PDF Foundations of Special and Inclusive Education - Compress
PDF Foundations of Special and Inclusive Education - Compress
PDF Foundations of Special and Inclusive Education - Compress
L gurs k R kq
kqujrk`k
ujrk`knt
ntss
@higr Kxh`s
]kr unjt gutputs hs spkljajkd jn tok hsskss`knt
kdulhtjgnhc nkkds jn
pgcjljks, eujdkcjnks h prglkdurks
hnd prkeuchr lchss.
rglkdurks tohtToky wjccshak
prgvjdk hcsghnd
bksklurk
prgvjdkd wjto knvjrgn`knts,
ckhrnjne fngwckdek ga
hnd tkhlojne strhtkejks toht hrk jnlcusjvk ga ckhrnkrs arg` jndjekngus ergups.
Ht tok knd
knd ga tok lgursk,
lgursk, prk-skrvjlk
prk-skrvjlk tkhlokrs
tkhlokrs sogucd bk
bk hbck tg9
tg9
V8P dk`gnstrhtk lgntknt fngwckdek hnd undkrsthndjne ga tok pojcgsgpojks, tokgrjks, hnd
ckehc bhsks ga spkljhc hnd jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn jnlcudjne jts pgcjljks hnd tokjr hppcjlhtjgns6
V2P dk`gnstrhtk undkrsthndjne ga typjlhc hnd htypjlhc dkvkcgp`knt ga lojcdrkn wojlo wjcc
skrvk hs bhsjs h jn tok skckltjgn hnd usk ga hpprgprjhtk tkhlojne strhtkejks rkspgnsjvk tg
ckhrnkrs wjto djshbjcjtjks, ejatkdnkss hnd thcknts6
V;P dk`gnstrhtk fngwckdek ga tok skckltjgn hnd usk ga tkhlojne hnd hsskss`knt
strhtkejks toht hrk rkspgnsjvk tg tok nkkds hnd strknetos ga djvkrsk ckhrnkrs6
V1P dk`gnstrhtk fngwckdek ga pgcjljks, eujdkcjnks hnd prglkdurks toht prgvjdk shak hnd
sklurk ckhrnjne knvjrgn`knts agr ckhrnkrs wjto djvkrsk nkkds6 hnd
V5P dk`gnstrhtk fngwckdek ga tkhlojne strhtkejks toht hrk jnlcusjvk ga ckhrnkrs arg`
jndjekngus ergups.
JDKH “ hlt 2==4 “ h nhtjgnhc chw toht euhrhntkk hn hpprgprjhtk kdulhtjgn tg studknts
wjto djshbjcjtjks, rklgenjzk 84 djshbjcjty lhtkegrjks.
-Jt dkslrjbks tok eghcs tok tkh` skts agr h lojcd durjne tok sloggc ykhr hs wkcc
hs hny spkljhc suppgrt nkkdkd tg okcp hlojkvk tok`.
8. ]sylogcgejlhc bhsks
2. Lgntkxt
Lgntkxt js ngt iust brjnejne cjak kvknts tg tok lchssrgg` but kxpkrjknljne hehjn
kvknts arg` `uctjpck pkrspkltjvk. Lgntkxt prgvjdks tok skttjne agr kxh`jnjne kxpkrjknlk
toht tok lg``unjty prgvjdks tok sohpjne ga ckhrnjne.
Torgueo lg``unjty, ckhrnkrs jntkrprkt, rkacklt hnd agr` `khnjne. Jt hcsg prgvjdks
tok skttjne agr tok sgljhc jntkrhltjgn nkkdkd tg knehek jn djhcgeuk wjto gtokrs tg skk
vhrjgus hnd djvkrsk pkrspkltjvks gn hny jssuk. Lg``unjty hcsg rkakrs tg tok bgdy ga
fngwckdek lrkhtkd by hn jndjvjduhc kntkrjne hn hrkh ga jnqujry.
4. ]hrtjljphtjgn
Jt dkslrjbks tok jntkrlohnek tok jdkhs, httk`pts ga prgbck`-sgcvjne hnd hltjvk
knehek`knt ga ckhrnkrs wjto khlo gtokr hnd wjto tok `htkrjhcs ga jnstrultjgn.
jnstrultj gn. Ckhrnjne
bklg`ks h prglkss ga rkackltjne, jntkrprktjne hnd nkegtjhtjne `khnjne h`gne tok
phrtjljphnts.
<. Ckhrnjne js tok rksuct ga sgljhc prglkss knlg`phssjne whys ga tojnfjne, pkrlkjvjne,
prgbck`-sgcvjne hnd jntkrhltjne jn hddjtjgn tg dklchrhtjvk hnd prglkdurhc fngwckdek.
4. Ckhrnjne js ngt skphrhtkd arg` tok wgrcd ga hltjgn but kxjsts jn rgbust, lg`pckx, sgljhc
knvjrgn`knt `hdk up ga hltgrs, hltjgns hnd sjtuhtjgns.
\g`ktojne tg dg9
Hnswkr toksk…
Lg`phrk…
8. Ikhn Chvk‚s
Chvk‚s \jtuhtkd Ckhrnjne Tokgry wjto toht ga Ckg Qyegtsfy‚s \lhaagcdjne Tokgry.
Jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn js h lhrdjnhc rjeot ga hcc ckhrnkrs tg h quhcjty kdulhtjgn. Tojs rkspgnds
tg tokjr bhsjl hnd unjquk ckhrnjne nkkds toht wjcc kvkntuhccy j`prgvk tokjr cjvks.
2. Jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn prksuppgsks toht hcc ou`hn bkjnes ohvk kquhc vhcuk hnd
rjeots.
Jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn hssu`ks h bhsjl lg``jt`knt tg trkht hcc pkrsgns hcjfk unckss tokrk
hrk eggd rkhsgns agr trkhtjne tok` djaakrkntcy.
Torgueo jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn hcc lojcdrkn hrk lhphbck tg `hxj`u` knvjrgn`knt jn tok
prgerkss ga tokjr lg``unjty hnd jn tok `hfjne ga h iust sgljkty.
4. Jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn thfks agrwhrd tok hekndh ga Kdulhtjgn Agr Hcc (KAH).
Jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn js h vkojlck tg rkhcjzk tok bhsjl rjeot tg KAH. Hcc lojcdrkn `ust ohvk
tok lohnlk tg study hnd tg ergw tgektokr.
8. Kdulhtjne hcc lojcdrkn wjto djshbjcjtjks jn 8. Du`pjne studknts wjto djshbjcjtjks jntg
rkeuchr lchssrgg`, rkehrdckss ga tok rkeuchr prgerh`s wjtogut prkphrhtjgn hnd
nhturk ga tokjr djshbcjne lgndjtjgns. suppgrt.
erhduhtjgn kxkrljsks.
5. \tudknts wjto djshbjcjtjks usjne sloggc 5.Jsgchtjne studknts wjto djshbjcjtjks jn
lhntkkn, cjbrhry, pchyergund hnd gtokr rkeuchr sloggcs.
ahljcjtjks wjto ngn-djshbckd studknts.
88. ]chljne lojcdrkn wjto djshbjcjtjks jn tok 88.@kktjne tok nkkds ga lojcdrkn wjto
sh`k sloggcs toky wgucd httknd ja toky djshbjcjtjks gncy.
djdn‚t ohvk djshbjcjtjks.
Uoht dg ygu tojnf hcc tok bknkajts ga jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn tg bgto tok hbck hnd djshbckd
studknts7
8. Httjtudjnhc bhrrjkrs - nkehtjvk httjtudk ga sg`k tg hllkpt hnd jntkrhlt wjto djshbckd
ljtjzkns.
<. Jnhpprgprjhtk lurrjlucu` - tok lurrjlucu` dgks ngt `kkt tok nkkds ga djvkrsk
ckhrnkrs. Tokrk js ckss `gdjajlhtjgn bhskd gn tok cglhc sjttjne agr tkhlokrs tg try gut nkw
hpprghloks. \g`ktj`ks tok lgntknt js jrrkckvhnt tg tok kxpkrjknlks hnd ckvkcs ga tok
studknts.
4. [ntrhjnkd tkhlokrs - rkeuchr kdulhtjgn tkhlokrs usuhccy dg ngt ohvk tok sujthbck
trhjnjne, kxpkrjknlk hnd kdulhtjgn tg fngw tok nkkds ga studknts wog ohvk djshbjcjtjks.
H ngtokr po
pojcgs
jcgs gpoj lhc bhs
bhsks
ks
2.2 Kquhcjty - knsurjne toht kvkry jndjvjduhc ohs hn kquhc gppgrtunjty tg `hck `gst
ga tokjr sfjccs hnd thcknts.
Fjnds ga Kquhcjty
8. \gljhc kquhcjty - hcc ljtjzkns hrk kntjtckd tg knigy kquhc sthtus jn sgljkty hnd ng gnk js
kntjtckd tg spkljhc prjvjckeks.
<.Ojstgrjlhc/\gljgcgejlhc
<.8 Dklchrhtjgn ga tok Rjeots ga tok Lojcd by tok [njtkd Nhtjgn Eknkrhc Hssk`bcy
<.2 [NK\LG -KAH ([njtkd Nhtjgn Kdulhtjgnhc \ljkntjajl hnd Lucturhc Grehnjzhtjgn) -
KAH (Kdulhtjgn Agr Hcc)
Hllkss tg quhcjty
quhcjty kdulhtjgn js h ou`hn rjeot. Ogwkvkr
Ogwkvkr ngt kvkrybgdy js knigyjn
knigyjne
e
tokjr rjeot. H`gne toksk hrk ]krsgns Ujto Djshbjcjty (]UD) `jngr ktonjl ergups, strkkt
lojcdrkn hnd gtokr `hrejnhcjzkd skltgrs ga sgljkty. Djslrj`jnhtjgn js `hnjakstkd torgueo
stkrkgtypjne hnd chbkcjne, skerkehtjgn hnd kxlcusjgn, dknjhc tg hllkss tg kdulhtjgn,
k`pcgy`knt, okhcto gr spgrt skrvjlks, poysjlhc knvjrgn`knt hnd ckjsurk.
Lojcdrkn wjto spkljhc nkkds chlf kquhc gppgrtunjtjks agr sloggcjne bklhusk ga tokjr
djshbjcjtjks. [NK\LG spgnsgrkd Kdulhtjgn Agr Hcc (KAH) prgvjdks agr hcc lojcdrkn
jnlcudjne togsk wjto spkljhc nkkds hnd djshbjcjtjks wjto kquhc gppgrtunjty tg study.
[NK\LG bkcjkvks toht ckhrnjne hnd ergwjne tgektokr wjto ngn-djshbckd pkkrs jn rkeuchr
kdulhtjgn skttjne js tok `gst kaajljknt hnd kaakltjvk why tg bkht djslrj`jnhtjgn. Tojs tok
lgnlkpt ga jnlcusjgn, wojlo bkehn sjnlk tok chtk 8:?=, ohs bkkn lgnlkptuhcjzkd bgto hs
h ou`hn rjeot hnd h prhltjlk ga sgljhc iustjlk.
Tojs `khns toht ng studknt js kxlcudkd arg` tok ljrlck ga ckhrnkrs. Kvkrygnk js jn.
Tkhlojne agr hcc studknts rkehrdckss ga grjejn, sgljg-klgng`jl bhlfergund, ekndkr,ekndkr,
hbjcjty, nhtjgnhcjty. Ng –tkhlokr ahvgrjtks, ng gutlhsts, ng –prg`dj.‐ Jn hny jnlcusjvk
lchssrgg`, kvkrygnk akkcs, ok/sok bkcgnes.
4. Ckehc
4.8 HRTJLCK _JQ ga tok 8:?5 Lgnstjtutjgn prgvjdks eknkrhc arh`kwgrf agr kdulhtjgn jn
tok lguntry. Jt sogws tok sthtk rklgenjzks toht j`pgrthnlk agr kdulhtjgn, sljknlk hnd
tklongcgey, lucturhc dkvkcgp`knt, hnd spgrts hnd wkccnkss jn tok cjak ga tok sthtk hnd ga
tok pkgpck.
\kltjgn 2. djsluss tok lg``jt`knt ga tok sthtks tg prgvjdk hllkss tg quhcjty kdulhtjgn
agr hcc ckvkcs arg` prksloggc tg tkrtjhry. Jt kculjdhtks tok aunltjgn ga tok sthtk tg dkvkcgp hn
kdulhtjgn systk`, toht aglusks gn agr`hc kdulhtjgn, ngn-agr`hc kdulhtjgn, hctkrnhtjvk
ckhrnjne systk`, hnd jndjekngus ckhrnjne systk`. Tg suppgrt tojs prgvjsjgn, \kltjgn 2
sthtks toht tok sthtk wjcc prgvjdk ajnhnljhc hssjsthnlk hnd kaajljknt studknt-suppgrt systk`
tg dkskrvjne studknts.
4.2 R.H - 8=;<< - Knohnlkd Bhsjl Kdulhtjgn Hlt - jnlcudjne HC\ hnd Ckhrnkrs wjto
\pkljhc Nkkds
\kltjgn <. Bhsjl Kdulhtjgn js jntkndkd tg `kkt bhsjl ckhrnjne nkkds wojlo prgvjdks tok
agundhtjgn gn wojlo subskquknt ckhrnjne lhn bk bhskd. Jt knlg`phssks fjndkrehrtkn ,
kck`knthry hnd sklgndhry kdulhtjgn hs wkcc hs hctkrnhtjvk ckhrnjne systk` agr gut-ga-
sloggc ckhrnkrs hnd togsk wjto spkljhc nkkds.
\kltjgn <. lojcd hbusk rkakrs tg tok `hctrkht`knt, woktokr ohbjtuhc gr ngt, ja tok lojcd
wojlo jnlcudk hny ga tok agccgwjne9
<. [nrkhsgnhbck dkprjvhtjgn ga ojs bhsjl nkkds agr survjvhc, sulo hs aggd hnd sokctkr gr
\kltjgn <=. Kdulhtjgnhc \ystk`s - tok sthtk sohcc prgvjdk kquhc hllkss tg vhrjgus lucturhc
gppgrtunjtjks tg tok JLL/J]‚s torgueo tok kdulhtjgnhc
kdulhtjgn hc systk`, pubcjl gr prjvhtk lucturhc
kntjtjks, slogchrsojps, erhnts hnd gtokr jnlkntjvks wjtogut prkiudjlk tg tokjr kdulhtjgnhc
systk`s hnd jnstjtutjgns by prgvjdjne kdulhtjgn jn tokjr gwn chneuhek, jn h `hnnkr
hpprgprjhtk tg tokjr lucturhc `ktogd ga tkhlojne hnd ckhrnjne. Jndjekngus lojcdrkn yguto
sohcc ohvk tok rjeot tg hcc ckvkcs agr`s ga kdulhtjgn ga tok sthtk.
]D 1=<
Hrt. 8= - ]ohsks
]ohsks ga Dkvkcgp`knt
Dkvkcgp`knt - tok lojcd sohcc knigy spkljhc prgtkltjgn hnd sohcc bk
ejvkn gppgrtunjtjks hnd ahljcjtjks by chw hnd by gtokr `khns, tg knsurk hnd knhbck ojs
aucckst dkvkcgp`knt poysjlhccy, `knthccy, k`gtjgnhccy, `grhccy, spjrjtuhccy hnd sgljhccy jn h
okhctoy hnd ngr`hc `hnnkr hnd jn lgndjtjgns ga arkkdg` hnd djenjty hpprgprjhtk tg tok
lgrrkspgndjne dkvkcgp`knthc sthek.
Hrtjlck 54
54 - \pkljhc
\pkljhc Lchssks
Lchssks
Uokrk nkkds whrrhnts, toksk sohcc bk ht ckhst spkljhc lchssks jn kvkry prgvjnlk
hnd ja pgssjbck, spkljhc sloggcs agr tok poysjlhccy ohndjlhppkd, tok `knthccy rkthrdkd, tok
k`gtjgnhccy djsturbkd hnd tok spkljhccy ejatkd. Tok prjvhtk skltgr sohcc bk ejvkn hcc tok
nklksshry jndulk`knt hnd knlgurhek`knt tg ksthbcjso sulo lchssks gr sloggcs.
rkjntkerhtjgn ga lojcd jn lgnacjlt wjto tok chw. \loggcs sohcc prgvjdk hdkquhtk, nklksshry
hnd jndjvjduhcjzkd kdulhtjgnhc slok`ks agr lojcdrkn `hnjakstjne djaakrknt bkohvjgr hnd
lojcdrkn jn lgnacjlt wjto tok chw. Jn lhsks wokrk lojcdrkn jn lgnacjlt wjto tok chw hrk thfkn
jntg lustgdy gr dkthjnkd jn rkohbjcjthtjgn lkntkr, toky sogucd bk prgvjdkd tok gppgrtunjty
tg lgntjnuk ckhrnjne undkr hn hctkrnhtjvk ckhrnjne systk` wjto bhsjl cjtkrhly prgerh` gr
ngn-agr`hc kdulhtjgn hllrkdjthtjgn kqujvhcknly systk`.
\kltjgn 1. 1.8 Djslgunt arg` hcc ksthbcjso`knts ht ckhst 2=% djslgunt arg` hcc
ksthbcjso`knts rkchtjvk tg tok utjcjzhtjgn ga hcc skrvjlks jn ogtkcs hnd sj`jchr cgdejne
ksthbcjso`knts, rksthurhnts hnd rklrkhtjgn lkntkr agr tok kxlcusjvk usk gr knigy`knt ga
pkrsgns wjto djshbjcjty.
Tok GO\\ sohcc bk gpkn tg hcc yguto hnd hducts wog ohvk ajnjsokd kck`knthry
kdulhtjgn hs wkcc hs ojeo sloggc quhcjajkrs ga tok ]ojcjppjnk Kdulhtjgn ]chlk`knt Tkst (
]K]T) hnd tok HC\, Hllrkdjthtjgn Kqujvhcknly Tkst.
J. 8. Khrcy Jntkrvkntjgn
Khrcy jntkrvkntjgn aglusks gn sfjccs jn toksk ajvk hrkhs.
Thcf tg ygur okhcto lhrk prgvjdkr ja ygu ohvk hny lgnlkrns hbgut ygur lojcd‚s
dkvkcgp`knt. Khrcy jntkrvkntjgn prgvjdks ah`jcy skrvjlks tg okcp ygu hnd ygur lojcd
hddrkss dkvkcgp`knthc dkchys.
8.]hrtjhc jnlcusjgn “ lojcdrkn wjto spkljhc nkkds hrk kdulhtkd jn tok rkeuchr
lchssrgg` agr `gst ga tok dhy.
2. Aucc jnlcusjgn “ `khns toht tok djshbckd studknts ekt hcc tok spkljhc skrvjlks
toky nkkd jn tok rkehrds lchssrgg` hnd sthy tokrk hcc dhy.
Ujto tok j`pck`knthtjgn ga tok 82 ykhrs bhsjl kdulhtjgn prgerh`, tok eghc js
tg kquhcjzk ckhrnjne gppgrtunjtjks tg hcc ckhrnkrs hnd prgdulk ogcjstjlhccy
dkvkcgpkd Ajcjpjngs jn tok cgne run.
<. Trhnsjtjgn prgerh` “ h prgerh` dksjenkd tg tkhlo jndkpkndknt cjvjne sfjccs jnlcudjne
vglhtjgnhc sfjccs tg studknts ohvjne spkljhc kdulhtjgn skrvjlks heks 8?-22. Hs toky
prgerkss studknts knohnlkd tokjr hbjcjtjks, igb prkakrknlks
prkakrknl ks hnd ckhrn tg wgrf wjto ergwjne
jndkpkndknlk.
Tokjr prgerh` js dksjenkd agr spkljhc studknts wog hrk jntkcckltuhccy
jntkccklt uhccy djshbckd hnd
togsk wog hrk poysjlhccy ohndjlhppkd. Jt js dksjenkd tg `kkt tokjr spkljhc nkkds hnd
rkspgnd tg tokjr spkljajl jntkrksts.
4. \usthjnjne ]rgerh`
8. DkpKd ohs hccglhtkd `jccjgns ga aunds tg rklgenjzk \]KD lkntkrs hcc gvkr tok lguntry
agr tok knrgc`knt hnd rksgurlks `htkrjhcs agr usk ga toksk studknts.
4. Kxphnsjgn ga HC\, Bhsjl Cjtkrhly ]rgerh` hnd tok Hllrkdjthtjgn hnd Kqujvhcknlk
]rgerh` agr tok Gut ga \loggc Zguto hnd \loggc Drgp Guts.
Tok sthtk sohcc kndkhvgr tg ohvk tok djenjty hnd djvkrsjty ga tok lucturks, trhdjtjgns,
ojstgrjks hnd hspjrhtjgns ga tok (JLLs/J]‚s) Jndjekngus lucturhc lg``unjtjks/Jndjek ngus
]kgpck‚s, hpprgprjhtkcy rkackltkd jn hcc agr`s ga kdulhtjgn, pubcjl jnagr`htjgn hnd lucturhc-
lucturhc -
kdulhtjgnhc kxlohnek. Lgnskqukntcy, tok sthtk sohcc thfk kaakltjvk `khsurks jn
lgnsucthtjgn wjto JLLs/J]‚s lgnlkrnkd tg kcj`jnhtk prkiudjlk hnd djslrj`jnhtjgn hnd tg
prg`gtk tgckrhnlk, undkrsthndjne hnd eggd rkchtjgns h`gne JLLs/J]‚s hnd hcc ske`knts
ga sgljkty. Aurtokr`grk, tok egvkrn`knt sohcc thfk kaakltjvk `khsurks tg knsurk toht tok
sthtk-gwnkd `kdjh ducy rkacklt jndjekngus lucturhc djvkrsjty. Tok sthtk sohcc cjfkwjsk
knsurk tok phrtjljphtjgn ga hpprgprjhtk jndjekngus ckhdkrs jn sloggcs, lg``unjtjks hnd
jntkrnhtjgnhc lggpkrhtjvk undkrsthndjnes cjfk akstjvhcs, lgnakrknlks, sk`jnhrs hnd
wgrfsogps tg prg`gtk hnd knohnlk tokjr djstjnltjvk okrjthek hnd vhcuks.
8.Jntkrhltjgnjst ]krspkltjvk
Jntkrhltjgnjs` hsskrts toht jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn lhn bk h sgund jntkrvkntjgn agr hcc
studknts tg ohvk h `khnjneauc sgljhc cjak hnd sgund sgljhc hltjvjty. Jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn js
h okhctoy knlguntkr agr bgto studknts wjto hnd wjtogut djshbjcjtjks, tous fjnd ga knlguntkr
wjcc cksskn djslrj`jnhtjgn hnd prkiudjlk.
2. Lgnacjlt ]krspkltjvk
Lgnacjlt tokgrjsts hsskss toht jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn ohs sgljhc lucturhc hnd pgcjtjlhc
undkrtgnks hnd j`pcjlhtjgns, h`gne pggr hnd dkvkcgpjne lguntrjks, jnlcusjvk kdulhtjgn
js ngt h prjgrjty hs lg`phrkd tg tok rjlo hnd dkvkcgpkd gnks.
4. Lrjtjlhc ]krspkltjvk
H. Ckhrnkrs
Ckhrnkrs wjto
wjto jntkcckltu
jntkcckltuhc
hc djshbjcjty
djshbjcjty gr lgenjtjvk
lgenjtjvk djshbjcjty
djshbjcjty “ `khns sjenjajlhntcy sub-
hvkrhek jntkcckltuhc aunltjgnjne toht kxjsts lgnlurrkntcy wjto dkajljt jn hdhptjvk
bkohvjgr hnd loht hdvkrsjty haaklts kdulhtjgnhc pkragr`hnlk.
2. @jcd @knthc Rkthrdhtjgn “ JX rhneks arg` ;=-5= lhn hlqujrk hlhdk`jl sfjccs up tg
Erhdk QJ. Toky lhn bklg`k ahjrcy skca-suaajljknt hnd jn sg`k lhsks cjvk jndkpkndkntcy,
wjto lg``unjty hnd sgljhc suppgrt.
<. @gdkrhtk- JX js arg` <;-;; lhn lhrry gut wgrf hnd skca-lhrk thsfs wjto `gdkrhtk
`gdkrhtk
supkrvjsjgn. ]gsskss lg``unjlhtjgn sfjccs sjnlk lojcdoggd hnd lhn cjvk hnd aunltjgn
sullkssauccy wjtojn tok lg``unjty jn supkrvjskd knvjrgn`knt hs ergup og`ks.
4. \kvkrk “ JX js arg` 2=-4=, lhn `hstkr vkry bhsjl skca-lhrk sfjccs hnd sg`k
lg``unjlhtjgn sfjccs. Lhn cjvk jn h ergup og`k.
;. ]rgagund “ JX slgrks “ 2= tg 2;. Toky `hy bk hbck tg dkvkcgp bhsjl skca-lhrk hnd
lg``unjlhtjgn sfjccs wjto hpprgprjhtk suppgrt hnd trhjnjne.
1. `k`gry prgbck`s
Lohrhltkrjstjls
?. djpchy ga thntru`s toht `hy rksuct jn skca jniury, sfjn pjlfjne, bjtjne ohnds, ohnd bhnejne
hnd kyk slrhtlojne
NGTK9
Zgu wjcc bk ejvkn sg`k lgpjks ga lhsk studjks. \tudy tok` sg ygu lhn hnswkr sg`k
qukstjgns.
;. Lkrkbrhc ]hcsy “ tojs js lhuskd by dh`hek tg tok phrts ga tok brhjn wojlo lgntrgc
`gvk`knt durjne tok khrcy stheks ga dkvkcgp`knt. Lojcdrkn wjto wjto lkrkbrhc phcsy
`hy ohvk djaajluctjks wjto9
8. pgsturk
8.Ok`jpckejh “ gnk ok`jspokrk ga tok brhjn js haakltkd hnd sg gncy gnk sjdk ga tok bgdy
js hcsg haakltkd - jn tok hr`,
hr`, ohnd hnd cke ga kjtokr tok rjeot gr ckat sjdk. Lojcdrkn h
haakltkd
aakltkd
wjto tojs `hy ohvk dkchy jn ckhrnjne tg thcf, but tokjr jntkccjeknlk tgg js unhaakltkd.
4. Hthxjh “ gllurs wokn tok lkrkbkccu` js haakltkd. H pkrsgn `hy ohvk prgbck`s wjto
bhchnlk hnd pkrlkptjgn ga dkpto.
Ckhrnjne Djshbjcjtjks
;. hudjtgry hnd vjsuhc prglkssjne djsgrdkrs “ sknsgry djshbjcjtjks jn wojlo h pkrsgn ohs
djaajlucty undkrsthndjne chneuhek dkspjtk ngr`hc okhrjne hnd vjsjgn
8.hnxjkty djsgrdkr “ h akkcjne ga unkhsk, sulo hs wgrry gr akhr, toht lhn bk `jcd gr skvkrk.
2.bjpgchr djsgrdkr “ hcsg fngwn hs `hnjl dkprkssjgn toht brjnes skvkrk ojeo hnd cgw
`ggds hnd lohneks jn sckkp, knkrey, tojnfjne hnd bkohvjgr. ]kgpck wog ohvk bjpgchr
djsgrdkr lhn ohvk pkrjgds jn wojlo toky akkc gvkrcy ohppy hnd knkrejzkd hnd gtokr
pkrjgds ga akkcjne vkry shd, ogpkckss hnd scueekrs.
<. lgndult djsgrdkr “ rkakrs tg h ergup ga rkpktjtjvk hnd pkrsjstknt bkohvjgrhc hnd
k`gtjgnhc prgbck`s jn ygunestkrs.
4. khtjne djsgrdkr “ rkchtkd tg pkrsjstknt khtjne bkohvjgr toht nkehtjvkcy j`phlt jn ygur
okhcto, ygur k`gtjgns hnd ygur hbjcjty tg aunltjgn jn j`pgrthnt hrkhs ga cjak lg``gn khtjne
djsgrdkrs “ hngrkxjh nkrvgsh, bucj`jh nkrvgsh hnd bjnek khtjne djsgrdkr.
1. psylogtjl djsgrdkr “ skvkrk `knthc djsgrdkr toht lhusk hbngr`hc tojnfjne hnd
pkrlkptjgns. H pkrsgn wjto djsgrdkr tgulo wjto rkhcjty sy`ptg`s, dkcusjgn hnd
ohcculjnhtjgn.
Lhusks9
8.lgneknjthc/okrkdjthry
Lg``gn Typks
2. lkrkbrhc phcsy
4. spjnh bjajdh
;. arjkdrkjlo‚s hthxjh
\pkklo/Chneuhek Djshbjcjtjks
H lg``unjlhtjgn
lg``unjlhtjgn djsgrdkr
djsgrdkr sulo hs stuttkrjne,
stuttkrjne, j`phjrkd hrtjluchtjgn,
hrtjluchtjgn, h chneuhek
chneuhek
j`phjr`knt ja h vgjlk toht hdvkrskcy haaklts h lojcd‚s kdulhtjgnhc pkragr`hnlk.
Lg``unjlhtjgn djsgrdkr
Hrtjluchtjgn
Hrtjluchtjgn djsgrdkr
djsgrdkr Kxprkssjvk
Kxprkssjvk djsgrdkr
djsgrdkr
Acuknly djsgrdkr
E jvk ttok
ok loh
lohrh
rhltk
ltkrjs
rjs tjls ga ttok
ok d
djs
js grdk
grdkrs
rs .
\kvkrk/@uctjpck Djshbjcjtjks
[njvkrshc J`phjr`knt
Hllgrdjne
Hllgrdjne tg JDKH “ h vjsuhc j`phjr`knt rkakrs tg
t g hn j`phjr`knt jn vjsjgn toht kvkn
wjto lgrrkltjgn, hdvkrskcy haaklts h lojcd‚s pkragr`hnlk. Tok tkr` jnlcudks bgto phrtjhc
sjeot hnd bcjndnkss.
8.strhbjs`us
2. lgneknjthc lhthrhlts
4. rktjnjtjs pje`kntgsh
;. gptjl nkrvk oypgpchsjh
8. Lgndultjvk okhrjne cgss “ duk tg prgbck`s wjto tok khr lhnhc, khrdru` gr `jddck khr
hnd jts cjttck bgnks (tok `hcckus, jnlus hnd sthpks)
2. \knsgrjnkurhc okhrjne cgss “ duk tg prgbck`s ga tok jnnkr khr fngwn hs nkrvk-rkchtkd
okhrjne cgss.
<. `jxkd okhrjne cgss “ lg`bjnhtjgn ga lgndultjvk hnd sknsgrjnkurhc okhrjne cgss.
Tokrk `hybk h dh`hek jn tok `jddck khr hnd jn tok jnnkr khr (lglockh) gr hudjtgry nkrvk.
Gtokr Okhcto ]rgbck`s “ ohvjne cj`jtkd strkneto, vjthcjty gr hckrtnkss duk tg lorgnjl gr
okhcto prgbck`s cjfk9
Hsto`h ok`gpojcjh
Kpjckpsy ckufk`jh
Tgurkttk
\tudknts wog hrk ejatkd hnd thckntkd djspchy hn hrrhy ga hbjcjtjks toht js supkrjgr jn
nhturk. Toky `hy pkragr` kxlkptjgnhc hbjcjtjks jn vhrjgus hrkh sulo hs vjsuhc gr
pkragr`jne hrts, lrkhtjvjty, ckhdkrsojp gr tojnfjne. Tok JX slgrk ga h ejatkd js erkhtkr tohn
84;.
Lohrhltkrjstjls
<. pkrakltjgnjs`
4. nkkd prkljsjgn
8.]rk-rkakrrhc jntkrvkntjgn
Kxlkptjgnhc lojcdrkn hrk jdkntjajkd hs khrcy hs pgssjbck. Toky hrk rkakrrkd tg tok
prgpkr hutogrjzk pkrsgn gr tkhlokr agr kvhcuhtjgn.
2.@uctjahltgrkd kvhcuhtjgn
2.`gdjajlhtjgn “ uskd tg dkslrjbk h lohnek jn tok lurrjlucu`. @gdjajlhtjgns hrk `hdk agr
studknts wjto djshbjcjtjks wog hrk unhbck tg lg`prkoknd tok ckssgn.
Agur Hpprghloks
<.skerkehtjgn “ jn tojs `gdkc, studknts wjto spkljhc nkkds dg ngt httknd lchssks wjto ngn-
djshbckd studknts.
4.kxlcusjgn “ h studknt wog dgks ngt rklkjvk jnstrultjgn jn hny sloggc js kxlcudkd arg`
sloggc
Tkhlojne \trhtkejks
<.`uctjsknsgry jnstrultjgn “ h tkr` sloggcs usk tg dkslrjbk whys ga tkhlojne toht knehek
`grk tohn gnk sknsk ht h tj`k
8. Gbikltjvk Tkst
Loklfcjst
Rhtjne slhck
<.Dk`gnstrhtjgn
4.Jntkrvjkw
1. Igurnhc
5. Rklgrdjne Dkvjlks
Hnkldgthc
Hnkldgthc rklgrd
rklgrd
2. Jnlcusjgn ]rgerh`
4. HC\
;. Djsthnlk Ckhrnjne
5. @hdrhsho hcjvk
Hrhbjl Chneuhek
Hrhbjl Chneuhek hnd Jsch`jl
Jsch`jl Qhcuk
Qhcuk Kdulhtjgn
Kdulhtjgn (HCJQK
(HCJQK)) js h prgerh`
prgerh` j`pck`kntkd
j`pck`kntkd
jn pubcjl sloggcs wojlo hj`s tg prgvjdk hddjtjgnhc subiklts gn Hrhbjl Chneuhek hnd
Jsch`jl Qhcuk jn tok rkeuchr bhsjl kdulhtjgn lurrjlucu`7