Macbethhhh With Cover Pages

MACBETH
BY
GRIFFIN THEU
4th Edition
Griffin Theu of Chaminade Sec School 2023 Production

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MACBETH
By
William Shakespeare
Type of play: Tragedy

First Published: probably around 1605-1606
Setting: Scotland/England
ACT 1: SCENE 1
ENTER THE THREE WITCHES
The Three Witches agree to meet Macbeth on the heath before the sunset to predict Macbeth’s destiny.
The First Witch asks the other two Witches, “When shall we three meet again; in thunder, lightning or in the
rain?” The Second Witch responds, “When the hurlyburly’s done; When the battle’s lost and won” meaning that
when the disturbance /the war in which Macbeth is fighting in is over. The Third Witch says that the meeting will
take place before the sunset, “That will be ere the set of the sun”. The sun is a sign of order and life. The reference
to the sunset suggests a hint of the coming of the night. Night is associated with violence, disorder and evil.
The First Witch asks where their next meeting will take place, “Where the place?” The Second Witch replies that it
will be upon the heath; a barren wild place with nobody except the three Witches. The Third Witch reveals the
reason for Witches’ next meeting: “There to meet Macbeth”.
The Three Witches conclude their conversation by saying, “Fair is foul and foul is fair; Hover through the fog and
filthy air”. The Witches show that the things which people regard as being good have become evil to them and they
can delight only in truly evil things. The words foul, fog and filthy air create the atmosphere of the play. This scene
serves to foreshadow the terrible events that are to come.
ACT 1: SCENE 2
AT A MILITARY CAMP NEAR
DUNCAN’S PALACE AT FORRES
The Scottish army led by two generals, Macbeth and Banquo, fight against;
 The rebels led by Macdonwald from Ireland
 The Norwegian army led by King Sweno.
KING DUNCAN RECEIVES NEWS FROM THE BATTLEFIELD

1. THE BLEEDING SERGEANT
 The Captain (Sergeant) then describes how Macbeth killed the traitorous Macdonwald, the rebels’
leader. Here, both Macbeth and Macdonwald seemed to be strong fighters. The outcome of the
battle was uncertain just as the two tired swimmers who hang to each other for support, preventing
one another from fully using their abilities to save themselves. Macdonwald was assisted by the
other soldiers against Macbeth’s side; the kerns (the light-armed Irish-foot soldiers) and the
gallowglasses (Irish young warriors). Macdonwald had some kind of advantage to kill Macbeth
but fortune was not on his side. Macbeth finally killed Macdonwald using his sword. Macbeth
ripped Macdonwald open from his navel to his chin. This reference foreshadows Macbeth's death
at the end of the play.
 The Captain also says that the Norwegian Lord, Sweno, king of Norway, who was well-equipped
and supported with a number of soldiers, started a new attack. However, Macbeth and Banquo
fought even harder. Macbeth and his fellow-captain, Banquo, are compared to "eagles" and
"lions" unafraid of the timid Norwegians, who themselves are likened to "sparrows" or "a hare."
Symbolically, the lion appears on the royal coat of arms of the kings of Scotland.
2. ROSS AND ANGUS

 He says that both the Scottish army and Norwegian army were seen on equal terms until the
outcome was decided in Scotland's favour by Macbeth. The Norwegians begged for a truce.
 He also says that the Thane of Cawdor is a traitor. The Thane of Cawdor helped the Norwegians
even though he was supposed to be on Duncan’s side.
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HOW DOES KING DUNCAN REACT?
Duncan decrees that the Thane of Cawdor be put to death and that Macbeth, the hero of the victorious army, be
given the Cawdor’s title. Duncan rewards Macbeth with this title for fighting well in the battlefield. Ross leaves to
deliver the news to Macbeth.
ACT 1 SCENE 3
ON THE HEATH
The scene begins with the three Witches appearing on the heath, an open unused piece of land, near the battlefield.
The Three Witches ask one another about what they have been doing. The Second Witch says that she has just come
from killing swine (pig) with the aim of getting blood from it to make magic. The First Witch describes the revenge
she has planned upon a sailor whose wife refused to share her chestnuts.
MACBETH AND BANQUO MEET THE THREE WITCHES

Macbeth arrives with Banquo, repeating the Witches’ paradoxical phrase by saying, “So foul and fair a day I have
not seen.” Banquo is the first to address the witches. “What are these so wither’d, and so wild in attire; That look
not like the inhabitants o’the earth; And yet are o’ t? Live you?” Banquo wonders if the three witches live on earth
or even if they are real because they look very old and wear crazy clothes. He is not even sure whether they are
women or not. Banquo is almost sure that he is looking at women but the witches’ beards as well as their unusual
appearances make him wonder if they are really women.
THE THREE WITCHES HAIL MACBETH

The Three Witches do speak in order. The First Witch addresses him, “All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of
Glamis!” Followed by the Second Witch, “All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!” And then the
Third Witch, “All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!” The Three Witches foretell of Macbeth’s promotion
to the Thane of Cawdor and then king. Macbeth is baffled by the second title of becoming the king, as he has not yet
heard of King Duncan’s decision. Stunned, Macbeth presses for more information from them but they turn their
attention to Banquo.
THE THREE WITCHES HAIL BANQUO

The three Witches then hail Banquo. They also foretell that Banquo will never be the king but his children will be
the kings of Scotland.
MACBETH DEMANDS AN EXPLANATION

In an attempt to better understand things, Macbeth addresses the Witches: “By Sinel’s death I know I am Thane of
Glamis; But how of Cawdor? The Thane of Cawdor lives; A prosperous gentleman.” Macbeth is already Thane of
Glamis after the death of his father, Sinel, but he has not yet been informed of Cawdor’s betrayal and his new title.
Macbeth pushes the witches for explanations for their greetings: “Say from whence you owe this intelligence? Or
why upon this blasted heath you stop our way; With such prophetic greetings? Speak, I charge you.” Macbeth
demands to know where they got their information. When Macbeth questions them further, the Witches disappear.
Macbeth and Banquo figure out what they have just been told.
MACBETH AND BANQUO THEN MEET ROSS AND ANGUS

Ross and Angus have come to convey Macbeth the message from King Duncan. Ross tells Macbeth that the king
has made him “Thane of Cawdor” as the former Cawdor is to be executed for treason. This surprises Macbeth who
then says, “Thane of Cawdor lives. Why do you dress me; in borrow’d robe?” Macbeth cannot understand why one
would address him by that title. Banquo wonders at how these titles come to Macbeth. However, Macbeth and
Banquo agree to discuss the Witches’ words later and they, then, leave to meet the king.
ACT I: SCENE 4
AT THE KING’S PALACE AT FORRES
King Duncan demands to know whether the former “Thane of Cawdor” has been killed, “Is execution done on
Cawdor?” Duncan hears reports of Cawdor’s execution from his son, Malcolm. He says that the Cawdor has died
nobly, confessing freely and repenting of his case. Duncan talks about how he trusted the Cawdor who pretended to
be royal and trustworthy yet he was evil, “There’s no art; To find the mind’s construction in the face. He was a
gentleman on whom I built; An absolute trust”.
Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

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In other words, there is no way to discover what a man is really like inside by looking at the expression on his face-
this clearly has an ironic meaning as it applies very much to Macbeth, who Duncan trusts so much.
ENTER MACBETH, BANQUO, ROSS AND ANGUS

Macbeth sends a letter to Lady Macbeth just after arrival at King’s palace at Forres from the battlefield. King
Duncan welcomes the Scottish soldiers from the battlefield led by Macbeth and Banquo. Duncan thanks Macbeth
and Banquo for their loyalty and bravery. Duncan, then, announces his decision to make his son, Malcolm, the heir
to the throne of Scotland. Duncan, then, states that he plans to visit Macbeth at his Castle at Inverness. Plans are
made for King Duncan to dine at Macbeth’s Castle that evening. Macbeth sends the Messenger ahead of him to
deliver this message to his wife, Lady Macbeth. Then, Macbeth goes on ahead of the royal party to inform his wife
of King Duncan’s impending arrival. Macbeth ponders that Malcolm will be a stumbling block to his ascension to
the throne. Then, King Duncan and Banquo follow Macbeth later.
ACT 1: SCENE 5
AT INVERNESS
Lady Macbeth reads the letter she has received from Macbeth. In the letter, Macbeth
 talks about his encounter with the Three Witches and their prophecies.
 talks about how the prophecy of becoming the Thane of Cawdor came true.
 also talks of the prophecy of becoming the king of Scotland in future.
Lady Macbeth wonders if Macbeth has what it takes to become the king, “I fear thy nature; It is too full o’ th’ milk
of human kindness; To catch the nearest way”. Lady Macbeth thinks that her husband is too kind-hearted to do
evil in order to become the king. She herself sees wickedness as a necessary quality in a king.
LADY MACBETH’S DECISION

Lady Macbeth resolves to convince her husband to do whatever is required to seize the crown. Lady Macbeth
believes that she has the ability to deal with the problems that Macbeth lacks. She decides that she will convince him
to do dirty and wicked task in order to become the king.
ENTERS THE MESSENGER

The Messenger informs Lady Macbeth that the King Duncan rides towards the castle and that Macbeth is on his way
as well. As she waits for the arrival of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth asks the evil spirits in charge of the murderous
thoughts to fill her from head to toe with the worst brutality. These remarks manifest Lady Macbeth’s belief that
manhood is defined by murder.
MACBETH ARRIVES
Macbeth and his wife discuss the king’s forthcoming visit. Macbeth tells his wife that Duncan plans to depart the
next day but Lady Macbeth declares that the king will never see tomorrow. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth that he has
to pretend to be nice but be nasty underneath, “……Your face my Thane, is as a book where men; May read
strange matters. To beguile ……bear welcome in your eye; Your hand, your tongue; look like the innocent
flower; But be the serpent under’t….” The snake (Serpent) stands for Macbeth hiding under the pretence of
innocence as the snake hides under the flower. The design also reminds us of Eve successfully tempting Adam. She
tells her husband to have patience and leave the plan to her.
ACT 1: SCENE 6
OUTSIDE MACBETH’S CASTLE
ENTER KING DUNCAN, MALCOLM, DONALBAIN, BANQUO, LENNOX, MACDUFF, ROSS, ANGUS
AND ATTENDANTS
King Duncan arrives with his sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, Scottish noblemen and his entourage: a group of
people who attend to important people’s needs. King Duncan admires the Macbeth’s castle’s pleasant environment.
It seems the king approves of the location of Macbeth’s castle. Banquo, like a good and loyal general, agrees with
King Duncan.
LADY MACBETH MEETS KING DUNCAN

Lady Macbeth comes out to greet the king. She humbles herself in front of the king. King Duncan thanks her for her
hospitality. Lady Macbeth tells the king that whatever they do for him is not near to what the king has done for
them.

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ACT 1: SCENE 7
A ROOM IN THE CASTLE
As the servants set the table for the evening’s castle, Macbeth paces himself, pondering the idea of assassinating
Duncan. He has a few problems with killing King Duncan, and is reconsidering the whole plan.
MACBETH RECONSIDERS
 Macbeth realizes that such bloody actions on earth have a habit of coming back to haunt the people who do
them.
 Macbeth is worried that the killing of the king might set a bad example that people would follow and
someone might do something similar to him,
 Macbeth is King Duncan’s relative and subject.
 Macbeth is also King Duncan’s host and that itself puts a certain responsibility on him.
 King Duncan is very well liked and is a virtuous (good and ethical) ruler.
ENTERS LADY MACBETH

Macbeth declares that he no longer intends to kill Duncan, “We will proceed no further in this business…”. He
tells her that King Duncan has just promoted him and has gained a great and honourable reputation. Lady Macbeth
becomes angry and calls him a coward and compares him to “a poor cat i’ the adage”. The proverb of cat that
wanted to eat fish but did not want to get her paws wet by dipping them into water to catch the fish. The same
applies to Macbeth who cannot become the king when he does not murder King Duncan. She questions his
manhood. She says that she will consider him a man if he kills King Duncan. Lady Macbeths promises that as long
as they are bold, they will be successful. Then, she tells him her plan. While Duncan sleeps,
 She will give his chamberlains wine to make them drunk.
 Then, she and Macbeth will slip and murder Duncan.
 They will smear the blood of Duncan on the sleeping chamberlains’ daggers to cast the guilt upon them.
Macbeth then gets convinced and agrees to murder King Duncan. He promises to pretend to be nice so that people
do not know what he is really thinking in his heart.
ACT 2: SCENE 1
MACBETH’S CASTLE
ENTER BANQUO AND FLEANCE
Banquo and his son, Fleance, walk in the torch-lit hall of Macbeth’s castle. Fleance says that it is after midnight. It is
dark night with no stars. Banquo feels dead tired but he fails to sleep. Banquo hands in his sword to his son, possibly
worried that someone will sneak up on them. He wishes to stay awake because his sleep has already expired with
“cursed thoughts”.
ENTER MACBETH AND A SERVANT

Macbeth enters and a startled Banquo grabs his sword back from his son. Banquo realizes that it is only Macbeth.
Banquo’s knowledge of the Witches’ prophecy makes him a potential threat to Macbeth’s plotting. Macbeth seems
distrustful of Banquo. Macbeth seems to have developed some sort of conspirational plans in mind. The appearance
of Fleance, Banquo’s son, serves as a reminder of the Witches’ prediction that Banquo’s children will be the kings
of Scotland. If Macbeth succeeds in the murder of King Duncan, Banquo and Fleance will be in immediate and
mortal danger. Banquo and Fleance then leave.
MACBETH’S VISION
Macbeth enters into a soliloquy saying, “Is this a dagger which I see before me? The handle toward my hand?
Come, let me clutch thee”. He sees a dagger floating in the air in front of him, its handle pointing towards his hand
and its tip aiming towards Duncan’s bedroom. He wonders how he can see the dagger without being able to touch it.
He wonders if what he sees is real or “a dagger of the mind, a false creation; proceeding from the heat-oppressed
brain”.
Macbeth then reaches for his own real dagger and starts walking towards Duncan’s bedroom. He sees the floating
dagger again which points him in the direction of King Duncan’s bedroom. Macbeth remarks that the floating
dagger is now covered in blood. He, abruptly, realizes that the vision is just a manifestation of his uneasiness over
the killing of Duncan. Macbeth walks towards Duncan’s bedroom with the aim of murdering King Duncan.

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Then, the bell rings. The servant, who was with Macbeth, was told that the ringing of the bell was to tell Macbeth
when his drink is ready. It is in fact the signal from Lady Macbeth that Duncan is asleep and his attendants are in a
drunken and drugged stupor. So, Macbeth can now commit the murder:“ I go, and it is done. The bell invites me.
Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell; That summons thee to heaven or to hell.
ACT 2: SCENE 2
MACBETH’S CASTLE NEAR DUNCAN’S ROOM
As Macbeth leaves the hall, Lady Macbeth enters, remarking on her boldness. Macbeth is killing King Duncan as
the drunken servants are snoring. Hearing Macbeth cry out, she gets worried that the chamberlains have awakened.
Lady Macbeth is worried that Macbeth has not killed King Duncan and that they will be in trouble for having being
discovered by the Chamberlains. She says that she cannot understand how Macbeth has failed to kill him-she
prepared the daggers for him. She says that she would have killed King Duncan herself but she failed since King
Duncan resembled her father. This is the first sign of weakness in Lady Macbeth in the play.
ENTERS MACBETH
Macbeth enters with his hands covered in blood and tells Lady Macbeth that he has murdered King Duncan. Badly
shaken, he reports that while he was in Duncan’s chamber, he heard the chamberlains awake, praying. Macbeth is
beginning to feel guilty about the murder. In fact, both Malcolm and Donalbain are sleeping in the next room.
Macbeth feels like Malcolm and Donalbain saw him with the bloody hands.
He adds that as he killed the king, he thought he heard the voice cry out: “Methought I heard a cry, ‘Sleep no more;
Macbeth does murder sleep’, the innocent sleep…” Sleep symbolizes innocence, purity and peace of mind. Since
Macbeth has committed such an evil crime, he will no longer have peace of mind.
Then, Lady Macbeth notices that Macbeth has brought the murder weapons out of the chamber with him. She tells
him to take the daggers back to Duncan’s chamber and smear blood on the chamberlains. Macbeth refuses saying
that he does not want to go to the scene of the crime again. Lady Macbeth says that people who are asleep and dead
are nothing to be scared of. They know nothing, “The sleeping and the dead; Are but as pictures…”
Lady Macbeth is disappointed in her husband’s cowardice. Annoyed at her husband, Lady Macbeth goes to the
chamber and places the daggers in the hands of the sleeping chamberlains to implicate them in Duncan’s death as
planned.
As she leaves, Macbeth hears a mysterious knocking. He asks desperately, “With all great Neptune’s oceans wash
this blood; Clean from my hand? He is asking whether the ocean, ruled by god Neptune, will be able to clean the
blood from his hands. He worries that not all the water in the world will wash the blood from his hands. In the next
two lines, he says, “No, this my hand will rather; The multitudinous seas incarndine; Making the green one red”.
Here, Macbeth says that his hands will turn the seas red because he has so much blood in his hands.
As Lady Macbeth re-enters the hall, the knocking comes again, and then a third time. Her hands are also covered in
blood just as those of Macbeth. She leads her husband back to the bedchamber where they should wash their hands
then they will be innocent of the murder as there will be no evidence to show that they are behind King Duncan’s
death but they will both still feel really guilty. She also asks Macbeth to put on his nightgown so that no-one should
know that they have been up.
ACT 2: SCENE 3
AT MACBETH’S CASTLE
ENTERS THE PORTER, THEN MACDUFF AND LENNOX
In the previous scene, the repeated knocking frightened Macbeth. In this scene, the knocking continues, louder and
more impatient. A Porter comes to the gate, but he does not seem to be in much of a hurry. As the Porter opens the
gate, he discovers that it has been Macduff and Lennox knocking. Just as Macduff asks for Macbeth, Macbeth
appears in his nightshirt, as if he has been awakened by the knocking. Macduff asks "Is the king stirring, worthy
Thane?" Macbeth says that he is not. Macbeth leads him to the door of the King's chamber. When Macduff goes in
to see the King, Macbeth is probably preparing for the moment when Macduff discovers the king's murder. Macduff
rushes in, crying "O horror, horror, horror!" The important thing is not to understand that King Duncan is dead
but the reactions of the characters. For Macduff, King Duncan was "the Lord's anointed temple", which has been
vandalized and destroyed. To him, King Duncan was appointed by God to rule Scotland. He tells Macbeth and
Lennox that they must go into the chamber and see for themselves. Macbeth and Lennox go. Macduff calls out to all

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those sleeping in the castle, "Awake, awake! / Ring the alarum-bell/ Murder and treason!"
ENTER MACBETH, LENNOX, ROSS, MALCOLM AND DONALBAIN

Just behind Macbeth comes Lennox, now joined by Ross, who was apparently sleeping in the castle. On their heels
come Malcolm and Donalbain, the King's sons. Donalbain, the younger son, asks what's wrong, and Macbeth
answers with a metaphor, "The spring, the head, the fountain of your blood / Is stopp'd" , while Macduff says
simply, "Your royal father 's murder'd" Malcolm asks who did the murder. Lennox replies that it seems that the
guards did it because of the blood in their hands, on their faces and on their daggers which were lying on their
pillows.
However, it sounds shocking when Macbeth says that he has murdered the guards as he was angry with them having
killed King Duncan. When Macduff asks why Macbeth has killed them, Macbeth speaks as though he is his own
defense lawyer and says that anyone would have done the same thing. Seeing how Macduff asks Macbeth, Lady
Macbeth falls down and faints for two reasons. First is to blindfold the people that she is heavily affected with the
king’s death so that they should not think that they are behind it. Second is to make Maduff stop asking Macbeth
questions that can make Macbeth reveal the plan by concentrating on her situation. Meanwhile, Banquo appears to
be taking charge of the situation. He makes sure that someone carries away Lady Macbeth, and then proposes that
the men should hold a meeting .
Malcolm and Donalbain make their plans to escape the place where their father is butchered. Malcolm does not
point the finger at anyone in particular, but he feels that someone is faking grief for King Duncan. Donalbain says
that they are not safe since whoever has killed their father will probably try to kill them next and, then, he flees to
Ireland, “To Ireland, I. Our separated fortune; Shall keep us both the safer; Where we are; There's daggers in
men's smiles…….." Malcolm, too, flees to England.
ACT 2: SCENE 4
OUTSIDE MACBETH’S CASTLE
Ross, a Thane, walks outside the castle with an old man of seventy years of age. They discuss extraordinary events
that took place at Inverness the previous night:
 An owl killed a falcon (hawk). In this case, Duncan is the high flying falcon and Macbeth the lowly owl
that kills him. The order of nature has been disturbed.
 Duncan’s beautiful, well-trained horses behaved wildly
 Duncan’s horses ate one another.
The conversation about strange and unnatural events reminds us how unnatural Macbeth’s crime is and it suggests
how far-reaching its effects will be.
ENTERS MACDUFF
Macduff emerges from the castle and tells them that;
i. Macbeth has been made king by the other lords.
ii. Macbeth now rides to Scone to be crowned.
iii. the chamberlains seem the most likely murderers and that they may have been paid off by someone to
kill King Duncan.
iv. suspicion has now fallen on the two princes, Malcolm and Donalbain because they have fled away
from Scotland.
Macduff returns to his home at Fife and Ross goes to Scone to see the new king’s coronation.
ACT 3: SCENE 1
AT ROYAL PALACE AT FORRES
MACBETH PLOTS BANQUO’S MURDER
Banquo thinks about the coronation of Macbeth and the prophecies of the Weird Sisters. The Witches foretold that
Macbeth would be the Thane of Cawdor and the king thereafter and that Banquo’s children would also become the
kings. Since Macbeth’s two prophecies of becoming the Thane of Cawdor and King of Scotland have come true,
Banquo concludes that his own children will also rule Scotland as prophesied by the same Three Witches.

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Attired as a king, Macbeth enters. He is followed by Lady Macbeth, now the queen and the court. Even with his new
title and robes of office, Macbeth has no peace of mind: Since Macbeth has no children of his own; the murder of a
King Duncan appears useless and has been committed on behalf of Banquo's promised successors. While Banquo
still trusts in the fulfillment of the prophecy, Macbeth is all too ready to hinder it. To prevent Banquo’s children
from becoming the kings of Scotland, Macbeth plans to murder both Banquo and his son, Fleance.
Macbeth and Lady Macbeth ask Banquo to attend the feast they will host that night. Banquo accepts their invitation
but he says that he plans to go for a ride on his horse for the afternoon. Macbeth, cunningly, checks how far Banquo
is going and whether he is taking his son, Fleance, with him. Mackbeth is planning to have them murdered while
they are out riding. Banquo explains that he and Fleance will be away and will only be back at the castle at night.
Macbeth tells Banquo not to miss the banquet, "Fail not our feast ".
MACBETH HIRES THE MURDERERS

The entry of the hired murderers is a crucial element in the development of Macbeth's character. His use of others to
do his dirty work presents him as politically powerful but morally weak. Long gone are the days when Macbeth
would meet his enemy "front to front." Now, he commits murder with the seeming protection of distance. Macbeth
reminds the two murderers of a conversation he had with them the day before in which he created the wrongs
Banquo had done them in the past. Macbeth does not involve his wife when plotting the murder of Banquo. He
speaks to the two murderers at length alone giving them false reasons as to why Banquo should be killed. He
manipulates them making them feel convinced in killing Banquo when he says, “To be thus is nothing; But to be
safely thus-Our fears in Banquo stick deep”. Macbeth reminds the murderers that Fleance must be killed along
with his father and tells them to wait within the castle for his command.
ACT 3: SCENE 2
A ROOM IN MACBETH’S PALACE
ENTER LADY MACBETH AND A SERVANT
Lady Macbeth appears with a servant. She asks him if Banquo has gone and the servant says he has, but will return
that night. She, then, sends the servant to ask her husband to come and speak to her. Macbeth and his wife live in
fear that their guilt will be discovered and suspicion that the witches' prophecy about Banquo will come true.
ENTER MACBETH
Despite her own depression, Lady Macbeth tries to make her husband cheer up. She asks him why he has been
keeping to himself, and why he has been keeping company with his "sorriest fancies". A "fancy" is a daydream or
fantasy; a "sorry" fancy is one that is depressing or frightening. Macbeth's sorry fancies include: his vision of a
bloody dagger just before he murdered King Duncan. Recently, Macbeth has been seeing visions of the men he
killed. Lady Macbeth tells her husband that he should ignore them because it is no use thinking about things that he
cannot do anything about "Things without all remedy / Should be without regard: what's done is done".
Macbeth replies, "We have scorch'd the snake, not kill'd it. She'll close and be herself". In other words, there is
still a job to be done, a snake to be killed, not just wounded. But what is that snake? It is not only the threat posed by
Banquo. In Macbeth's mind, the snake seems to be everything that is against Macbeth. Whatever it is, he is
determined to fight it, no matter what the cost, rather than continue lacking the peace of mind as it is. Macbeth goes
on to say that it would be better to be dead than to live like this.
Macbeth expresses envy of King Duncan because he is dead and lives peacefully in death. Lady Macbeth thinks that
the only thing to do is to carry on with the killings. However, she asks her husband to be happy during the feast
among the invited guests, "sleek o'er your rugged looks; / Be bright and jovial among your guests to-night”.
Macbeth's reply is bitter. He promises to do as she says, and advises her to do the same. Banquo is a great danger to
them, so they must pretend to be kind-hearted just like the guests.
However, Macbeth’s head is filled with evil thoughts of doing away with Banquo and Fleance, “O, full of scorpions
in my mind…”. Macbeth does not feel himself seeing that Banquo and Fleance are still alive. To bindfold Lady
Macbeth, Macbeth tells her to be happy before night falls, "there shall be done / A deed of dreadful note". Lady
Macbeth asks what is going to be done but her husband answers, "Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, /
Till thou applaud the deed". He tells her that it is better for her to know nothing until when she will be pleased
about what will happen. He chooses to make further plans alone without involving his wife.

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After this, Macbeth speaks to the approaching night. Thus, Macbeth summons darkness to come to his aid. "Night's
black agents" come alive in his mind, and they are going to bring down the curtain on Banquo's life. Then, Macbeth
speaks to his wife, "Thou marvell'st at my words: but hold thee still; / Things bad begun make strong themselves
by ill" Even if she does not understand exactly what he is talking about, she will, and then she will see what her
husband can really do. The thing he is doing was "bad begun" with the killing of Duncan, but by doing another "ill,"
he is going to make it stronger. His evil is torturing him, and he is going to fix it by doing more evil.
ACT 3: SCENE 3
A LONELY PLACE NEAR FORRES
The First Murderer is in the middle of the conversation with the Third Murderer who has just joined them. Clearly,
Macbeth does not trust the two murderers, so he sends the Third Murderer to ensure that Banquo does not escape.
The First Murderer welcomes the Third Murderer to be with them as they wait for Banquo and Fleance in order to
murder them.
Banquo has reached his home safely from the ride and will now be looking forward to relaxation in the king’s palace
during the feast organized by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. However, Banquo will be riding not towards hospitable
welcome but towards his own extinction.
The First Murderer tells his fellow murderers of Banquo’s arrival at the scene, “...near approaches; The subject of
our watch”. The Third Murderer hears the horses. The Second Murderer confirms that it is really Banquo since the
other people who have been invited are already inside the palace, “Then, tis he, the rest; That are within the note of
expectation; Already are i’th’ court”. Banquo dismounts from the horseback almost a mile from the palace and
walks to the palace’s gate. Banquo arrives on foot, his horses having been taken the long way round. He adds that all
men do the same as they come to the palace.
ENTER BANQUO AND FLEANCE

As they walk towards the palace, Banquo is then attacked and, as he dies, he encourages Fleance to escape and
carries out a revenge on his death in future, “…Fly, good Fleance, fly, fly, fly! Thou mayst revenge…”. Then,
Fleance escapes. This makes the Second Murderer say, “We have lost the best half of our affair”. By this, he means
that they have not done the most important part of the job. They do not realize how important the death of Fleance is
to Macbeth.
Finally, the Three Murderers go and tell Macbeth what they have done. The escape of Fleance is the turning point in
Macbeth's tragedy. Banquo's dying words, ordering Fleance to "revenge," remind the audience of the Witches'
prophecy to Banquo: that he will be father to a line of kings, even though he himself will not attain the throne.
Definitely, due to the prophecy, Macbeth will not be at peace while Banquo’s son lives.
ACT 3: SCENE 4
THE BANQUETING HALL AT FORRES
The banquet is prepared. King Macbeth and Lady Macbeth welcome the guests to the banquet in a room of the
Castle. Macbeth asks the Lords to sit in order of their ranks from the lowest to the highest, “You know your degrees,
sit down, at first and last….” Macbeth says that “Both sides are even” meaning that both sides of the table are
equally full. In other words, Macbeth means that all the guests have come to the banquet. In reality, both sides are
not even because Banquo is missing.
ENTERS THE FIRST MURDERER

Macbeth leaves the banquet table to learn from the murderer if both Banquo and Fleance are murdered.
He has full hope that Banquo and Fleance are killed. Macbeth speaks to the First Murderer outside of the door. The
murderer tells him that Banquo is murdered but Fleance has escaped, “Most royal sir, Fleance is scaped”. Upon
hearing this, Macbeth develops feelings of uncertainty, anxiety and fear. With the escape of Fleance, Macbeth will
not have peace of mind. He is aware that Banquo’s children will become kings of Scotland according to the Weird
Sisters’ prophecy. He has doubt that he will succeed in hindering this prophecy. He feels that he is not safe.
However, Macbeth comforts himself saying that Fleance is too young to do harm yet. He says that Fleance will be
dangerous if he grows up in future, but as of present, Banquo was dangerous, “ There the grown serpent lies; the
worm that’s fled; Hath nature that in time will venom breed; No teeth for th’ present…..”. Banquo is referred to
as the grown serpent and Fleance as the worm.

9
Then, Lady Macbeth talks to Macbeth who seems not to care about the arrival of the guests to the banquet. She says
that if Macbeth does not make the guests feel that they are welcome, they will feel like they are paying the meal.
She, therefore, asks Macbeth to create a pleasant atmosphere through welcoming the guests and this will make the
food more pleasant.
THE GHOST OF BANQUO APPEARS

Macbeth then speaks to the guests saying that they would have all the nobles of Scotland gathered in his house for
the banquet if only Banquo were there. Macbeth speaks as if he does not know that Banquo is murdered. The ghost
of Banquo appears at the mention of Banquo’s name and sits in the very seat reserved for Macbeth at the table. As a
result, Macbeth remains stood. Lennox asks Macbeth to take a seat. In response, Macbeth says, “The table’s full”
meaning that his seat is occupied by Banquo’s ghost. Surprisingly, it is only Macbeth who sees it and not the guests.
As Macbeth talks to the ghost, the guests think that he has been seized by fit (sudden attack of illiness). However,
Lady Macbeth gives a false explanation about Macbeth’s strange behaviour by saying that Macbeth often behaves
like that and that he has done that since he was young. She adds that Macbeth’s behaviour is temporary and will be
fine again. She asks the guests not to be disturbed by Macbeth but continue eating and thinking nothing about him.
Then, she turns to Macbeth and asks about his manhood, “Are you a man?” Lady Macbeth rebukes Macbeth for his
display of fear.
THE GHOST OF BANQUO DISAPPEARS

Lady Macbeth rebukes Macbeth for his apparent lack of manhood. He behaves like a woman and not a man in his
foolishness, “What, quite unmanned in folly?” After the ghost’s disappearance, Macbeth recovers and tells the
guests that he has a very strange illness that is accepted as normal by those who know him.
THE GHOST REAPPEARS

Banquo’s ghost appears again and this shocks Macbeth who suddenly starts behaving abnormally again. He asks
Banquo’s ghost to go away for he is dead. He says that Banquo’s ghost should remain in its grave. Macbeth does not
understand why what is dead should be alive again. Lady Macbeth continues to make excuses for her husband
saying that he often behaves like that, only that he spoils the banquet.
THE GHOST VANISHES

After it vanishes, Macbeth tells the guests that he is now back to normal and asks them to remain seated.
Lady Macbeth tells him that he has ruined the banquet by his strange behavior. As a result, she asks all the invited
guests to leave the room. As a custom, people would normally leave in order of importance but but, instead, they
leave in a disorderly manner as advised by Lady Macbeth, “… stand not upon the order of your going; But go at
once”. The banquet was a symbol of peace and order but, now, the social order in Scotland is about to fall apart.
Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth that he hears that Macduff refused to attend the banquet when he was supposed to do
so. Macbeth sees this refusal to attend his banquet as an act of defiance, an insult. Macbeth thinks that Macduff
intends to keep away from the court, the behaviour that verge on treason. He, then, says that he will visit the Witches
again the next day in the hope of learning more about his future and about who may be plotting against him. He
resolves to do whatever is necessary to keep his throne.
Finally, Macbeth concludes that his strange behaviour comess from inexperience. They are still beginners,
inexperienced in the business of murder.
NOTE:
(i) THE GHOST
It symbolizes Macbeth’s guilty which he does not want others to know. It is a constant reminder of his
sin.
(ii) THE BANQUET
This is a state occasion and it should have been a triumph for Macbeth- a display of his power and
position as a king. It is also a sign of peace and order so that the king’s authority should sustain the
society.

10
ACT 3: SCENE 5
A DESOLATE PLACE
HECATE MEETS THE THREE WITCHES
The ruler of the Witches, Hecate, is angry because the other Three Witches prophesied to Macbeth using riddles and
prophecies about his future without consulting her.
Hecate reminds them that she is the boss and the source of their powers. She is the one who secretly decides what
evil things should happen but they never called her to join them and show off her own powers. Hecate, then, asks the
other Witches to go away and meet her in the morning in the pit by the river in hell. Macbeth will go there to learn
his destiny. Hecate reminds them to bring their cauldrons (vessels), their spells, their charms, and everything else,
“Your vessels and your spells provide; Your charms and everything beside”.
As she is about to fly away,
 she says that she will spend a night working to make something horrible happen, “This night I’ll spend;
Unto a dismal and a fatal end”.
 she says that an important droplet is hanging from the corner of the moon. She will catch it before it falls to
the ground. When she works it over with magic spells, the drop will produce magical spirits that will trick
Macbeth with confusion.
As a result, Macbeth will be fooled into thinking that he is greater than fate, he will mock death, and he will think he
is above wisdom, grace, and fear.
NOTE: The scene is unnecessary to understanding the play and was probably not written by Shakespeare.
ACT 3: SCENE 6
THE CASTLE OF LENNOX
LENNOX TALKS TO ANOTHER LORD
The first function of this scene is to convince the audience of Lennox's real thoughts about Macbeth. Lennox says
that his thoughts are just the same as the rebel Lord and, therefore, they know who is behind all the murders in
Scotland. Considering all this, Lennox thinks that Macbeth could have killed Duncan’s sons if had caught them as
punishment for those who kill their fathers, and so could Fleance.
The other function of this scene is to confirm the news of Macduff's flight to England to see Malcolm and convince
him to raise an army to get rid of Macbeth.
Lennox hears that Macduff is out of favour with the king because he speaks his mind too plainly and because he
failed to show up at the feast organized by the cruel Macbeth.
Lennox asks the Lord where Macduff is hiding himself. In response, the Lord says that Duncan’s son, Malcolm lives
in the English court. There, the saintly King Edward treats Malcolm so well that despite Malcolm’s misfortunes, he
is not deprived of respect. Macduff goes there to ask King Edward, the Confessor, for help. He wants Edward to
help him form an alliance with the people of Northumberland and their lord, Old Siward.
Macduff hopes that, with their help and with the help of God above, the tyrannical Macbeth may be removed from
the throne in Scotland and that Scotland may return to peace once more i.e. to put food on their tables again, bring
peace back to nights, free their feasts and banquets from violent murders, allow them to pay proper homage to their
king, and receive honors freely. Macbeth has heard this news and he is so angry that he is preparing for war.
Lennox and the Lord express their hope that Macduff will be successful and that his actions can save Scotland from
Macbeth.
ACT 4: SCENE 1
A DESOLATE PLACE NEAR FORRES
MACBETH SEES THE WITCHES
Macbeth returns to the Weird Sisters and demands to be shown a series of apparitions to tell his future. The three
Witches make the three Apparitions appear.
1. The First Apparition with a head wearing helmet warns Macbeth to be beware of Macduff, the Thane of
Fife and, then, disappears. Macbeth thanks an Apparition for having guessed exactly what he fears, but he
presses for more about his future. The first Apparition symbolizes what will befall Macbeth that he will be
killed by Macduff.
2. The Second Apparition, a bloody child (refers to Macduff), tells him that no man born of a woman can
harm him.To this, Macbeth reassures, himself, that he does not, then, need to kill Macduff since all men
were born of women. Then, there is no-one who can murder him. He has no reason to fear him. But even
so, he has to murder Macduff for his safety in the kingdom. That way he can conquer his own fear and
sleep easily at night

11
3. The Third Apparition, a child crowned with a tree in his hand (refers to Malcolm), tells him to be brave like
the lion and proud and not even worry about who hates him, who resents him, and who conspires against
him for he shall remain undefeated till Birnam wood moves to Dunsinane. To this, Macbeth says that that
will never happen. No-one can command the forest and make the trees pull their roots out of the earth and,
then, move towards the enemies and, then, fight and defeat them. For this reason, his murderers will never
come back to threaten him until the forest of Birnam gets up and moves, and he will be king for his entire
natural life.
Macbeth again wants to hear if Banquo’s children will be the future kings of Scotland. In response, Macbeth is
shown eight kings, all the descendants of Banquo, followed by the ghost of Banquo. This surprises him. The
children who appear in this procession are the children of Fleance. Having seen these eight kings, Macbeth realizes
that he cannot fight them. For a man who has no offspring, the image of children can only fill him with hatred and
cruelty.
ENTERS LENNOX
He tells Macbeth that Macduff has fled to England. This incident confirms to him what the Witches prophesied. This
makes Macbeth so angry that he plans to kill Macduff’s family. He shall attack the castle of Macduff and kills his
wife, his children and the unlucky members of his family.
ACT 4: SCENE 2
THE CASTLE OF MACDUFF AT FIFE
ENTER LADY MACDUFF AND ROSS
Lady Macduff asks Ross what wrong her husband did for him to flee the land to England. Ross responds by telling
her to be patient. Lady Macduff feels that Macduff has betrayed her and her children out of fear for his own
life.Ross says that Lady Macduff does not know whether it was wisdom or fear that made him flee. Lady Macduff
counterattacks Ross by saying that it was not wisdom to leave his wife, his children, his house, and his titles in a
place so unsafe that he himself flees from. To her, Macduff does not love them. He lacks the natural love to protect
his family. Then, Ross leaves.
THE MESSENGER AND LADY MACDUFF

Lady Macbeth does not know the Messenger but he knows her as an important person. The Messenger warns Lady
Macduff to flee with her children because terrible danger is near as Macbeth plans to kill Macduff’s family. Lady
Macduff ponders and does not know where to go and hide. She says that she has not done anything wrong.
THE MURDERERS KILL MACDUFF’S SON AND LADY MACDUFF

They stab Macduff’s son to death and pursue Macduff’s wife to murder her offstage.
ACT 4: SCENE 3
THE PALACE OF KING EDWARD OF ENGLAND
Malcolm tests the loyalty of his new recruit, Macduff. This scene is structured in two halves:
 the testing of Macduff loyalty by Malcolm.
 the great passion of Macduff in the face of terrible grief and his sworn revenge on Macbeth.
Macduff encourages Malcolm that they should defend their suffering motherland (Scotland). He urges Malcolm to
fight against Macbeth for him to become the king of Scotland. There is no peace in Scotland. Malcolm says that he
will avenge whatever he believes is wrong. He will put right whatever he can when the time comes. What Macduff
has just said may perhaps be true. However, Malcolm doubts Macduff. He says that Macduff was one of Macbeth’s
favourites. Malcolm expresses his suspicion that Macduff may be working as a spy for Macbeth. Malcolm suggests
that Macduff may be prepared to betray him as a sacrificial lamb in order to please Macbeth and be rewarded by
him. Macduff boldly announces, "I am not treacherous." He makes a reference to Lucifer who served God
trustfully but later, fell from heaven for being against God. Malcolm still thinks that Macduff is connected to
Macbeth. Malcolm does not understand as to why Macduff left his wife and children in Scotland which is
considered as a dangerous place without even bidding farewell to them. Macduff then cries, “Scotland, Scotland!
You’re not fit to live!—Oh miserable nation….” It is miserable because Scotland is ruled by a usurping, murderous
tyrant. He does not know when Scotland will have peaceful days again. He says that Malcolm who has a legal right
to the throne is a cursed man and a disgrace to the royal family—His royal father, King Duncan, was a virtuous king.
His mother spent more time on her knees in prayer than she did standing up, and she lived a life of absolute piety.

12
Seeing Macduff’s emotional response, Malcolm’s doubts about Macduff is removed. Malcolm realizes that Macduff
is really trustworthy and honourable. Malcolm is a person who is really ready to serve the people and his poor
country (Scotland). Malcolm tells Macduff that before he arrived there, Old Siward, with ten thousand soldiers
already prepared for battle, was making his way there. Now, they will fight against Macbeth together.
ENTERS THE DOCTOR

He tells Malcolm that the English king, Edward the Confessor, is coming. A crowd of sick people is waiting for
him to heal them. Their illness confounds the most advanced techniques of modern medicine, but when he touches
them, they heal immediately because of the supernatural power granted to him by the heaven. Macduff asks
Malcolm about the disease the Doctor is talking about. The disease is called the evil.
 Edward’s healing touch is a miracle that Malcolm has seen him perform many times during his stay in
England. How he receives these gifts from heaven, only the English king can say. He cures people with
strange conditions—all swollen, plagued by ulcers, and pitiful to look at, patients who are beyond the help
of surgery—by placing a gold coin around their necks and saying holy prayers over them. They say that he
bequeaths this ability to heal to his royal descendants.
 Along with this strange power, he also has the gift of prophecy and various other abilities.
All of these signs mark him as a man graced by God.
ENTERS ROSS
Macduff asks him how the current Scotland is like. In response, Ross says that Scotland is no longer the land where
they were born; it is the land where they will die, where no-one ever smiles except for the fool who knows nothing,
where violent sorrow is a common emotion. When the funeral bells ring, people no longer ask who dies. They die
before they even fall sick.
He says that as he was leaving Scotland for England to tell them this sad news, he heard rumours that many good
men were arming themselves to rebel against Macbeth. Ross says that the time has now come when people in
Scotland need the help of Malcolm and Macduff. Their presence in Scotland will make soldiers and women fight.
Ross, then, tells Macduff that his wife, children and servants have been murdered.
MACDUFF REVEALS HIS PLAN
Macduff is finally convinced not only to engage in the rebel army but also to take personal revenge upon Macbeth.
ACT 5: SCENE 1
A ROOM IN DUNSINANE CASTLE
At the Scottish royal home of Dunsinane, a gentlewoman has summoned the doctor to observe Lady Macbeth’s
sleepwalking. The doctor reports that he has watched her for two nights now and has not yet seen anything strange.
The Doctor asks her as to when she last saw her sleepwalking. In response, she says that she has seen her rises from
her bed, put on her nightgown, unlock her closet, take out some paper, fold it, write on it, read it, seal it up, and then
return to bed, remaining asleep the entire time since Macbeth went to war. He asks her if she has heard her say
anything in her sleepwalking. She says that she says something but she refuses to repeat it to the Doctor lest she is
murdered by her. Instead, she tells the Doctor that Lady Macbeth looks like she is washing her hands.
Like her husband, Lady Macbeth cannot find peace of mind, but she is suffering more clearly from a psychological
disorder that makes her remember the murders of King Duncan, Banquo, and Lady Macduff. The devastation of her
mind is so complete that she cannot remember events in their correct order. The events that devastate her in her
sleep are;
 Duncan’s murder; she particularly haunted by the endless blood on her hands. “Out, damned spot! Out I
say.”
 The Thane of Fife had a wife referring to Lady Macduff. It is suspected that she was involved in her
death when she says, “…What, will my hands never be clean?”
 Banquo’s death “Look not so pale–I tell you yet again, Banquo’s buried: he cannot come out on’s
grave.”
 The knocking on the door by Macduff after Duncan’s murder, “To bed, to bed: There’s knocking at the
gate.”

13
The above incidents show that Lady Macbeth was involved in the death of King Duncan, Lady Macduff and
Banquo. Sleep-walking reveals her guilt. More than this, Lady Macbeth is seen to rub her hands to get rid of
imaginary spots of blood in a washing action and but she cannot get rid of the blood and the smell from her hands.
Lady Macbeth shows her state of mind as she struggles to clean the blood off her hands. It is an attempt to clear her
mind of the crimes she has committed. The “spot” is permanent, even the light from the candle does not seem to
clear it or reverse the situation for “What’s done cannot be undone”.
The Doctor says that the disease Lady Macbeth has is beyond his medical skills. He says that he has known people
who sleepwalked and were not guilty of anything. People with guilt and confused minds will confess their secrets to
their pillows as they sleep. He says that Lady Macbeth needs a Priest and not the doctor.
ACT 5: SCENE 2
SCOTLAND OPEN COUNTRY
Four lords of Scotland namely; Lennox, Menteth, Angus, and Caithness resolve to join Malcolm and the English
forces. Menteith says that the English army is near led by Malcolm, his Uncle Siward, and the good Macduff.
Menteith says of Malcolm and Macduff, “Revenges burn in them; for their dear causes”. Their "dear causes" are
their motivations: Macbeth's murder of Malcolm's father and of Macduff's wife and children. They burn for
revenge. Angus says that they will meet the English forces near Birnam Wood. They are on the way to Scotland.
Caithness asks his fellow lords if they know whether Donalbain is with his brother, Malcolm, as they march towards
Birnam wood. Lennox replies that Donalbain is definitely not there. He says that he has a list of all the important
men. Siward’s son is there as well as many boys too young to have beards who will become men by joining in this
battle.
Menteith asks what the tyrant Macbeth is doing now. Caithness says that Macbeth is now fortifying his castle at
Dunsinane with heavy defences. Some say that he is insane. Those who hate him less call it brave anger. Caithness
adds that Macbeth is defending himself against the consequences of his own criminal actions. Furthermore, Macbeth
is unable to rule Scotland. Macbeth is out of control and in no shape to fight.
Angus adds that Macbeth now feels the blood of his murdered enemies sticking to his hands. Now, rebel armies
punish him every minute for his treachery. The soldiers that he commands are only following orders but they hate
him too. Angus continues saying that now Macbeth seems too small to be a great king. Macbeth is no longer fit to be
the king of Scotland.
Caithness says that they should give loyalty to someone who truly deserves it. So, he says that they should go and
join Malcolm, the doctor, who will cure their sick country. Once more Scotland is described as a sick patient, the
only cure for which is "each drop" of their own blood spilled in their country's defence.
However, Lennox says that they need to sacrifice themselves and make Malcolm king and get rid of Macbeth.
Lennox, finally, encourages his fellow lords to proceed on their march to Birnam to join the English forces there, led
by Malcolm.
All of this said, they march on to Birnam wood to meet Malcolm, who is "the medicine of the sickly weal”, the cure
for sick Scotland.
ACT 5: SCENE 3
DUNSINANE CASTLE
As the scene opens, Macbeth says, "Bring me no more reports; let them fly all" . Macbeth dismisses reports of
invasion by trusting the prophecies of the apparitions which seem to promise him invincibility in battle. Macbeth
does not care even if all the disloyal thanes desert him and join the weak English forces. He belittles Malcolm saying
that he cannot defeat him since he is born of a woman. Macbeth says that the spirits that know the future have told
him not to be afraid since no man born from a woman will ever defeat him. When the servant enters with the news
about the English forces, Macbeth shows his courage. Even before the servant has a chance to speak, Macbeth
shouts at him. Macbeth calls him names and mocks him. As soon as the servant is able to deliver the news that an
English army of ten thousand is approaching, Macbeth sends him away and calls for Seyton. Seyton is apparently a
kind of butler or perhaps an officer in Macbeth's non-existent army. In any case, it takes a while for him to appear.
In the meantime, Macbeth has a moment of truth with himself. Macbeth thinks that if he wins, he will be safe
forever, but if he loses, he will no longer be the king. In other words, Macbeth thinks that the battle against the
English forces will either secure his reign forever or topple him from the throne.
Having acknowledged the possibility that he can lose, Macbeth tries to find a way to accept defeat. Macbeth knows
that it is not only his throne that is at stake, but his life too is beginning to wither and fall away like a “yellow leaf”
in autumn as well. He also knows that he is utterly alone; he rules only by fear which means that all those he rules
hate him i.e. his own people seem to honour him with words but not in their hearts.

14
Seyton, soon, appears and Macbeth asks him for news but the only news is what has already been reported. Macbeth
vows that he will fight with courage and calls for his armour in readiness for the war against the English forces.
Macbeth does not have all of his armours on. He tells Seyton to send the rest of it after him and will not be afraid of
death and destruction until Birnam forest picks itself up and moves to Dunsinane. Despite Macbeth's bravado, he is
facing a hopeless battle in which no one will be on his side.
ACT 5: SCENE 4
NEAR BIRNAM WOOD
ENTER MALCOLM, SIWARD, MACDUFF, SIWARD’S SON, MENTEITH, CAITHNESS, ANGUS,
LENNOX, ROSS, AND SOLDIERS
The English and Rebel Scottish armies under the leadership of Malcolm meet at Birnam Wood. The men oppose
Macbeth and hope to stop him from more people in his effort to hold on to the throne.
Malcolm has hope that the time is coming when people will be safe in their own bedrooms in Scotland in future as
there will be no more murders and sleeplessness. Menteith replies, "We doubt it nothing". Both Malcolm and
Menteith are expressing confidence that their side will win.
With military foresight, Malcolm orders each soldier to cut branches and carry them in front of them as camouflage
to disguise the actual size of the advancing army and confuse Macbeth’s spies as to tell Macbeth inaccurate number
of them. That way Macbeth will underestimate the strength of the troops marching against him. Malcolm says that
his soldiers leave him, whatever rank they are. No one fights with him except men who are forced to and their hearts
are not in it. Macduff says that they will know how strong Macbeth is after they have fought the battle. Until that
time, all they have to do is to be good soldiers. Siward agrees and thus the scene ends with a contrast between
Macbeth's desperate overconfidence and his enemies' calm determination.
ACT 5: SCENE 5
DUNSINANE CASTLE
At Dunsinane, the royal castle that was King Duncan's and is now Macbeth's. Macbeth is preparing for battle. He
calls out: "Hang out our banners on the outward walls/ The cry is still ‘They come!" Macbeth's speech is warlike
and defiant his strength mirrored in that of the castle and men who surround him. The ‘banners’ are meant to show
his enemies that he will not surrender. The "cry" is either what the soldiers should say when they see the enemy, or
the message that Macbeth has heard so often that he is sick of it.
Then, Macbeth predicts that his enemies will die of hunger and disease in front of Dunsinane's walls. He adds that if
their soldiers had not revolted and joined them, they could have met them out in front of the castle, man to man, and
beaten them back to England. Macbeth talks of the Scottish thanes who have switched sides including Angus,
Lennox, Ross, and Macduff.
Macbeth's boasting is interrupted by "A cry of women within". While Seyton goes to find out, Macbeth
congratulates himself on his own savageness. Macbeth says that such noises no longer have the power to frighten
him. He recalls the other noises he has heard before: the voice that Macbeth heard crying "Macbeth shall sleep no
more!" and the fateful knocking at the door. Macbeth admits that he is used to such moments such that that cry can
no longer amaze him.
Seyton returns and tells Macbeth that Lady Macbeth is dead. Macbeth comments that she should have died later at a
more appropriate time. This shows that Macbeth does not have time for her.
The messenger enters with urgent news. Macbeth receives another message, which reports the fulfillment of the
second prophecy, the movement of the woods. Upon hearing this, Macbeth roars but his anger does not prevent the
messenger from telling him the message. Macbeth threatens to hang the messenger if he is lying, but then Macbeth’s
mood changes. He says that if the messenger is telling the truth, he will not mind being hung himself. He has
begun "To doubt the equivocation of the fiend / That lies like truth". He sees that if the wood is indeed moving, he
is in a hopeless situation, but there is nothing for him to do except fight on.
Macbeth admits that he is literally stuck — "There is no flying hence, nor tarrying here". On a psychological as
well as a military level, Macbeth can neither move forward nor backward, neither advance nor retreat. The only
consolation is to die fighting, in his armour.

15
ACT 5: SCENE 6
OUTSIDE DUNSINANE CASTLE
ENTER MALCOLM, SIWARD, MACDUFF, AND THEIR ARMY WITH BOUGHS (BRANCHES OF
TREES)
This is the shortest of all the scenes with ten lines and enables the audience to follow the advancing forces of
Malcolm and England to the walls of Dunsinane castle. Malcolm and his troops have reached Dunsinane under the
branches, thus fulfilling the prophecy of the apparitions: Birnam wood has come to Dunsinane. Malcolm asks his
troops to throw down these branches and show them how many they really are in numbers, "Now near enough:
your leafy screens throw down. / And show like those you are.
Two lines are worth commenting on: First, Malcolm announces that Siward, his "worthy uncle" shall lead the first
battle, while Macduff and himself will complete the encounter. In other words, he then directs the battalion led by
Siward and his son to begin the attack, and then a second battalion, led by Macduff and himself, will do the
mopping-up operations. Old Siward is to be respected for his age and experience. This establishes very strongly the
idea of propriety and orderliness in Malcolm's army. Macduff calls out for the trumpets to sound, and they do, and
so the charge begins. The sounding of the trumpets is referred to as "harbingers of blood and death"; a harbinger
is a sign of what is to come, a precursor of Destiny or Fate.
ACT 5: SCENE 7
NEAR THE CASTLE GATE
ENTER MACBETH
The last time we saw Macbeth, his soldiers were with him. Now, he is alone. He says, "They have tied me to a
stake; I cannot fly, / But, bear-like, I must fight the course". "They" refers to Malcolm's forces, and "bear-like"
refers to an extremely cruel sport that was popular at the time. In the neighborhood of Shakespeare's Globe Theater
was a similar building called The Bear Garden. There, a bear would be chained to a stake driven into the ground,
and a pack of dogs would be let loose upon the bear for a fight to the death. The spectators made bets on such things
as how many dogs the bear would kill before he died in this spectacle of blood and death. Macbeth compares
himself to the bear, and he is right. Later in the scene, he is absolutely alone surrounded by a force of more than ten
thousand, all of whom want to kill him.
ENTERS YOUNG SIWARD

Macbeth's only hope is the prophecy of the second apparition, so he says to himself, "What's he / That was not
born of woman? Such a one / Am I to fear, or none". At this point, Young Siward enters and asks Macbeth his
name. Young Siward is probably looking to fight against someone of a name, not just a common soldier. Macbeth
tells the boy that he does not really want him to hear his name because it will make him become afraid. This show of
arrogance, however, does not threaten Young Siward. As a result, they fight and Macbeth kills the boy. Macbeth
then exits, probably taking the body of Young Siward with him.
As Macbeth exits, the trumpets sound and, then, Macduff, rushes in, looking for Macbeth. Apparently, Macduff
realizes that he has just missed Macbeth. He shouts out a challenge to his unseen enemy. Macduff goes on to say
that he has no wish to fight against Macbeth's unwilling soldiers, then hears a noise which he thinks will lead him to
Macbeth, and he rushes out again.
ENTER MALCOLM AND SIWARD

Again, the trumpets sound, and then Malcolm and Old Siward enter knowing that they have already won the battle.
Siward says that the castle is surrendered without any resistance because Macbeth's soldiers switch sides and
Macbeth is left alone. Malcolm, too, has seen how easy the victory has been, because "We have met with foes /
That strike beside us”. "Strike beside us" means either that Macbeth's soldiers deliberately miss when they swing
their swords, or that they come over to Malcolm's side. In any case, the royal castle of Dunsinane now belongs to the
next king, Malcolm. The only piece of unfinished business is the killing of Macbeth.
ACT 5: SCENE 8
OUTSIDE DUNSINANE CASTLE
ENTERS MACBETH
The last time we saw Macbeth, he was leaving the scene after killing Young Siward. Then, Macduff entered and
followed a noise that he thought indicated that Macbeth was in the midst of another fight. Macbeth comes into
view, knowing that he is being hunted down. He has been thinking of the possibility of committing suicide, but he
quickly rejects that saying, "Why should I play the Roman fool, and die / On mine own sword?"

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The Romans that Macbeth refers to considered suicide to be an honorable way out of an impossible situation.
Macbeth is in an impossible situation, but he is determined to do as much damage as possible before he dies. In
other words, he just likes to see the blood flow.
MACBETH VERSUS MACDUFF

Now, Macduff catches up with Macbeth and challenges him. Macbeth gives Macduff chance to back away without
doing battle. He says that his "soul is too much charged / With blood of thine.""Charged" means full,
overburdened, and the "blood" to which Macbeth refers is the blood that was shed in the slaughter of Macduff's
wife and children.
Macduff says that he will let his sword do his talking. They fight, and it should be an exciting and suspenseful fight.
After they have fought for a while, Macbeth seems to think that he has the advantage and boasts, telling Macduff
that it will be easier to make a wound upon the air than to make him bleed. Macbeth tells Macduff to go and fight
against someone who can be beaten, but as for him, he cannot be killed by someone who was born of a woman.
Macbeth thinks that the words of the apparitions are a protective charm, which can protect him from physical injury.
Destroying Macbeth's last hope, Macduff reveals to Macbeth that he was born by being "untimely ripp'd" from his
mother's womb: He was not, therefore, "born" of a woman. Upon hearing this, Macbeth now realizes that he is going
to be killed soon. The prophecy has come true. It is somewhat surprising that Macbeth thinks he has a choice about
whether or not to fight, but Macduff makes it clear that it is not much of a choice. If Macbeth will not fight, he will
be taken prisoner and paraded about for people to jeer at. This is too much for Macbeth to take and he regains his
courage. Knowing that Birnam wood has come to Dunsinane, knowing that Macduff is not of woman born, knowing
that he has no chance, Macbeth determines to fight on.
Again, they fight, and they fight so hard that they disappear from the view for a moment. Then, Macbeth and
Macduff come back into view just as Macduff is delivering the death-blow to Macbeth.
ACT 5: SCENE 9
DUNSINANE CASTLE
ENTER, WITH DRUMS AND COLOURS, MALCOLM, SIWARD, ROSS, THE OTHER THANES, AND
SOLDIERS
As Macduff is dragging out Macbeth's body, trumpets sound indicating that the battle is over and, then, announcing
the arrival of the victors led by Malcolm. Ross reports that Young Siward is dead. He, then, eulogizes him. Old
Siward asks if his son was wounded in front of his body which would show that he died fighting. Siward does not
want to hear that the wounds were on his son's back which would mean that he died while trying to run away. Ross
assures Siward that the wounds were indeed on his son's front, and Siward expresses his pride in his son.
After the passage of stern grief for Young Siward, comes the most shocking moment of the play: Macduff suddenly
appears, carrying a pole, on the top of which is Macbeth's head. Macduff hails Malcolm as the King of Scotland and
says, "Behold, where stands / The usurper's cursed head: the time is free”. The "time is free" because they are all
now free of Macbeth's reign of terror over Scotland. Macduff, then, leads the men in a shout of victory and loyalty.
Macduff knows that the other thanes already think of Malcolm as their king, and, now, he asks them to join him in
shouting out loud, "Hail, King of Scotland!"
The final speech of the play is Malcolm's. He thanks everyone and promises rewards, the first of which is that all of
his thanes will henceforth be earls, Scotland's first. He also promises to call home all those who fled away from
Macbeth's tyranny and punish those who assisted Macbeth. He, then, invites all to Scone for his coronation.
CHARACTER ANALYSIS
MACBETH
He is courageous. He fights against the rebels led by Macdonwald and defeats them. After this fight, they are
attacked also by the Norwegian army, he again fights even harder and defeat them as well.
He is loyal. He takes the orders from King Duncan. He executes the duties that he is assigned to do. For example,
he, together with Banquo, fights against the rebels led by Macdonwald and then Sweno, King of Norway, and
defeats them.
He is ambitious. He wants to become the King of Scotland. As the Witches’ first prophecy comes true as Macbeth
is made the ‘Thane of Cawdor’, he, now, thinks of murdering King Duncan so as to fulfill the Witches’ second
prophecy of becoming the king of Scotland.
He is disloyal. He plans to assassinate King Duncan and Malcolm for him to attain the kingship. As Malcolm is
named the heir to the throne of Scotland, Macbeth is hurt inwardly thinking that Malcolm will be a stumbling block
to his ascension to his throne.

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He is unappreciative/ ungrateful. He does not appreciate what King Duncan has done by promoting him to the
“Thane of Cawdor” and paying a royal visit to their castle. Despite that, he plans to murder him.
He is decisive. He has now made up his mind to murder King Duncan after the wife reveals the plan on how to
murder him.
He is deceitful / secretive.
i. He told the servant that the ringing of the bell is to tell Macbeth that his drink is ready, hiding the fact
that it is the signal from Lady Macbeth that Duncan is asleep and his attendants are in a drunken and
drugged stupor so that Macbeth can now murder King Duncan.
ii. He invites Banquo to the feast he has organized as if he has good intention for inviting him while he is
planning to have him murdered. Macbeth finds out the movements of Banquo on the night of the
banquet without arousing suspicion.
iii. He is the one behind King Duncan’s death but he transfers this responsibility to Duncan’s sons as
being behind the murder of their father as they flee away from Scotland.
iv. He gives the two murderers false reasons as to why Banquo should be killed. The two hired murderers
believe what they are told by Macbeth, unware that Macbeth wants to murder Banquo because he takes
him as a threat to his throne.
He is greedy. He murders King Duncan because he is not satisfied with the ranks he has been given as the ‘Thane of
Cawdor. He also wants to become the King of Scotland through murdering King Duncan.
He is jealous
Macbeth does not want the house of Banquo to rule Scotland in future. Macbeth wants to keep the crown in his own
family. To fulfill this, he plots to have both Banquo and Fleance murdered.
He is hypocritical. He looks innocent as if he is not the one who has killed King Duncan. He transfers the blame to
the innocent chamberlains who he says he has killed out of
He is uncaring / irresponsible He comments that he has no time to attend to the death of his wife, Lady Macbeth, as
Seyton returns and tells Macbeth that Lady Macbeth is dead. This shows that he is more concerned with the war
against the English forces than the death of his wife.
He is boastful/proud. He believes that he cannot be killed by someone born of a woman. He still clings to the
prophecy of the second Apparition. As a result, he belittles the other soldiers e.g. Young Siward.
He is cruel/ruthless. He, firstly, fights against Young Siward, and kills the boy without mercy.
BANQUO
He is courageous. He fights against the rebels led by Macdonwald and defeats them. After this fight, they are
attacked also by the Norwegian army; he again fights even harder and defeat them as well.
He is loyal.
He executes the duties that he is assigned to do. He fights faithfully for his king and the country against the rebels
from Ireland and invaders from Norway.
He is insensitive. He thinks that Macbeth is still a friend as they used to be in King Duncan’s army, unaware that
that Macbeth plots to murder him to hinder his children from becoming the kings of Scotland.
He is superstitious. He believes the Witches’ prophecy that his children will become the kings of Scotland in future.
He draws an assurance from the fact that Macbeth’s two prophecies have been fulfilled and why not his prophecy.
He is ambitious. He wants his family to rule Scotland in future. That is why when he is being killed by the three
Murderers hired by Macbeth, he does not want Fleance to be killed as well. As a result, he urges Fleance to run
away since he knows that he will be the father of these kings.
He is vengeful. He asks Fleance to run away and carry out a revenge for his death in future as he (Banquo) is being
killed by the three Murderers hired by Macbeth.
LADY MACBETH
She is ambitious. She wants very much to become the queen of Scotland. To achieve this, she encourages Macbeth
to assassinate King Duncan so that they should ursurp the throne of Scotland.
She is deceitful.
She asks Macbeth to pretend to be nice but be nasty underneath. In other words, she tells Macbeth to deceive the
people by hiding his intention of killing King Duncan by letting his facial expression be the same as theirs.
She humbles herself in front of King Duncan as she welcomes him to Macbeth’s place as if she has no intention of
doing any evil to King Duncan, yet she plans to have the king murdered.

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She gives the false explanation about Macbeth’s queer behavior during the feast. She tells the guests that Macbeth
has been behaving like that since his childhood, yet he behaves like that for the first time just to blindfold the guests
to accept the situation as it is.
She is persuasive/tactful. She gives Macbeth the plan of how to murder King Duncan and this makes Macbeth get
convinced to carry out the murder.
She is hypocritical/ quick-witted. She pretends to faint in the presence of everyone upon hearing the news of King
Duncan’s death just to blindfold the people, yet she knows the whole plan concerning the king’s death.
She is manipulative
She manages to make Macbeth get convinced to think of murdering King Duncan in order for Macbeth to become
the king of Scotland and her, herself, to become the queen of Scotland.
THANE OF CAWDOR
He is disloyal. The Thane of Cawdor helped the rebels even though he was supposed to be on Duncan’s side as
Macbeth and Banquo fought against the Norwegians.
He is rebellious. The Thane of Cawdor helped the rebels even though he was supposed to be on Duncan’s side as
Macbeth and Banquo fought against the Norwegians. He revealed the king’s secrets to Norway.
He is unappreciative
The Thane of Cawdor turns against King Duncan who has given him the position of being the “Thane of Cawdor”.
Instead of thanking and defending King Duncan, he sides with the enemies against his own king.
He is deceitful
He appeared to be royal and trustworthy and this made King Duncan put much trust in him, yet he was evil. He
planned treason against his own king by assisting the Norwegian army against the Scottish army.
He is ambitious
He supports the idea that King Duncan should be removed from power as the king of Scotland. To prove this, he
sides with the enemies as they fight against King Duncan’s army led by Macbeth and Banquo.
KING DUNCAN
He is appreciative.
i. Duncan praises Macbeth and rewards him with the title of the ‘Thane of Cawdor’ for defeating the
rebels led by Macdonwald and Sweno, the king of Norway, in the battlefield which makes his throne
secure.
ii. King Duncan thanks his two army generals, Macbeth and Banquo. He gives then a warm welcomes
from the battle and praises them for their loyalty and bravery.
iii. King Duncan and his entourage praise the beauty of Macbeth’s castle. King Duncan admires the
castle’s pleasant environment. It seems the king approves of the location of Macbeth’s castle.
He is cruel/ unforgiving. He decrees that the former Thane of Cawdor should be killed as punishment when he
hears that the Thane of Cawdor sided with the Norwegian army, against his own army.
He is vengeful
King Duncan orders the execution of the Thane of Cawdor. The Thane of Cawdor switches sides during the battle
between the Scottish army and the Norwegian army. The Cawdor sides with the enemies of Scotland and, as a result,
this angers King Duncan who orders that the Thane of Cawdor should be killed and, is eventually, killed.
He is insensitive
He goes to Macbeth’s place without the knowledge that he is going to be killed, thinking that Macbeth is on his side.
ROSS
He is loyal. He goes to Scone to attend the coronation of Macbeth as the new king of Scotland after the murder of
King Duncan.
He is honest. He goes to England and tells Macduff and Malcolm that there is no peace in Scotland. In other words,
he says that violence has become the order of the day. He also tells Macduff that Macbeth has murdered Macduff’s
wife and son.
He is appreciative
He praises the good work of Young Siward who died while fighting. He says Young Siward and his father come
from England but they fight against Macbeth in Scotland in order to help in bringing peace in Scotland as it was
during the reign of King Duncan.
He is observant

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He reports to King Duncan all he saw at the battlefield when the Scottish army was fighting against the enemies of
Scotland.
MACDUFF
He is suspicious. He thinks that it is Macbeth who is behind the murder of King Duncan. He questions as to why
Macbeth has also killed the chamberlains who have been guarding King Duncan in his chamber. This action makes
Macduff think that, may be, the chamberlains saw him as he killed the king and Macbeth feared to be reported to the
Scottish people.
He is inquisitive
He questions as to why Macbeth has also killed the chamberlains who have been guarding King Duncan in his
chamber. This action makes Macduff think that, may be, the chamberlains saw him as he killed the king and
Macbeth feared to be reported to the Scottish people.
He is disloyal/rebellious
i. He refuses to attend the coronation of Macbeth as the next king of Scotland. As the other thanes, for
example, Ross, go to Scone to see the new King’s coronation, Macduff goes home to Fife as he
suspects Macbeth as being behind the murder of King Duncan for him to get the crown.
ii. He does not attend the banquet when he was supposed to. So, this shows that Macduff is against the
kingship of Macbeth.
He is irresponsible. He flees to England, running away from the cruel Macbeth, leaving his wife and the children
unprotected in Scotland which shows that he puts his own affairs first rather than the welfare of his wife and
children.
He is secretive. He flees to England running away from the cruel Macbeth without bidding farewell to Macbeth and
his wife who hear the news later.
He is loyal. He has switched sides and is now under Malcolm against Macbeth. He decides to go to England to join
Malcolm to raise an army with which to use in fighting against Macbeth in Scotland.
He is patriotic. He is ready to die for his country. He decides to go to England to join Malcolm to raise an army with
which to use in fighting against tyrannical Macbeth in Scotland and remove him from power so as to bring back
peace in Scotland.
He is decisive. He makes up his mind to take a personal revenge against Macbeth who has killed his wife and a son
in Scotland.
He is vengeful
He wants to fight and kill Macbeth in vengeance of the death of his wife and a son who Macbeth killed when he ran
away from the tyrannical hand of Macbeth from Scotland to England.
LADY MACDUFF
She is adamant/ indecisive. She does not take an advice from the messenger to escape from Macbeth’s planned
murder saying that she has not done anything wrong to be murdered. As a result, Lady Macduff and her son are
murdered later.
She is impolitic
She does not know the political situation in Scotland. That is why she attacks her husband’s escape unaware that her
husband has fled away for his own safety.
She is insensitive
She does not know that her life is in danger after the escape of her husband, Macduff, to England. As a result, she
clings to the spot despite the warning from the Messenger and, as a result, she is killed together with her son.
She is critical
She attacks her husband’s behaviour who has fled away to England without her knowledge. To her, she thinks that
she has been betrayed by her husband, unaware that he runs for his life.
She is honest
She refuses to run away after she is told that Macbeth intends to kill her and her family saying that she cannot be
killed since she has done nothing wrong to him.
MALCOLM
He is fearful and decisive. He flees away for his life from Scotland. After learning that, King Duncan, their father is
murdered, he runs away to England and thinking that he can also be the next victim.
He is sensitive. He realizes that he is in danger after the death of his father, King Duncan. He thinks that he will be
the next target and, as a result, he goes away to England for his safety.

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He is accommodative. He allows Macduff to join his side to raise an army which will be used to remove Macbeth
from power in Scotland.
He is decisive/tactful. He orders the soldiers to carry branches of the Birnam wood in front of them as camouflage to
disguise the actual size of the advancing army and confuse Macbeth’s spies so as to tell Macbeth inaccurate number
of them. That way Macbeth will underestimate the strength of the troops marching against him.
He is bossy
i. Soldiers take orders from him as their leader. For example, he orders the soldiers to carry the branches
in front of them and each soldier does as told by him.
ii. He directs the battalion led by Siward and his son to begin the attack against the tyranny Macbeth, and
then a second battalion, led by Macduff and himself, will do the mopping-up operations.
He is ambitious. He wants to oust Macbeth in order to get back the crown which Macbeth got from Malcolm’s
father, King Duncan, after murdering him.
He is appreciative. He thanks everyone after the murder of Macbeth and promises rewards, the first of which is that
all of his thanes will henceforth be earls, Scotland's first. Again, he expresses his thanks to all, and invites all to
Scone for his coronation.
THE THREE WITCHES

They are vengeful. They punish the woman’s husband who refused to share the chestnuts with one of the Witches.
They are disloyal. They deal with Macbeth without consulting the Hecate, the leader of the three Witches, who calls
herself the mistress of charms and secret organizer of all calamities through witchcraft.
They are deceitful They gave Macbeth false hopes through the Apparitions as they told him that he would not be
defeated by someone born of a woman. They were vague in their explanation. Macbeth thought that all men were
born of a woman, and therefore, he would be invincible. He is now killed by Macduff who was born through
caesarean, and not a woman.
They are foresighted. They are able to know what lies in the future of Macbeth and Banquo though they do not tell
them directly.
THEMES IN MACBETH
MISTAKEN BELIEF
i. King Duncan thinks that Macbeth is loyal and trusted since he takes orders from him. All he thinks is
that Macbeth is loyal and trusted, unaware of the fact that Macbeth is even worse than the former
Thane of Cawdor in the sense that he is the one who will murder him and then take over the kingship.
ii. King Duncan wrongly thinks that Macbeth is a royal and trusted general and deserves a warm welcome
as he, with Banquo, arrives from the battlefield. He does not know that the same Macbeth will murder
him and seize the throne.
iii. King Duncan thinks that he has been given a cordial welcome. He takes Macbeth’s place as being
good, unaware that he is to be killed right away there by Macbeth.
iv. People wrongly accuse Malcolm and Donalbain of having murdered their father. People suspect
Malcolm and Donalbain of being behind the death of their father, King Duncan, since they have fled
away from Scotland, unaware that it is Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who are behind the death of King
Duncan.
v. As Banquo rides towards the palace, he is expecting relaxation in the king’s palace during the banquet
organized by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. However, Banquo is riding not towards hospitable welcome
but towards his own extinction which he is unaware of.
vi. Macbeth wrongly thinks that the prophecies made by the three Apparitions will not materialize. On the
surface, these prophecies appear to be impossible, inspiring confidence in the already arrogant
Macbeth. He believes in the inability of the prophecies to come to fruition. However, the witches use
their words hidden with double meaning in order to deceive Macbeth. They give Macbeth false sense
of confidence by manipulating their words. In actuality, the prophecies will come to fruition.
vii. Macbeth dismisses reports of invasion by trusting the prophecies of the apparitions, which seems to
promise him invincibility in battle. He belittles Malcolm saying that he cannot defeat him since he is
born of a woman. Macbeth says that the spirits that know the future have told him not to be afraid
since no man born from a woman will ever defeat him, unaware that he will be murdered in the end.

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LOYALTY
i. Macbeth and Banquo take instructions from King Duncan. They execute all the duties that they are
assigned to do. Following the instructions from King Duncan, they fight against the rebels led by
Macdonwald and then Sweno, King of Norway, and defeat them.
ii. Ross goes to Scone to attend the coronation of Macbeth as the new king of Scotland after the murder
of King Duncan.
iii. As Macbeth invites Banquo to the banquet he has prepared at his palace, Banquo promises to carry out
an order from him. In other words, he accepts to attend the banquet at Macbeth’s palace.
iv. The three murderers take orders from Macbeth. Macbeth asks them to murder Banquo, his friend.
Without hesitation, they accept to carry out the murder of Banquo as they are told by him.
v. Macduff has switched sides and is now under Malcolm against Macbeth. He decides to go to England
to join Malcolm to raise an army with which to use in fighting against Macbeth in Scotland.
vi. The soldiers take instructions from Malcolm as their leader. He orders the soldiers to carry branches of
the Birnam wood in front of them as camouflage and every soldier takes the instruction so as to
disguise their actual size and confuse Macbeth’s spies so as to tell Macbeth inaccurate number of them.
That way Macbeth will underestimate the strength of the troops marching against him.
AMBITION
i. King Duncan wants peace in Scotland. In so doing, he deals with all the enemies of Scotland through
the use of his army led by Macbeth and Banquo who have already defeated the rebels led by
Macdonwald and Sweno, King of Norway.
ii. The Thane of Cawdor supports the idea that King Duncan should be removed from power as the king
of Scotland. To prove this, he sides with the enemies as they fight against King Duncan’s army led by
Macbeth and Banquo.
iii. Macbeth wants to become the King of Scotland. As the Witches’ prophecy comes true as Macbeth is
made the ‘Thane of Cawdor’, he, now, thinks of murdering King Duncan so as to fulfill the Witches’
second prophecy of becoming the king of Scotland.
iv. Lady Macbeth wants to become the queen of Scotland. To achieve this, she encourages Macbeth to
assassinate King Duncan so that he should become the king of Scotland and that she should become
the queen of Scotland.
v. Macbeth does not want the house of Banquo to rule Scotland after him. Macbeth wants to keep the
kingship in his own family. To fulfill this, Banquo and Fleance should be eliminated. Hence, Macbeth
plots to have them murdered.
vi. Malcolm wants to become the next king of Scotland. In achieving this, Malcolm ousts Macbeth in
order to get back the crown which Macbeth got from Malcolm’s father, King Duncan, after murdering
him.
STRUGGLE FOR POWER/ POWER STRUGGLE
i. Macbeth and Banquo fight against the fierce rebels led by Macdonwald and defeat them. They also
defeat Sweno, the king of Norway. This makes King Duncan continue being the king of Scotland.
ii. Thane of Cawdor wants to topple King Duncan. He sides with the rebels who are the enemies of his
boss, King Duncan, so that when King Duncan is defeated, he should take over the kingship of
Scotland.
iii. Macbeth wants to kill King Duncan and become the King of Scotland regardless of all the good things
King Duncan has done for them. Lady Macbeth gives Macbeth full support until Macbeth accepts to
carry out the murder since she also wants very much to become the queen of Scotland.
iv. Macbeth plans to murder Fleance so as to prevent the children of Banquo from ruling Scotland. The
appearance of Fleance, Banquo’s son, serves as a reminder of the Witches’ prediction that Banquo’s
children will sit on the throne of Scotland. If Macbeth succeeds in the murder of King Duncan, he will
be driven to still more violence before his crown is secure and Fleance will be the next target.
v. Banquo also thinks that his children will also become the kings of Scotland as prophesied by the three
Witches as Macbeth’s prophecies made by the same three Witches are fulfilled that Macbeth became
the Thane of Cawdor and is now the king of Scotland.
vi. Macduff is ready to die for his country. He decides to go to England to join Malcolm to raise an army
with which to use in fighting against tyrannical Macbeth in Scotland and remove him from power so as
to bring back peace in Scotland.

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vii.The four thanes namely; Lennox, Menteith, Angus, and Caithness turn against Macbeth and resolve to
join Malcolm and the English forces against the tyrannical Macbeth so that they should remove
Macbeth from power and restore peace to Scotland under the kingship of Malcolm.
CRUELTY/BRUTALITY
i. King Duncan orders that the former Thane of Cawdor should be killed as punishment when he hears
that the Thane of Cawdor sided with the Norwegian army, his enemies against King Duncan’s own
army.
ii. Macbeth kills King Duncan. He does so because he is manipulated by his wife that killing King
Duncan will mean Macbeth becoming the king of Scotland.
iii. Macbeth murders Banquo. He hires the three murderers who murders Banquo on his behalf. This is in
an attempt to prevent Banquo’s children from becoming the kings of Scotland in future.
iv. Macduff would have been killed under the tyrannical hand of Macbeth if he had to stay in Scotland.
So, he has done the right thing to secretly go away in order to survive.
v. Macbeth sends murderers who murder Macduff’s wife, Lady Macduff, and children. In doing so, he
resolves to punish Macduff whom seems to be against him by running away from Scotland without his
knowledge.
vi. Macbeth murders Young Siward who underrates him. Macbeth murders him in front of the other
soldiers to show them that he is not of their caliber as a soldier.
vii. Macduff murders Macbeth. He does this not only as revenge for the death of his wife and son but also
for Malcolm to take back his crown and bring back the peace to Scotland.
APPRECIATION
i. King Duncan honours Macbeth with the title of becoming the Thane of Cawdor. He does so as a way
of thanking him for fighting well in the battlefield against the enemies of Scotland.
ii. King Duncan heaps praises on his two army generals. He welcomes Macbeth and Banquo from the
battle and praises them for fighting bravely against the enemies of Scotland.
iii. King Duncan and his entourage praise the beauty of Macbeth’s castle. It seems the king approves of
the location of Macbeth’s castle. Banquo, like a good and loyal general, agrees with him.
iv. Ross praises the good work of Young Siward who died while fighting. He says Young Siward and his
father come from England but they fight against Macbeth in Scotland in order to bring peace in
Scotland as it was during the reign of King Duncan.
v. Malcolm thanks everyone after the murder of Macbeth and promises rewards, the first of which is that
all of his thanes will henceforth be earls, Scotland's first. Again, he expresses his thanks to all, and
invites all to Scone for his coronation.
APPEARANCE VERSUS REALITY/DECEPTION
i. The Thane of Cawdor appeared to be royal and trustworthy. This made King Duncan put much trust in
him, yet he was evil. He proves this by joining the Norwegian army against the Scottish army at the
battlefield.
ii. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth that he has to pretend to be nice but be nasty underneath. In other words,
she tells Macbeth to deceive the people by hiding his intention of killing King Duncan by letting his
facial expression be the same as theirs.
iii. Lady Macbeth humbles herself in front of King Duncan. This is done to blindfold the king into
thinking that he is given warm welcome. She welcomes King Duncan to Macbeth’s castle as if she has
no intention of doing any evil to King Duncan, yet she plans to have him murdered.
iv. The Servant misinterprets the meaning of the ringing of the bell by Lady Macbeth. Macbeth told the
servant that the ringing of the bell is to tell Macbeth that his drink is ready, hiding the fact that it is the
signal from Lady Macbeth that Duncan is asleep and his attendants are in a drunken and drugged
stupor so that Macbeth can now murder King Duncan.
v. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to put on the night gown to blindfold the people to think that he has been
sleeping at the time of the death of King Duncan so that they should not know that he is behind King
Duncan’s death.
vi. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth go back to the bedchamber where they wash their hands to prove their
innocence of the murder as there will be no evidence to show that they have murdered King Duncan
but they will both still feel really guilty.
vii. Macbeth looks innocent as if he is not the one who has killed King Duncan. He transfers the blame to
the innocent chamberlains who he says he has killed out of anger since they killed the king.

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viii.Lady Macbeth also pretends to faint in the presence of everyone upon hearing the news of King
Duncan’s death just to blindfold the people. She wants people to think that she too affected by the
king’s death yet she knows the whole plan concerning the King’s death.
ix. Macbeth invites Banquo to the feast he has organized as if he has good intention for inviting him.
Banquo thinks that he is greatly honoured. He knows nothing that Macbeth is planning to have him
murdered. Macbeth finds out the movements of Banquo on the night of the banquet without arousing
suspicion.
x. Macbeth gives the two murderers false reasons as to why Banquo should be killed. The two hired
murderers believe what they are told by Macbeth, unware that Macbeth wants to murder Banquo
because he takes him as a threat to his throne.
xi. Lady Macbeth gives the false explanation about Macbeth’s queer behaviour as Macbeth sees Banquo’s
ghost. She tells the guests that Macbeth has been behaving like that since his childhood, yet he behaves
like that for the first time just to blindfold the guests to accept the situation as it is.
xii. The Apparitions created by the witches use their words hidden with double meanings in order to
deceive Macbeth. They give Macbeth false sense of confidence by manipulating their words. Macbeth
thinks that he is invincible, unaware that Macduff will murder him in the end.
xiii. Malcolm orders the soldiers to carry branches of the Birnam wood in front of them as camouflage to
disguise the actual size of the advancing army and confuse Macbeth’s spies so as to tell Macbeth
inaccurate number of them. That way Macbeth will underestimate the strength of the troops marching
against him.
xiv. The Three Witches give Macbeth false hopes as they tell him that he will not be defeated by someone
born of a woman. They are vague in their explanation. Macbeth thinks that all men were born of a
woman, and therefore, he will be invisible. To the contrary, he is now killed by Macduff who was born
through caesarean and not a woman.
DISLOYALTY/REBELLION
i. Ross says that the Thane of Cawdor is a traitor. The Thane of Cawdor helped the Norwegians even
though he was supposed to be on Duncan’s side as Macbeth and Banquo fought against the
Norwegians.
ii. Macbeth plans to assassinate King Duncan and Malcolm for him to attain the kingship. As Malcolm is
named the heir to the throne of Scotland, Macbeth is hurt inwardly thinking that Malcolm will be a
stumbling block to his ascension to his throne.
iii. Macduff refuses to attend the coronation of Macbeth as the next king of Scotland. As the other thanes
go to Scone to see the new King’s coronation, Macduff goes home to Fife as he suspects Macbeth as
being behind the murder of King Duncan for him to get the crown.
iv. Macduff turns against Macbeth and flees to England to join Malcolm. All he wants in England is to
convince Malcolm to raise an army in order to get rid the tyrannical Macbeth from the throne. This
will make Malcolm get back the crown for peace return to Scotland once more.
v. The Three Witches deal with Macbeth without consulting the Hecate, the leader of the three Witches.
This makes her become angry with them. She reminds them that she is the source of their power. She
calls herself the mistress of charms and secret organiser of all calamities through witchcraft.
vi. The four thanes namely; Lennox, Menteith, Angus, and Caithness turn against Macbeth and resolve to
join Malcolm and the English forces against the tyrannical Macbeth. They want to remove Macbeth
from power and restore peace to Scotland under the kingship of Malcolm.
vii. Macbeth’s soldiers leave him whatever rank they are. No one fights with him except men who are
forced to, and their hearts are not in it. Macbeth's command over his few remaining followers is said to
be based on constraint, not loyalty.
viii. Since people are not happy with the reign of Macbeth, Macbeth is left alone after all the soldiers desert
him since he does not rule Scotland well and has to face the English forces alone.

24
RISKY DECISION
i. The Thane of Cawdor switching sides during the battle between the Scottish army and the Norwegian
army. The Cawdor sides with the enemies of Scotland and, as a result, this angers King Duncan who
orders that the Thane of Cawdor should be killed and, is eventually, killed.
ii. King Duncan names Malcolm as the next king of Scotland in the presence of Macbeth. This hurts
Macbeth who is already told by the witches to be the king of Scotland. As a result, he plans to
assassinate both King Duncan and Malcolm for him to become the king of Scotland.
iii. King Duncan announces to pay a royal visit to Macbeth’s castle. His visit to Macbeth’s castle gives
Macbeth a conducive environment to plan well about how to murder him.
iv. Banquo accepting to come to Macbeth’s place for the banquet at night. This makes Macbeth plan well
on how to murder Banquo as he hires the three murderers who murder him (Banquo) as he is on the
way to the banquet organized by Macbeth.
v. Young Siward underrates Macbeth that he can kill him. This ends up in a fight between Macbeth and
Young Siward in which Macbeth kills Young Siward in the end.
vi. Macbeth holding on to the false prophecies made by the three witches through the Apparitions which
promise him invincibility in any battle. For example, this makes him think that whoever was born of a
woman cannot defeat him. This, in the end, lead to his own death as he is killed by Macduff who
according to the three witches was not born of a woman but through cesarean.
CONSPIRACY
i. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth discuss the need to have King Duncan murdered. Lady Macbeth tells
Macbeth that he can only become the king of Scotland if King Duncan is murdered. So, Macbeth
murders King Duncan and becomes the King of Scotland.
ii. Macbeth discusses with the two men that he has hired to murder Banquo. He gives them false reasons
as to why Banquo should be killed. He manipulates them making them feel convinced in killing
Banquo.
iii. The four thanes namely; Lennox, Menteith, Angus, and Caithness turn against Macbeth and resolve to
join Malcolm and the English forces against the tyrannical Macbeth so that they should remove him
iv. Macduff discusses with Malcolm in England about the need to have Macbeth murdered. He
encourages Malcolm to remove Macbeth from Macbeth from power so that he should get back his
crown and that peace should be restored in Scotland.
SUPERSTITION
i. Macbeth believes that the Three Witches’ prophecy of Macbeth becoming the King of Scotland will
materialize. This is so because the other prophecy of being the Thane of Cawdor has been materialized.
ii. Banquo believes the Witches’ prophecy that his children will become the kings of Scotland in future.
He draws an assurance from the fact that Macbeth’s two prophecies have been fulfilled and why not
his prophecy.
iii. Banquo’s ghost appears and occupies Macbeth’s seat during the feast. When Macbeth goes to his seat
and comments on the absence of Banquo, the ghost appears and takes Macbeth’ place. Nobody sees the
ghost except Macbeth. This makes him behave strangely among the guests.
iv. Macbeth also believes the witches’ prophecies. For example, that Macbeth will not be defeated by
someone who was born of a woman and that he will also not be defeated until Birnam wood moves to
Dunsinane. This appears impossible but the opposite of what the Witches say happen. Macbeth is
murdered.
VENGEANCE/ REVENGE
i. King Duncan orders the execution of the Thane of Cawdor. The Thane of Cawdor switches sides
during the battle between the Scottish army and the Norwegian army. The Cawdor sides with the
enemies of Scotland and, as a result, this angers King Duncan who orders that the Thane of Cawdor
should be killed and, is eventually, killed.
ii. Banquo asks Fleance to run away and carry out a revenge for his death in future as he is being killed
by the murderers hired by Macbeth.
iii. Banquo’s ghost tortures Macbeth. This is done as punishment to Macbeth who murdered Banquo in
trying to prevent Banquo’s children from ruling Scotland inn future.
iv. Macbeth sends a murderer who murders Macduff’s wife, Lady Macduff, and children are killed since
Macduff seems to be against him by running away from Scotland without his knowledge.

25
v. Macduff reveals his plan to engage in the rebel army but also to take personal revenge upon Macbeth
who has killed his wife and a son in Scotland. In the end, Macduff fights and kills Macbeth in
vengeance of the death of his wife and a son who Macbeth killed when he ran away from the
tyrannical hand of Macbeth from Scotland to England. On the other hand, Malcom wants to avenge the
death of his father, King Duncan, who was also killed by Macbeth.
PATRIOTISM
i. Malcolm wants to bring back peace to Scotland. So, he plots against Macbeth who has brought more
evil to Scotland.
ii. Macduff is ready to die for his country. He leaves Scotland for England where he meets Malcolm in an
English court and proves to him that he is trustworthy and reliable citizen. This makes the two of them
agree to fight for their country.
iii. Four lords of Scotland (the fleeing lords) namely; Lennox, Menteith, Angus, and Caithness resolve to
join Malcolm and the English forces against the tyrannical Macbeth so that they should remove him
iv. Ross reports that Young Siward is dead and eulogizes him as he dies while fighting against the
tyrannical Macbeth in trying to help in bringing peace to Scotland, yet he was from England.
v. Several Scottish and English people have taken part in removing Macbeth from power. As Malcolm
takes back his crown after the death of Macbeth, he promises to honour them starting with Scottish
lords, and then those from England.
PRIDE/ARROGANCE
i. Macbeth still believes that he cannot be killed by someone born of a woman. He expects to meet and
fight soldiers born of women and defeat them completely. He still clings to the prophecy of the second
Apparition.
ii. Young Siward underrates Macbeth as he says that he is probably looking to fight against someone of a
name, not just a common soldier. In this case, Macbeth who, unfortunately, kills him in the end.
iii. When he fights Young Siward, he finishes him off quickly, and the boy dies in front of their eyes, so
that they know that a sword can be as deadly as a bullet. It is like telling them that they are also going
to be killed the same way if they fight against him.
iv. Macbeth tells Macduff to go and fight against someone who can be beaten, but as for him, he cannot
be killed by someone who was born by a woman. He says this after he has fought against Macduff for
a while and sees that he has the advantage of killing Macduff.
INSECURITY
i. King Duncan does not feel safe with the Thane of Cawdor’s behaviour of siding with the Norwegian army
against his own army. He suspects the Thane of Cawdor of trying to carry out treason. As a result, King
Duncan orders that the Thane of Cawdor should be killed.
ii. Macduff sees the possibility of being killed by Macbeth. He knows for sure that his absence at the
coronation of Macbeth at Scone and Macbeth’s banquet at Forres are enough reasons to make Macbeth
think that he is against him. After sensing danger, Macduff feels that he is unsafe. He senses that he is
being haunted by Macbeth. As a result, Macduff flees away to England where he feels secured from the
wrath of Macbeth.
iii. King Duncan is left totally unprotected from the enemies at Macbeth’s castle. Lady Macbeth gives King
Duncan’s guards wine which makes them drunk, making them fail to protect King Duncan. As a result,
King Duncan is easily murdered by Macbeth.
iv. The death of King Duncan makes his sons feel that they are not safe in Scotland. As a result, King
Duncan’s sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee Scotland soon after learning about the death of their father.
They feel that the person responsible for the death of their father might also want to kill them.
v. Macduff flees to England, leaving his family unprotected in Scotland. This angers Macbeth who regards
Macduff as his enemy. Macbeth plans to deal with Macduff’s family. Knowing that, in the absence of
Macduff who has fled away to England, there is no-one to protect them, Macbeth sends the murderers to
kill Macduff’s family.
vi. Macbeth is left with few solders to stand the pressure from the English forces. Most of his soldiers switch
sides and join the English forces. This gives the English forces an upper hand to take over Scotland after
Macduff kills Macbeth. Macbeth and his few solders fail to defend Scotland and, as a result, Malcolm
takes over the crown.

26
ORDER VERSUS DISORDER
i. The Thane of Cawdor is supposed to work for King Duncan and not turning against as he does by not
assisting him in defending Scotland from enemies. The Thane of Cawdor is no longer in the king’s good
book as he sided with the Norwegian army against his own side, the Scottish army. As a result, King
Duncan takes him as his enemy now and orders his execution.
ii. There was peace and order during the reign of King Duncan. However, the killing of Duncan changes the
order of events. Scotland becomes that place of numerous murders. Crime becomes the order of the day.
Lawless is every where
iii. The order of crown is known that Malcolm will be the next king of Scotland after King Duncan. However,
the crown falls in Macbeth’s hands following his murderous plot. It happens sooner than expected.
Macbeth becomes the king of Scotland instead of Malcolm.
iv. Macbeth is seen as a nobleman prior to the murder of King Duncan. He receives all the honours he
deserves. However, after his murderous plot is enacted, he can no longer be seen as noble. Most of the
noblemen develop strong hatred for him.
v. The role of the King Duncan has been that of protecting his subjects from danger before his death.
However, when Macbeth is enthroned, he embarks on a series of murders of his own subjects in order to
secure his kingship.
DEATH
i. Macbeth kills Macdonwald, the leader of the Rebels, at the battlefield. The Rebels fight against the Scottish
army at the battlefield. Macbeth fights against Macdonwald. As they fight, however, Macbeth kills
Macdonwald in the process. This leads to the defeat of the Rebels.
ii. King Duncan orders the execution of the Thane of Cawdor. The Thane of Cawdor is discovered to be on
the side of the Norwegian army against his own side, the Scottish army. This angers King Duncan who
associates him with treason. From his action, King Duncan regards the Thane of Cawdor as his enemy. For
the sake of his safety, King Duncan orders that the Thane of Cawdor should be killed.
iii. Macbeth murders King Duncan. Macbeth is encouraged by his ambitious wife, Lady Macbeth. To murder
the king. So, he murders King Duncan for him to become the king of Scotland and his wife, the queen of
Scotland.
iv. King Duncan’s guards are also killed by Macbeth. Macbeth believes that the guards saw him as he was
killing King Duncan. So, he thinks that they will reveal the secret. As a result, he murders them to conceal
the secret.
v. Banquo is murdered by the Three Murderers hired by Macbeth. Macbeth kills Banquo so as to silence
Banquo’s family. He takes Banquo as a threat to his kingship.
vi. Lady Macbeth dies due to lack of peace of mind. Lady Macbeth plays a greater role in the killing of King
Duncan to become the Queen of Scotland. She, later, has no peace of mind and, as a result, she starts
sleepwalking which leads to her death in the end.
vii. Macbeth kills Macduff’s family. He kills Macduff’s family to punish Macduff. He regards Macduff as his
enemy after absenting himself from his coronation at Scone and banquet at Forres for no clear reasons.
Leaving Scotland without Macbeth’s knowledge makes Macbeth think that Macduff is plotting against him.
This angers Macbeth such that he resolves to kill Macduff’s family in his absence.
viii. Macbeth kills Young Siward. He belittles Macbeth by telling him that he wants to fight against someone
with a name and not just a mere soldier considering his experience in wars. As a result, they fight and
Macbeth stabs him to death.
ix. Macduff revenges the death of his family. As Macbeth fights against Macduff, he believes that he cannot be
killed by a man born of a woman. As a result, Macbeth continues to fight on even if Macduff reveals that
he was not born of a woman in an attempt to defend his kingship in Scotland. Later, Macbeth is murdered
by Macduff.
THE END

27
ABOUT THE WRITER
Griffin Theu hails from Chinyera, Mafera Tembo Village, Traditional Authority
Mtwalo, Mzimba district, in the Northern part of Malawi. He did his primary
education at several primary schools in Northern Malawi. He studied his Bachelors
of Arts Education (BAE) at Mzuzu University (2006-2009). He is also the holder
of a Post-Graduate Diploma in Information Communication and Technology
(PGDICT) obtained from the same university (2016-2019). He has been teaching
English Literature since 2009. He is currently teaching at Chaminade Secondary
School in Karonga, Northern Malawi.

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MACBETH

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Sec School 2023 Production

Type of play: Tragedy

KING DUNCAN RECEIVES NEWS FROM THE BATTLEFIELD

2. ROSS AND ANGUS

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Sec School 2023 Production

MACBETH AND BANQUO MEET THE THREE WITCHES

THE THREE WITCHES HAIL MACBETH

THE THREE WITCHES HAIL BANQUO

MACBETH DEMANDS AN EXPLANATION

MACBETH AND BANQUO THEN MEET ROSS AND ANGUS

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

ENTER MACBETH, BANQUO, ROSS AND ANGUS

LADY MACBETH’S DECISION

ENTERS THE MESSENGER

LADY MACBETH MEETS KING DUNCAN

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

ENTERS LADY MACBETH

ENTER MACBETH AND A SERVANT

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

ENTER MACBETH, LENNOX, ROSS, MALCOLM AND DONALBAIN

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

MACBETH HIRES THE MURDERERS

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

ENTER BANQUO AND FLEANCE

ENTERS THE FIRST MURDERER

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

THE GHOST OF BANQUO APPEARS

THE GHOST OF BANQUO DISAPPEARS

THE GHOST REAPPEARS

THE GHOST VANISHES

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

THE MESSENGER AND LADY MACDUFF

THE MURDERERS KILL MACDUFF’S SON AND LADY MACDUFF

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

ENTERS THE DOCTOR

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

ENTERS YOUNG SIWARD

ENTER MALCOLM AND SIWARD

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

MACBETH VERSUS MACDUFF

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

THE THREE WITCHES

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

Griffin Theu of Chaminade Secondary School 2023 Production

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