Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM

Submitted by: Pranaya Sharma Submitted to: Kriti Nemkul

BCA 6th semester

Section B (44)
SN CASE STUDY SIGNATURE REMARKS
TITLE
1. World Wide Web
Case study of
WWW
(World Wide
Web)
Introduction:
The World Wide Web (WWW), sometimes just called the "Web," is a crucial part
of the contemporary internet environment. It has completely changed how we
obtain, exchange, and use information, changing worldwide communication,
business, education, and entertainment. This article offers a thorough overview of
the World Wide Web, exploring its background, essential ideas, and societal
effects.
The World Wide Web, sometimes referred to as just the web or WWW, is a
network of connected hypertext documents that may be viewed online. Tim
Berners-Lee created it in 1989 while he was employed at CERN. These
documents, which are usually authored in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language),
are connected by hyperlinks that make it simple for users to move between them.
The internet makes it easier for people to share resources and information
worldwide, facilitating a wide range of activities including e-commerce,
entertainment, teamwork, and communication. It has transformed how we access
and use information, becoming an essential component of modern life.
Web pages, which are HTML-formatted and linked together using hyperlinks,
sometimes known as "hypertext," are the fundamental units of the Internet and are
accessed via HTTP. These electronic connections, or links, allow users to easily
access desired information by connecting relevant pieces of information. The
benefit of hypertext is that it allows you to pick a word or phrase from the text and
click on other sites that have more information about it.
An online address for a web page is called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A
website is a distinct collection of online pages that are associated with a single
URL, such as www.facebook.com, www.google.com, etc. The World Wide Web,
then, might be compared to a massive electronic book whose pages are kept on
several servers located all over the globe. [1]
History of WWW:
Murray Leinster initially envisioned the World Wide Web in 1946 when he
produced a short tale in which he predicted that every home will have computers
with access to a central device that would allow them to get information. Despite
significant deviations from the way the Web functions now, the novel does a good
job of capturing the idea of a global information network that everyone can access
from their homes.
It took almost 40 years for the WWW as a concept to be implemented. The
WWW's creator, Tim Berners-Lee, was working on a project called ENQUIRE in
1980. Lee had to disseminate information to his peers across the globe for this
project, and he couldn't find a quicker or easier way. As a result, in 1989, he
created a proposal for a centralized database that included linkages to other
publications. Even though this was the best option for Lee and his associates, no
one was considering it or paying attention, with the exception of Mike Sendall,
who was Lee's employer at the time. Although Lee's initial suggestion was not
accepted right away.
By December 1990, Lee had reworked his original concept in collaboration with
Robert Cailliau, another physicist.3. When they came up with the idea to combine
the internet and hypertext to produce web pages, nobody could have predicted how
popular the idea would end up being. Against all odds, Lee continued to create the
first web browser, HTTP, HTML, and HTML. On June 8, 1991, the WWW project
was made public, and on August 6, of the same year, the first web page was posted
online.
The WWW has made it possible for us to share information with anyone,
anywhere in the globe. Although it started out simply as a way to share documents,
it has since evolved into tools that let us live better, more fulfilling lives. Because
the web was developed as an open-source initiative by Tim Berners-Lee, anyone
can access it for free. Six As a result, while the new internet generation is quickly
taking off, the business and job worlds are evolving concurrently. In today's world,
more and more people are keen to explore new employment prospects, and many
are improving their technological abilities. Tim Berners Lee was the pioneer of all
of this! [2]

Component of WWW:
The components of the WWW are:
1. Web pages and websites: Web pages are discrete documents including text,
graphics, video, and links that are frequently displayed in HTML format.
Together, these web pages make up websites, which are accessed through web
browsers and stored on web servers.
2. Hyperlinks: Hyperlinks, often known as links, are clickable components found
in web content that lead to other websites, resources, or other web pages. A
hyperlink can be clicked to take the user to the associated material, making it
easy to explore the web.
3. Uniform Resource Locator (URL): An online address that indicates the location
of a particular resource on the internet is called a URL. It is made up of a path
to the resource, a domain name (like www.example.com), and a protocol (like
HTTP or HTTPS).
4. Web browsers: Web browsers are programs that allow users to see and access
content on the internet. In order to render web pages in a readable and
interactive format for users, they interpret HTML and other web technologies.
5. HTTP and HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol: The protocol used to
convey data between a web server and a web browser is called HTTP.
 Encrypting data during data transmission improves security and privacy.
HTTPS is a secure variant of HTTP.
6. Web Servers: In response to user requests, web servers are machines that store
web content and deliver the requested pages and resources back to the user's
browser. They are essential to the user's delivery of web content.
7. Online development technologies: Web developers employ technologies like
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and others to build and improve online pages.
JavaScript adds interactivity, CSS fashions the content's look, and HTML
specifies the content's structure.
8. Search engines: By indexing web material, search engines enable users to find
and search for it. By using algorithms to rank and display search results
according to user queries, they make it possible for users to find pertinent
information quickly.
9. Social Media and Interactive Platforms: With the development of the web,

individuals may now connect, communicate, and work together internationally

through interactive platforms, social media networks, online communities, and
applications.
10. Online services and e-commerce are made possible by the web, which acts as a

platform for online transactions, e-commerce, and the distribution of digital

goods and services. [3]
Features of WWW:
There are lots of features of WWW they are listed below:
1. Open standard and Open Source:
A set of principles or standards that are universally implementable and
available to the public is known as an open standard. A transparent and
cooperative procedure is used to create and uphold these standards. Software
that has its source code made publicly accessible for anyone to read, alter, and
distribute is referred to as open source. It encourages open communication,
teamwork among neighbors, and the free flow of ideas.
2. Cross Platform:
Software that is cross-platform is made to function across several contexts and
operating systems with little to no modification. This guarantees a wider
range of users to access the software.
3. Distributed:
A distributed system is made up of several linked computers that cooperate to
accomplish a single objective. In a distributed system, every component has
the ability to function independently and interact with other components over
a network.
4. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):
A language for style sheets that describes the appearance of an HTML or
XML page, including fonts, colors, and layout.
5. Responsive Design:
 Methods and resources to guarantee that web content adapts to various screen
sizes and gadgets without any trouble, enhancing accessibility and user
experience on PCs, tablets, and cellphones. [4]

Advantages and Disadvantages of WWW:

Advantages:
1. Accessibility:
The WWW is accessible to anyone with an internet connection, providing a
vast amount of information at our fingertips. It enables users from all over the
world to access and share data, breaking down barriers of distance and time.
2. Information and Knowledge:
The WWW is an enormous repository of information on almost any topic
imaginable. Users can access academic papers, research, news articles,
tutorials, and much more. It has democratized knowledge, making it available
to people of all backgrounds.
3. Communication and Collaboration:
The WWW has revolutionized communication by enabling instant messaging,
video calls, and social media platforms. It allows people to connect,
collaborate, and share ideas globally, enhancing social interactions and
fostering a sense of community.
4. E-Commerce;
The WWW has transformed the business landscape by facilitating e-
commerce. Online shopping platforms provide a convenient way for
consumers to browse and purchase products or services from anywhere,
 leading to greater choice, competitive pricing, and global market access for
businesses.
5. Education and Learning:
The WWW has revolutionized education by offering online courses, tutorials,
and educational resources. It provides opportunities for lifelong learning,
remote education, and skill development, expanding access to education for
people who may not have traditional educational opportunities.
Disadvantages of WWW:
1. Information overload:
With the abundance of information available on the WWW, users can be
overwhelmed by the sheer volume of data. It can be challenging to determine
the accuracy, reliability, and relevance of the information, leading to
misinformation and fake news spreading easily.
2. Privacy and Security Concerns:
The WWW raises privacy and security concerns, as personal data is collected,
stored, and shared by various online platforms. Users' private information can
be vulnerable to hacking, data breaches, and misuse, leading to identity theft
and other cybercrimes.
3. Digital Divide:
The accessibility of the WWW is not universal, and there is a digital divide
between those with access to the internet and those without. This divide can
create disparities in access to information, opportunities, and resources,
exacerbating existing social and economic inequalities.
4. Dependence and Addiction:

The addictive nature of the WWW, particularly social media and online
gaming, can lead to excessive screen time and a decline in physical and
 mental well-being. Internet addiction can affect relationships, productivity,
and overall quality of life. [5]

Publishing Resource of WWW:

A variety of platforms, technologies, and standards are used in the publication of
resources on the World Wide Web, enabling both individuals and institutions to
produce, host, and share information online. The following are some essential
elements and tools needed for online publishing.
1. Web Hosting Services:
The technologies and services required to make a website available online are
offered by web hosting companies. They provide internet access and server
space for you to host your website.
2. Domain Registration:
The act of acquiring and registering a distinctive web address such as
(www.example.com) to distinguish your website on the internet is known as
domain registration.
3. Content Management System(CMS):
A content management system (CMS) is a software platform that makes it
possible for non-technical people to generate, manage, and edit digital
material for websites.
4. Web Development Technologies:
Html:
 The standard language for building web pages and organizing content with
headers, paragraphs, and links is called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
CSS:
Web pages can be styled and laid out using CSS (Cascading Style Sheets),
which also controls how elements like fonts, colors, and spacing look.
JavaScript:
JavaScript is a programming language that enhances websites with dynamic
information and interactivity.
PHP:
Frequently used in tandem with MySQL databases for web development.
Python:
Known for its readability and simplicity, it is used with frameworks such as
Flask and Django.
Ruby: Well-known for the Ruby on Rails framework and its graceful syntax.
Node.js: Provides a single development language for both the client and server
sides by enabling JavaScript server-side scripting.
5. Version Control Systems:
Tools that facilitate the management of source code modifications across time,
allowing several developers to work together.
Often Used Systems:
Git: The most popular version control system that logs modifications and
enables numerous users to collaborate on a single project at once.
Git Platforms:
GitHub: An online platform that offers Git version control and collaborative
tools including project management and problem tracking.
GitLab is comparable to GitHub but has additional capabilities for continuous
integration and delivery (CI/CD).
 Bitbucket: An additional Git-supporting platform that frequently works with
Jira and other Atlassian products. [6]

Web Application and Its Types:

Every kind of web app meets the demands of the business and the audience
differently, depending on the objectives. Web applications can be divided into the
categories listed below:
1. Static Web Applications:
Server-side HTML page generation is not used by static web applications.
Instead than interacting with users directly, these apps operate on the client
side within the browser.
2. Web Applications for ecommerce :
Ecommerce web app development companies assist enterprises in building
strong web applications that satisfy the wide-ranging requirements of the
dynamic ecommerce market. Business executives are using ecommerce web
applications as a top tool to list, purchase, sell, or market things in order to
achieve their goals and generate the income they need.
3. Web applications for content management systems (CMS):
It have revolutionized the way businesses produce and handle content. The
procedure is now easier to understand, quicker, and simpler. If you want to
build a content management system (CMS), you may speak with a web
application development business that can provide you efficient options.
4. Applications on a Single Page:
The rapid page load concept of single-page applications where the browser
loads all the pages at once has made them extremely popular. Reloading pages
is not necessary in order to view or access new content.
5. Applications on Multiple Pages:
This kind of web application, in contrast to single-page apps, consists of
several pages that each relate to a different piece of data. To access different
pages that are present on the web application, the browser must reload the
webpage. Why then do companies develop multipage applications that could
take longer to process? The goal is to maintain a feature-rich online
application. To fit in more extensive and colorful functionalities, you need a
larger architecture.
6. Progressive Web Applications (PWAs):
Despite being integrated into the web architecture, PWAs offer a native app-
like experience. These applications offer a flawless user experience and can be
installed. To assist you understand your web app concepts and transform them
into an interactive app that satisfies expectations across industries, you can
speak with a PWA development company. Through these web apps, PWA
enables company owners to take use of app functions like push notifications.
[7]
References

[1] L.Loner,"LearnLoner,"[Online].Available:https://learnloner.com/
introduction-to-the-world-wide-web-www/.
[2] Byju's,"Byju'sFutureSchool,"[Online].Available:https://
www.byjusfutureschool.com/blog/the-world-wide-web-a-brief-history/.
[3] P.Bytes,"PrepBytesBlog,"[Online].Available:https://www.prepbytes.com/
blog/computer-network/how-does-the-world-wide-webwww-work/.
[4] Kidocoder, Worldwide Web | Full form of WWW | Features of WWW |
Components of WWW, Kidocoder, 2023.
[5] Issuu,"IssuuInc,"2006.[Online].Available:https://issuu.com/
obiyaninfotechofficial/docs/
what_is_www_advantages_and_disadvantages.pptx/s/23347766.
[6] Tomer,"scholarshippitt,"[Online].Available:http://dscholarship.pitt.edu/
25521/1/WWW_Update_Tomer_120114.pdf.

[7] Medium,"TypesofWebapplication,"[Online]Available:https://medium.com/
@rexettit/types-of-web-applications-f13265a3e289.