1

UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA
DEPARTMENT OF LAW
LAW 333 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
COURSE OUTLINE 2023 - 2024
SEMESTER ONE
DAMBE B.J.

Aims and Learning Objectives

The course will provide an in-depth coverage of specific aspects of criminal litigation. At the end of the
course students should have thorough knowledge of topics and issues selected for study and be able to
participate effectively in the criminal justice system. The course will deal with specific aspects of criminal
litigation that ensure fair treatment for both the accused and the state. This include Fundamental rights
of an accused under the Botswana Constitution, Features of an accusatorial/inquisitional system of
criminal trials, The role, duties and obligations of the prosecutor in criminal litigation, evidential
presumptions and the fundamental rights of the accused, Plea bargaining and principles of sentencing.

Modes of Assessment
Assessment, in accordance with Departmental Regulations, shall be based on at least two pieces of
continuous assessment work and an examination. The ratio of CA: Exam is 40:60.

E - classes
E classes will be conducted on Microsoft teams. Download teams and join the class through the class
link already sent to your peers. Classroom attendance, through engaging with actual or recorded classes,
reading cases and answering quizzes is important for you to understand the concepts discussed in this
class. Credit will be given for class engagement which will be assessed through end of unit quizzes.

Consultations will be possible by appointment on Thursdays between 10am and noon, at my office Law
Department 230/ 120. You may secure an appointment by email at [email protected]

Recommended Texts
Nsereko, Criminal Law in Botswana Monograph ebook Wolters Kluwer
S. Joubert, Criminal Procedure Handbook, 10th ed, Juta, 2011
Modise, A Practical Approach To Criminal Procedure In Botswana, Juta 2017

Legislation
The Constitution of Botswana
The Penal Code
Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act
Magistrates Court Act and Rules
High Court Act and Rules
Court of Appeal Act and Rules
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

1.1 The criminal justice system
1.2 Accusatorial or inquisitorial procedures in Botswana?
1.3 Sources of Botswana Criminal Procedure
1.4 The Criminal Courts of Botswana and their Jurisdiction
1.5 Limitations on Jurisdiction
1.5.1 territory
1.5.2 time
1.5.3 immunity (presidential, diplomatic, ministerial, special office, (chiefs and judges)
High Court Act
Magistrates Court Act sections 3, 60 and 61
The Constitution of Botswana sections 95(1), 95(2), 95(3) and section 99
Section 13, section 32 and section 37 Customary Courts Act
Section 4 and 5 CP &E
Section 5 CP &E
AG v. Bakiri Phute 1987 BLR 460
State v. Mtshwaeli 1981 BLR 232
State v Jacobs 1974 – 1975 BLR 48
Motswaledi v The BDP No. 2 2009 (2) BLR 284 CA
Fombad and Quansah, The Botswana Legal System.

CHAPTER TWO CONSTITUTIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

NSEREKO PP 332 – 342

2.1 The Presumption of Innocence

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(2)a
Otlhomile v. The State 2002 (2) BLR 295 at 302
AG v Othlomile 2004 (1) BLR (CA)
Section 10(12) Constitution – reverse onus
Section 4 stock theft act

2.2. The right to remain silent

Section 10(7)
Nkwe v. The State 1991 BLR 18
AG v. Moagi 1981 BLR 1

2.3 Right to a fair trial

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(1)
Sussex Justices (1924) 1 KB 256 at 259
 3

Ahmed v. The Attorney General 2002 (2) BLR 431 at 444

Motshwane and Ors v. The State [2002] 2 BLR 368 (HC)
Kenosi v. The State 1993 BLR 268 CA
Motsumi v. The State 1996 BLR 905
Bosch v the State 2001 (1) BLR 71
Dikgang v the State 1987 BLR 352
Rabonko v the State 29006 (2) BLR 166

2.4 Right to trial within a reasonable time

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(1) and s. 10(2)b
State v. Merriweather Seboni 1968 – 1970 BLR 158
Busi v. The State 1997 BLR 69
Sejammitlwa v. The Attorney General and Ors 2002 (2) BLR 75 CA
Ntwa v. The State 2001 2 BLR 212
Rabana v. The Attorney General and Ano 2003 1 BLR 330 (HC)
State v. Thomas 2007 (2) BLR 749 A
Thapelo v DPP 2012 BLR 78 (HC)
Moyo v the state 2006 (1) BLR 29 (HC)
Kealotswe v the AG 2006 (1) BLR 229 (CA)
Keitumtse and Another v the State (2004) 2 BLR 445 at 449 D - G

2.4 Right to trail before independent impartial tribunal

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(1)
Lemme v. The State 1985 BLR 159
State v. Moshotle 1985 BLR 131
Mafelela v. The State 1996 BLR 15
Moletsane v. The State 1995 BLR 83

2.5 Right be informed of the charge in a language you understand

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(2)b
Kamogelo v. The state 1985 BLR 490
State v Keboletse 1979 – 80 BLR 74 (HC)

2.6 Right to time to prepare defence

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(2)c
Motshwane v. The State 2002 2 BLR 368
Ahmed v. The AG2002 2 BLR 431

2.7 Right to legal representation

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(2)d;
Tshukudu v. The State 2000(1) BLR 400
 4

Makhura and Ano v. The State 1991 BLR 104

Mazibuko v. The State
Maphane v. The State 1991 BLR 313
Chanda v the state 2007 (1) BLR 400 (CA)
Bojang v the State 1994 BLR 146
Leow v The state 1995 BLR 564
Marumo v The State 1990 BLR 659
Basupi v the State 2000 (2) BLR 1 (CA)
Boko, D.G. (2000) Fair Trial and the Customary Courts in Botswana: Questions on Legal Representation
Criminal Law Forum, 11, 445, 458-460
Dambe B.J and Fombad C.M (2020)The Stock Theft Act and Customary Courts in Botswana: Justice
Sacrificed on the Altar of Expediency? The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law
Customary Courts Act

2.8 Right to an interpreter

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(2)f
Ngausena v. The State 2001 (1) BLR 61
Mmesetse v. The State 1999 1 BLR 14

2.9 right to call and examine witnesses

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(2)e
Ahmed v. The Attorney General 2002 (2) BLR 431

2.9 Right to trial in presence of the accused

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(2) a r w s 178 (1) CP &E
Mafunye v. The State 1990 BLR 474

2.10 Right to the record of proceedings

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(3)

2.11 Nullum crimen sine lege; Nullum Peona sine lege

s. 10(4) and s.10 (8) Constitution.

2.12 Autrefois convict/acquit and pardons

The Constitution of Botswana section 10(5) and 10(6)
Nwezi Nzehengwa v, The State 1982 (2) BLR 15
S v Sello Magetse what is a competent court
State v Rakganne

2.13 right to a trial in public

General Rule
Section 10(10)
Exclusions/ exceptions of public interest, public polcy, private lives and children
 5

Section 10 (11) a and (b) constitution

Are juveniles tried in public –
Childrens Act

CHAPTER THREE: CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS NSEREKO 297 – 303

3.1 Constitutional and Legislative Framework - The office of the DPP

Section 51A Constitution
Section 112 and section 113 Constitution

3.2 The powers of the Director of Public Prosecutions

Section 7 of the CP&E
Section 51A (3) and section 51A (6) Constitution
Section 10 and 11 CP&E

Section 12 (4) Customary Courts Act

Section 13 CP&E
Mphusu and Ano. V. The State 1997 BLR 845 (HC) – delegated authority
Attorney General v. Mafojane and Others 2000 (2) BLR 74 (CA)
Section 2 of the Powers to Prosecute (Delegation) Order
Section 2 of the Customary Courts (Power to prosecute) Authorisation Order,

3.3 Delegation of prosecutorial Powers

S 51A (4)
Section 8 SP and E
Section 12(4) Customary Courts Act
Section 13 (1) (2) (3) CP & E

3.4 The Role of the prosecutor

The prosecution as Dominus Litis
Section 201 CP&E
Exercising the discretion to prosecute
Botswana Prosecutions Policy
Raditladi v. The State 1987 BLR 434,
Gaogane v. The State 1983 BLR 181 at 183,
Pitso v. The State 1987 BLR 203,
Mogale v. The state 2001 (1) BLR 427
State v Ngwako 1968 – 70 BLR 9

3.4.1 Discretion to stop a prosecution and withdraw a charge with liberty to prosecute
Section 10 CP&E
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Section 150 (4) CP&E

Busi v. The State 1997 BLR 69
State v. Segai 1968 – 1970 BLR 9
White Marobela v. The State 1977 BLR 31 (HC)

3.4.2 molle prosequi

State v. Robert Seeletso 1991 BLR 195 (HC) effect of

3.4.3 Consent of the DPP to a prosecution

Section 20 Penal Code
Kgwefane v. The State 2007 (2) BLR 681 (CA) – consent to prosecution

3.4.4 The duty to assist in the attainment of justice and abuse of process
Ahmed v. The Attorney General 2002 (2) BLR 431 at 444
Mthimkhulu v. The State 1985 BLR 311 (HC),
The South African Prosecutions Policy
Boucher v. The Queen (1955) 110 CCC 263, (1955) SCR 16, 20 CR 1
Smyth v. Ushewokunze and Ano. 1998 (3) SA 1125 at 130 – 1131 E

3.4.5 Prosecutions of Juveniles

Sections 81 – 96 Children’s Act, 2009
State v Oodira 2006 (1) BLR 225(CA)
State v Mfazi 2009 1 BLR 168 HC
Mogodu v The State 2005 (1) BLR 384(HC)
State v Outwile 2010 2 BLR 389 (HC)
Letsididi v The State 2010 1 BLR 18 (CA)

3.4 Private Prosecutions

Section 14 CP&E
Section 15 CP&E.
Section 16 CP&E
Section 24 CP&E
Section 20(1) CP&E
Section 22 CP&E
Re Attorney generals reference; State v Malan 1990 BLR 32

CHAPTER 4 SECURING THE ATTENDANCE OF THE ACCUSED AT TRIAL PP. 307 – 329

4.1 Police Procedures

4.2 Arrest and Detention

Section 37, 43 and 46 CP&E
Murray v The Minister of Defence 1988 WLR 692
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Rex v Tiro 1951 (3) SA 390

Aphiri v the attorney general 1997 BLR 192
State v Shamukuni Munikasu 1978 – 70 BLR 255
State v Seshameko France and Ano 1974 (2) BLR 53
Aphiri v the Attorny general 2002 (1) BLR 65 (CA) at 69 D - E
Sekobye v the Attorny general (2006) 1 BLR 270 (CA)
Kgosiemang and another v the State 1989 BLR 12
Kapo v the AG 2011 92) BLR 151(HC)
mosaninda v the AG 1994 BLR 411

Dambe B.J, (2021) Fine Margins Between Right and Rogue: The Common Law Right to Resist
Unlawful Arrest and Assault a Police Officer South African Journal of Criminal Justice Vol 34,
Issue 2, p191.

4.2.1 Arrest with Warrant

Sections 37, 47 and 50 CP &E

4.2.2 Arrest without Warrant

Sections 28(a) and (b), 32, 33 and 34, section 36 CP&E
Onkabetse v the AG 1989 BLR 120
Aphiri v the attorney general 1997 BLR 192
Thokwane v The AG 1998 BlR 221 (HC)

4.3 Questioning Witnesses and Suspects

Section 30 (1) c, 231,
State v Bagwasi and Another [1968 – 1970] BLR 129
State v Zindaba and Another [1976 – 78] BLR 49
State v Sekgobokgobo 1972 (2) bLR 71
Tlaresegolo v attorney general 2001 (2) BLR 730 (CA)
Mohalenyane v The state 1984 BLR 291
Mashabile v the state 1984 VLR 96 (CA)
State v Nfanyane Njuanje 1968 – 70 BLR 237
State v Ramatswidi 2005 (1) BLR 452
Masina and Another c The state 1983 BLR 237 (CA)
State v Mponda 1986 BLR 286
Desai and another v the State 1985 BLR 582
Kgaodi v the State 1996 BLR 23 (CA)
Mpharitlhe v the State 2004( 1) BLR 53

4.4 Search and Seizure

Useya v The State 1995 BLR 708
Kenosi v The state 1993 BLR 329
Moloi v The state 1995 BLR 439

4.4.1 Search with Warrant

Section 51(1)
4.4.2 Search without Warrant
Section 51(1)
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4.6 Extradition
Extradition Act Botswana
Botswana / SA extradition treaty; SADC Protocol on Mutual Assistance in Legal Matters
Republic Of Namibia V Alfred And Ors 2004 (2) BLR 1010 (CA)
Alfred and Ars v the republic of Namibia 2002 (2) BLR (HC)
Chalira V. The Republic Of Malawi 1998 BLR 256 (HC)
Ncube V The State 2002 (1) BLR 315
Hlabangane V Directorate Of Public Prosecutions 2012 (2) BLR 340 HC
Van Der Merwe v The State 2011 (1) BLR 253 HC

CHAPTER 5 PRE TRIAL PROCEEDINGS

5.1 Committal and Pre Trial Examinations

Section 97 CP&E

5.2 Release On Bail pending Trial

5.2.1 Bail and the Constitution

sections 3(1) section 5(1). Section 5(3), section 10 (the presumption of innocence)

5.2.2 Procedures for granting of Bail in the CP&E

Sections 111 CP&E, 112, 113, 114, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110.
State v Van Tander 1970 2 BLR 376

5.2.3 Considerations in the granting of bail in case law

Mbisana v The State 1012 (2) BLR 530 (HC)
Loso And Ano v The State 1998 BLR 518 (HC)
Mogotsi And Another v The State 1990 BLR 142 (HC)
Sebina And Ors v The State 2012 (2) BLR 474 (HC)
Setimela v The DPP 2011 2 BLR 906 (HC)
Setimela v The State 2011 (2) BLR 1081
Dipholo v The State 2000 (2) BLR 451 (CA) At 453
Mzwinila v The State 1986 BLR 168 (CA)
Gabaakanye v The State 2011 (2) BLR 1056
Kamoto v The State 2011 (1) BLR 259
Ketshabile v The State 2010 (2) BLR 383
State v Sikgopi 1968 – 1970 BLR 163
State v Gopolang Mackenzie 1968 – 1970 BLR 308 (HC)
Binikiwa vThe State 2005 (1) BLR 285
Chiwayi vThe State 2007 91) BLR 46 (HC)
Mamadi vThe State 2005 (1) BLR 295 (HC)
Nthaisane v The State 2000 (1) BLR 247
Nedziwe v The State 2007 (3) BLR 368 (HC)
Mihda v The State 1997 BLR 1147 (HC)
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5.3 Bail Pending Appeal

Baikepi v The State 1984 BLR 67
State v Sephiri And Ano 1982 BLR 211
State v Cooper 1975 (1) BLR 40
Phologolo v The State 2007 (1) BLR 61 (HC)
Charalambous v the State 1990 (1) BLR 422
State v Stanely Matengo 1975 (1) BLR 110
Rabonko v the State 2007 (1) BLR 31

6. CHAPTER 6 DRAFTING CHARGES

6.1 Definition of a charge
s. 123 CP &E
s. 128
s. 131 – rules to frame a charge

6.2 Joinder of Offences

Section 129 (1) (2) (3), section 128, section 131 CP&E
Sate v Backstyle 1972 (2) BLR 69 (HC)
State v Nleya 1973 (1) BLR 44 (HC)
Ketshwanetse v the State 1997 BLR 1067 (HC)
Sekga v The State 1997 BLR 972
Mokwena v the state 1992 BLR 14 (CA)

6.3 Joinder of Offenders

sections 130 (a) (b), (c), (d) and (e), section 176 and section 241 CP&E
State v Nleya 1973 (1) BLR 44 (HC)
State v Masole 1982 BLR 202
State v Kgotane and Ano 1971 – 73 BLR 71
State v Surtee and Ors 2007 (2) BLR 35
State v Maauwe and Ors 1997 BLR 381 (HC)
Moatlhodi v The state 1995 BLR 265 (HC)

More cases on joinder

State v matere 1991 BLR 359 (HC)
Kesimolotse v the State 1991 BLR 279 (CA)
State v Mogotse and Ano 1990 BLR 497 (HC)
Morupule and Ano v the State 1989 BLR 634
Mbayi v The State 1989 BLR 527 (HC)
Tshwene v the State 1987 BLR 92 (HC)
State v Seletse 1987 BLR 11 (HC)
Ramalete and Ano v the State 1985 BLR 204
Modungwa and Ano v the State 1985 BLR 184
State v Ntabolela 1985 BLR 142(HC)
Tumetsane and Ano v The State 1985 BLR (HC)
 10

6.4 Contents of a Count

State v Maruping 1968 – 1970 BLR 391 (HC)
State v Tlhawaafalo 1012 (2) BLR 196 (HC)
Mogale v the State 2001 (1) BLR 393
Lesetedi and Ano v the State 2001 (1) BLR 393 (HC)
Gaetsalwe v The State 2012 BLR 107 (HC)
Sebogodi v the state 2010 (3) BLR 872 (HC)

6.4.1 Statement of Offence

Section 131(a)
Tangane v the state 1994 BLR 325

6.4.2 Particulars of Offence

SECTION 131 (a) iii and section 131 (c)
Machola v Regina 1964-1967 BLR 143 (HC)

6.5 Improper Multiplication of Offences (splitting of charges)

State v Belang 1968 – 1970 BLR 35
State v Makausu 1968 – 70 BLR 333
State v Modise alias Mawana 2007 (3) BLR 105

6.6 Amending the Charges

Section 149 CP&E
Motsenyane v the State 1982 (1) BLR 134
State v Lephole 1979 BLR 234
Amogelang v the State 1984 BLR 202
State v Kgano 1981 BLR 186
6.7 Practise drafting charges for specific offences (murder, rape, theft)
See draft charge sheets on blackboard

CHAPTER 7 ARRAIGNMENT AND PLEA WEEK 10

7.1 The Role of the Trial Judge

7.2 General Principles of Arraignment And Plea

S v. Keboletse 1979 – 1980 BLR 74
s. 10 (2) b Constitution
s. 141 CP&E
section 143 CP& E
section 144 CP& E
section 146 CP &E
section 149 (1) CP & E
State v. Rankalo 2000 (2) BLR 166
Mmatli and Ano v. The State 1999 1 BLR 4(CA)
Ngwako v. State 1990 BLR 563 (CA)
Mosutle v the State 2000 (2) BLR 154 (CA)
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7.3 Dispensing with the Plea

7.3.1 Refusal to Plead
s. 153 CP&E

7.3.2 Ambiguity in Plea

Matlapeng v. State 2001 BLR 161
Makuni v State 1984 BLR 257
Practice Direction (Judicial Circular No. 1 1975) 1984 BLR 256
Kgopiso v. The State 1986 BLR 446

7.3.3 Obstructive or Rowdy Behaviour

s. 178 CP &E

7.3.4 Mental Incapacity to plead

Sv. Masinga 1990 BLR 47

7.4 Plea Bargaining

7.5 Pleas that May be raised by the accused

s. 150 (1) CP&E
s. 150 (4) CP&E

7.5.1 Plea of Guilty

Practice Direction (Judicial Circular No. 1 1975) 1984 BLR 256
S v. Kabelo 1979 1980 BLR 241
Makuni v. The State1984 BLR 257
Kgopiso v. The State1986 BLR 446
State v. Monthopitsa 1981 BLR 207
State v. Juwao 1968 – 70 BLR 69
Kgolagano v the State 1992 BLR 49
Kebiditswe v the State 2004 (1) BLR 386

7.5.2 Plea of Not Guilty

7.5.3 Prior Conviction or Acquittal

State v. Matere 1993 BLR 465
State v. Williams 1993 BLR 69

7.5.4 Presidential Pardon

s. 10 (6) Constitution
the kalafatis case
 12

7.5.5 Plea to the court’s Jurisdiction

S v. Fu

7.5.6 Discharge from Prosecution

s. 237 (1) CP&E

7.5.7 Lack of Prosecutorial Authority

7.5.8 Lis Pendes

7.5.9 Guilty but insane

S v. Masinga 1990 BLR 47

7.6 change of Plea

S v Roy Morris 1979 – 1980 BLR 80
State v David Motlhabani 1968 – 70 BLR 27
State v Shibi 1968 – 70 BLR 241

CHAPTER 8 – THE TRIAL PROCESS - ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS IN A CRIMINAL TRIAL NSEREKO 346 – 354
8.1 THE TRIAL

8.1.1 The role of the trial judge

8.2.2 The Prosecution Case

Visser v the State 1974 – 75 BLR 68
State v Moffat Kelebony 1973 (1) BLR 79
State v Manyana Lephele and Ano 1982 BLR 199

No Case to Answer
State v Nyambe 1973 (1) BLR 58
State v Moloise 1977 BLR 28
State v Ramocha 1979 – 80 BLR 225
State v madakalala 1978 – 70 BLR 340

8.2.3 The Defence Case

State v Gaoratwe Xhaa 1974 (10 BLR 117
Honha v the state 1985 bLR 121
State v banana 1979 – 80 blR 121
Ag v Moagi 1982 BLR 124 9cA)
Nkwe v the state 1991 BlR 123
State v phale 1985 BLR 123
Mtlhale v The State 1985 BLR 330
State v Motshebe 1972 1 BLR 29
 13

8.2.4 Visit to the Locus in Quo

8.2.5 Final Submissions

Walter madisa v regina 1964 – 67 BLR 157

Chiwaura v the state 1985 BLR 201
Moletsane v The state 1996 BLR 73 (CA)
Moraeng v The State 2007 (1) BLR 657

8.3 JUDGMENT AND APPEALS

I. Judgment
II. Appeals
A. Appeal by the Accused
B. Appeal by the State

CHAPTER 9 THE SENTENCING PROCESS NSEREKO PP. 259 – 295

9.1 General Principles
S v. Khulu 1975 2 SA 518
S v. Rabie 1975 (4) SA 855 A at 862
Masilo v. The State 2006 (2) BLR 545 CA
Rajane v. The State 2008 (1) BLR 367 CA
S v Rahii 1981 BLR 252
State v Makwekwe 1981 BLR 196
State v Samson Phiri 1974 – 1975 BLR 60

9.2 Factors to Be Taken into Account

9.2.1 Pre Sentence Investigation
s. 297 (1) CP&E
Disele v. The State 2007 1 BLR 796

9.2.2 Mitigating and Aggravating Factors

Ofetotse v. The State 1989 BLR 314
Komboni v. The State 1983 BLR 163
Kutsanza v. The State 2004 BLR 58
State v. Noga 2007 (1) BLR 27
Dintwe v. The State 1983 BLR 159

9.3 Forms of Punishment in Botswana

Section 25 Penal code
 14

9.4 The Death Penalty

Dr. E Macharia – Mokobi, Death Penalty In Botswana, Time For A Rethink, South African Litigation
Centre (available at http://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/1/wp-
content/uploads/2017/01/GOAL-16-Book-Mokobi.pdf)

D D N Nsereko ‘Extenuating circumstances in capital offences in Botswana’ 1991 2(2) Criminal Law Forum
235 at 236 – 237.

K Frimpong ‘The death penalty in Botswana’

http://www.biicl.org/files/2193_country_report_botswana_frimpong.pdf (accessed 20 January 2016) 3;
Ditshwanelo ‘The death penalty’ http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/death_penalty.html

O Tshosa ‘The death penalty in Botswana in the light of international law: The case for abolition’
http://www.biicl.org/files/2216_tshosa_death_penalty_botswana.pdf

Emmanuel Tsebe and Another v The Minister of Home Affairs and others Case no 27682/10 South
Gauteng High Court Johannesburg

9.4.1 The death penalty and the constitution

Section 4 of the Constitution

Section 7(1) of the Constitution
section 7(2) of the Constitution

Molale v the state 1995 BLR 146 (CA).

Ntesang v the state 1995 BLR 151 (CA),
Ditshwanelo and Others v The Attorney General and Another 1999 (2) BLR 56(HC)
Kobedi v the state No. 2 2005 (2) BLR 76 (CA).
State v Rodney Masoko CTHFT 000008-07 (unreported) see black board
State v Masoko CLCGB 058-14 (unreported) see blackboard

9.4.2 the death penalty under statutory law

Section 202 Penal Code.
Section 203(1) Penal Code.
Section 203(2) Penal Code.
Section 203(3) Penal Code.

9.4.3 extenuating circumstances to avoid the death penalty

S v Mokwena 1990 BLR 1 (HC) 29 – 30
On immaturity
State v Rapulana 1975 (1) BLR 37 (CA)
State v Sebolai 2007 (3) BLR 435 (HC)
 15

On intoxication
Ntesang v The State 1990 BLR 396 (CA)
Ramotlhaedi v The State 1998 BLR 9
State v Basikere 2007 (3) BLR 454 (HC)

On provocation
Ramontsho v The State 1987 BLR 374
Ramotlhaedi v The State 1998 BLR 9 (CA)
State v Sebolai 2007 (3) BLR 435 (HC); State v Basikere 2007 (3) BLR 454 (HC)
State v Bogosi 2006 (2) BLR 123 (HC) 126

On which craft
State v Molapo 2007 (3) BLR 493 (HC)

On totality of circumstances lack of premeditation acting on spur of moment

State v Rapulana supra 1975 (1) BLR 37 (CA) 39
In State v Phori 1987 BLR 228 (HC)
State v Sharp 1987 BLR 14 (HC)

On First offenders
State v Rapulana supra 1975 (1) BLR 37 at 39 (CA)
State v Basikere 2007 (3) BLR 454 (HC)
Sebele v The State 2010 2 BLR 473 (HC)

Honest but mistaken belief of infidelity

Ramontsho v The State 1987 BLR 374 at 376–377 (CA)
Ntesang v The State 1990 BLR 396 (CA)
Ramotlhaedi v The State 1998 BLR 9 (CA).

mental state of accused

State v Gadiwe 2005 (1) BLR 212 (HC)
State v Raphotsana 2006 (2) BLR 80 (HC).

Maturity
Sebele v The State 2010 2 BLR 473 (HC)

9.4.4 Statutory Limitations on imposition of the death penalty

9.4.5 Prerogative of mercy

9.5 Judicial Corporal Punishment

9.5.1 The constitution and corporal punishment

 16

Section 7(1) and section 7(2) constitution

Petrus and Another v The State 1984 BLR 14 (CA)
Desai and Ors v The State 1987 BLR 55 (CA)
Kagfela v the state CLHLB 000148 – 10

9.5.2 Offences attracting corporal punishment

9.5.3 The manner of corporal punishment
9.5.4 Statutory limits on corporal punishment
9.5.5 Corporal punishment in the customary courts

9.6 Imprisonment in particular mandatory minima

9.6.1 Offences attracting mandatory sentences
9.6.2 Rational for mandatory sentences
9.6.3 Criticisms and mitigation of effects of mandatory sentences in Botswana
9.6.4 Meaning of exceptional extenuating circumstances

Dr. E Macharia Mokobi, Exceptional Extenuating Circumstances in Botswana: statutory omission or

judicial opportunity? (Available at
http://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/ju_sajcj/24/2/ju_sajcj_v24_n2_a1.pdf?expires=1503045343&id=
id&accname=57708&checksum=62715D4E2441C37E41CB3195256B64D0)

9.7.1 Fines

9.8 Forfeiture

9.9 Compensation
State v Gaebolae Ondabetse 1979 – 80 BLR 60
State v Sarefo 1971 (1) BLR 26
State v Jani 1974 (10 BLR 92
State v Limbo 1976- 78 BLR 78
State v Mmala 1981 BlR 218
Gosiame v the State 1982 BLR 76

9.10 Reconciliation
S v Tabengwa 1981 BLR 264
State v James Seven 1972 920 BLR 59

9.11 sentencing of juveniles in conflict with the law in Botswana

Dr. E Macharia Mokobi, Sentencing Of Children In Conflict With the Law in Botswana, Thari Ya Bana
UNICEF (available at https://www.unicef.org/botswana/Unicef_Thari_Ya_Bana_2013.pdf)