Cor010 DRR Notes

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LECTURE / SECOND SEMESTER

M1: Introduction To Disaster Readiness And Risk Reduction

DISASTER
water supply, whether
 is a serious disruption occurring atmospheric, surface water
over a short or long period of or ground water.
time that causes widespread o Landslide - A range of ground
human, material, economic or movement, such as rock falls,
environmental loss which deep failure of slopes and
exceeds the ability of the shallow debris flows.
affected community or society to o Volcanic Eruption - The
cope using its own resources. release of hot magma,
 Disasters have always been a volcanic ash and/or gases
result of human interaction with from a volcano.
nature, technology and other 2. Human-made Disasters - are the
living entities. Sometimes consequence of technological
unpredictable and sudden, or human hazards.
sometimes slow and lingering, Examples:
various types of disasters o Fire (Urban) - Even with strict
continually affect the way in building fire codes, people
which we live our daily lives. still perish needlessly in fires.
o Hazardous material spills -
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER The escape of solids, liquids,
or gases that can harm
1. Natural Disaster - natural people, other living
phenomenon that may cause organisms, property or the
loss of life, injury or other health environment, from their
impacts, property damage, loss intended controlled
of livelihoods and services, environment such as a
environmental damage, etc. container.
Examples: o Nuclear and radiation
o Flood - An overflow of water accidents - An event
that submerges land that is involving significant release of
usually dry. radioactivity to the
o Tsunami - A large ocean environment and which leads
wave that is caused by to major undesirable
sudden motion on the ocean consequences to people, the
floor. environment, or the facility.
o Drought - A natural disaster of
below-average precipitation
in a given region, resulting in
prolonged shortages in the
LECTURE / SECOND SEMESTER
M2: Explaining The Differences Of Disaster, Hazard, And Emergency

DISASTER EMERGENCY
 A dangerous situation that has  is a situation that poses an
become out of control and is a immediate risk to health, life,
disaster. property, or environment. Most
 An international danger and emergencies require urgent
threat to humanity that needs intervention to prevent a
intervention to bring the situation worsening of the situation,
under control. although in some situations,
 Disasters are the outcomes of mitigation may not be possible
hazards when warning signs were and agencies may only be able
ignored. to offer palliative care for the
 A disaster is the result of a hazard aftermath.
but at the same time is also a TYPES OF EMERGENCIES
hazardous event.
 Disasters, although in literal terms 1.
Dangers of LIFE - This can range
are more severe than hazards from emergencies affecting a
are used to describe events that single person, such as the entire
are not literally of a disastrous range of medical emergencies.
nature but rather an idiomatic Examples:
use of the word. o Outbreaks of diseases such as
coronavirus, cholera, Ebola,
HAZARD
and malaria.
 A dangerous situation needing to 2. Dangers of ENVIRONMENT -
be heeded because it can lead Affect the natural environment
to a disaster. and creatures living within it. Not
 A threat that can be managed all agencies consider this a
by observing warning signs and genuine emergency, but it can
keeping in harmony with the have far- reaching effects on
environment. animals and the long term
 Hazards are known to have condition of the land.
specific warnings usually man- Examples:
made to prevent disastrous o Forest fires
events. o marine oil spills
 Hazard can lead to disaster.
 Hazards are not used to describe
everyday mishaps. They are
specific occurrences and danger
areas with appropriate warning
signs.
LECTURE / SECOND SEMESTER
M3: Disaster and the Disaster Risk Reduction

DISASTER RISK
2. Elements at risk (exposure) –
 Disaster risk is therefore identify the people or school
considered as the combination building or other elements which
of the severity and frequency of would be affected by the hazard
a hazard, the numbers of people if it occurs.
and assets exposed to the 3. Vulnerability of the elements at
hazard, and their vulnerability to risk – How affected the school
damage (UNISDR, 2015). buildings or school children or
 Intensive risk is disaster risk other elements would be if they
associated with high-probability, were to experience some levels
high-impact event, whereas of hazard impact.
extensive risk is associated with
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
high-probability, low-impact
events.  Disaster Risk Reduction is the
 The losses and impacts that reducing exposure to hazards,
characterize disasters usually lessening vulnerability of people
have much to do with the and property, wise management
exposure and vulnerability of of land and the environment,
people and places as they do and improving preparedness for
with the severity of the hazard adverse events are all examples
event (UNISDR, 2013). of disaster risk reduction
Essential Components in DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR)
Determining Risk  The concept and practice of
reducing disaster risks through
HAZARD systematic efforts to analyze and
dangerous phenomenon
manage the causes of disasters.
 Aims to strengthen the resilience
VULNE-
of persons, communities, and
RABILITY EXPOSURE
Physical Structures societies.
Social
Economic RISK Population
Agriculture
 It aims to reduce the damage
Environmental Business caused by natural hazards like
Coping capacity Assets
Adaptive earthquakes, floods, droughts,
capacity
and cyclones, through an ethic
of prevention.

1. Hazard occurrence probability –


is the likelihood of experiencing
a natural hazard at a given
location or region.
LECTURE / SECOND SEMESTER
M4: identifying the Factors comprising the Risk Triangle

RISK
vulnerability. The reduction of
 Is the probability of harmful any one of the three factors to
consequences, or expected loss of zero consequently would
lives, people injured, livelihoods, eliminate the risk.
disruption of economic activities and
HAZARD
damages to the environment as a
result of interactions between natural  an event or occurrence that has
or human induced hazards and the potential for causing injury to
vulnerable / capable conditions. life, property and environment;
 FACTORS OF RISK: although, at times, hazard has
- Vulnerability been ascribed the same
- Hazard meaning as risk, currently it is
- Exposure widely accepted that it is a
 ELEMENTS AT RISK INCLUDES; component of risk and not risk
- People itself.
- Building Examples:
- Businesses - Tsunami
- Infrastructures - Floods
- Agriculture and Environment - Cyclone
- Earthquake
RISK TRIANGLE
- Landslides
- Volcanic eruption
- Terrorism
- Epidemic
EXPOSURE
 Refers to the “elements at risk”
from a natural or man-made
hazard event; it is a necessary,
but not sufficient, determinant of
risk.
 It is possible to be exposed but
not vulnerable.
Examples:
 In the risk triangle above, the - By living in a flood plain but
larger, yellow area portrays each having sufficient means to
of the variables as being equal modify building structure and
while in the smaller, green space behavior to mitigate
the total risk has been mitigated potential loss.
by having both exposure and
VULNERABILITY
 Comprises conditions determined
by physical, social, economic,
and environmental factors or
processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community,
school, or certain area in a
locality to the impact of hazards.
 To be vulnerable to hazard, it is
necessary to also be exposed.
Examples:
- Poor design and construction
of buildings,
- Inadequate protection of
assets,
- Lack of public information
and awareness, limited
official recognition of risks
and preparedness measures,
and
- Disregard for wise
environmental management
LECTURE / SECOND SEMESTER
M5: Recognizing the Types of Vulnerability

VULNERABILITY
3. Economic Vulnerability – the
 describes the characteristics and poor are usually more vulnerable
circumstances of a community, to disasters because they lack
system or asset that make it the resources to build sturdy
susceptible to the damaging structures and put other
effects of a hazard. engineering measures in place to
protect themselves from being
TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
negatively impacted by disasters.
1. Physical Vulnerability – may be Examples:
determined by aspects such as - Poorer families may live in
population density levels, squatter settlements because
remoteness of a settlement, the they cannot afford to live in
site, design, and materials used safer (more expensive) areas.
for critical infrastructure and for 4. Environmental Vulnerability –
housing. natural resource depletion and
Examples: resource degradation are key
- Wooden homes are less likely aspects of environmental
to collapse in an earthquake, vulnerability.
but are more vulnerable to Examples:
fire. - Quality of farmland is
2. Social Vulnerability – refers to the deteriorating and forested
inability of people to withstand lands are shrinking,
adverse impacts to hazards due development of mangrove
to characteristics inherent in swamps into aquaculture
social interactions, institutions, ponds, salt beds, and other
etc. agricultural activities.
- It includes aspects related to
levels of literacy and
education, the existence of
peace and security, access
to basic human rights, , etc.
Examples:
- When flooding occurs some
citizens, such as children,
elderly and people with
disabilities, may be unable to
protect themselves or
evacuate if necessary.
LECTURE / SECOND SEMESTER
M6: Considering the Disaster Management Cycle
RISK MANAGEMENT - Focuses on long-term
measures for reducing or
Preparedness
eliminating risk.
Mitigation Predicting and
and early warning - Personal mitigation is mainly
prevention about knowing and avoiding
Protection Disaster unnecessary risks.
Recovery 2. PREPAREDNESS
Recon- Impact - Emergency managers
struction assessment
develop plans of action for
Recovery Response when the disaster strikes.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT - Personal preparedness are
DISASTER MANAGEMENT targeted on preparing
activities to be taken when a
 Is the discipline dealing of with disaster occurs, i.e., planning.
and avoiding risks. 3. RESPONSE
 It is a discipline that involves - Includes the mobilization of
preparing, supporting, and the necessary emergency
rebuilding society when natural services and first responders
or human-made disasters occur. in the disaster area.
- This is likely to include a first
RISK MANAGEMENT
wave of core emergency
 Is the process of identifying, services, such as firefighters,
assessing, and controlling threats police, and ambulance
to an organization’s capital and crews.
earnings. - They may be supported by a
number of secondary
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
emergency services.
 Is the process by which an SURVIVAL LAW OF 3s
organization deals with a
disruptive and unexpected event 1. Air --------- 3 minutes without air
that threatens to harm the 2. Water ----- 3 days without water
organization or its stakeholders. 3. Food ------ 3 weeks without food
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLES
 The response phase of an
1. MITIGATION emergency may commence
- Efforts attempt to prevent with a search and rescue phase.
hazards from developing into However in all cases the focus will
disasters altogether, or to be on fulfilling the basic needs of
reduce the effects of the affected population on a
disasters when they occur. humanitarian basis.
LECTURE / SECOND SEMESTER
M7: Preparing a Disaster Supplies Kit

INTRODUCTION originals or they become


unreachable.
 During a disaster, you may have 5. Dried Snack Foods – food items
evacuated quickly. You might such as energy bars and dried
not have time to gather all the fruit are less perishable than other
supplies you need. That is why it is foods.
important to make a disaster 6. Emergency Cash – power may
supplies kit. Remember to pack be disrupted in large regions,
enough food, water, and making people unable to
supplies to last for three days for withdraw cash or use credit
each person in your family. Place cards to purchase needed
the supplies into a duffel bag or a goods.
backpack. 7. First Aid Kit – small tools, alcohol
swabs, and medicines will allow
DISASTER MANAGEMENT KIT
you to handle minor injuries
1. Bottled Water – It is important to immediately in the likely case
have enough water to provide that outside help takes time to
for one gallon per person, per arrive.
day after a major earthquake to 8. Flashlight – crank-powered or
last at least 3 days and ideally for shake-powered flashlights are
2 weeks. Water should be ideal to set aside for use during
replaced every year. emergencies when the power is
2. Canned Goods and Can Opener out and batteries are
– canned fruits and vegetables unavailable or drained.
retain water that can 9. Medicines – medicines vital to
supplement the bottled supply; any member of the household
some cans have a metal tab stored together with the rest of
available for opening, most do the emergency kit for
not, and require the use of a can emergency use.
opener. 10. Radio – crank-powered radios
3. Contact List – a list of emergency are also preferable to battery-
contacts including an out-of- operated radios because they
town contact that can be can function continuously
reached in case local phone without extra supplies.
lines are busy. The numbers 11. Batteries – extra batteries are
should be kept in a waterproof important for the radio or
container or cell-phones. flashlight when its battery ran out
4. Copies of Important Documents – of power.
records should be kept in a 12. Toiletries – items that aid in
secure, waterproof container in maintaining hygiene are
case anything happens to the important to have after any
devastating disaster not only for
personal reasons, but also for
people to avoid falling ill due to
unsanitary practices.
13. Whistle – emergency rescuers are
trained to be alert to whistles and
knocking coming from people
who are trapped in rubble. Using
a whistle instead of yelling also
helps conserve energy.
14. Clothes and Blankets – jackets,
coats, long pants, long sleeve
shirts, sleeping bags and
blankets.
IMPORTANCE
 A disaster supply kit is important
to emergency preparedness.
 It is meant to ensure you and
your family members will have all
the necessary items for basic
survival. To ensure you are
always prepared for an
emergency, it is also crucial to
check on your disaster supplies
skit approximately every six
months to ensure medications
are not outdated and food items
are not expired.
 While it is impossible to prevent a
disaster or an emergency from
taking place, you can take steps
to ensure you are prepared as
possible to cope with them when
they do occur.

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