Intro To Philo Q3 Mod 2 Method of Philospphizing v5
Intro To Philo Q3 Mod 2 Method of Philospphizing v5
Intro To Philo Q3 Mod 2 Method of Philospphizing v5
Introduction to the
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 3- Module 2
Method of Philosophizing
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has
been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Management Team:
Chairperson: Jonathan S. Dela Peña, Ph.D., CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Introduction to the
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 3- Module 2
Method of Philosophizing
FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This module is for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials
(i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned
by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Sincerest appreciation to those who have made significant contributions to this module.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Overview 1
General Instructions 2
Lesson 2: Method of Philosophizing 3
What I Need to Know 3
What I Know 4
What’s In 5
What’s New 5
What Is It? 6
Lesson 2.1 7
What I Know 8
What’s In 9
Lesson 2.2 11
What I Know 11
What’s In 12
Lesson 2.3 13
What’s New 13
What Is It? 14
What’s More 15
What I Have Learned 16
What Can I Do 17
Assessment 18
Answer Key 19
References 20
OVERVIEW
Hello dear learners! Welcome to this module on Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person. This module will help you demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and
evaluate opinions. To understand the meaning and process of doing philosophy of the human
person as an embodied being in the world and the environment as a means towardsa holistic
understanding of life. It contains activities that will help you reflects on a concrete experience
in a philosophical way and demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate
opinion. The module is self – instructional and allows you to learn in your own space, at your
own pace. So, relax and enjoy learning.
To the teacher:
This lesson assume that the teacher has already introduced to his/ her learners’
knowledge about philosophy and its importance as discipline and a means of understanding
life.
The primary goal of this module is to help learners engaged in some simple activities
to have necessary skills and understanding and reflects on a concrete experience in a
philosophical way.
To the Learners:
At the end of this module, you will be able to reflect on your daily experiences from a
holistic point of view and acquires critical and analytical thinking skills so that you can apply
this critical and analytical thinking skills to the affairs of your daily life and should be able to
demonstrate a capacity for a critical and analytical reflection from the perspective of a holistic
and profound vision of life.
1
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
2
Lesson
Method of
2 Philosophizing
The study of this subject is an initiation to the activity and process of philosophical
reflection as a search for a synoptic vision of life. At the end of the course, you should be able
to reflect on their daily experiences from a holistic point of view, acquire critical and analytical
thinking skills and should be able to apply this critical and analytical thinking skillsto the affairs
of daily life and become truthful, environment-friendly and service-oriented. Actively committed
to the development of a more humane society and articulate their own philosophy of life.
Objectives: After going through this module, you will be able to demonstrate various ways
of doing philosophy and evaluate opinions:
3
WHAT I KNOW
Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you have learned from
our previous lesson.
Direction. Identify each statement. Choose your answer from the box and write them
on the space provided.
Great job! Later we will see if your answers are correct by reading the rest of
this module.
4
WHAT’S IN
Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart
of any inquiry.
WHAT’S NEW?
Direction. Choose five words you found inside the box. Write down other related
words or ideas that can you think of in relation to the words you choose. Write you answer
on the space provided.
Box No. 1
5
WHAT IS IT?
Propositions is a statement about the world or reality. Propositions may or may not
carry truth.
There are several views regarding truth. Philosophers emphasize the importance of
belief as a basis for determining truth. But as a philosopher, we do not assume that every
statement is true. Remember the famous French philosopher, Rene Descartes traced the need
to philosophize to doubt.
In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. This means
that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed.
Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth. Philosophers consider truth as
a kind of quality or value. Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something,
since it is true knowing that we can determine what is true.
Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover
the truth. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth.
Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to test to
determine truth. In determining truth requires also that a person can prove a statement through
an action.
6
Lesson Distinguish Opinion
https://study.com/academy/
▪ Examples of an opinion:
▪ Ann can have the opinion that Italian food tastes best, while Joe has the
opinion that French food is ideal.
▪ Sue can have the opinion that reading is boring, while Mike can have the
opinion that reading is fun.
▪ Penny can have the opinion that cold weather is better, while Tim can prefer
hot weather.
▪
FACT OPINION
https://www.teachstarter.com https://hickslibrary.weebly.com
WHAT I KNOW
Direction: Give a brief answer to the following question. Write your answer in the space
provided.
1. Give 5 examples of a factual statements and 5 examples of an opinion.
8
WHAT’S IN?
The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion
itself could still be contested or questioned. To judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also
consider things such a person’s experiences and views.
Facts are statements that are observed to be real or truthful. Claims are statements
that require further examination to determine their truthfulness. Some arguments may contain
fallacies. We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity of
arguments. Opinions are often influenced by bias. We must be aware of bias so that we can
objectively and critically examine points of view.
Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than it is: in fact, opinion is
the apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise (Aristotle)
Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge (Leibniz)
An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they are
absurd words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand (Hobbes)
Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people in
a community, so that they form a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure
(Freund)
9
The following are the examples of fallacies.
Fallacy Characteristics
Ad hominem attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the
argument itself.
Appeal to force using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an
argument.
Appeal to emotion using emotions such as pity or sympathy.
Appeal to the popular the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people
accept it.
Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.
Begging the question assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as
circular argument.
Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated
events
Fallacy of composition assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole
Fallacy of division assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.
Bias Characteristics
Correspondence bias tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions,
or attribution effect without regard for the external factors or influence.
Confirmation bias tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits
one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go
against it.
Framing focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other
aspects.
Hindsight - the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a
pattern to historical events.
Conflict of interest a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the
issue being discussed.
Cultural bias analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.
10
Lesson Methods of Philosophy
Critical thinking means understanding if philosophy and refraining from merely giving
claims but through careful thought, one reasons through to argumentation.
The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an evidence-
based approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are supported by
facts that can easily be tested or proven again through experiments, logical reasoning, or
observation.
WHAT I KNOW?
Direction: Give a brief answer to the following question. Write your answer on the
space provided.
1. How will you determine the truth from an opinion?
11
WHAT’S IN?
An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from the other
can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas.
The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and
enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing then ideas and views which we
find acceptable.
A critical mind aided by philosophy can help us from our own personal point of view
that can guide us in making decisions and actions when we faced with a problem.
Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable, which we can
use to form our own views regarding certain matters.
For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-
assessment that further consists of:
12
Lesson Evaluate Truth from Opinions in
2.3 Different Situations Using the
Methods of Philosophizing
When you evaluate information, it is very important to distinguish between fact and
opinion. How do we know if something is true?
WHAT’S NEW
Direction: Complete the table below. Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the
statement. Write your answer on the box provided.
I am alive
I have a body
I can breathe
13
WHAT IS IT
Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or more
people who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an agreement
with one another. Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining truth or
knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or
theory testing.
The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth
or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis
or theory testing.
Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis and
construction of arguments. It serves as path to freedom from half-truths and deception.
TYPES OF REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING INDUCTIVE REASONING
http://images.slideplayer.com/28/9351128/slides/slide_2.jpg
Deductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and the last
will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea comes first before
the specific or particular idea.
Inductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidence come first
followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the vice versa of the
deductive reasoning because particular idea comes first before the general idea.
14
WHAT’S MORE
Direction: Read the conversation below and answer the following question. Write
your answer on the space provided.
Lover’s Quarrel
Shanon: Did you hear about what happened between Angel and her boyfriend?
Vanvan: What happened?
Shanon: They got a huge fight last night. Angel called me up. She was crying and
she said that Mike hit her.
Dean: Wait, what? That’s not right? Mike came by my place last night and he was pretty
shaken up. He had scratch marks on his arms and a bite on his left hand. He said Angel
just attacked her and was accusing him of seeing another girl.
Shanon: No! Angel said it was Mike who started to hit her, and she had to defend
herself!
Question 1: As friend of Angel and Mike, how will you react to the statements given?
15
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?
Direction. Fill in the blanks. Choose your answer from the box and write your
answer on the space provided.
16
WHAT I CAN DO?
Direction. Select one issue from the current issues in our society today. How do you
apply methods of philosophizing in determining the truth. Write your answer on the space
provided.
17
ASSESSMENT
After our lesson, let us now check what you have learned.
Direction. Identify the following statement. Choose your answer form the box. Write
your answer on the space provided.
matter.
7. A fallacy which the idea is acceptable because it has been true for
a long time.
18
ANSWER KEY
19
REFERENCES:
Roberto D. Abella, M.Div., D.Min. (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person.
Philosophical_methodology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_methodology
Truth-philosophy-and-logic https://www.britannica.com/topic/truth-philosophy-and-logic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth
Bias https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias
Methods-of-philosophy
https://www.powtoon.com/online-presentation/fBoYdDSqWuT/realize-the-methods-of-
philosophy-that-lead-to-wis/?mode=movie
Opinion
https://www.the-philosophy.com/opinion-philosophical-definitions
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/opinion-examples.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/facts-vs-opinions-examples-games-activities.html
http://www.ufh.ac.za/library/InfoLit/fact.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/facts-vs-opinions-examples-games-activities.html
https://hickslibrary.weebly.com/librarians-blog/facts-vs-opinions
https://gillemanalo.wordpress.com
http://images.slideplayer.com/28/9351128/slides/slide_2.jpg
https://www.slideshare.net/arielgilbuena7/
https://www.teachstarter.com/au/teaching-resource-collection/fact-and-opinion/
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Browse/prek-12-subject-area/test-preparation/Type-
of-Resource/Rubrics
Short story author: Lovella D. Tompong
20
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental
Don A.Velez St., Cagayan de Oro City
Contact number: 0917 899 2245
Email address: misamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph