Chapter-4 IS Development
Chapter-4 IS Development
Chapter-4 IS Development
Information System
Development
Outline
IS Development Life Cycle(SDLC)
Problem Definition
Feasibility Study
System Analysis
System Design
System Development
System implementation
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Information System Lifecycle
Deliverables
Problem
Feasibility System “As Is”
Definition
Study Analysis
“To Be”
System System
System
Development Implementation
Design
space, personnel, HW, Install
Design new/alternative system – Develop Programs, test & test new system, train &
components, I/O relationships programs, documentation migrate to new system
data, program, interfaces,
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Information System Lifecycle
3 levels in which IS evolves
Conceptual Systems
Idea to have a particular system for the organization
Logical System
Physical System
The logical design/model is changed into programs, data
files, documentation (to be tested & implemented)
Project leader
Systems analyst
System Designer
System Administrators
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Problem Definition
Identify problems and/or opportunities
What Problems to solve? (bottlenecks, failures, inefficiencies, etc.)
Final output:
Terms of Reference (goals, bounds & resource requirements)
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Feasibility Study
The practical utility & acceptability of the proposed
system
Can it be done?
Feasibility
Key feasibility considerations
Economic – cost/benefit analysis
Costs projection – development, hardware, facilities
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Feasibility
Technical – HW & SW (procuring/installing)
Analyzes and determines whether the solution can be supported
by existing technology or not
Technological requirements – storage, processing,
communication, output
Availability
Within budget
Sophistication
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Feasibility
Operational
Determines whether the system is operating effectively once it is
developed and implemented
Required speed, volume, usability and reliability
To what extent the system becomes operational when
implemented?
Final Output:
•Feasibility report - GO / NOT GO decision must be made
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System Analysis
Study of the existing system: Deals with “the way things
are”/ “as is”
procedures
System Analysis
Tools for extracting data for system analysis:
Review of documents (Objectives, Organizational structure, JD,
reports, procedures, system documentation)
Observation
Conducting interview – with top managment and users
Questionnaire
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System Analysis
Results of System Analysis Detailed documentation of:
How the existing system works
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System Design
Design processes
Input definition – defining input formats
Output definition – reports, screen & file layout
Data dictionary – details of data (name, description, source, usage,
maintenance, storage, organization)
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System Design
Final output –design specification report
Form design
Report layouts
Processing
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System Development
Actual Development of the SW
The programmer converts the design specifications into computer
instructions (programs)
Programs:
Coordinate the data movements and
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System Development
Steps
Checking system specifications
System Modules
Breaking system modules into smaller
programs
System Development
Testing of programs with test data –
at different level
Unit Testing- Individual program
Integration Testing: Individual program
as part of the system modules
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System Development
System/Technical Documentation
Source code
Testing
User Documentation
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System Implementation
Major activities
Planning for implementation
Procurement of HW
Installation of SW
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System Implementation
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System Implementation
Final switch – approaches
Direct/plunge/crash approach
Entire new system completely replaces entire old system, in one step
Parallel approach
Both systems are operated side by side until the new system proves itself
Pilot approach
New system launched for only one group within the business -- once new
system is operating smoothly, implementation goes company-wide
Phased/incremental approach
Individual parts of new system are gradually implemented over time, using
either crash or parallel for each piece.
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Post-implementation maintenance & review
Types of Changes:
Physical repair of the system
Correction of new bugs/errors found (corrective)
System adjustments to environmental changes (adaptive)
Adjustments for users’ changing needs (adaptive)
Changes to user better techniques when they become available (perfective)
Revision of formats – report/data input
Evaluation Methods
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Chapter IV
SDLC Life Cycle-summary
Problem TOR & Resource to be Allocated
Definition
System
Design Specifications
Design
Coded and
System Tested System
Development
Begin building
new system System System conversion
Implementation
Users trained
System
Maintenance Operational System
Documentation completed
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Chapter IV
SDLC Life Cycle-summary
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