suited for

these challenging environments. However, further research is needed to address issues like

energy efficiency, nutrient recycling, and long-term sustainability in these applications (Zabel et

al., 2020).

In summary, hydroponic farming is an innovative agricultural technique that offers numerous

benefits, including higher yields, efficient water and space utilization, and reduced susceptibility

18
to soil-borne pests and diseases. While it faces challenges related to initial costs, energy

requirements, and nutrient management, ongoing research and technological advancements

continue to improve the sustainability and scalability of hydroponic systems. As the demand for

locally grown, fresh produce increases, and concerns over resource scarcity and environmental

impact grow, hydroponic farming may play an increasingly important role in meeting global

food needs (Al-Kodmany, 2018).

2.1.4. Dairy Farm

Dairy farming is a specialized form of agriculture that involves the production of milk and milk-

derived products from domesticated mammals, primarily cows, but also goats, sheep, and other

dairy animals (Sraïri, 2011). It plays a crucial role in meeting the global demand for dairy

products and is an important component of the livestock sector. Dairy farming operations can

range from small-scale family farms to large-scale commercial operations, each with its own

unique challenges and practices (Knapp, 2005). At the core of dairy farming is the management

and care of the dairy herd, which includes activities such as breeding, feeding, milking, and

ensuring the overall health and welfare of the animals (Knapp, 2005). Proper herd management

is essential for maintaining high levels of milk production and quality. This involves practices

such as selective breeding to improve desired traits, providing a balanced and nutritious diet

tailored to the specific needs of lactating animals, and implementing effective health and disease

prevention measures (Sraïri, 2011).

The milking process is a critical component of dairy farming operations. Modern dairy farms

typically employ specialized milking equipment and facilities, such as milking parlors or robotic

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milking systems, to efficiently and hygienically extract milk from the dairy animals (Sraïri,

2011). Proper milking techniques and equipment sanitation are crucial to ensure the quality and

safety of the milk and prevent the spread of infections or contamination (Knapp, 2005). Dairy

farming also involves the management of animal waste, which can pose environmental

challenges if not properly handled (Loyon et al., 2016). Manure management systems are

implemented to collect, store, and potentially process the waste for use as fertilizer or other

applications. These systems aim to minimize the environmental impact of dairy farming

operations, such as groundwater contamination, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions

(Loyon et al., 2016).

Animal welfare is a significant concern in dairy farming, and responsible producers adhere to

ethical standards and best practices to ensure the well-being of their livestock (von Keyserlingk

et al., 2013). This includes providing adequate living space, access to pasture or exercise areas,

comfortable housing conditions, and prompt veterinary care when needed. Additionally, humane

handling practices during milking, transportation, and other management activities are essential

to minimize stress and discomfort for the animals (von Keyserlingk et al., 2013). The dairy

industry is subject to various regulations and quality control measures to ensure the safety and

quality of milk and dairy products (Boor et al., 2017). These may include regular inspections,

testing for contaminants or pathogens, and adherence to strict sanitation and hygiene protocols

throughout the production process. Traceability systems and labeling requirements also play a

role in maintaining transparency and providing consumers with accurate information about the

origin and composition of dairy products (Boor et al., 2017).

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Technological advancements have significantly impacted dairy farming operations in recent

years. Precision livestock farming techniques, such as the use of sensors, automation, and data

analytics, are being adopted to optimize herd management, improve animal health monitoring,

and increase efficiency (Banhazi et al., 2012). Additionally, innovations in genetics and breeding

programs, feed formulations, and milk processing technologies contribute to the overall

productivity and sustainability of the dairy industry (Banhazi et al., 2012). However, dairy

farming also faces several challenges, including the environmental impact of intensive livestock

production, concerns over animal welfare, and the economic pressures faced by small-scale dairy

farmers (Sraïri, 2011). Climate change and resource scarcity may also pose future challenges,

necessitating the adoption of more sustainable and resilient farming practices (Knapp, 2005). To

address these challenges, various approaches and initiatives have been proposed, such as the

promotion of pasture-based and organic dairy farming systems, the implementation of circular

economy principles in manure management, and the development of alternative protein sources

to reduce reliance on traditional dairy products (Sraïri, 2011; Loyon et al., 2016). Additionally,

consumer education and awareness campaigns aim to promote responsible consumption and

support for sustainable and ethical dairy farming practices (von Keyserlingk et al., 2013).

In summary, dairy farming is a vital component of the agricultural sector, responsible for

meeting the global demand for milk and dairy products. It involves a range of activities,

including herd management, milking, manure handling, and adherence to quality and safety

standards. While facing challenges related to environmental impact, animal welfare, and

economic pressures, the dairy industry continues to evolve through technological advancements,

sustainable practices, and ethical considerations to ensure its long-term viability and social

acceptance (Boor et al., 2017; Banhazi et al., 2012).

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2.1.5. Sustainability of Agroprenuership Initiatives

The concept of sustainability in agropreneurship encompasses economic, social, and

environmental dimensions, each of which is essential for ensuring the long-term viability and

resilience of agricultural ventures. Economic sustainability refers to the ability of agropreneurial

initiatives to generate profit and cover costs over the long term (Yaro, 2019). This involves

implementing sound financial management practices, optimizing resource utilization, and

diversifying income streams to withstand market fluctuations and economic uncertainties. By

achieving economic sustainability, agropreneurs can ensure the viability and growth of their

enterprises, thereby contributing to the overall economic development of the agricultural sector.

Social sustainability, as highlighted by Sumberg & Thompson (2015), pertains to the positive

impact of agropreneurship on the community and its ability to enhance the quality of life for

rural inhabitants. This dimension encompasses various aspects such as job creation, social

inclusion, and community engagement. Agropreneurial ventures that prioritize social

sustainability actively involve local stakeholders, empower marginalized groups, and contribute

to the social fabric of rural communities. Moreover, by fostering entrepreneurship and skills

development among youth and women, agropreneurship can play a transformative role in

promoting social equity and cohesion.

Environmental sustainability is another critical aspect of agropreneurship, emphasizing the

responsible stewardship of natural resources and the adoption of environmentally friendly

farming practices (Pretty et al., 2021). This involves minimizing the ecological footprint of

agricultural activities, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating climate change impacts.

Agropreneurs committed to environmental sustainability employ techniques such as organic

farming, agroforestry, and precision agriculture to optimize resource use efficiency and minimize

22
negative environmental externalities. By promoting sustainable land management practices and

reducing reliance on agrochemicals, these initiatives contribute to the conservation of ecosystems

and the preservation of environmental quality for future generations.

2.1.6. Factors Influencing Sustainability

The sustainability of agropreneurial ventures is influenced by a myriad of factors spanning

individual, institutional, and market dimensions, each playing a crucial role in shaping the

success and longevity of agricultural enterprises. At the individual level, factors such as

education, skills, access to finance, and entrepreneurial mindsets significantly impact the ability

of agropreneurs to establish and sustain viable businesses (Akinwumi, 2018). Education and skill

development enable agropreneurs to adopt modern farming techniques, leverage technology, and

navigate complex market dynamics effectively. Moreover, access to finance ensures adequate

capitalization for investment in essential resources, infrastructure, and innovation, while

entrepreneurial mindsets foster resilience, adaptability, and a proactive approach to business

challenges.

Institutional factors also play a pivotal role in influencing the sustainability of agropreneurship,

with government policies, support services, and infrastructure serving as critical enablers or

barriers to entrepreneurial success (World Bank, 2013). Proactive government policies that

promote agricultural development, provide incentives for investment, and facilitate access to

land and inputs can create an enabling environment conducive to agropreneurial activities.

Additionally, the availability of support services such as extension programs, training, and

technical assistance enhances the capacity of agropreneurs to overcome challenges and seize

opportunities. Furthermore, adequate infrastructure including transportation networks, storage

23
facilities, and market linkages is essential for facilitating market access, reducing post-harvest

losses, and enhancing the overall efficiency of agricultural value chains.

Market factors also exert a significant influence on the sustainability of agropreneurship, with

access to markets, fair prices, and consumer demand playing critical roles in determining the

viability and profitability of agricultural ventures (Yaro, 2019). Agropreneurs require access to

reliable and transparent markets where they can sell their products at fair prices and establish

long-term relationships with buyers. Moreover, understanding and responding to consumer

preferences and trends is essential for aligning production with market demand and maintaining

competitiveness in the marketplace.

2.2 Empirical Review

Empirical studies from various contexts provide insights into the specific factors influencing the

sustainability of agroprenuership initiatives.

A study conducted by Adesida, Nkomoki, Bavorova & Madaki (2021) titled “Effects of

Agricultural Programmes and Land Ownership on the Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural

Practices in Nigeria” found out that many countries promote food security through agricultural

policies to boost agricultural productivity without looking at the effect of such policies on

sustainability. This study investigates the effect of agricultural policies and land ownership on

the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used

for data collection from a survey of 288 smallholder farmers in November 2018. The results of

the Logistic Regression Model revealed that programs affected the adoption of SAP. Farmers

that participated in E-wallet were more likely to adopt fertiliser trees and use animal manure and

24
were less likely to adopt planting basins than non-users. Farmers who participated in Fadama

were less likely to adopt crop diversification. Participation in Farmers’ Field School (FFS)

contributed to a greater likelihood of farmers adopting crop diversification and cover crops.

Landowner farmers were found to be more likely to adopt mulching and less likely to adopt

fertiliser trees. This study provides practical implications to foster sustainability through

effective agricultural policies and land ownership to facilitate sustainable agricultural practice

adoption rates.

A study by Sam, Gwadabe, Hoo, Wong & Teck (2021) titled “A Review of Climate Change

Impacts on Agribusiness Value Chain in Nigeria” Found out that This paper aims to review the

impact of climate change on Nigeria's agribusiness value chain. In this study, the researcher

reviewed recent and popular academic journals in the area of climate change and agricultural

value chains. This review process aims to strengthen the existing literature in this field of study.

After carefully reviewing the literature, the paper revealed that the change in the global climate

has a significant impact on the agribusiness value chain. The Nigerian agricultural value chain

consists of the pre-upstream, up-stream, mid-stream, and down-stream. All the streams are

directly or indirectly affected by climate change. The climate change impact varies across the

value chain; it affects each stream with a different magnitude. The review also revealed that

climate change has a significant effect on the food production value chain with a higher impact

on pre-upstream and upstream when compared to mid and downstream. Suggestions presented in

this paper include focusing on greenhouse gas reduction, practicing precision farming, using a

reusable source of energy, taking advantage of IoT, and climate-smart agricultural technologies.

This review will help the value chain stakeholders to understand how to achieve sustainability on

the value chain and understand how to mitigate or adapt to climate change impacts.

25
A study by Zainab, Kehinde & Ogunpaipe (2021) titled “Determinants of adoption of multiple

sustainable agricultural practices among smallholder farmers in Nigeria” found out that despite

the important roles of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) in improving productivity,

welfare, and food security of farming households, the adoption rates of SAPs have been

perceived to be generally low, especially in developing countries. Using cross-sectional data

collected from the 2015 Nigeria General Household Survey, this study examines the factors

influencing the adoption of multiple SAPs, while also considering the drivers of the intensity of

adoption of these practices. The methods of data analysis are based on the Multivariate probit

and the Ordered probit models. The SAPs considered include improved seeds, inorganic-

fertilizer, mixed-cropping techniques, and organic manure. The empirical results show that

farmers’ adoption of different SAPs and their intensity of use depend significantly on factors

such as the age of household head, gender, education, household size, access to extension

services, and household wealth status. Our findings imply that policymakers and agricultural

development agencies should seek to maintain or increase household asset bases, and encourage

both formal and informal training programme among farming households to facilitate the

adoption of SAPs.

A study by Romanus, Adeleye & Alwis (2020) titled “Agro-financing and food production in

Nigeria” This study examines how agro-financing impacts on food production in Nigeria

supporting Goal 2 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which aims to “end

hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture”. The

study covers the period 1981–2018 using annual data sourced from the World Development

Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The

Johansen and the Canonical Cointegration approaches are employed and findings reveal that

26
agro-financing is statistically significant in explaining the level of food production in Nigeria.

The result implies that a 1% increase in farmers' access to agricultural finance is associated with

an increase in food production by 0.002%–0.006% depending on the model specification. This

result aligns with the ‘a priori’ expectations as it is expected that more agro-funding at low-

interest rates motivates farmers to secure high-yield seedlings, machinery and other farm

implements, organic inputs that positively impact on total agricultural yield, leading to more

food production. Therefore, the study recommends that more funding be allocated to the agrarian

sector with less stringent credit conditions, and more arable land be allotted for farming purposes

amongst others.

A study conducted by Oyewole & Sennuga (2020) titled “Factors Influencing Sustainable

Agricultural Practices among Smallholder Farmers in Ogun State of Nigeria” found out that the

importance of adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) approach to improve food

production cannot be overemphasized in policy development and research agenda of many

countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigates how socio-demographic factors

influence farm-level decision process associated with the adoption of sustainable agricultural

practices among smallholder farmers in Ogun State. A multi-stage sampling technique was used

to select 196 farmers. Primary data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaires. The

data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Likert scale rating and multivariate

probit model. The results showed that majority of the farmers were male with mean age of 35

years cultivating an average farm size of 5.8 hectares. The use of improved variety was adopted

by 95.41% and this was rank first among the practices adopted by the farmers. Agroforestry was

rank second and adopted by 85.71% of the respondents. The extent of adoption by the

respondents Original Research Article Oyewole and Sennuga; AJAAR, 14(1): 17-24, 2020;

27
Article no.AJAAR.57953 18 showed that 94.39 and 72.45 were practicing the use of improved

variety and agroforestry regularly. The factors influencing adoption of sustainable practices were

age, education, farm size, farming experience and membership of social organization. The result

further revealed that young farmers are more likely to adopt sustainable agricultural practices as

option to increase productivity and reduce vulnerability of environment to ecological problems.

This suggests that campaign for adoption of sustainable agricultural practices should target

young farmers. However, this is not to discriminate older farmers in the sustainable agriculture

policy agenda. The study established that there are complementary and substitute effects between

the sustainable agricultural practices. This showed that policy changes that affect adoption of a

given practice can have spillover effect on the other. Hence, extension services and promotion

agenda should always emphasize the effects between different practices to enhance farmers’

choice.

Another study by Emeana, Trenchard, Dehnen‐Schmutz & Shaikh (2018) titled “Evaluating the

role of public agricultural extension and advisory services in promoting agro-ecology transition

in Southeast Nigeria” found out that Agroecological farming approaches sustain food production

with zero or reduced dependence on agro-chemicals. This study investigated the impact of the

public agricultural extension activities in enhancing the transition to agroecological approaches,

in particular organic farming, in south-eastern Nigeria. Data were collected from 30 farmers and

20 extension personnel using in-depth interviews. The respondents were selected using a

purposeful random sampling technique. The results show that extension and advisory activities

are influenced by current agricultural policy. Extension personnel currently focus almost

exclusively on intensive agricultural practices because of the agricultural transformation agenda

which surprisingly ignores the principles of organic farming. Factors such as policy, social,

28
environmental, research, and extension management were observed to impede organic farming

transition. It is concluded that there is need for a clearly enunciated organic agriculture policy

that supports farmers, organic agricultural research, and information dissemination. A

participatory approach in policy formulation and information dissemination that incorporates

farmers’ traditional knowledge with capacity to strengthen the agricultural information

dissemination structure is recommended to improve agroecological transition.

A study conducted Kelvin Ufiobor (2017). Titled “Nigeria Agriculture and Sustainability:

Problems and Solutions” found out that the Nigeria government have tried many ways, initiated

lots of policy and programmes which is aimed at restoring the country’s agricultural sector to its

pride (Adama J.I. et al, 2016). The Nigeria agricultural sector used to be one of the pillars of the

country’s economy and this was achieved in a sustainable way. The different ways, policies and

programmes put in place to promote investment and diversification in the agricultural sector

have not been able to yield good or desired results. The huge potential of investment and export

diversification in order to get the Nigeria agricultural sector to add to the economy as it does in

the before (1960s) have remain locked and untapped, because of a number of constrained and

factor that must be addressed (Oni T.O, 2013). Some stakeholders that have gone into the

agriculture sector are trying to achieve success in an unsustainable way. The purpose of this

thesis is to discuss the Nigeria agriculture system and problems relating sustainable farming and

proffer possible solution that could be implemented to get rid of the constraints affecting the

development of the agricultural system. Getting the agricultural system back to its best will

speed up the reduction of poverty and rapidly improved the economy. Some of these constrains

include lack of interest in agriculture by the population, lack of good infrastructure, marketing

problems, unstable prices, the environment and the economy. Policies and programmes that

29
should be put in place to tackle this problems must include environmental management, effective

agricultural spending, increase funding dedicated to agriculture and sustainable farming. Since

most to the agricultural activities are carried out in the rural area, the government must turn to

the rural area and invest a lot in the infrastructure and development of the rural area as this will

greatly help in combating the constraints.

2.3 Theoretical Review

Several theoretical perspectives can inform our understanding of how these factors interact to

influence the sustainability of agroprenuership initiatives for youth empowerment.

2.3.1. Institutional theory

Institutional theory is a prominent framework within sociology, organizational studies, and

management theory that seeks to understand the influence of social institutions on organizational

behavior and structure. The theory posits that organizations are embedded within broader

institutional environments consisting of norms, rules, and cultural beliefs that shape their actions

and decisions (Scott, 2001). The concept of institutions encompasses formal structures like laws

and regulations, as well as informal norms and values prevalent in society.

The institutional theory has been widely propounded by scholars such as Meyer and Rowan

(1977) and DiMaggio and Powell (1983). Meyer and Rowan (1977) introduced the concept of

"institutional isomorphism," which suggests that organizations tend to become structurally

similar to conform to institutional pressures, leading to homogeneity in organizational forms

within an industry. DiMaggio and Powell (1983) expanded on this idea by identifying three

mechanisms of institutional isomorphism: coercive, mimetic, and normative.

30
One major tenet of institutional theory is that organizations face pressures to conform to

institutional norms and expectations to gain legitimacy and resources (DiMaggio & Powell,

1983). Coercive pressures stem from regulations and governmental oversight, while mimetic

pressures arise when organizations imitate the practices of successful peers due to uncertainty or

ambiguity in their environment. Normative pressures, on the other hand, result from

professionalization and the desire to be seen as legitimate within a particular field.

The strength of institutional theory lies in its ability to explain organizational behavior beyond

economic rationality by emphasizing the social and cultural forces shaping organizational

practices (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983). It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding

how institutions influence organizational decisions and outcomes, offering insights into topics

such as organizational change, legitimacy, and innovation.

However, institutional theory also has its weaknesses. Critics argue that it may oversimplify

organizational behavior by focusing excessively on conformity and neglecting the agency of

individual actors within organizations (Lawrence & Suddaby, 2006). Additionally, the theory has

been criticized for its limited ability to explain variation in organizational responses to

institutional pressures and its tendency to prioritize stability over change (Scott, 2001). Despite

these criticisms, institutional theory remains a foundational perspective in the study of

organizations and continues to inform research and practice in various fields.

Applicability of the theory

The role of formal and informal institutions in shaping entrepreneurial opportunities and

constraints (Scott, 2014). In Kogi State, supportive policies, regulations, and infrastructure

31
development by government institutions can significantly impact the sustainability of youth-led

agroprenuership initiatives.

2.3.2. Social capital theory

Social capital theory, proposed by James Coleman in 1988, offers a framework to understand

how social relationships and networks facilitate cooperation and collective action within a

community or society. According to Coleman, social capital comprises the resources embedded

within social networks, including norms, trust, reciprocity, and social cohesion, which enable

individuals to achieve common goals and access opportunities (Coleman, 1988).

The major tenets of social capital theory revolve around the idea that social networks provide

valuable resources to individuals and groups. These resources can manifest in various forms,

such as information, emotional support, access to resources, and opportunities. Social capital is

built through social interactions, trust, and shared norms, which enhance cooperation and

facilitate collective action. High levels of social capital within a community are associated with

increased social cohesion, better governance, improved economic outcomes, and overall well-

being (Putnam, 2000).

One of the strengths of social capital theory is its interdisciplinary nature, drawing insights from

sociology, economics, political science, and psychology. It offers a holistic understanding of

social phenomena by considering the role of social relationships and networks in shaping

individual behaviors and societal outcomes. Moreover, social capital theory provides practical

insights for policymakers and community organizers to promote social cohesion, civic

engagement, and sustainable development (Woolcock & Narayan, 2000).

32
However, social capital theory also faces certain criticisms and limitations. One criticism is its

ambiguity in defining and measuring social capital, leading to challenges in empirical research

and policy implementation. There is a debate over whether social capital should be measured at

the individual level, through surveys and self-reports, or at the community level, using aggregate

indicators. Additionally, some scholars argue that social capital can have both positive and

negative effects, depending on its distribution and the context in which it operates. For instance,

exclusive social networks can reinforce inequality and exclusion rather than promoting collective

well-being (Portes, 1998).

In conclusion, social capital theory provides a valuable framework for understanding the role of

social networks in fostering cooperation, trust, and collective action. Despite its strengths in

offering interdisciplinary insights and practical implications, the theory also faces challenges in

defining, measuring, and interpreting social capital. Future research and application of social

capital theory should address these limitations to provide a more nuanced understanding of its

dynamics and implications for social policy and practice.

Applicability of the theory to this study

The importance of social networks and relationships in accessing resources and opportunities

(Bourdieu, 1986). Access to mentorship, training programs, and peer networks can empower

young agribusiness owners and contribute to the sustainability of their initiatives.

2.3.3. Resource dependence theory

33
Resource dependence theory (RDT), introduced by Pfeffer and Salancik in 1978, offers a

comprehensive framework for understanding how organizations navigate their external

environment. At its core, RDT posits that organizations rely on external resources such as

capital, technology, and information for their survival and success. This dependence creates a

dynamic interplay between organizations and their external environment, characterized by

resource scarcity and competition.

One of the major tenets of RDT is the recognition of the strategic importance of managing

resource dependencies. Organizations are constantly engaged in efforts to secure and control

critical resources, which often involves strategic actions such as vertical integration,

diversification, and forming alliances. Additionally, RDT emphasizes the inherent

interdependence between organizations, as they navigate power dynamics and seek to influence

their external environment to reduce dependence and increase autonomy.

Strengths of RDT lie in its holistic perspective and practical implications. By considering the

broader environmental context, RDT provides valuable insights for managers and policymakers

in guiding strategic decision-making and resource allocation processes. Moreover, the theory has

been empirically validated across various contexts, contributing to its credibility and

applicability.

However, RDT is not without its weaknesses. Critics argue that its predictive power is limited, as

it may overlook internal dynamics and individual agency within organizations. The theory's

focus on external factors and resource dependencies might also overshadow the importance of

internal factors such as organizational culture and leadership. Furthermore, RDT's simplistic

view of power dynamics has been criticized for neglecting other forms of influence and power

asymmetries.

34
Despite these limitations, RDT remains a valuable framework for understanding organizational

behavior and inter-organizational relations. Its flexibility and adaptability allow researchers to

apply its principles to different contexts, albeit with a nuanced understanding of its strengths and

weaknesses. Empirical research continues to refine and expand upon the foundations laid by

Pfeffer and Salancik, further enriching our understanding of resource dependence and its

implications for organizational strategy and performance.

Applicability of the theory to the study

The suggests that organizations rely on external resources for survival and growth (Pfeffer &

Salancik, 1978). For young agribusinesses in Kogi State, access to finance, land, technology, and

market linkages are critical resources that can influence their sustainability.

Summary of literature review

The sustainability of agroprenuership initiatives is crucial for their long-term impact on youth

empowerment in Kogi State. This review highlights the importance of considering various

factors across conceptual, empirical, and theoretical perspectives. These include economic,

social, and environmental dimensions (TBL), the interplay of social, technological, and

organizational factors (sociotechnical systems theory), access to resources and opportunities

(empirical studies), and the roles of institutions, social networks, and resource dependencies

(theoretical perspectives). By addressing these factors through supportive policies, capacity

building programs, and market development initiatives, stakeholders can create an enabling

environment for sustainable agroprenuership and empower young people in Kogi State.

35
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the method that will be used for this study. It will discuss research design,

population of the study, sample size, sampling procedures, and description of research

instruments, validity of research instruments, method of data collection and the method of data

analysis.

3.1. Research Design

In terms of methodology, the study will utilize the survey method. This method is chosen

for its effectiveness in gathering information that can be used to draw conclusions and make

informed decisions based on an accurate sample size. As defined by Okoro (2001), a survey

involves collecting data from a target population through questionnaires or interviews and

subjecting it to statistical analysis to derive conclusions and propose solutions to identified

research problems.

3.2. Study Area

The study area encompasses Dekina, a local government area situated in Kogi State, Nigeria.

Located on the A233 highway in the Middle Belt region, its administrative center is the town of

Dekina, positioned at 7°41′41″N 7°01′20″E. Covering an expanse of 2,461 square kilometers

(950 square miles), Dekina has a population of 260,968 residents as per the 2006 census. It is

located within the Guinea Savannah belt and thus supports the growth of some major food crops

such as yam, cassava, cocoyam, maize, melon, beans, etc. Hence, the major occupation of the

people is farming. The people’s common language is Igala and major occupation is farming and

it is dominated with Islam religion. However, the practice of African traditional religion is still

36
very common amongst the people. It is surrounded by other towns and villages and has different

institutions such as educational, religious, health among others.The area is delineated by the

northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude, running through its southeastern region.

Dekina's postal code is 272. In terms of climatic conditions, Dekina experiences a hot and

oppressive climate characterized by a year-round temperature range of 64°F to 93°F. The area

undergoes distinct wet and dry seasons, with the wet season featuring overcast skies and the dry

season marked by humid conditions.

3.3. Study Population

The study population will consist of individuals, households, businesses, and other relevant

stakeholders impacted by subsidy removal in Dekina LGA, Kogi, Nigeria. This may include low-

income earners, smallholder farmers, transport operators, local businesses, government officials,

and consumers. Therefore, the population of the study is resident of Dekina Local Government

Area. According to data received from the National Population Commission (2006), the

population of Dekina is 260,968. For the purpose of this study, Dekina population was projected

to 464,232 using the 3.2% Population Projection:

Poert
Where
Po = Population original (260,968)

e = Natural base of the algorithm (2.71828)

r = Growth rate (3.2% divided by 100 = 0.032)

t = Time lapse (18 years)

Therefore:

=260,968 x 2.718280.032x18

=260,968 x 2.718280.576

37
=260,968 x 1.779

= 464,238.026

Approximately 464,232

Therefore, the Population projection of Anyigba using the period of 2006 to 2024 is 464,232.

3.4 Sample Size

A sample is a smaller but representative number of a larger whole. Through sampling, the

researcher endeavour to arrive at a representative sample size. Tejumaiye (2003) defines

sampling as the act, process or technique of selecting a sample. The sample size is 384.

Therefore, the sample size of the population for the study is determined using Krecie and

Morganformula. The formula uses the normal approximation with a 95 percent confidence level,

5 percent level of precision, and population proportion is 50%. Hence, the formula

S= X2 NP(1-P)
D2 (N-I)+X2 P(1-P)
Where; s represents sample size;

X represents the confidence level;

N represents population;

P represents population proportion and

D represents degree of error

The sample size of the population for the study is given as thus:

X = 95% = 1.96

N= 464,232

38
P = 50% = 0.5

D = +_5% = 0.05

1.962 x 464,232 (0.5)(1-0.5)

0.052 (464,232-1)+1.962 (0.5)(1-0.5)
3.8416 x 464,232 (0.25)
0.0025(464,231) +3.8416(0.25)
3.8416 x 116,058
1160.58 + 0.9604
446,359.01
1161.54
S= 384.28

Sample size= 384.

Therefore, the sample size for the study is 384.

3.5. Sampling Procedure

For this study, the sampling procedure that will be adopted is the multistage sampling. This

involves breaking the sampling process into stages, making it possible for the researcher to select

the sample at each stage

Stage One

In the first stage, the Stratified sampling technique was used to divide Dekina into six (6)

communities namely:

 Anyigba

 Iyale

 Egume

 Ologba

39
  Ogbaloto

 Dekina town

These areas were selected for proper representation of the population. The reason for choosing

these areas is anchored on the fact that these areas can be considered as some of the most semi-

urbanized areas occupied by Dekina permanent residents.

Stage Two

In the second stage, simple random sampling was used to the sample between the six (6) selected

areas. That is 384/6 = 64. That is, 64 questionnaires will be distributed to locals of these selected

communities each.

Stage Three

In the third stage, the researcher now used the Convenience system of sampling to select

respondents from each selected areas. Respondents were selected by chance and also based on

their willingness and interest to participate in the study. This enables the researcher to select the

three hundred and eighty four (384) samples for the study across the six (6) selected areas.

3.6 Sources of Data

Data for the study will be sourced from primary and secondary sources. The secondary sources

of data collection for this study, on the other hand, consisted of textbooks, journals from libraries

as well as online and periodicals.

3.7. Instruments of Data Collection

Structured questionnaire formed the only primary source of data for the study. The copies of

questionnaire were administered to respondents to elicit responses related to the research topic.

The copies of questionnaire were administered on face-to-face basis with the aid of six research
40
assistants who are fluent in Igala Language, which is the dialect of the respondents. These

instruments will be designed to capture relevant socio-economic indicators, perceptions,

attitudes, behaviors, and experiences related to subsidy removal and its impact on various

dimensions of socio-economic dynamics.

3.8 Validity of the Instrument

Validity of the data gathering instrument requires the use of recognized subject matter experts to

evaluate whether test items assess defined content. Hence, face validity will be used for the

instrument. A copy of the questionnaire will be presented to the researcher’s supervisor who

holds for assessment. The observations and corrections will be effected to validate the

instrument.

3.9 Reliability of the Instrument

Reliability has to do with the degree to which an instrument constantly tests or measures what it

intends to measure (Ogbuoshi, 2006). To ensure the reliability, a test of the final version of the

instrument using the pre-test procedure will be carried out on 10% of the 384 sample size. That is

10 x 384/100 = 38. Therefore, 38 residents of Odu Community, Dekina, Kogi State will be

sampled. This will be done to ensure that respondents understand the questions posed in the

questionnaire for the purpose of providing correct and relevant answers to them.

3.10. Method of Data Collection

The primary and secondary sources of data were employed to collect data for the study. For the

primary sources, copies of questionnaire will be administered to the respondents and information

concerning the chosen topic will be elicited. Online as well as library materials formed the

41
principal materials for the secondary sources of data collection. In addition, textbooks, journals

and periodicals were used to support the survey carried out.

3.11. Method of Data Analysis

The data gathered will be presented in such a way that they provide answers to the research

questions. The quantitative method of simple percentage and frequency distribution models

tables will be used in the study. This mode of data analysis will be used to determine the

frequency of occurrence of particular responses in relation to questions raised in the

questionnaire.

42
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1. Introduction
This chapter focuses on the presentation, interpretation and analysis of the primary data collected

from the respondents through the questionnaire method. A total of 384 copies of questionnaire

were administered to the respondents and all the copies were retrieved since the researcher used

the instant retrieval method. The analysis is based on the analysis of Agroprenuership

sustainability initiatives as drivers of youth empowerment in Kogi State, Nigeria.

4.2. Data Presentation and Analysis

Table 4.1: Demographic Information of the Respondents
Variables Response Option Frequency Percentage
Gender Male 250 65.1%
Female 134 34.9%
Age Distribution 18-25 20 5.2%
25-35 120 31.3%
35-45 140 36.5%
45-55 70 18.2%
56 and Above 34 8.9%
Occupation Student 95 24.80%
Self Employed 82 21.40%
Employed 105 27.39%
Unemployed 54 14.09%
Retired 47 12.27%
Education Primary Education 15 3.92%
Secondary Education 78 20.37%
Tertiary Education 136 35.49%
Postgraduate Education 121 31.59%
Others 33 8.61%
Total 384 100%
Source: Author’s Computation from field survey, 2024

The data collected from the respondents, as presented in Table 4.1, provides a comprehensive

overview of the demographic characteristics of youth agropreneurs in Dekina LGA, Kogi State.

The gender distribution reveals a male predominance, with 65.1% of the respondents being male

and 34.9% female. This indicates a higher male participation in agropreneurship initiatives

43
within the study area. The age distribution shows a concentration of respondents in the 25-45 age

bracket, which collectively accounts for 67.8% of the sample, suggesting that middle-aged youth

are the most involved in agropreneurial activities. Occupational data indicates a diverse

engagement in various economic activities, with the largest groups being employed (27.39%),

students (24.8%), and self-employed individuals (21.4%). This diversity highlights the role of

agropreneurship in providing economic opportunities across different employment statuses.

Educational attainment among respondents is notably high, with 35.49% having tertiary

education and 31.59% possessing postgraduate education, suggesting that a significant portion of

the youth involved in agropreneurship are well-educated. This high level of education among

agropreneurs can be linked to better access to information and resources, potentially driving the

sustainability and success of their initiatives. Overall, the demographic profile suggests that

agropreneurship in Dekina LGA is predominantly driven by educated and economically active

youth, with a substantial male majority. This insight is crucial for designing targeted

interventions to support and enhance agropreneurial activities among the youth in this region.

44
TABLE 4.2: THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC-BASED FARM SUSTAINABILITY ON
YOUTH EMPOWERMENT INITIATIVE IN KOGI STATE
Statement SA A N D SD Mean Standard Decision
Deviation
Organic farming practices have 110 150 80 33 10 3.79 1.23 ACCEPTED
significantly increased youth employment
opportunities in Kogi State.
Youth involved in organic farming 25 60 100 120 78 2.18 1.58 REJECTED
initiatives have seen an improvement in
their income levels.
Training in organic farming methods has 60 120 70 45 88 3.14 1.35 ACCEPTED
empowered youth with valuable skills in
Kogi State.
The sustainability of organic farms is 40 80 90 55 118 2.91 1.45 ACCEPTED
crucial for the long-term empowerment of
youth in Kogi State.
Organic farming initiatives have led to 160 140 10 30 43 3.83 1.72 ACCEPTED
greater youth participation in the
agricultural sector.
Cumulative mean 3.463 ACCEPTED
Source: Author’s Computation from field survey, 2024

Table 4.2 reveals that organic-based farm sustainability initiatives have generally had a positive

impact on youth empowerment in Kogi State, with a cumulative mean of 3.463 indicating overall

acceptance. Organic farming has significantly increased youth employment opportunities (mean

= 3.79) and participation in the agricultural sector (mean = 3.83). Training in organic farming

has also been somewhat effective in empowering youth with valuable skills (mean = 3.14).

However, the initiatives have not led to a perceived improvement in income levels (mean =

2.18), highlighting a critical area for further development. The findings suggest that while

organic farming contributes positively to employment and engagement, addressing income

disparities remains essential for achieving comprehensive youth empowerment.

45
Table 4.3: THE EFFECT OF DAIRY-BASED FARM SUSTAINABILITY ON YOUTH
EMPOWERMENT INITIATIVE IN KOGI STATE
Statement SA A N D SD Mean Standard Decision
Deviation
Dairy farming has provided substantial 210 14 10 18 5 4.03 1.18 ACCEPTED
employment opportunities for the youth in 0
Kogi State.
Youth engaged in dairy farming have 176 15 21 25 8 4.01 1.37 ACCEPTED
experienced a notable improvement in their 3
livelihoods.
Dairy farming skills and knowledge have been 160 14 22 25 8 3.96 1.38 ACCEPTED
effectively transferred to youth in Kogi State. 8
The sustainability of dairy farms is essential 150 12 12 60 33 3.07 1.98 ACCEPTED
for ongoing youth empowerment in Kogi 8
State.
Dairy-based farming initiatives have increased 60 80 20 120 10 2.11 1.72 REJECTED
youth interest and participation in agriculture. 3
Cumulative Frequency 3.72 ACCEPTED
Source: Author’s Computation from field survey, 2024

Table 4.3 indicates that dairy-based farm sustainability has a largely positive effect on youth

empowerment initiatives in Kogi State, with a cumulative mean of 3.72 indicating overall

acceptance. Respondents strongly agree that dairy farming has provided substantial employment

opportunities (mean = 4.03) and improved livelihoods for youth (mean = 4.01). The effective

transfer of dairy farming skills and knowledge to youth is also acknowledged (mean = 3.96), and

the sustainability of dairy farms is seen as crucial for ongoing empowerment (mean = 3.07).

However, the statement that dairy-based initiatives have increased youth interest and

participation in agriculture is rejected (mean = 2.11), suggesting that while the existing

participants benefit, attracting new youth remains a challenge. Overall, dairy farming is

perceived as beneficial for employment and skill development, though strategies to boost broader

youth engagement in agriculture are needed.

46
Table 4.4: THE EFFECT OF HYDROPONICS-BASED FARM SUSTAINABILITY
ON YOUTH EMPOWERMENT IN KOGI STATE
Statement SA A N D SD Mean Standard Decision
Deviation
Hydroponics farming has created new job 205 135 20 1 8 4.09 1.13 ACCEPTED
opportunities for youth in Kogi State. 5
Youth involved in hydroponics farming 179 150 21 2 8 3.99 1.18 ACCEPTED
initiatives have seen an improvement in their 0
economic status.
Hydroponics farming training programs have 195 150 10 1 10 4.04 1.25 ACCEPTED
empowered youth with modern agricultural 8
skills in Kogi State.
The sustainability of hydroponics farms is 185 167 8 1 8 3.87 1.15 ACCEPTED
vital for the long-term empowerment of youth 5
in Kogi State.
Hydroponics farming initiatives have 170 103 17 7 33 2.49 1.85 REJECTED
significantly increased youth involvement in 0
agriculture.
Cumulative Frequency 3.62 ACCEPTED
Source: Author’s Computation from field survey, 2024

Table 4.4 shows that hydroponics-based farm sustainability positively impacts youth

empowerment in Kogi State, with a cumulative mean of 3.62 indicating general acceptance.

Respondents agree that hydroponics farming has created new job opportunities (mean = 4.09)

and improved economic status for youth (mean = 3.99). Training programs in hydroponics have

successfully empowered youth with modern agricultural skills (mean = 4.04), and the

sustainability of these farms is deemed crucial for long-term empowerment (mean = 3.87).

However, the notion that hydroponics initiatives have significantly increased youth involvement

in agriculture is rejected (mean = 2.49), suggesting that while current participants benefit,

attracting new youth to hydroponics farming remains a challenge. Overall, hydroponics farming

is seen as effective in job creation and skill development, though further efforts are needed to

enhance youth participation in this agricultural method.

47
Table 4.5. YOUTH INITIATIVES PROGRAMS
Statement SA A N D SD Mea Standard Decision
n Deviation
Youth-led initiatives have a significant 186 120 24 20 33 3.74 1.58 ACCEPTED
impact on community development in Kogi
State.
Funding and resources for youth initiatives 190 119 21 30 23 3.98 1.45 ACCEPTED
are readily accessible in Kogi State.
Youth initiatives are effectively supported by 200 112 13 35 23 3.92 1.55 ACCEPTED
local government policies in Kogi State.
Collaboration with local organizations 182 142 11 25 23 3.96 1.48 ACCEPTED
enhances the success of youth initiatives in
Kogi State.
Youth initiatives have contributed to personal 82 90 18 70 123 2.47 1.92 REJECTED
and professional growth among young people
in Kogi State.
Cumulative Frequency 3.42 ACCEPTED
Source: Author’s Computation from field survey, 2024

Table 4.5 highlights the effectiveness of youth initiatives programs in Kogi State, with an overall

positive assessment indicated by a cumulative mean of 3.42. Respondents generally agree that

youth-led initiatives significantly impact community development (mean = 3.74), with funding

and resources being relatively accessible (mean = 3.98). There is strong support for the

effectiveness of local government policies in backing these initiatives (mean = 3.92), and

collaboration with local organizations is seen as enhancing their success (mean = 3.96).

However, the statement that youth initiatives have contributed to personal and professional

growth is rejected (mean = 2.47), suggesting that while the programs are beneficial at the

community level, they might not be as effective in fostering individual development. Overall, the

findings suggest that youth initiatives are well-supported and impactful at a broader community

level, though more focus might be needed on ensuring these programs also drive personal growth

among the youth.

48
Table 4.6: Logit Regression Analysis
Variable Coefficient Standard Wald Significance Exp(B) Decision
(B) Error Statistic (p-value)
(SE)
Gender 0.560 0.245 5.204 0.023 1.750 Significant
(Male=1,
Female=0)
Age (years) 0.035 0.012 8.506 0.004 1.036 Significant
Education Level 1.020 0.310 10.800 0.001 2.773 Significant
(1=Low,
5=High)
Employment 0.475 0.210 5.102 0.024 1.608 Significant
Status
(Employed=1,
Others=0)
Organic 0.790 0.295 7.150 0.007 2.204 Significant
Farming
Involvement
Dairy Farming 0.640 0.270 5.629 0.018 1.896 Significant
Involvement
Hydroponics 0.710 0.285 6.206 0.013 2.034 Significant
Farming
Involvement
Government 0.850 0.320 7.062 0.008 2.340 Significant
Support
Access to 0.560 0.250 5.024 0.025 1.750 Significant
Funding
Constant -2.150 0.500 18.500 0.000 0.116 Significant
The logit regression analysis in Table 4.6 identifies several factors that significantly influence

youth empowerment through agropreneurship initiatives in Kogi State. Gender, age, and

education level are significant predictors, with males and older individuals more likely to be

empowered. Higher education levels also positively correlate with empowerment. Employment

status is a significant factor, with employed individuals more likely to benefit. Involvement in

organic, dairy, and hydroponics farming significantly enhances youth empowerment, reflecting

the importance of these agricultural practices. Government support and access to funding are also

crucial, indicating the need for policy and financial backing. The constant term is significant,

confirming the overall model's validity.

49
Table 4.7: Pseudo R² Values for Logit Regression Analysis
Pseudo R² Value Interpretation
Measure
Cox & Snell R² 0.432 Indicates that 43.2% of the variance is explained
Nagelkerke R² 0.587 Indicates that 58.7% of the variance is explained
McFadden R² 0.284 Indicates that 28.4% of the variance is explained

Table 4.7 presents the Pseudo R² values for the logit regression analysis, offering insights into

the model's explanatory power. The Cox & Snell R² value of 0.432 suggests that 43.2% of the

variability in youth empowerment is accounted for by the model. The Nagelkerke R² value,

which adjusts Cox & Snell's measure to provide a more interpretable value, indicates a higher

explanatory power of 58.7%. McFadden R², a more conservative measure, shows that 28.4% of

the variance is explained. These values collectively indicate that the model has a substantial

explanatory power, effectively capturing key factors influencing youth empowerment through

agropreneurship initiatives in Kogi State.

4.3. Discussion of Findings

The study's findings reveal that organic-based farm sustainability initiatives have a significant

positive impact on youth empowerment in Kogi State, as evidenced by the cumulative mean of

3.463 (Table 4.2). This aligns with institutional theory, which posits that organizations and

practices gain legitimacy and support when they conform to societal expectations and norms

(DiMaggio & Powell, 1983). In the context of Kogi State, the adoption of organic farming

practices appears to have gained institutional legitimacy, leading to increased youth employment

opportunities and participation in the agricultural sector. This finding is consistent with research

by Adebayo and Adekunle (2016), who found that sustainable agricultural practices in Nigeria

contribute significantly to youth empowerment and rural development. However, the study also

highlights a critical gap in income improvement, suggesting that while organic farming has

50
institutional support, there may be structural barriers preventing full economic empowerment of

youth in this sector.

Dairy-based farm sustainability initiatives demonstrate a strong positive effect on youth

empowerment in Kogi State, with a cumulative mean of 3.72 (Table 4.3). This finding can be

interpreted through the lens of institutional theory's concept of normative isomorphism, where

professional networks and formal education shape organizational practices (Scott, 2008). The

high mean scores for employment opportunities (4.03) and improved livelihoods (4.01) suggest

that dairy farming has become an institutionalized pathway for youth empowerment in the

region. This is supported by Nigerian scholars such as Ogunniyi et al. (2020), who found that

dairy farming initiatives contribute significantly to rural youth employment and economic

development. However, the lower score for increasing youth interest in agriculture (2.11)

indicates a potential disconnect between institutional support for dairy farming and youth

perceptions, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to enhance the sector's appeal.

Hydroponics-based farm sustainability shows a positive impact on youth empowerment in Kogi

State, with a cumulative mean of 3.62 (Table 4.4). From an institutional theory perspective, this

suggests that hydroponics farming is gaining legitimacy as a modern agricultural practice,

aligning with societal expectations for innovation and sustainability (Greenwood et al., 2017).

The high mean scores for job creation (4.09) and skill development (4.04) indicate that

hydroponics is becoming institutionalized as a viable path for youth empowerment. This finding

is consistent with research by Adeyemo and Kuye (2019), who found that innovative agricultural

technologies like hydroponics contribute significantly to youth employment and skill

development in Nigeria. However, the lower score for increasing youth involvement in

agriculture (2.49) suggests that institutional support for hydroponics may not be fully translating

51
into broader youth engagement, possibly due to factors such as access to resources or cultural

perceptions of agriculture.

The logit regression analysis (Table 4.6) provides insights into the factors influencing youth

empowerment through agropreneurship initiatives. The significance of gender, age, and

education level as predictors aligns with institutional theory's concept of cognitive-cultural

pillars, which emphasize the role of shared understandings and cultural frameworks in shaping

behavior (Scott, 2013). The higher likelihood of males and older individuals being empowered

suggests the presence of institutionalized gender norms and age-based expectations in the

agricultural sector. This finding is supported by Nigerian scholars such as Adeyanju et al. (2021),

who found that gender and age play significant roles in agricultural entrepreneurship outcomes.

The positive correlation between education levels and empowerment underscores the importance

of formal institutions in shaping agropreneurship opportunities, consistent with research by

Oluwale et al. (2016) on the role of education in Nigerian youth entrepreneurship.

The significance of government support and access to funding in the logit regression model

(Table 4.6) highlights the crucial role of regulatory and normative institutional pillars in youth

empowerment through agropreneurship. This finding aligns with institutional theory's emphasis

on the importance of formal rules, policies, and resource allocation in shaping organizational

behavior and outcomes (North, 1990). The positive impact of government support (Exp(B) =

2.340) and access to funding (Exp(B) = 1.750) on youth empowerment suggests that these

institutional factors create an enabling environment for agropreneurship initiatives. This is

consistent with research by Nigerian scholars such as Akpan et al. (2015), who found that

government policies and access to finance are critical determinants of youth participation in

agriculture.

52
The Pseudo R² values (Table 4.7) indicate that the logit regression model explains a substantial

portion of the variance in youth empowerment outcomes, with Nagelkerke R² showing 58.7%

explanatory power. From an institutional theory perspective, this suggests that the identified

factors collectively represent key institutional elements shaping youth empowerment through

agropreneurship in Kogi State. The model's explanatory power aligns with research by Dimelu et

al. (2014), who found that a combination of personal, socio-economic, and institutional factors

significantly influence youth participation in agricultural programs in Nigeria. However, the

remaining unexplained variance indicates the presence of other factors, possibly including

informal institutions or cultural norms not captured in the model.

The study's findings on organic farming's impact on youth empowerment (Table 4.2) reveal a

paradox that can be explained through institutional theory. While organic farming has increased

employment opportunities and youth participation in agriculture, it has not significantly

improved income levels. This discrepancy may be attributed to what institutional theorists call

"decoupling," where formal structures and actual practices diverge (Meyer & Rowan, 1977). In

this case, the institutional support for organic farming may have created opportunities without

fully addressing the economic realities faced by youth. This finding is consistent with research

by Issa and Issa (2013), who found that while sustainable agricultural practices in Nigeria are

gaining institutional support, economic benefits for smallholder farmers remain limited.

The effectiveness of youth initiatives programs in Kogi State (Table 4.5) can be interpreted

through the lens of institutional theory's concept of legitimacy. The high mean scores for

community impact (3.74), funding accessibility (3.98), and local government support (3.92)

suggest that these programs have gained cognitive and socio-political legitimacy within the

institutional environment. This aligns with research by Adesina and Favour (2016), who found

53
that youth empowerment programs in Nigeria gain effectiveness when they align with local

institutional norms and expectations. However, the lower score for personal and professional

growth (2.47) indicates a potential misalignment between institutional goals and individual

outcomes, highlighting the need for more targeted interventions that address both community

and personal development.

The significant impact of involvement in organic, dairy, and hydroponics farming on youth

empowerment (Table 4.6) underscores the role of institutional isomorphism in shaping

agricultural practices. The positive coefficients for these variables suggest that as these farming

methods gain institutional legitimacy, they become more effective pathways for youth

empowerment. This finding is supported by research from Nigerian scholars such as

Oyakhilomen and Zibah (2014), who found that the adoption of modern agricultural practices

significantly influences youth participation and success in agriculture. The institutional support

for these farming methods may be creating a self-reinforcing cycle, where increased legitimacy

leads to greater youth involvement and subsequent empowerment.

The study's overall findings highlight the complex interplay between institutional factors and

youth empowerment through agropreneurship in Kogi State. The significance of multiple

variables in the logit regression model (Table 4.6) suggests that youth empowerment is

influenced by a combination of regulatory (government support), normative (education,

training), and cognitive-cultural (gender norms, perceptions of agriculture) institutional elements.

This multifaceted institutional environment creates both opportunities and challenges for youth

empowerment initiatives. As noted by Nigerian scholars Adegbite et al. (2020), successful youth

empowerment in agriculture requires a holistic approach that addresses institutional barriers

while leveraging existing support structures. Future interventions should focus on aligning

54
institutional support with youth needs and aspirations, potentially through participatory program

design and implementation that incorporates youth perspectives into institutional frameworks.

55
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Summary

This comprehensive study investigated the impact of agroprenuership sustainability initiatives on

youth empowerment in Kogi State, Nigeria, with a specific focus on organic, dairy, and

hydroponics-based farming. The research employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a sample

size of 384 respondents who provided data through structured questionnaires. The collected data

was analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression to uncover key trends and

relationships. The study's findings revealed a complex landscape of youth empowerment through

agricultural initiatives. Organic farming emerged as a significant contributor to youth

employment and participation in the agricultural sector. However, a notable discrepancy was

observed between job creation and income improvement, suggesting that while organic farming

initiatives have successfully engaged youth, they have not yet translated into substantial

economic gains for participants.

Dairy farming initiatives demonstrated strong positive outcomes in terms of employment

generation and livelihood improvement. The sector showed particular promise in providing

youth with valuable skills and knowledge. However, the research uncovered a challenge in

attracting broader youth interest to dairy farming, indicating a need for targeted interventions to

enhance the sector's appeal. Hydroponics farming, representing a more technologically advanced

agricultural approach, showed promising results in job creation and skill development. The study

found that youth involved in hydroponics initiatives gained modern agricultural skills,

positioning them well in an evolving agricultural landscape. Despite these positive outcomes,

56
hydroponics farming faced challenges in widespread adoption and participation among youth,

suggesting barriers in accessibility or perception.

The logistic regression analysis unveiled several key factors influencing youth empowerment

through agropreneurship. Gender emerged as a significant variable, with males more likely to

benefit from these initiatives, pointing to potential gender disparities in access or participation.

Age and education level were also identified as important predictors, with older and more

educated individuals showing higher likelihood of empowerment through agricultural initiatives.

Employment status played a role, suggesting that those already employed were better positioned

to benefit from agropreneurship opportunities. Institutional factors, particularly government

support and access to funding, were found to be crucial in determining the success of youth

empowerment initiatives. The significance of these factors underscores the importance of

creating an enabling environment through policy and financial mechanisms to support youth in

agriculture.

The study also evaluated the effectiveness of youth initiatives programs, finding positive impacts

on community development, including improved access to funding and resources. However,

these programs showed limited success in fostering personal and professional growth among

participants, highlighting a need for more targeted approaches to individual development.

5.2. Conclusion

The study concludes that agroprenuership sustainability initiatives have a generally positive

impact on youth empowerment in Kogi State, particularly in creating employment opportunities

and developing skills. However, challenges remain in translating these opportunities into

significant income improvements and attracting broader youth participation in agriculture. The

57
effectiveness of these initiatives is influenced by a complex interplay of personal, socio-

economic, and institutional factors, highlighting the need for a holistic approach to youth

empowerment in agriculture.

5.3. Recommendations

Base on the findings of this study the following recommendations were made

1. Develop comprehensive strategies to enhance income generation in organic farming. This

could involve creating value-added product lines, establishing direct marketing channels

to consumers, and providing training on post-harvest handling and processing.

Collaborate with agricultural extension services to educate farmers on premium pricing

strategies for organic produce. Facilitate partnerships with organic food retailers and

exporters to expand market access. Additionally, explore certification programs that can

increase the value of organic products in both local and international markets.

2. Launch targeted awareness campaigns highlighting the economic potential and career

opportunities in dairy farming. Organize farm visits and internship programs to provide

hands-on experience to young people. Develop mentorship programs pairing experienced

dairy farmers with youth. Introduce modern technologies and management practices to

make dairy farming more appealing to tech-savvy youth. Create youth-focused dairy

cooperatives to provide collective bargaining power and shared resources. Implement

educational programs in schools and universities to promote dairy farming as a viable

career option.

3. Establish demonstration centers for hydroponics farming in key locations across Kogi

State. Offer free workshops and training sessions on hydroponics techniques. Develop

low-cost, small-scale hydroponics systems suitable for beginners. Partner with financial

58
 institutions to provide special loan packages for youth interested in starting hydroponics

farms. Create online resources and mobile apps providing information and support for

hydroponics farming. Collaborate with agricultural institutions to integrate hydroponics

into their curricula.

4. Conduct a comprehensive gender analysis of existing agricultural policies and programs.

Develop targeted interventions to address gender-specific barriers in agropreneurship.

Establish quotas for female participation in agricultural training programs and funding

initiatives. Create women-only agricultural cooperatives and support networks. Provide

childcare services during training sessions to facilitate participation of young mothers.

Implement awareness campaigns to challenge gender stereotypes in agriculture.

5. Establish a dedicated youth agropreneurship fund with favorable terms and conditions.

Partner with microfinance institutions to develop tailored financial products for young

farmers. Implement a loan guarantee scheme to encourage banks to lend to youth in

agriculture. Provide financial literacy training to young agropreneurs to improve their

creditworthiness. Create crowdfunding platforms specifically for agricultural projects led

by youth. Explore innovative financing models such as impact investing and social bonds

for youth in agriculture.

5.4. Suggestions for Further Studies

1. Conduct a longitudinal study on long-term impacts of agropreneurship initiatives on

youth empowerment in Kogi State.

2. Investigate the role of cultural norms in shaping youth participation in agriculture.

3. Explore the potential of digital agriculture in attracting and empowering youth.

59
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 Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba
Faculty of management Sciences,
Department of Business Administration.
25th May, 2024.

Dear Respondent,

I am Shaibu Catherine a Final year student of the Department of Business Administration, Prince

Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, undertaking a research on: Agropreneurship Sustainability

Initiatives as Drivers of Youth Empowerment in Kogi State, Nigeria. I therefore solicit your

cooperation in providing accurate and necessary information which will be kept in strict

confidentiality and will only be used for academic purpose. Your help in completing this

questionnaire will be appreciated.

Thank you.

Shaibu Catherine

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 APPENDIX I
QUESTIONNAIRE
Instruction: Kindly Tick all that apply to you
Section A: Demographic Information of the respondents
1. Age: [ ]18-25 [ ] 26-35 [ ] 36-45 [ ] 46-55 [ ]56 and above
2. Gender: [ ] Male [ ] Female
3. Educational Qualification: [ ] Primary Education [ ] Secondary Education [ ] Tertiary
Education [ ] Postgraduate Education [ ] Other (Please specify______________________)
4. Occupation: [ ] Student [ ] Employed [ ] Self-Employed [ ] Unemployed [ ] Retired
[ ]Other (Please specify __________________)

SECTION B
NOTE:
SA – Strongly agree A – Agree U - Undecided
D – Disagree SD – Strongly disagree
SECTION BTHE EFFECT OF ORGANIC-BASED FARM SUSTAINABILITY ON
YOUTH EMPOWERMENT INITIATIVE IN KOGI STATE
S/N Statement SA A U D SD
5 Organic farming practices have significantly increased youth
employment opportunities in Kogi State.
6 Youth involved in organic farming initiatives have seen an
improvement in their income levels.
7 Training in organic farming methods has empowered youth
with valuable skills in Kogi State.
8 The sustainability of organic farms is crucial for the long-term
empowerment of youth in Kogi State.
9 Organic farming initiatives have led to greater youth
participation in the agricultural sector.

64
 THE EFFECT OF DAIRY-BASED FARM SUSTAINABILITY ON YOUTH
EMPOWERMENT INITIATIVE IN KOGI STATE
S/N Statement SA A U D SD
10 Dairy farming has provided substantial employment
opportunities for the youth in Kogi State.
11 Youth engaged in dairy farming have experienced a notable
improvement in their livelihoods.
12 Dairy farming skills and knowledge have been effectively
transferred to youth in Kogi State.
13 The sustainability of dairy farms is essential for ongoing youth
empowerment in Kogi State.
14 Dairy-based farming initiatives have increased youth interest
and participation in agriculture.

THE EFFECT OF HYDROPONICS-BASED FARM SUSTAINABILITY ON YOUTH

EMPOWERMENT IN KOGI STATE
S/N Statement SA A U D SD
15 Hydroponics farming has created new job opportunities for
youth in Kogi State.
16 Youth involved in hydroponics farming initiatives have seen an
improvement in their economic status.
17 Hydroponics farming training programs have empowered youth
with modern agricultural skills in Kogi State.
18 The sustainability of hydroponics farms is vital for the long-
term empowerment of youth in Kogi State.
19 Hydroponics farming initiatives have significantly increased
youth involvement in agriculture.

YOUTH INITIATIVES PROGRAMS

S/N Statement SA A U D SD
20 Youth-led initiatives have a significant impact on community
development in Kogi State.
21 Funding and resources for youth initiatives are readily
accessible in Kogi State.
22 Youth initiatives are effectively supported by local government
policies in Kogi State.

65
23 Collaboration with local organizations enhances the success of
youth initiatives in Kogi State.
24 Youth initiatives have contributed to personal and professional
growth among young people in Kogi State.

66