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 Vincent G. Duffy (Ed.)

Digital Human Modeling

and Applications
LNCS 12199

in Health, Safety, Ergonomics

and Risk Management
Human Communication, Organization and Work
11th International Conference, DHM 2020
Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020
Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020, Proceedings, Part II
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12199

Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Vincent G. Duffy (Ed.)

Digital Human Modeling

and Applications
in Health, Safety, Ergonomics
and Risk Management
Human Communication, Organization
and Work
11th International Conference, DHM 2020
Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020
Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020
Proceedings, Part II

123
Editor
Vincent G. Duffy
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN, USA

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-49906-8 ISBN 978-3-030-49907-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49907-5
LNCS Sublibrary: SL3 – Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI

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 Foreword

The 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International

2020 (HCII 2020), was planned to be held at the AC Bella Sky Hotel and Bella Center,
Copenhagen, Denmark, during July 19–24, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 coronavirus
pandemic and the resolution of the Danish government not to allow events larger than
500 people to be hosted until September 1, 2020, HCII 2020 had to be held virtually. It
incorporated the 21 thematic areas and affiliated conferences listed on the following
page.
A total of 6,326 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and gov-
ernmental agencies from 97 countries submitted contributions, and 1,439 papers and
238 posters were included in the conference proceedings. These contributions address
the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design
and use of computing systems. The contributions thoroughly cover the entire field of
human-computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective
use of computers in a variety of application areas. The volumes constituting the full set
of the conference proceedings are listed in the following pages.
The HCI International (HCII) conference also offers the option of “late-breaking
work” which applies both for papers and posters and the corresponding volume(s)
of the proceedings will be published just after the conference. Full papers will be
included in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Papers” volume of the proceedings to be
published in the Springer LNCS series, while poster extended abstracts will be included
as short papers in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Posters” volume to be published in
the Springer CCIS series.
I would like to thank the program board chairs and the members of the program
boards of all thematic areas and affiliated conferences for their contribution to the
highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2020
conference.
This conference would not have been possible without the continuous and unwa-
vering support and advice of the founder, Conference General Chair Emeritus and
Conference Scientific Advisor Prof. Gavriel Salvendy. For his outstanding efforts,
I would like to express my appreciation to the communications chair and editor of
HCI International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.

July 2020 Constantine Stephanidis

 HCI International 2020 Thematic Areas
and Affiliated Conferences

Thematic areas:
• HCI 2020: Human-Computer Interaction
• HIMI 2020: Human Interface and the Management of Information
Affiliated conferences:
• EPCE: 17th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive
Ergonomics
• UAHCI: 14th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer
Interaction
• VAMR: 12th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality
• CCD: 12th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design
• SCSM: 12th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media
• AC: 14th International Conference on Augmented Cognition
• DHM: 11th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications
in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management
• DUXU: 9th International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability
• DAPI: 8th International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive
Interactions
• HCIBGO: 7th International Conference on HCI in Business, Government and
Organizations
• LCT: 7th International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies
• ITAP: 6th International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged
Population
• HCI-CPT: Second International Conference on HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and
Trust
• HCI-Games: Second International Conference on HCI in Games
• MobiTAS: Second International Conference on HCI in Mobility, Transport and
Automotive Systems
• AIS: Second International Conference on Adaptive Instructional Systems
• C&C: 8th International Conference on Culture and Computing
• MOBILE: First International Conference on Design, Operation and Evaluation of
Mobile Communications
• AI-HCI: First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in HCI
 Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

1. LNCS 12181, Human-Computer Interaction: Design and User Experience (Part I),
edited by Masaaki Kurosu
2. LNCS 12182, Human-Computer Interaction: Multimodal and Natural Interaction
(Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
3. LNCS 12183, Human-Computer Interaction: Human Values and Quality of Life
(Part III), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
4. LNCS 12184, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Designing
Information (Part I), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori
5. LNCS 12185, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Interacting
with Information (Part II), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori
6. LNAI 12186, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Mental
Workload, Human Physiology, and Human Energy (Part I), edited by Don Harris
and Wen-Chin Li
7. LNAI 12187, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Cognition and
Design (Part II), edited by Don Harris and Wen-Chin Li
8. LNCS 12188, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Design
Approaches and Supporting Technologies (Part I), edited by Margherita Antona
and Constantine Stephanidis
9. LNCS 12189, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Applications and
Practice (Part II), edited by Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis
10. LNCS 12190, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Design and Interaction
(Part I), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni
11. LNCS 12191, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Industrial and Everyday
Life Applications (Part II), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni
12. LNCS 12192, Cross-Cultural Design: User Experience of Products, Services, and
Intelligent Environments (Part I), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau
13. LNCS 12193, Cross-Cultural Design: Applications in Health, Learning,
Communication, and Creativity (Part II), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau
14. LNCS 12194, Social Computing and Social Media: Design, Ethics, User Behavior,
and Social Network Analysis (Part I), edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz
15. LNCS 12195, Social Computing and Social Media: Participation, User Experience,
Consumer Experience, and Applications of Social Computing (Part II), edited by
Gabriele Meiselwitz
16. LNAI 12196, Augmented Cognition: Theoretical and Technological Approaches
(Part I), edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
17. LNAI 12197, Augmented Cognition: Human Cognition and Behaviour (Part II),
edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
x Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

18. LNCS 12198, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Posture, Motion and Health (Part I), edited
by Vincent G. Duffy
19. LNCS 12199, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Human Communication, Organization and
Work (Part II), edited by Vincent G. Duffy
20. LNCS 12200, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Interaction Design (Part I),
edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth Rosenzweig
21. LNCS 12201, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Design for Contemporary
Interactive Environments (Part II), edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth
Rosenzweig
22. LNCS 12202, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Case Studies in Public and
Personal Interactive Systems (Part III), edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth
Rosenzweig
23. LNCS 12203, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, edited by Norbert
Streitz and Shin’ichi Konomi
24. LNCS 12204, HCI in Business, Government and Organizations, edited by Fiona
Fui-Hoon Nah and Keng Siau
25. LNCS 12205, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Designing, Developing
and Deploying Learning Experiences (Part I), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and
Andri Ioannou
26. LNCS 12206, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Human and Technology
Ecosystems (Part II), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
27. LNCS 12207, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technologies,
Design and User Experience (Part I), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou
28. LNCS 12208, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Healthy and Active
Aging (Part II), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou
29. LNCS 12209, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technology and
Society (Part III), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou
30. LNCS 12210, HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust, edited by Abbas Moallem
31. LNCS 12211, HCI in Games, edited by Xiaowen Fang
32. LNCS 12212, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Automated
Driving and In-Vehicle Experience Design (Part I), edited by Heidi Krömker
33. LNCS 12213, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Driving
Behavior, Urban and Smart Mobility (Part II), edited by Heidi Krömker
34. LNCS 12214, Adaptive Instructional Systems, edited by Robert A. Sottilare and
Jessica Schwarz
35. LNCS 12215, Culture and Computing, edited by Matthias Rauterberg
36. LNCS 12216, Design, Operation and Evaluation of Mobile Communications,
edited by Gavriel Salvendy and June Wei
37. LNCS 12217, Artificial Intelligence in HCI, edited by Helmut Degen and Lauren
Reinerman-Jones
 Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List xi

38. CCIS 1224, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part I, edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
39. CCIS 1225, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part II, edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
40. CCIS 1226, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part III, edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona

http://2020.hci.international/proceedings
 11th International Conference on Digital Human
Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management (DHM 2020)

Program Board Chair: Vincent G. Duffy, Purdue University, USA

• Giuseppe Andreoni, Italy • Kang Li, USA

• Mária Babicsné Horváth, Hungary • Masahide Nakamura, Japan
• Stephen Baek, USA • Thaneswer Patel, India
• André Calero Valdez, Germany • Caterina Rizzi, Italy
• Yaqin Cao, China • Juan A. Sánchez-Margallo, Spain
• Damien Chablat, France • Deep Seth, India
• H. Onan Demirel, USA • Meng-Dar Shieh, Taiwan
• Yi Ding, China • Beatriz Sousa Santos, Portugal
• Ravindra Goonetilleke, Hong Kong • Leonor Teixeira, Portugal
• Akihiko Goto, Japan • Renran Tian, USA
• Hiroyuki Hamada, Japan • Dugan Um, USA
• Michael Harry, UK • Kuan Yew Wong, Malaysia
• Genett Jimenez-Delgado, Colombia • S. Xiong, South Korea
• Mohamed Fateh Karoui, USA • James Yang, USA
• Thorsten Kuebler, USA • Zhi Zheng, USA
• Noriaki Kuwahara, Japan • Rachel Zuanon, Brazil
• Byung Cheol Lee, USA

The full list with the Program Board Chairs and the members of the Program Boards of
all thematic areas and affiliated conferences is available online at:

http://www.hci.international/board-members-2020.php
 HCI International 2021
The 23rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International
2021 (HCII 2021), will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences in
Washington DC, USA, at the Washington Hilton Hotel, July 24–29, 2021. It will
cover a broad spectrum of themes related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI),
including theoretical issues, methods, tools, processes, and case studies in HCI design,
as well as novel interaction techniques, interfaces, and applications. The proceedings
will be published by Springer. More information will be available on the conference
website: http://2021.hci.international/.

General Chair
Prof. Constantine Stephanidis
University of Crete and ICS-FORTH
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Email: [email protected]

http://2021.hci.international/
 Contents – Part II

Modelling Human Communication

Netlogo vs. Julia: Evaluating Different Options for the Simulation

of Opinion Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Laura Burbach, Poornima Belavadi, Patrick Halbach, Lilian Kojan,
Nils Plettenberg, Johannes Nakayama, Martina Ziefle,
and André Calero Valdez

Investigating Key Factors for Social Network Evolution and Opinion

Dynamics in an Agent-Based Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Patrick Halbach, Laura Burbach, Poornima Belavadi,
Johannes Nakayama, Nils Plettenberg, Martina Ziefle,
and André Calero Valdez

Sign Language to Speech Converter Using Raspberry-Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Sravya Koppuravuri, Sukumar Sai Pondari, and Deep Seth

Identification of Target Speech Utterances from Real Public Conversation . . . 52

Naoto Kosaka and Yumi Wakita

IMotions’ Automatic Facial Recognition & Text-Based Content

Analysis of Basic Emotions & Empathy in the Application of the
Interactive Neurocommunicative Technique LNCBT
(Line & Numbered Concordant Basic Text) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Jorge Mora-Fernandez, Azizudin Khan, Fernando Estévez,
Felipe Webster, María Isabel Fárez, and Felipe Torres

User Behavior and Awareness of Filter Bubbles in Social Media . . . . . . . . . 81

Nils Plettenberg, Johannes Nakayama, Poornima Belavadi,
Patrick Halbach, Laura Burbach, André Calero Valdez,
and Martina Ziefle

Performance Evaluation of Text-Oriented Artificial Chat Operation

System (TACOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Seiki Tokunaga, Kazuhiro Tamura, and Mihoko Otake-Matsuura

Modelling Work, Collaboration and the Human Environment

Safety Performance-Based Risk Assessment for Aviation Fuel Supply

of Civil Aviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Mingliang Chen, Yuan Zhang, and Yanqiu Chen
xviii Contents – Part II

Enabling or Stressing? – Smart Information Use Within Industrial

Service Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Katja Gutsche and Carsten Droll

Improving the Performance in Occupational Health and Safety

Management in the Electric Sector: An Integrated Methodology
Using Fuzzy Multicriteria Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Genett Jimenez-Delgado, Alexa Senior-Naveda,
Freddy Marín-Gonzalez, Jesus García-Guiliany, Lina Fontalvo-Molina,
Miguel Ruiz-Muñoz, Hugo Hernández-Palma,
and Bertha Santos-Hernandez

Fine-Grained Map Coloring Web Service for JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Tetsuya Nakai, Sachio Saiki, and Masahide Nakamura

Neural Network Risks Suggested by Optical Illusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Hiroyuki Nishimoto

Approach to Ensure an Optimal Task-Technology Fit Between Industrial

Tasks and Modern Information and Communication Technologies. . . . . . . . . 185
Jan Terhoeven and Sascha Wischniewski

FD-CAST: A Tool for Analyzing and Simulating Fire

Department Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Naoya Yabuki, Sachio Saiki, and Masahide Nakamura

Addressing Ethical and Societal Challenges

Embedding Ethics in Human Factors Design

and Evaluation Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Joan Cahill

Systematic Literature Review on the Effect of Human Error

in Environmental Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Gavin A. Duffy and Vincent G. Duffy

Data Mining Methodology in Support of a Systematic Review

of Human Aspects of Cybersecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Brendan M. Duffy and Vincent G. Duffy

Ensuring Trust in and Acceptance of Digitalization and Automation:

Contributions of Human Factors and Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Monika Eigenstetter

Regulated Body-Sharing Virtual Trips for Pleasure and Business . . . . . . . . . 267

Reem Elkhouly, Shin Fukui, and Emi Tamaki
 Contents – Part II xix

Development and Evaluation of a Research Framework for Measuring

the Reliance on Automation in Situations of Risk and Moral Dilemma . . . . . 280
Gian Luca Liehner, Philipp Brauner, Anne Kathrin Schaar,
and Martina Ziefle

Threat or Opportunity – Analysis of the Impact of Artificial Intelligence

on Future Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Fenglian Wang, Mingqing Hu, and Min Zhu

New Research Issues and Approaches in Digital Human Modelling

The Difficulties in Usability Testing of 3-Dimensional Software Applying

Eye-Tracking Methodology – Presented via Two Case Studies
of Evaluation of Digital Human Modelling Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Mária Babicsné-Horváth and Károly Hercegfi

Sensory Design in Games: Beyond Visual-Based Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Priscilla Maria Cardoso Garone, Sérgio Nesteriuk,
and Gisela Belluzzo de Campos

Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Mobile Computing

and Applied Ergonomics: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 334
Chidubem Nuela Enebechi and Vincent G. Duffy

What Is the State of Smart Glass Research from an OSH Viewpoint?

A Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Daniel Friemert, Claudia Terschüren, Benno Groß, Robert Herold,
Nicolai Leuthner, Christopher Braun, Ulrich Hartmann,
and Volker Harth

A Systematic Literature Review of Game-Based Learning

and Safety Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Sameeran G. Kanade and Vincent G. Duffy

Integrating Lean Six Sigma and Discrete-Event Simulation

for Shortening the Appointment Lead-Time in Gynecobstetrics
Departments: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Miguel Ortíz-Barrios, Sally McClean, Genett Jiménez-Delgado,
and David Enrique Martínez-Sierra

Choosing the Most Suitable Classifier for Supporting Assistive

Technology Adoption in People with Parkinson’s Disease:
A Fuzzy Multi-criteria Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Miguel Ortíz-Barrios, Ian Cleland, Mark Donnelly, Jonathan Greer,
Antonella Petrillo, Zaury Fernández-Mendoza,
and Natalia Jaramillo-Rueda
xx Contents – Part II

Identifying the Most Appropriate Classifier for Underpinning Assistive

Technology Adoption for People with Dementia: An Integration
of Fuzzy AHP and VIKOR Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Miguel Ortíz-Barrios, Chris Nugent, Matias García-Constantino,
and Genett Jimenez-Delgado

Multi-pose Face Recognition Based on Block Adaptation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Jianguo Shi and Yuanyuan Zhao

User Preference Toward Appearance of Mobile Input Method

Editor Based on Kansei Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Yun Zhang, Yaqin Cao, Yi Ding, and Yujie Zhao

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

 Contents – Part I

Posture and Motion Modelling in Design

Statistical Posture Prediction of Vehicle Occupants in Digital Human

Modelling Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Erik Brolin, Dan Högberg, and Pernilla Nurbo

Digital Human-in-the-Loop Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

H. Onan Demirel

How Do We Sit When Our Car Drives for Us? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Martin Fleischer and Si Chen

A Design Framework to Automate Task Simulation and Ergonomic

Analysis in Digital Human Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Mihir Sunil Gawand and H. Onan Demirel

CASRM: Cricket Automation and Stroke Recognition Model

Using OpenPose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Tevin Moodley and Dustin van der Haar

Development and Evaluation of a Platform-Independent Surgical

Workstation for an Open Networked Operating Theatre Using the IEEE
11073 SDC Communication Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Okan Yilmaz, Dario Wieschebrock, Jan Heibeyn, Klaus Rademacher,
and Armin Janß

Ergonomics and Occupational Health

Investigation on Heavy Truck Cab Ergonomics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Junmin Du, Weiyu Sun, Haoshu Gu, Xin Zhang, Huimin Hu,
and Yang Liu

Design Methods for Human-Robot-Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Nadja Fischer and Oliver Sträter

Research Project beyondSPAI - The Safe and Reliable Monitoring

of Adaptive Safety Zones in the Proximity of Collaborating Industrial
Robots Using an Intelligent InGaAs Camera System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Christof Hammer and Norbert Jung
xxii Contents – Part I

Investigation of Clamping and Crushing Injuries with Electrically

Height-Adjustable Therapy Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Elisabeth Ibenthal, Saskia Sobkowicz, and Claus Backhaus

Fitness Evaluation of Military Helmet Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Chia-Chen Kuo, Yu Shiau, Mao-Jiun Wang, and Jun-Ming Lu

Ergonomic-Based Clothing Design for the Elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Jingxiao Liao and Xiaoping Hu

Comfort Evaluation of the Range of Motion of Human Upper Limb Joints . . . 167
Zhongqi Liu, Xiaocong Niu, and Qianxiang Zhou

A Reliable and Inexpensive Integration of Virtual Reality and Digital

Human Modelling to Estimate Cervical Spine Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Nicola Francesco Lopomo, Paolo Mosna, Stefano Elio Lenzi,
Carlo Emilio Standoli, Paolo Perego, Stefano Negrini,
and Giuseppe Andreoni

Development of a Wearable IMU System for Automatically Assessing

Lifting Risk Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Ming-Lun Lu, Menekse S. Barim, Shuo Feng, Grant Hughes,
Marie Hayden, and Dwight Werren

Study on Chinese Elderly Women’s Clothing Design

Based on Ergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Longlin Luo and Xiaoping Hu

Depth and Colour Perception in Real and Virtual Robot Cells in the Context
of Occupational Safety and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Peter Nickel

A 3-Step Approach for Introducing Computer-Aided Ergonomics

Analysis Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Kirill Sinchuk, Abigail L. Hancock, Alexandra Hayford,
Thorsten Kuebler, and Vincent G. Duffy

Individual Differences in Office Comfort: What Affects Comfort

Varies by Person. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Masashi Sugimoto, Fan Zhang, Noriko Nagata, Kota Kurihara,
Seiro Yuge, Makoto Takata, Koji Ota, and Seiji Furukawa

Contributions of Training Programs Supported by VR Techniques

to the Prevention of STF Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Anika Weber, Peter Nickel, Ulrich Hartmann, Daniel Friemert,
and Kiros Karamanidis
 Contents – Part I xxiii

Analysis of Effects on Postural Stability by Wearable Tactile

Expression Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Hirotake Yamazoe and Tomoko Yonezawa

Applications for Exercising, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

Computer-Interfacing with Noninvasive Muscle Activity Diagnostic . . . . . . . 303

Lawrence K. Lam and Wayne D. Kimura

Wireless Aerobic Exercise Monitoring System Based

on Multimodal Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Xiang-yu Liu, Xing-wei Wang, Hai-qiang Duan, Guang-hao Li,
and Mei-yu Zhou

An Ergonomic Solution for Hand Rehabilitation Product Design

for Stroke Patients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Jing Luo, Yan Luximon, Wen Zhan, and Xiaoyang Chen

End-User Programming Architecture for Physical Movement Assessment:

An Interactive Machine Learning Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Jessica M. Palomares-Pecho, Greis Francy M. Silva-Calpa,
César A. Sierra-Franco, and Alberto Barbosa Raposo

Deep Learning Based Gesture Classification for Hand Physical Therapy

Interactive Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Maleewan Rungruanganukul and Thitirat Siriborvornratanakul

Study on the Effect of Cervical Spine Somatosensory Games of Virtual

Reality and Augmented Reality on Relieving Neck Muscle Fatigue . . . . . . . . 359
Zishan Song, Ting Han, Dian Zhu, Yufei Xie, Hanyue Xiao,
Tianjia Shen, and Jingran He

Research and Design of Relieving Neck Muscle Fatigue Based

on Serious Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Dian Zhu, Zishan Song, Jingran He, Chufan Jin, and Xi Chen

Health Services

Excessive Smartphone Use and Associated Physiological Disorders – A

Survey on Research Status in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
D. Bhanu Priya, Murali Subramaniyam, and Seung Nam Min

Semi-autonomous Collaborative Mobile Platform with Pre-diagnostics

for Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Vishal Reddy Gade, Ashish Soni, Bharghava Rajaram, and Deep Seth
xxiv Contents – Part I

A Personal Health-Tracking System Focused on Social Communication

for Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Pengyuan Li and Jiro Tanaka

A Technology-Driven Approach for Child-Friendly Diabetes Management . . . 428

Martin Lurz, Maren Billmann, Markus Böhm, and Helmut Krcmar

TrackSugAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
David A. Plecher, Christian Eichhorn, Conrad Steinmetz,
and Gudrun Klinker

EVIDENT: Extraction and Visualization Interface of Drawing Execution

in Neuropsychological Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Ryukichi Sekimoto, Sachio Saiki, Masahide Nakamura, Naoki Kodama,
and Atsushi Sato

Developing Parameters for a Technology to Predict Patient Satisfaction

in Naturalistic Clinical Encounters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Tianyi Tan, Enid Montague, Jacob Furst, and Daniela Raicu

Heart Sound Recognition Technology Based on Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . 491

Ximing Huai, Siriaraya Panote, Dongeun Choi, and Noriaki Kuwahara

DHM for Aging Support

Advancing a ‘Human Factors & Ethics Canvas’ for New Driver Assistance
Technologies Targeted at Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Joan Cahill, Katie Crowley, Sam Cromie, Ciaran Doyle,
Eamonn Kenny, Alison Kay, Michael Gormley, Sonja Hermann,
Ann Hever, and Robert Ross

Investigations on Monitoring Sensor Usage and Decision-Making:

A Case Study in an Elderly Care Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Isamu Kajitani, Keiko Homma, and Yoshio Matsumoto

Verifying the Usefulness of Monitoring Sensors Used by Caregivers

in Nursing Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Yasuko Kitajima, Isamu Kajitani, Mitsuhiro Nakamura, Keiko Homma,
Yoshio Matsumoto, and Jukai Maeda

A Study of Quantifying Skills of Caregivers Touch to People

with Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Haruki Kurase, Noriaki Kuwahara, and Miyuki Iwamoto

Use of Technologies for Supporting Dementia Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Noriaki Kuwahara and Kiyoshi Yasuda
 Contents – Part I xxv

Towards Practical Use of Bedside Sensing/Voice-Calling System

for Preventing Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Norihisa Miyake, Kazumi Kumagai, Seiki Tokunaga,
and Mihoko Otake-Matsuura

Usability Assessment of Augmented Reality-Based Pedestrian

Navigation Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Liu Tang and Jia Zhou

Extracting and Evaluating Personal Interests with Dialogue Agent. . . . . . . . . 592

Yuki Tokuda, Shota Nakatani, Sachio Saiki, Masahide Nakamura,
and Kiyoshi Yasuda

Basic Study of Wall-Projected Humanitude Agent for Pre-care

Multimodal Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Xin Wan and Tomoko Yonezawa

Partner Agent Showing Continuous and Preceding Daily Activities

for Users’ Behavior Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Tomoko Yonezawa, Naoto Yoshida, Keiichiro Nagao, and Xin Wan

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

Modelling Human Communication
 Netlogo vs. Julia: Evaluating Different
Options for the Simulation of Opinion
Dynamics

Laura Burbach(B) , Poornima Belavadi , Patrick Halbach , Lilian Kojan ,

Nils Plettenberg , Johannes Nakayama , Martina Ziefle ,
and André Calero Valdez

Human-Computer Interaction Center, RWTH Aachen University,

Campus-Boulevard 57, Aachen, Germany
{burbach,belavadi,halbach,kojan,plettenberg,nakayama,
ziefle,calero-valdez}@comm.rwth-aachen.de

Abstract. Analysing complex phenomena, such as the world we live

in, or complex interactions, also requires methods that are suitable for
considering both the individual aspects of these phenomena and the
resulting overall system. As a method well suited for the consideration
of complex phenomena, we consider agent-based models in this study.
Using two programming languages (Netlogo and Julia) we simulate a
simple bounded-rationality opinion formation model with and without
backfire effect. We analyzed, which of the languages is better for the cre-
ation of agent-based models and found, that both languages have some
advantages for the creation of simulations. While Julia is much faster in
simulating a model, Netlogo has a nice Interface and is more intuitive
to use for non-computer scientists. Thus the choice of the programming
language remains always a trade-off and in future more complex models
should be considered using both programming languages.

Keywords: Agent-based modeling · Simulation · Julia · Netlogo ·

Programming languages

1 Introduction
Today, we live in a world, that is more complex than years ago. We are almost
always and everywhere on the mobile Internet, using cloud storage or cloud
computing and AI technologies such as deep learning. Also, when humans inter-
act with each other or with digitized technology we speak of complex systems.
The interaction of humans in such systems, for example in opinion-forming pro-
cesses, leads to consequences that we cannot yet overlook or understand. An
important component of socio-technical complex systems are single individuals
that appear as human-in-the-loop [6]. To look at people, their interactions and
the resulting overall behaviour, we need suitable methods, such as simulations.
c Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
V. G. Duffy (Ed.): HCII 2020, LNCS 12199, pp. 3–19, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49907-5_1
4 L. Burbach et al.

Simulations make it possible to observe the resulting overall system or the result-
ing behaviour by representing individual processes, procedures and behaviour.
In addition, simulations make it possible to identify tipping points that lead to
a different outcome of the overall system.
Agent-based models are a form of simulation. As the name implies, they
always consist of agents. In addition to the agents, the environment in which the
agents are located and with which they interact is also modelled. However, agents
can be designed in different ways, depending on the context to be considered.
For example, agents can be more than just people interacting with each other. If,
for example, traffic jams are to be considered, cars are used as agents, if it is con-
sidered how possible forest fires can be avoided, the agents are trees. The agents
differ not only in their form, but also in several other dimensions. For example,
the agents can be completely or to a lesser extent autonomous. Their interests
and character traits can also be different. For example, they can act selfishly or
in favor of the totality of all agents. They can be outgoing or prefer to remain
separate. Some agents are able to learn from their experiences or observations.
Agents can also be of varying degrees of complexity [8]. Despite the potential
complexity of agents and the possibility to model them in very different ways,
most agent-based models tended to focus on simple, local rules [10]. Further-
more, there is a view that the simulations are mainly randomly implemented to
run on a computer [14].
Various frameworks have been developed for creating agent-based models.
The most established language or program of these is Netlogo [27]. But while
Netlogo was authored by Uri Wilensky in 1999, the spread of the Internet also
resulted in the evolving of different programming languages [6]. Thereby more
languages can be used to create agent-based models. So far, it has not been con-
sidered which language is actually best suited for creating agent-based models.
Therefore, in this study we investigate whether Netlogo or Julia is better suited
for creating agent-based models.

2 Related Work
In this study, using agent-based modelling we consider opinion formation pro-
cesses, thus we look at a complex system. We want to know, whether it is possible
to create an agent-based model with the programming language Netlogo and the
programming language Julia. We further consider, how the two languages differ,
which are the strengths for creating agent-based models of each programming
language and which are the disadvantages. Contentwise, we built a bounded
rationality model to simulate opinion formation.
Therefore, we explain, which aspects lead to complexity, we introduce the
method agent-based modelling and the two programming languages Netlogo and
Julia. Besides, we eplain what is known in theory about opinion formation or
the spread of information.
 Evaluating Different Options for Opinion Dynamics 5

2.1 Complexity and How to Model It

When examining opinion-forming processes, we look at a complex system. Such

complex systems can be divided into several ontological levels or interacting
subsystems on a micro- or macro-level [9] We first have to look at how sys-
tems are structurally designed in order to deduce what leads to complexity [6].
Further, complex systems lead to emergent phenomena. These complex systems
and emergent phenomena are difficult to understand, because while it is easy to
observe the individual system components, the resulting overall system cannot
be considered as the sum of its parts. Instead, understanding the system behavior
requires more than understanding the individual parts of the system [6].

Complex vs. Complicated. When we look at complex systems, we do not

necessarily mean complicated systems. A system consisting of components can
initially be both complicated and complex. However, while the term complicated
is always related to human understanding, the term complex is not necessarily
so. If something is complicated, such as a mathematical differential equation,
this means that it is difficult for us humans to understand. To be complex at
the same time, the equation would have to contain many small parts. However,
it is also possible that an equation consists of few parts and is therefore not
complex, but is nevertheless complicated to understand. The two terms therefore
both refer to a system consisting of components, but mean different aspects of
the system and a system which is complicated does not necessarily have to
be complex system and vice versa. A complex system consists of many sub-
components, whose interactions make it difficult to predict the behaviour of the
system. The number of components as well as the complicated interactions of the
parts are considered complex [4,24]. Another characteristic of complex systems,
which is particularly important for our study, is that complex systems are always
dynamic. If a system consists of many parts, but does not show dynamics but
remains static, it is never complex. It is easy to investigate it comprehensively [6].

Emergence. Typically, we look at individual components of a system. From

these subcomponents we then often infer the behavior of the overall system.
However, as Aristotle said, the whole is more than the sum of its parts, and
it is therefore not really correct to observe only the components and conclude
on the overall behavior. However, it is problematic that we can usually observe
and understand individual components or individual behavior, but the overall
behavior is often more difficult to observe. If the interaction of the individual
components results in a system that cannot be described by the sum of the
individual components, we speak of emergence.
With agent-based models we can make emergent behavior visible. We can
model the individual agents and design them according to individual rules that
they follow at the micro level. When the agents interact with each other and
with their environment, unpredictable social patterns, i.e. emergence, occur [3].
6 L. Burbach et al.

2.2 Agent-Based Modelling

To analyse complex systems we need a suitable approach, such as simulations,

which enable to model the individual parts of a system and thus make the overall
behavior visible. For the simulation of complex systems, agent-based models are
very well suited [11].
Agent-based models always consist of the agents or individuals and the envi-
ronment in which the agents reside [2]. They are neither a representation of
reality, nor fully realistic or even complete. Instead, they show a simplified real-
ity. Nevertheless, agent-based models show behaviour on an individual level close
to reality. By mapping the individual behavior, the behavior of the overall sys-
tem can then be qualitatively observed [20]. Agent-based models are well suited
to replicate data and present the results to non-experts [17]. The use of a method
always requires an evaluation of the method. Evaluating agent-based models is
not easy. In order to evaluate them, independent replicating and comparing with
other model as well as a validation are necessary [20].
The basis of agent-based modeling is the single agent or the individual. This
agent is modelled programmatically as a template. In simulation, due agents
make their own decisions based on how they perceive the environment in which
they are situated. The perceptions of an agent usually determine the behav-
ioral intent of the agent. If the agents are in a social network, as in our model,
they influence their neighbours in the next iteration by their behavioural inten-
tion or the behaviour they show. To determine the probability of organizational
acceptance, we analyze the results of several agent-based simulations.
A simple way to create agent-based models is to use software toolkits devel-
oped for the creation of simulations. These include the Netlogo toolkit considered
in this study. With the use of such toolkits, it is easy to formulate the behavior
of the individual agents. They also usually contain some useful interfaces. The
interfaces allow to visualize the simulation states, interact with the simulation
parameters and export the simulation results. In addition, they usually contain
a batch mode. This is used to run a large number of simulations. Optimization
strategies, such as genetic algorithms, help to find the most suitable parame-
ters [7].
To create agent-based models, Netlogo [27] is the language most commonly
used. Nevertheless, there are some other programming languages that are also
suitable for creating agent-based models and that seem to be partly more intu-
itive, at least for people with programming experience. Therefore, in this study
we compare two programming languages with respect to their suitability for
creating agent-based models.

2.3 Opinion Formation and Bounded Rationality

In describing social phenomena, social scientists traditionally have tended to

employ causal modeling techniques. That is, phenomena are explained by
causally linking different variables. However, when describing phenomena like
opinion formation in groups, repeated interactions between people appear to be
 Evaluating Different Options for Opinion Dynamics 7

more influential than static variables [21,22]. Analytical models for the process
of opinion formation therefore focus on group dynamics. They employ agents
whose opinion develops over time as they interact with other agents whose opin-
ion may be similar or different from their own. Computer simulations can be
used to explore how varying different parameters, like the number of agents or
the way agents interact with each other, will affect the distribution of opinions.
Hegselmann and Krause [15] give an overview over how different models mathe-
matically describe the process in varying complexities. One distinction between
models is how opinion is represented. For continuous opinion dynamics, the
assumption is that opinions are one-dimensional in that they can be described
as a number. The smaller the difference between two numbers is, the closer are
the opinions they represent. Another main distinction between the models is
the way in which other agents’ opinions influence one agent’s own opinion, i. e.,
the weight which one agent puts on others’ opinions. In the easiest case, this
weight is modelled as constant, but it might also be modelled as differing, e.g.,
dependent on the susceptibility of each agent or as dependent on the dispar-
ity between two agents’ opinions. This last case can be described by so-called
bounded confidence models which have been proposed by both Hegselmann and
Krause [15] and Nadal [18]. With a bounded confidence model, the agent will
only interact with agents whose opinion is relatively close to their own. To put
it another way, they will only put weight on similar opinions. The threshold for
similarity is defined as the bounds of confidence epsilon which, assuming conti-
nous opinion dynamics, represents the maximum difference between the numbers
ascribed to the opinions where the other’s opinion will still be considered. An
extension to this model of bounded confidence is something we call the backfire
effect. As described by Jager [16], if an agent interacts with another agent whose
opinion is very dissimilar, they will not just ignore that opinion. Instead, they
will shift their opinion to be even further away from the other agents’ dissimilar
opinion. To summarize, for a bounded confidence model with backfire effect, an
interaction between two agents has three possible outcomes: 1. If the difference
between their opinions is smaller than or equal to a certain confidence interval
epsilon, their opinions will converge. 2. If the difference between their opinions
is bigger than or equal to a certain backfire threshold (which might be equal to
epsilon), their opinions will diverge. 3. If epsilon and the backfire threshold are
not equal and the difference between their opinions is between epsilon and the
backfire threshold, their opinions will remain unchanged.

3 Method
Using two different programming languages (Netlogo and Julia language), we
created two identical agent-based models that simulate opinion formation. Since
our primary aim was to find out whether agent-based models could be imple-
mented equally well in the two programming languages, we chose the most basic
model of opinion-forming: bounded rationality.
We built the agent based models using the Atom editor of the Julia pro-
gramming language and version 6.0.4 of the multi-agent programming language
8 L. Burbach et al.

Netlogo, which was developed by Wilensky [27]. For the following analysis of the
results we used R Markdown.

3.1 First Steps in Agent-Based Models

While we have previously (see Sect. 2) explained what agent-based models are
and what they are used for, we following describe how they are structured pro-
grammatically. We start with the most basic components.
An agent-based model usually contains a “setup” and a “go” procedure.
The “setup” procedure defines a kind of basic state at the beginning of the
simulation. The “go” procedure then specifies what happens in a single step of
the simulation.
In Netlogo the “setup” procedure usually looks like in Fig. 1. In Netlogo,
procedures always start with “to” and end with “end”. Clear-all makes the world
go back to its initial, empty state. For example, if colors were assigned to the
spots where the agents are located, they will now turn black again. Create-turtles
creates the specified number of turtles, here 100. The turtles usually start at the
origin, i.e. in the middle of patch 0.0. The code in the square brackets after create-
turtles here indicates that the turtles start at a random x and y coordinate. The
square brackets could also be used to create other commands for the agents.
Reset-ticks makes sure that the tick counter starts. Once this code is created,
the simulation starts in the interface by clicking the “Setup” button. In Julia
the setup includes an additional configuration.
Additionally, the agents and their environment are designed before the simu-
lation starts. For example, properties are assigned to the agents and the agents’
environment is designed to resemble the reality of what is being observed. In our
case, the agents do not have specific properties and the environment is also in
its default state.

Fig. 1. Setup procedure in Netlogo

3.2 Bounded Rationality Model

Since our primary goal was to compare the two programming languages with
each other, we designed the parameters of the Netlogo model and the Julia
model the identical way. Thus, we increased the comparability of the results of
both models and reduced the complexity as much as possible. In the beginning
 Evaluating Different Options for Opinion Dynamics 9

of our bounded rationality model, we defined the maximum number of agents,

the maximum steps of the simulation, the seed, an epsilon as well as whether a
backfire effect takes place or not. The epsilon indicates how different the opinions
of two people can be, so that they still include the other person’s opinion in their
opinion formation. We further defined from the beginning, that each agent has
an (floating) opinion between 0 and 1. In each simulation step, every agent
compares his opinion with the opinion of an other agent. For example, if Anna
compares her opinion with Ralf and the distance between the opinion of Anna
and Ralf is smaller than the defined epsilon, then the two converge in their
opinions. Additionally we defined in the beginning, whether an backfire effect
takes place or not. When the simulation includes the backfire-effect and Ralf’s
opinion deviates more than the epsilon indicates from Anna’s opinion, then the
opinion of Anna distances from the opinion of Ralf.
While in Netlogo the parameters for the simulation runs are determined in
the Behavior Space (see Fig. 4), in Julia the initial settings are determined in
the “main” procedure, what can be seen in Fig. 6.
As can be seen in Fig. 6 and 4, we set the number of agents 100 to 500
in increments of hundreds (100:100:500). We varied the epsilon between 0.1
and 1 in increments of 0.1 and varied between with backfire-effect and without
(true/false). We set the maximum number of steps to 100.

Go Procedure. Here we compare the “go” procedures, so what happens in

each step of the simulation, of Netlogo and Julia (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). Both
codes look similar. In Netlogo (see Fig. 3), the procedure starts by addressing the
agents (ask turtles). The next line of code says, that the addressed agent gets
the opinion of one random other agent. The subsequent lines of code determine
what happens to the (new) opinion of the agent. If the other agent’s opinion
differs less from his own opinion than the epsilon (see above), the agent assumes
the average opinion of the two opinions. This means that the opinions of the two
agents are added together and divided by two. However, if the opinion of the
other agent is further away than the respective (may vary) epsilon indicates, it
checks whether the backfire effect exists. If the simulation is set to show that the
effect exists, the opinion of the agent is half the distance away from the opinion
of the other agent. At the end, the code indicates that the color of the agents
depends on the opinion. However, this is only for illustration in the interface.
Before the procedure ends, one more “tick” is counted as one time unit.
The “go” procedure in Julia is very similar. One difference is that the proce-
dure is passed a configuration (config) at the beginning. Furthermore, an agent
list with the agents in random order is passed.

3.3 What Do We Compare

To find out whether both programming languages are equally suitable to sim-
ulate our bounded rationality model, we look at several measurable criteria.
These criteria include the outcomes and performance of both models. They fur-
ther include how many lines of code are necessary to program the simulation.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Had deserted the heaven while the stars were
awake.”

ii, 17-18.

“The freshest her gentle hands could pull.”

“The freshest her gentle hands could cull.”

ii, 46.

“The sweet lips of the flowers and harm not, did she.”

“The sweet lips of flowers,” etc.

ii, 51.

“Edge of the odorous cedar bark.”

“Edge of the odorous cypress bark.”

ii, 56.

“Sent through the pores of the coffin plank.”

“Ran through,” etc.

iii, 12.

“Between the time of the wind and the snow.”

“Between the term,” etc. [probably accidental].

iii, 50.

“Dammed it up with roots knotted like water-snakes.”

“Dammed it with,” etc.

iii, 69.
 “At noon they were seen, at noon they were felt.”

“At noon they were seen & noon they were felt.”

iii, 73.

[“&” perhaps written carelessly for “at.”]

“Their decay and sudden flight from frost.”

“Their decay and sudden flight from the frost.”

iii, 98.

“To own that death itself must be.”

“To think that,” etc.

iii, 128.

These comparisons are here carried no further than “The Sensitive

Plant,” except that there is a canceled verse of Shelley’s “Curse”
against Lord Eldon for depriving him of his children,—a verse so
touching that I think it should be preserved. The verse beginning—

“By those unpractised accents of young speech,”

opened originally as follows:—

“By that sweet voice which who could understand

To frame to sounds of love and lore divine,
Not thou.”

This was abandoned and the following substituted:—

“By those pure accents which at my command

Should have been framed to love and lore divine,
Now like a lute, fretted by some rude hand,
Uttering harsh discords, they must echo thine.”
This also was erased, and the present form substituted, although I
confess it seems to me both less vigorous and less tender. Professor
Woodberry mentions the change, but does not give the canceled
verse. In this and other cases I do not venture to blame him for the
omission, since an editor must, after all, exercise his own judgment.
Yet I cannot but wish that he had carried his citation, even of
canceled variations, a little further; and it is evident that some future
student of poetic art will yet find rich gleanings in the Harvard Shelley
manuscript.
 III
A KEATS MANUSCRIPT
 A KEATS MANUSCRIPT
“Touch it,” said Leigh Hunt, when he showed Bayard Taylor a lock
of brown silky hair, “and you will have touched Milton’s self.” The
magic of the lock of hair is akin to that recognized by nomadic and
untamed races in anything that has been worn close to the person of
a great or fortunate being. Mr. Leland, much reverenced by the
gypsies, whose language he spoke and whose lore he knew better
than they know it, had a knife about his person which was supposed
by them to secure the granting of any request if held in the hand.
When he gave it away, it was like the transfer of fairy power to the
happy recipient. The same lucky spell is attributed to a piece of the
bride’s garter, in Normandy, or to pins filched from her dress, in
Sussex. For those more cultivated, the charm of this transmitted
personality is best embodied in autographs, and the more unstudied
and unpremeditated the better. In the case of a poet, nothing can be
compared with the interest inspired by the first draft of a poem, with
its successive amendments—the path by which his thought attained
its final and perfect utterance. Tennyson, for instance, was said to be
very indignant with those who bore away from his study certain
rough drafts of poems, justly holding that the world had no right to
any but the completed form. Yet this is what, as students of poetry,
we all instinctively wish to do. Rightly or wrongly, we long to trace the
successive steps. To some extent, the same opportunity is given in
successive editions of the printed work; but here the study is not so
much of changes in the poet’s own mind as of those produced by the
criticisms, often dull or ignorant, of his readers,—those especially
who fail to catch a poet’s very finest thought, and persuade him to
dilute it a little for their satisfaction. When I pointed out to Browning
some rather unfortunate alterations in his later editions, and charged
him with having made them to accommodate stupid people, he
admitted the offense and promised to alter them back again,
although, of course, he never did. But the changes in an author’s
manuscript almost always come either from his own finer perception
and steady advance toward the precise conveyance of his own
thought, or else from the aid he receives in this from some
immediate friend or adviser—most likely a woman—who is in close
sympathy with his own mood. The charm is greatest, of course, in
seeing and studying and touching the original page, just as it is. For
this a photograph is the best substitute, since it preserves the
original for the eye, as does the phonograph for the ear. Even with
the aid of photography only, there is as much difference between the
final corrected shape and the page showing the gradual changes, as
between the graceful yacht lying in harbor, anchored, motionless,
with sails furled, and the same yacht as a winged creature, gliding
into port. Let us now see, by actual comparison, how one of Keats’s
yachts came in.
There lies before me a photograph of the first two stanzas of
Keats’s “Ode on Melancholy,” as they stood when just written. The
manuscript page containing them was given to John Howard Payne
by George Keats, the poet’s brother, who lived for many years at
Louisville, Kentucky, and died there; but it now belongs to Mr. R. S.
Chilton, United States Consul at Goderich, Ontario, who has kindly
given me a photograph of it. The verses are in Keats’s well-known
and delicate handwriting, and exhibit a series of erasures and
substitutions which are now most interesting, inasmuch as the
changes in each instance enrich greatly the value of the word-
painting.
To begin with, the title varies slightly from that first adopted, and
reads simply “On Melancholy,” to which the word “Ode” was later
prefixed by the printers. In the second line, where he had half written
“Henbane” for the material of his incantation, he blots it out and puts
“Wolfsbane,” instantly abandoning the tamer suggestion and bringing
in all the wildness and the superstition that have gathered for years
around the Loup-garou and the Wehr-wolf. This is plainly no
amendment suggested afterward by another person, but is due
unmistakably to the quick action of his own mind. There is no other
change until the end of the first stanza, where the last two lines were
originally written thus:—

“For shade to shade will come too heavily

 And drown the wakeful anguish of the soul.”

It is noticeable that he originally wrote “down” for “drown,” and, in

afterward inserting the r, put it in the wrong place—after the o,
instead of before it. This was a slip of the pen only; but it was that
word “heavily” which cost him a struggle. The words “too heavily”
were next crossed out, and under them were written “too sleepily”;
then this last word was again erased, and the word “drowsily” was
finally substituted—the only expression in the English language,
perhaps, which could have precisely indicated the exact shade of
debilitating languor he meant.
 In the other stanza, it is noticeable that he spells “melancholy,”
through heedlessness, “melanancholy,” which gives a curious effect
of prolonging and deepening the incantation; and this error he does
not discover or correct. In the same way he spells “fit,” “fitt,” having
perhaps in mind the “fytte” of the earlier poets. These are trifles, but
when he alters the line, which originally stood,—

“But when the melancholy fit shall come,”

and for “come” substitutes “fall,” we see at once, besides the merit of
the soft alliteration, that he gives more of the effect of doom and
suddenness. “Come” was clearly too business like. Afterwards,
instead of—

“Then feed thy sorrow on a morning rose,”

he substitutes for “feed” the inexpressibly more effective word “glut,”

which gives at once the exhaustive sense of wealth belonging so
often to Keats’s poetry, and seems to match the full ecstasy of color
and shape and fragrance that a morning rose may hold. Finally, in
the line which originally stood,—

“Or on the rainbow of the dashing wave,”

he strikes out the rather trite epithet “dashing,” and substitutes the
stronger phrase “salt-sand wave,” which is peculiar to him.
All these changes are happily accepted in the common editions of
Keats; but these editions make two errors that are corrected by this
manuscript, and should henceforth be abandoned. In the line usually
printed,—

“Nor let the beetle, nor the death-moth be,”

the autograph text gives “or” in the place of the second “nor,” a
change consonant with the best usage; and in the line,—
 “And hides the green hill in an April shroud,”

the middle word is clearly not “hill,” but “hills.” This is a distinct
improvement, both because it broadens the landscape and because
it averts the jangle of the closing ll with the final words “fall” and “all”
in previous lines.
It is a fortunate thing that, in the uncertain destiny of all literary
manuscripts, this characteristic document should have been
preserved for us. It will be remembered that Keats himself once
wrote in a letter that his fondest prayer, next to that for the health of
his brother Tom, would be that some child of his brother George
“should be the first American poet.” This letter, printed by Milnes,
was written October 29, 1818. George Keats died about 1851, and
his youngest daughter, Isabel, who was thought greatly to resemble
her uncle John, both in looks and genius, died sadly at the age of
seventeen. It is pleasant to think that we have, through the care
exercised by this American brother, an opportunity of coming into
close touch with the mental processes of that rare genius which first
imparted something like actual color to English words. To be brought
thus near to Keats suggests that poem by Browning where he
speaks of a moment’s interview with one who had seen Shelley, and
compares it to picking up an eagle’s feather on a lonely heath.
 IV
MASSASOIT, INDIAN CHIEF
 MASSASOIT, INDIAN CHIEF

There was paid on October 19, 1907, one of the few

tributes ever openly rendered by the white races to the higher
type of native Indian leaders. Such was that given by a large
company at Warren, Rhode Island, to Massasoit, the friendly
Indian Sachem who had first greeted the early Pilgrims, on
their arrival at Plymouth in 1620. The leading address was
made by the author of this volume.

The newspaper correspondents tell us that, when an inquiry was

one day made among visitors returning from the recent Jamestown
Exposition, as to the things seen by each of them which he or she
would remember longest, one man replied, “That life-size group in
the Smithsonian building which shows John Smith in his old cock-
boat trading with the Indians. He is giving them beads or something
and getting baskets of corn in exchange.”[1] This seemed to the
speaker, and quite reasonably, the very first contact with civilization
on the part of the American Indians. Precisely parallel to this is the
memorial which we meet to dedicate, and which records the first
interview in 1620 between the little group of Plymouth Pilgrims and
Massasoit, known as the “greatest commander of the country,” and
“Sachem of the whole region north of Narragansett Bay.”[2]
“Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate,” says the poet
Pope; and nothing is more remarkable in human history than the way
in which great events sometimes reach their climax at once, instead
of gradually working up to it. Never was this better illustrated than
when the Plymouth Pilgrims first met the one man of this region who
could guarantee them peace for fifty years, and did so. The
circumstances seem the simplest of the simple.
The first hasty glance between the Plymouth Puritans and the
Indians did not take place, as you will recall, until the newcomers
had been four days on shore, when, in the words of the old
chronicler, “they espied five or sixe people with a Dogge coming
towards them, who were savages: who when they saw them ran into
the Woods and whistled the Dogge after them.” (This quadruped,
whether large or small, had always a capital letter in his name, while
human savages had none, in these early narratives.) When the
English pursued the Indians, “they ran away might and main.”[3] The
next interview was a stormier one; four days later, those same
Pilgrims were asleep on board the “shallope” on the morning of
December 8, 1620 (now December 19), when they heard “a great
and strange cry,” and arrow-shots came flying amongst them which
they returned and one Indian “gave an extraordinary cry” and away
they went. After all was quiet, the Pilgrims picked up eighteen
arrows, some “headed with brass, some with hart’s horn” (deer’s
horn), “and others with eagles’ claws,”[4] the brass heads at least
showing that those Indians had met Englishmen before.
Three days after this encounter at Namskeket,—namely, on
December 22, 1620 (a date now computed as December 23),—the
English landed at Patuxet, now Plymouth. (I know these particulars
as to dates, because I was myself born on the anniversary of this
first date, the 22d, and regarded myself as a sort of brevet Pilgrim,
until men, alleged to be scientific, robbed me of one point of
eminence in my life by landing the Pilgrims on the 23d). Three
months passed before the sight of any more Indians, when Samoset
came, all alone, with his delightful salutation, “Welcome,
Englishmen,” and a few days later (March 22, 1621), the great chief
of all that region, Massasoit, appeared on the scene.
When he first made himself visible, with sixty men, on that day,
upon what is still known as Strawberry Hill, he asked that somebody
be sent to hold a parley with him. Edmund Winslow was appointed to
this office, and went forward protected only by his sword and armor,
and carrying presents to the Sachem. Winslow also made a speech
of some length, bringing messages (quite imaginary, perhaps, and
probably not at all comprehended) from King James, whose
representative, the governor, wished particularly to see Massasoit. It
appears from the record, written apparently by Winslow himself, that
Massasoit made no particular reply to this harangue, but paid very
particular attention to Winslow’s sword and armor, and proposed at
once to begin business by buying them. This, however, was refused,
but Winslow induced Massasoit to cross a brook between the
English and himself, taking with him twenty of his Indians, who were
bidden to leave their bows and arrows behind them. Beyond the
brook, he was met by Captain Standish, with an escort of six armed
men, who exchanged salutations and attended him to one of the
best, but unfinished, houses in the village. Here a green rug was
spread on the floor and three or four cushions. The governor,
Bradford, then entered the house, followed by three or four soldiers
and preceded by a flourish from a drum and trumpet, which quite
delighted and astonished the Indians. It was a deference paid to their
Sachem. He and the governor then kissed each other, as it is
recorded, sat down together, and regaled themselves with an
entertainment. The feast is recorded by the early narrator as
consisting chiefly of strong waters, a “thing the savages love very
well,” it is said; “and the Sachem took such a large draught of it at
once as made him sweat all the time he staied.”[5]
A substantial treaty of peace was made on this occasion, one
immortalized by the fact that it was the first made with the Indians of
New England. It is the unquestioned testimony of history that the
negotiation was remembered and followed by both sides for half a
century: nor was Massasoit, or any of the Wampanoags during his
lifetime, convicted of having violated or having attempted to violate
any of its provisions. This was a great achievement! Do you ask
what price bought all this? The price practically paid for all the vast
domain and power granted to the white man consisted of the
following items: “a pair of knives and a copper chain with a jewel in it,
for the grand Sachem; and for his brother Quadequina, a knife, a
jewel to hang in his ear, a pot of strong waters, a good quantity of
biscuit and a piece of butter.”[6]
Fair words, the proverb says, butter no parsnips, but the fair words
of the white men had provided the opportunity for performing that
process. The description preserved of the Indian chief by an eye-
witness is as follows: “In his person he is a very lusty man in his best
years, an able body, grave of countenance and spare of speech; in
his attire little or nothing differing from the rest of his followers, only
in a great chain of white bone beads about his neck; and at it, behind
his neck, hangs a little bag of tobacco, which he drank, and gave us
to drink (this being the phrase for that indulgence in those days, as is
found in Ben Jonson and other authors). His face was painted with a
sad red, like murrey (so called from the color of the Moors) and oiled,
both head and face, that he looked greasily. All his followers likewise
were in their faces, in part or in whole painted, some black, some
red, some yellow, and some white, some with crosses and other
antic works; some had skins on them and some naked: all strong, tall
men in appearance.”[7]
All this which Dr. Young tells us would have been a good
description of an Indian party under Black Hawk, which was
presented to the President at Washington as late as 1837; and also,
I can say the same of such a party seen by myself, coming from a
prairie in Kansas, then unexplored, in 1856.
The interchange of eatables was evidently at that period a pledge
of good feeling, as it is to-day. On a later occasion, Captain
Standish, with Isaac Alderton, went to visit the Indians, who gave
them three or four groundnuts and some tobacco. The writer
afterwards says: “Our governor bid them send the king’s kettle and
filled it full of pease which pleased them well, and so they went their
way.” It strikes the modern reader as if this were to make pease and
peace practically equivalent, and as if the parties needed only a pun
to make friends. It is doubtful whether the arrival of a conquering
race was ever in the history of the world marked by a treaty so
simple and therefore noble.
“This treaty with Massasoit,” says Belknap, “was the work of one
day,” and being honestly intended on both sides, was kept with
fidelity as long as Massasoit lived.[8] In September, 1639, Massasoit
and his oldest son, Mooanam, afterwards called Wamsutta, came
into the court at Plymouth and desired that this ancient league
should remain inviolable, which was accordingly ratified and
confirmed by the government,[9] and lasted until it was broken by
Philip, the successor of Wamsutta, in 1675. It is not my affair to
discuss the later career of Philip, whose insurrection is now viewed
more leniently than in its own day; but the spirit of it was surely quite
mercilessly characterized by a Puritan minister, Increase Mather,
who, when describing a battle in which old Indian men and women,
the wounded and the helpless, were burned alive, said proudly, “This
day we brought five hundred Indian souls to hell.”[10]
But the end of all was approaching. In 1623, Massasoit sent a
messenger to Plymouth to say that he was ill, and Governor
Bradford sent Mr. Winslow to him with medicines and cordials. When
they reached a certain ferry, upon Winslow’s discharging his gun,
Indians came to him from a house not far off who told him that
Massasoit was dead and that day buried. As they came nearer, at
about half an hour before the setting of the sun, another messenger
came and told them that he was not dead, though there was no hope
that they would find him living. Hastening on, they arrived late at
night.
“When we came thither,” Winslow writes, “we found the house so
full of men as we could scarce get in, though they used their best
diligence to make way for us. There were they in the midst of their
charms for him, making such a hellish noise as it distempered us
that were well, and therefore unlike to ease him that was sick. About
him were six or eight women, who chafed his arms, legs and thighs
to keep heat in him. When they had made an end of their charming,
one told him that his friends, the English, were come to see him.
Having understanding left, but his sight was wholly gone, he asked
who was come. They told him Winsnow, for they cannot pronounce
the letter l, but ordinarily n in place thereof. He desired to speak with
me. When I came to him and they told him of it, he put forth his hand
to me, which I took. When he said twice, though very inwardly: ‘Keen
Winsnow?’ which is to say ‘Art thou Winslow?’ I answered: ‘Ahhe’;
that is, ‘Yes.’ Then he doubled these words: ‘Matta neen wonckanet
nanem, Winsnow!’ That is to say: ‘Oh, Winslow, I shall never see
thee again!’ Then I called Hobbamock and desired him to tell
Massasowat that the governor, hearing of his sickness, was sorry for
the same; and though by many businesses he could not come
himself, yet he sent me with such things for him as he thought most
likely to do good in this extremity; and whereof if he pleased to take,
I would presently give him; which he desired, and having a
confection of many comfortable conserves on the point of my knife, I
gave him some, which I could scarce get through his teeth. When it
was dissolved in his mouth, he swallowed the juice of it; whereat
those that were about him much rejoiced, saying that he had not
swallowed anything in two days before.”[11]
Then Winslow tells how he nursed the sick chief, sending
messengers back to the governor for a bottle of drink, and some
chickens from which to make a broth for his patient. Meanwhile he
dissolved some of the confection in water and gave it to Massasoit to
drink; within half an hour the Indian improved. Before the
messengers could return with the chickens, Winslow made a broth of
meal and strawberry-leaves and sassafras-root, which he strained
through his handkerchief and gave the chief, who drank at least a
pint of it. After this his sight mended more and more, and all rejoiced
that the Englishman had been the means of preserving the life of
Massasoit. At length the messengers returned with the chickens, but
Massasoit, “finding his stomach come to him, ... would not have the
chickens killed, but kept them for breed.”
From far and near his followers came to see their restored chief,
who feelingly said: “Now I see the English are my friends and love
me; and whilst I live I will never forget this kindness they have
showed me.”
It would be interesting, were I to take the time, to look into the
relations of Massasoit with others, especially with Roger Williams;
but this has been done by others, particularly in the somewhat
imaginative chapter of my old friend, Mr. Butterworth, and I have
already said enough. Nor can I paint the background of that strange
early society of Rhode Island, its reaction from the stern
Massachusetts rigor, and its quaint and varied materials. In that new
state, as Bancroft keenly said, there were settlements “filled with the
strangest and most incongruous elements ... so that if a man had
lost his religious opinions, he might have been sure to find them
again in some village in Rhode Island.”
 Meanwhile “the old benevolent sachem, Massasoit,” says Drake’s
“Book of the Indians,” “having died in the winter of 1661-2,” so died,
a few months after, his oldest son, Alexander. Then came by regular
succession, Philip, the next brother, of whom the historian Hubbard
says that for his “ambitious and haughty spirit he was nicknamed
‘King Philip.’” From this time followed warlike dismay in the colonies,
ending in Philip’s piteous death.
As a long-deferred memorial to Massasoit with all his simple and
modest virtues, a tablet has now been reverently dedicated, in the
presence of two of the three surviving descendants of the Indian
chief, one of these wearing his ancestral robes. The dedication might
well close as it did with the noble words of Young’s “Night Thoughts,”
suited to such an occasion:—

“Each man makes his own stature, builds himself:

Virtue alone outbuilds the Pyramids;
Her monuments shall last when Egypt’s fall.”
 V
JAMES FENIMORE COOPER
 JAMES FENIMORE COOPER

“Cooper, whose name is with his country’s woven

First in her ranks; her Pioneer of mind.”

These were the words in which Fitz-Greene Halleck designated

Cooper’s substantial precedence in American novel-writing. Apart
from this mere priority in time,—he was born at Burlington, New
Jersey, September 15, 1789, and died at Cooperstown, New York,
September 14, 1851,—he rendered the unique service of
inaugurating three especial classes of fiction,—the novel of the
American Revolution, the Indian novel, and the sea novel. In each
case he wrote primarily for his own fellow countrymen, and achieved
fame first at their hands; and in each he produced a class of works
which, in spite of their own faults and of the somewhat unconciliatory
spirit of their writer, have secured a permanence and a breadth of
range unequaled in English prose fiction, save by Scott alone. To-
day the sale of his works in his own language remains unabated;
and one has only to look over the catalogues of European
booksellers in order to satisfy himself that this popularity continues,
undiminished, through the medium of translation. It may be safely
said of him that no author of fiction in the English language, except
Scott, has held his own so well for half a century after death. Indeed,
the list of various editions and versions of his writings in the
catalogues of German booksellers often exceeds that of Scott. This
is not in the slightest degree due to his personal qualities, for these
made him unpopular, nor to personal manœuvring, for this he
disdained. He was known to refuse to have his works even noticed in
a newspaper for which he wrote, the “New York Patriot.” He never
would have consented to review his own books, as both Scott and
Irving did, or to write direct or indirect puffs of himself, as was done
by Poe and Whitman. He was foolishly sensitive to criticism, and
unable to conceal it; he was easily provoked to a quarrel; he was
dissatisfied with either praise or blame, and speaks evidently of
himself in the words of the hero of “Miles Wallingford,” when he says: