shi-e&lsg

I Soecification
steelGrade6- DeeandBow{USFedera
BSEN13889:2003Alloy RRC'271-B}

. FactorofSafety- of4:1- Prooftoad

minimum of2 xWLL

. by a flashlinearoundthe item.
Dropforgedandrdentifiable

. the pinwill be subjectedto a centreporntload.

Designiassumes
Shackle

. arefullyfilledthepinwillbein doubleshear.
tftheiawsof a shackl€

. Canako be madefrom brlletbar,bentandformed.

. theshackle
In bothcases fromoneprecewith
mustbefullyformed no weldinE.

Bowshackleusedtojoin threeor moreitems

Deeshecklegenerallyusedtoiointwo itemsIn stralghtline

Pintvp€s-screw Pinand Eolt& Nutwith split Pin

Whatar€the advantaSes
ofthistypeofpin?

B o l tN n threadallowrngrotation
, u t & P i n - c l o s e olast
Pinfitted handti8ht

EnSineers
OLiftingEquipment 2012/L€
Associatron EAIPI|0O2lv1.O
 Ownirship

Name:

Company:

Department:

Disclaimel

This aide memoireis a usefuland authoritativesourceof informationfor the liftine

engineerresponsible
forverifyingthe safetyof liftingequipment.

Whilsteveryeffort has been madeto achievethe highestdegreeof accuracyin the

I generationof the data and informationsupplied/ultimateresponsibility
remainswith
the personandortanisationto ensurethat currentlegalrequirements
aretollowed.

Firstedition..........................
Mav2012

All riehtsreserved. No part of this publicationmay be reproduced,

storedin a retrieval
systemor transmittedin any form or by any means,without the prior written
permission of the LiftingEquipment Enginee.sAssociation.

@Lifting Equipment
EnSineers
Association
2012ltEE
NtP1/002Iv7.O
 lf the pin diameteris larg€rthan13mmitwillbe markedwith g.ademarl! traceabilirv
codeandnanufacturerssvmbol

Pindiameter= 14 mm so it is marked
with grademark,traceabilityand
manufacturerssyrnbol

. Pinhasa largerdiameterthanbodyto achiev€approxihateequalstrength.

Screwpintype-thread in jawwhenfultyclosed
maximufiof 15 threadvisible

@tiftingEquipment
EngineersAssociatron
2012lLEENtpUOOZ|i]'O
 Evebolts

Grade4or M
8S4278HisherTensile

. tactorof Safety4:1

. PLT= 2 x WLLwithno perrnanent

Manufacturer setpermitted

andnonebelow12mmor%inchlrecommendation)
Nofinethreads

. Wearoneyebollbody-8%reduction (notthreads)
rnmatenaldrameter

Dvnamo
Evebolt
axialloading
only,even5" outofaxialalignmentwillcause
unduestress.

gglbledggbq!!(axialloading)non
axialreduce
SWLlAWtable7 & 9In standard.

Alwaysusea shackleto connecthookto a collaredeyebolt asthe

eyeistoosmalltoa€cepta hookofthesamecapacity.

Usedparrs
in plainofeye15"up to45"to axis.

'<: | '--

OLiftrngEquipment
Engineers
Association
2012ltEEA/\P|/OO2/v1..O
 Eveboltwith link shouldbe usedwherehooksarefited to 2 tegsling.

Canbeloadedin anydirection
up to marked
SWLprovrded
theangleofthe loadtothe axisdoes
noterceed15'andthena reduced SWLup to 45.

Whenusedat anangleor in pairsit15necessary

to redu€e
theSWtoftheeyebolt.Information
canbe foundon page82 ofthe User,spocketGuroe.

oo: >t5" 30'<:45.

COLLAR
0.63 0.4 015
E1'EB

r t-0 03 0.63

UndercutandrLrnout on eyeboltsis important:,

. undercutallowsthecollarto seatfrrmly on the loadthusavording

the riskof
bendrngtheshank.

. Thethreadrun out retieves

thestresses
at the endof the rhread.

Markingin accordance
with BS4278

SafeWorkingLoad
Gradetulark
SerialNumber
ManufacturersMark
Size& typeofthread

OLiftingEquipment
Engin
eersAssociatio
n 2O1ZlLE
EAlpl/OO2lv1.O
 Iso 3266:2010
collarEvebolt

Ontycollareyebolts

Onlymevicthreads

thread
8mm-72 mrncoarse
Minimum

verificationby batchtesting
Manufacturers

diametet
Inmatenal
8%reduction

p<45',

Association
Engineers
OtiftjngEquipment o
2012lLEEAIPU002/v1
 L n at n

g!E!.rg!g serieswith a minimumFactorofSafety4il

permitted
linkchain
Onlyshort Machinery
bVtheEuropean (forlifting)
Directive

=GradeTwhich
chainGradeS0
OldStandardsling I (BSEN818-2)
is nowGrade

8 chainhastwicethe
Grade breakingload
ofGrade4

Highertensile 1/3strongerthan
steelisapproximately mildsteel

Comparative
Strengths
. 1t grade8
. ltgrade10h 25%strongerthan
grade8
. ltgrade12is20%st.ongerthan
grade10

ChainMarkinsandGrades

whatdoes the trade markon a chainindicate?

. Tellsthe meanstress atthe minrmum
breakingfor€e

appear
cradeMarkshould on every20thlinkor l metre,whichever
comessoonest

= chainslings
c8. medtolerance (BSEN818-2)(Number Mark)
. Notmadeto precise dimensionsastheydo not matewithotherparts
. Ahohasa softerskinandhasmoreductilityto resistagainstshock
loadin8

GT= finetolerance
= manualhoistsandslowspeedpowerhoists(BsEN818-7){LetterMark)
. Madeto precisedimensions. Finetolerancechainis finished a
by applying
forcewhichpullsit to theexactsizeandshapeThisensures
tensile it mates
withtheloadchainpocketwheel.
. Finetolerancechainisavailable astypesT,DATandDT

Engineers
@LiftingEquipment Associatron
2012lLEEAllPl/Oozlvl.O
 ProofForce

Thernanufacturer
applesa proofforce= 2.Sx WLLto crade8 €hain
to BSEN818,2

' wouldrequire
heattreatment
andproorroad
testins
Xi':'#;",:"J,:t."es

Alloy(G8/10/Tetc)wi sufferfrom hydrogene

tocq-ei$elellg
wrhacid'crade
4issuit,o"..*"," Invrronments
burSWL ouldbereduced
".'rn"Tll:':T:lJl:'l::" by 50%

GradeT/8 Temperedaround400-450.C
but if usedat tenperaturesAbgyC200.c-itwill be
s_olle.lsd
(req.o!q!9!!e-Iyq9imqe-d143!y)

MaJ(imurn
wearon charn= 8%reductionin materialdtamet€r(pic
a)

Maximumelongationofchaindueto wear= 5%sting(pic

b|(Usuallyrneasured
overtl links)
Chainslingsareratedandmarkedin accordancewith the UniformLoadMethodofrating.
. Note:Endless chainsljngshavea modefactorof1.5 (c & D)

OLiftingEquiprnent
Engineers
Association
2012lLEE
Al tp UOO}/
vj..O
 HooksandLinks

Theseriesof HarmonisedEuropean glElL!€zz coversforgedcomponents

Standards, forslings
andhasseparate partsspecificallyfor
hookswithlatch,grades hooksgrade
8 and4, selflockrng
grades
8 andlinks, 8 and4.

Hooks sothatif overloaded

designed theywillslowly
opentransferrinSthe
maximum
stress
to
largersection

Maximum
stress on centreline
at intrados

Trapezoidal section(andmostchain
slingsystem hookdesigns ) owesmuch
oftheir strengthto the factthat they are
wideron theintrados.

lfhooksaredesigned
with a safetycatch,but it is not fitted,then thh is a 9EEES!

Whereverpossible,
hooksshouldbe usedthat havesafetvcatches
fittedorareshaoed
to
prevent
accidentaldisplacement
of thesljngetc

Wherethisis not possibleandalternativemethodrsto securethe throatofthe hookby

mousrng.

areusedin preference
Links to ringsfor thefollowing
redsons'
. Linkscannotbeturnedin service notsubjechngthe
therefore weldto undue
stress
ascouldhappenwith a ring
. Theradiusof a ringcompared to a linkofthesameWLLissmaller
therefore
doesnot sit correctlyon the hook

Engin
@tiftingEquipment eersAssociation
2012lLE
EAlP]./O02/v1.O 10
 WireRooeTerminations,
Construction
andSlinsAssemblv

Associated
Standards:
. Ell23E5l!9eIULc-Bepc!
. EN13411Terminationsfor SteelWke Rooe
. EN13414Slinssfor GeneralLiftineSeruice

Factorof
Safety
5 1 minimum.
=
ProofLoad NoneApplied
wireropesusingspe€ral
Lubricate acidfreelubricants

gasicStrandLay

6x19= 6 strandseachof 19 wires(mostcommon)

Construction

Themorewiresin a stran4 !|l" !l"J-".-ll!41: t!: Elultins ropewillbe, with fewerwiresthe

ropewill be tffer butJnorere-srstantto wearanddamase

= Lang's
LAY'S wiresandsirandstwistedin samedirection(Unsuitable
for slings
or applications
aswill rotateando!:I underload)
wherenot fullyrestrained

Lay=wiresin opposite
Ordinary direction (lefthand& rrghthand)
to strands

o f d t N t f -I u 1 7
Engineers
OLiftinsEquipment Association
2012lLEEA/lP1/OO2/v1.0
 HooksandLinks

Theseriesof Harmonised European gtElLlEZ covetsforgedcornponents

Standards, forslings
grades
for hookswith latch, 8 and4, hooks
selflocking grade
andhasseparatepartsspecifically
8 andlinks,Srades8 and4

sothatif overloaded
desrgned opentransferrinB
theywillslowly to
stress
themaximum
Hooks

on centreline
intrados

section(andmostchain
Trapezoidal
slingsystemhookdesigns)owesmuch
are
to thefactthatthey
oftheirstrength
wideron theintrados.

with a safetycatch,but it h not fitted,then thisis a qEEleI

lfhooksare designed

hooksshouldbe usedthat havesafetYcatchesfitted

Whereverpossible,
preventaccidental ment of the sIngetc
displace

wherethis rsnot possibleandalternatvemethodis to securethe throatofthe hookbv

mousing,

LinksareusedIn preferenceto rjngsforthe followingreasons:-

. Linkscannotbeturnedin serviceth€reforenot subjecting the weldto undue
stressascouldhappenwith a ring
. Theradius ofa ringcompared to a linkofthesameWLLissmaller therefore
doesnot sit correctlyon the hook

2012lLEE
Association
Engineers O
AllPT/OO2lvl 10
@LiftingEquipment
 WireRooeTerminations, andSlineAssemblv
Construction

Associated
Standards:
. EN12385SteelWireRooes
. EN13411TerminationsforSteelWireRope
. EN13414Slinqsfor GeneralLiftinsSewice

Factor 5:1minimum.
of Safety
=
ProofLoad NoneApplied.
Lubricate acidfreelubricants
wireropesusingspecial

B a s i cS t r a n dL a y

FC=

6x19= 6 strandseachof 19wrtes(mostcommon)

Construction

Themorewiresin a strand,
themorenerible ropewillbe,withfewerwrresthe
t!_e-resulting
ropewillbestifferbutmore to weatanddamage.
resrstant

= Lang'swires
LAY'S andstrandstwistedin samedirection(Unsuitable
forslings
or applications
aswill rotatgandol9! underload)
wherenot fullyrestrained

Lay- wiresin opposite

Ordinary direction (lefthand& righthand)
to strands

O f o l t ^ d f ' I t 11l 1
OLiftlngEquipment Association
Engineers 2012lLEEA/lPU0O2/vI
A
 S& Z lay- i.e.sz= righthand

Smallletterisdirectionofwirein
strand(s= leftandz = right)

Largeletterh directionofskand in
rope(S= LeftandZ = flght)

. 52RHOL
. 25LHOL
. ZZRHLL
. SSLHIL
FlorJRtsF Bz' rr€r.,rR k5) Rdu .:1]

TurnBackLoop- Basicconstruction

0
Oimensional
Requirementswhenconst.uc
niwire rooeslincs
E
Efrd,€ wdrr'ns Lensrn (E

Ferrules
areveritiedthattheyarefinished
correctly
tAWEN13411,3
a8arnstatableoffinished
pressed
dimensions
(inthestandard
13411_3)

OLrftingEquipment
Engrneers
Assocrarion
2012lLEE
A/tp1/OO2/vj..O 1,2
 slingmade-from
SIgEEgl, Endless a singlestrandw.app€dsixtimesrounditself.

HandSolicinr

!iyelpgq!-!El!!gnot to beusedfor slin8sWHY?

In a LiverpoolSplice,the stEnds are tuckedinto the bodyof

the rop€wilhthe lay and it will openup and releasethe loadif
the roDeor loadis all d to rotate.

WireRopeGrips-Singleuseonlyasassessed
by a competentperson,HoweverLEEA
'db not us€'
!c!gEE!!!h

Wireropegripsmustbe re-tightened
at regula.intervals,
!4Ell?

at is meantbvth€ term

@tiftingEquipment
Engineers
Association
2012/tEE
NIPUO'2I vl.0
 Textile
Slinss

TextilesljngsarecoveredbythreepartsofBSEN1492:

. Partl coversflat wovenwebbingslings,

. Part2 coversroundslings

. Part3 not yet issued.

. Part4coversfibreropeslinCs.

Factorof Safetyfor all textileslingsto 7:1

No ProofLoadtest{Samples
arebatchtested)

Webbing-stitchingon a lockstitchrnachine

Roundsling

@LiftingEquipment
Engineers
Asso€iation
2012lLEENIPUOo 1.0 14
 . Polypropylene,
manila,
sisalandhempfibresaresuitable
for usein thetemperatltre
-40sC
range to 80eC.

. Polyester
andPolyamide usein therange-40eCto
aresuitablefor 100eC

. lfman'madefibresareusedat highertemperatures
thanthoseBiventheywr at first
soften,
beginto meltandfusetogether.Asthetemperature
risestheywillchar,
becomingbrittleandburn.

. Naturalfibres
simplybecome
brittle,charandburn

What is th€ €ffectof€xoosineaslinstotemoeraturesin excessof the stat€dficures?

Ch€mical
reslstance

Naturalfibres
haveno resistance
to chemicalattack;
howeverthevariousman-madefibres
haveselectiveresistance
to chemicals
asfollows.

. Polyamide
is immuneto the effectsof alkatk,but is attackedby

' Polyester
k reshtantto
acidsbutdamaged
byalkal6.

' Polypropylene
is little affectedby acidsor alkalisbut is
damagedby solvents, tars,paintsetc

Ultra-violetradiation

. Alltextile
fibresbecome brittleasth€resultofexposureto
suntight
or othersources
of
ultra-violet
radiation.
Thisrsknownas.

. lts effectis rnoreprono ed in nan-madefibres,but hardto detectuntjl at an

advanced stage,

. Veryqujckly,
theywillbecome turnto powderandcrumble
brittle, away.

. Duflngthe manufacturingstageman-made fibret intendedfor useIn sting

manufacture,
aresubje€ttoa processknownasstabitising. Whilstthk doesnot prevent
solardegradation
it doesslowdownrhe rateofthis effect.

OLifting
Equlpment
Engineers
Association
2012/LEEAIPT/OO2h1.O
Wetting

N a t u r a fl i b r e s is u f f e ra s e n e r a lb. u t s m a l l . l o s o
sfstreneth.

Absorbthemojstureandthisincreases
theirweight,makingthem moredifficultto
handle.

Wettingwill speedthe naturalrottingprocessandunlessdriedandhandledcarefully

theywill be attackedby!!i@
weakeninsthe fibre.
the fibresand live on the cellulose,

Thisalsooccurs if naturalfibres andthisgreatly

arestoredin damp,musty,€onditions
shortenstherrlife.

Man-madefibresdo not sutferthiswav.as mildewwillnot rrow on them,

lfanyis found,it isgrowing

on surface whrchwillhaveno effecton the
contamination
fibres,andcanusuallvbe washedoffwith cleanwater However waterdoesaffect
man-made fibresin otherways:

Polyamidelosesabout10%ofits strengthwhenwet.

Polyesteris unaffected.

Polypropylene
is unaffectedwhenwet anditwillfloat.

ldentifying
labelSlue

ldentfying
labelGreen

ldentfyinglabelBrown

Natural ldentifyinglabelWhite

@tiftingEquipment Association
Engineers 2012ltEEAIPL/D02/ul.0
 NaturalFibreRopeSlinss

FiveTuckSpllce
(DockSplice)Tucks
go against
ih€ tay.Thisensures
splice
wi notcomeundone.
LiverpoolSplice gowiththejaythereforecoutd
Tucks undoinuse

Properties
of textileslinss

Operating
Name Colour Temperature A.id Alkalis Watea Other
Range

- 4Ooto Lossof
Green Attacked l mm u n e Strength
+1000
70%

Little Little
Attacked
Brown 40oto +800 Unaffected
aftect affect
by
solvents
- 400to
Blue Resistant Attacked Unaffected
+1000

NaturalFibre - 400to +800 Attacked Attacked Lossof

Attacked
strength

OLiftingEquipment
EnBineers
Associarion
2012lLEE
Alp1./OO2/vt
O T7
wetting

butsmalllossofstrenqth
suffera eeneral.
Naturalfibres-

. moistureandthisincreasestheirweight,
Absorbthe moredifficultto
makingthem
handle

wettrngwill speedthe naturalrottingprocessandunlessdriedandhandledcar€fullv

theywillbeattacked by mildew.visibleasblacksootsandstainin'whichwillErowon
weakeninsthefibre.
the fibresandlive on the cellulose.

Thrsalsooccurs ifnaturalfibres andthisgreatly

atestoredIn damp,musty,condtions
shortenstheirlife.

Man-madefibresdo notsufferthlswav.es mildewwlllnotrrow on th€m'

lf anyisfound,it isgrowing whichwjllhaveno effecton the

contamination
on surface
fibres,andcanusuallybe washedoffwith cleanwater. Howeverwaterdoesaffect
man-made fibresin otherways:

Polyamidelosesabout10%otits strengthwhenwet.

Polyesteris unaffeded.

wet andit willfloat

ls unaff€ctedwhen
Polypropyl€ne

ldentitinBlabelElue

ldentifyinglabelGreen

ldentifyinglabelgrown

Natural ldentitinglabelwhite

n 2012/LE
EngineersAssociatio
OLiftingEquipment O
EallPUOO2lvT
 Ratins
slinss
Two methodsof rating multi-legslings,the tri8onometricmethod and the uniform load
method.

I purposeslingsmayo€casionally
Oldergenera stillbefoundratedby the trigonometricmethod.

However,sincethe publicationof Bs 5166 in 1986,it shouldbe reservedfor use on sin8le

purposeslings,i.e.slingsthat will andcanonly be usedin one way,suchas the top chainof a
spreader.

The uniformload methodshouldbe usedfor all Seneralpurposeslings.Whilstthis hasbeen

the r€commendationsince1986thepracticehesnotalwaYsbeenfollowed.

forgen€ralpurposechainslingsin 85 EN
Theunlformloadmethodis the onlymethodspecifled
818-4 th€refore
they mustbe ratedthis way.

UnifoamLoadmethodrecommends
two ran8esof use:

. 0-450
. 45-60p Daarge{ous
ce
angleofuse is45oandthe maximumis 600
Therecommended

't
20"
Whenslin8sareusedin chokehitchtheyshouldbe ilatulalAngle
of 120' andnot
allowedto restat theirnaturalan8le
forceddownasthiscoulddamagethe ding.

ModeFactorExamples

I XWLL 0.8x WLL 1.4xWLL

@LiftingEquipment
Engineers 2012lLEE
Association NIPUOOZIV7.O 18
 Chain
SlinsTaes

N o l

enu

ot rL in mm
s

0 r l
o{
n

rum
of ,['rmm
ln
tt(

@LiftingEquipment
Engin
eersAssociatio
n 2012lLE
EAlpI/OO2lu|.O 19
 utdntqd rr
lljn !
OLifting
Equipment
EngneersAssociation
2012lLEE
AltprlOa2/v7
O 2A
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