Week 8

PHONETICS
&
PHONOLOGY
WEEK 8
Lecturer: Pham Hong Thy, M.A.

Aspects of connected
speech
1) Weak form
2) Stress
3) Linking
4) Liaison
5) Elision
6) Assimilation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02 03 04
WEAK FORM STRESS &RHYTHM LINKING PRACTICE

WEAK FORM
Schwa sound
function words
The strong forms of these words are used in the following
cases:
• For many weak-form words, when they occur at the end of the sentence, it has the
strong form.
Ex: Are they looking for their books? Yes, they are.
• When a weak-form is being contrasted with another word.
Ex: The letter from him, not to him.
• When a weak-form word is given a stress for the purpose of emphasis.
Ex: You must give me more money.
• When a weak-form word in being “cited” or “quoted”
Ex: You shouldn’t put “and” at the end of a sentence.
Exercise 1
Each of the following utterance contains one or more words which often have weak
forms. Transcribe the expressions phonemically, taking care to use the appropriate form
(weak or strong form).
1. I’m fond of chips.
2. Chips are what I’m fond of.
3. The letter is from him, not to him.
4. You shouldn’t put “and” at the end of the sentence.
5. I travel to London a lot.

STRESS
&
RHYTHM
Five features of stress
L-O-N-G-E-R LOUDER
LARGER CHANGE IN MORE

FACIAL PITCH CLEARLY
MOVEMENT
Word stress
A stressed syllable 🡪 (´)
● pérvert (noun) as in “My neighbor is a pervert.”

● pervért (verb) as in “Don’t pervert the idea.”
● súbject (noun) as in “Let’s change the subject.”
● subjéct (verb) as in “He’ll subject us to criticism.”
Stress in complex words and compound words
● root/ base 🡪 Like
● Affix (phụ tố)
✔ Prefix (tiền tố) 🡪 dis-
✔ Suffix (hậu tố) 🡪 -able
● Complex word= prefix + base & base + suffix
Ex: dislike / likeable
● Compound words = Base + base

Ex: toothbrush / earphone
● Affixes might influence the placement of the stress in three basic ways:
1. The affix itself receives the primary stress.
Example:
2. The word (root) is stressed just as if the affix is not there, that means the
affix has zero effect.
Example:
3. The stress remains on the stem (root) not on the affix but it is shifted to a
different syllable.
Example:
Sentence and phrase stress
● Compound Noun Adjective + Noun
tíghtrope (‘a rope for acrobatics’) tight rópe (‘a rope drawn taut’)
Rédcoat (‘a British soldier’) red cóat (‘a coat that is red’)
hótdog (‘a frankfurter’) hot dóg (‘an overheated dog’)
Whíte House (‘the President’s house’) white hóuse (‘a house painted white’)
Exercise 2
Put the stress marks on the following pair of word:
1. advantage – advantageous
2. refuse – refusal
3. happy – happiness
4. reflex – reflexive
5. anchor – anchorage
6. devil – devilish
7. inform – information
8. proverb – proverbial
9. other – otherwise
10. hurry – hurriedly
LINKING
LINKING 01 Consonant-to-vowel
02 Consonant-to-consonant
03 Vowel-to-vowel
Consonant-to-vowel
When a word ends with a consonant, that final sound is often moved to the
beginning of the next word, in order to maintain the smooth flow of linked
words.
Example:
Is he busy? /ɪzɪ ‘bɪzɪ/
Send her /’send͜ ə/
Drink a cup of tea /drɪŋk͜ ə kʌp ͜əv tɪː/
Consonant-to-consonant
SAME CONSONANT SIMILAR CONSONANT

SOUND LINKING SOUND LINKING
SAME CONSONANT SOUND
To link a plosive/stop to another plosive/stop, do not release the first consonant.
Release the second, resulting in only one stop that takes more time.
Example:
Please stop pushing
Put ten in the box
She has a black cat.
He opened the big gate.
That is a bad dog.
SIMILAR CONSONANT SOUND LINKING
Occur if the first word ends with a consonant sound and the following word starts with
a similar consonant sound. Again, when words like this are linked together, only one
sound is pronounced.
Example:
need to = [neeto] /s/ - /z/ /θ/ - /ð/
sleep better = [sleebetter] /p/ - /b/ /k/ - /g/
dark gray = [dargray] /t/ - /d/ /f/ - /v/
cheese sandwich = [cheesandwich]
breath through = [breathrough]
Vowel-to-vowel
Linking /j/
Vowel-to-vowel
Linking /w/
Vowel-to-vowel
Intrusive /r/
Exercise 3
Give the linking diacritic where you think sounds may be linked.
1. Casual dress causes a lot of problems.
2. Most employees say it’s OK.
3. Fashion is a pain in the neck.
4. She wore stylish shoes.
5. He wore a dark coat.

THANKS FOR YOUR
LISTENING
—MS. THY —

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PHONETICS

Lecturer: Pham Hong Thy, M.A.

WEAK FORM STRESS &RHYTHM LINKING PRACTICE

2. Chips are what I’m fond of.

3. The letter is from him, not to him.

4. You shouldn’t put “and” at the end of the sentence.

5. I travel to London a lot.

LARGER CHANGE IN MORE

● pérvert (noun) as in “My neighbor is a pervert.”

● Compound words = Base + base

1. The affix itself receives the primary stress.

affix has zero effect.

● Compound Noun Adjective + Noun

hótdog (‘a frankfurter’) hot dóg (‘an overheated dog’)

SAME CONSONANT SIMILAR CONSONANT

1. Casual dress causes a lot of problems.

2. Most employees say it’s OK.

3. Fashion is a pain in the neck.

4. She wore stylish shoes.

5. He wore a dark coat.

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