International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023, pp. 2354~2361

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i4.pp2354-2361  2354

Parameter identification of the photovoltaic panel’s

two-diode model

Saida Madi1, Kamel Saoudi2

1
Materials and Sustainable Development Laboratory (LM2D), Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Sciences and Applied Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira, Algeria
2
LPM3E Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Applied Sciences,
University of Bouira, Bouira, Algeria

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This work deals with the two-diode model of a photovoltaic (PV) panel. It
provides the per-unit energy and current representations in addition to
Received Feb 15, 2023 identifying its unknown parameters. Mathematical equations have been
Revised Apr 1, 2023 proposed and built using the MATLAB/Simulink simulator to achieve this
Accepted Apr 12, 2023 goal. Only one variable has been adjusted to get all the unknown parameters
simultaneously at standard test conditions (STC). Three variables have to be
adjusted under any other atmospheric conditions. Two different technologies
Keywords: have been used. The accuracy of the proposed mathematical model has been
provided using the absolute relative error between the simulated value and
Photovoltaic panel the measured one. The biggest values of the absolute relative error are
Parameter identification 0.000788%, 0.0006157%, and 0.000616% under STC, nominal cell
Two-diode model temperature condition (NOCT), and random daily atmospheric conditions,
Mathematical modeling respectively.
Simulation
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Saida Madi
Materials and Sustainable Development laboratory (LM2D), Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Sciences and Applied Sciences, University of Bouira
9VJV+M78, Rue Freres Boussendalah, Bouira, Algeria
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the damage caused to our environment as a result of the widespread use of petroleum
factories and cars, attention is turning to the use of renewable and environmentally friendly energies such as
solar energy. This latter depends on PV panels to convert sunlight into electricity. The market has many types
of PV panels. The difference lies in the material from which it is made and the size, in addition to the number
of PV cells used. Each PV panel has its own data sheet, which does not include the values of the photocurrent
source, the resistances, nor the quality factors of the diode and its reverse saturation current. These
parameters are required to adjust the PV panel models. Three equivalent circuits can be used for the PV
panel, namely: the one-diode model, the double-diode model, and the three-diode model. Our work is
focused on the two-diode model. Many techniques have been used and developed for the two-diode model of
solar cell/module during the last few years. Among these techniques are: the salp swarm algorithm [1], the
biogeography-based heterogeneous cuckoo search algorithm [2], the performance-guided JAYA algorithm
[3], the hybridized interior search algorithm [4], the sine cosine algorithm [5], the flexible particle swarm
optimization algorithm [6], a modified flower algorithm [7], and the Lozi map algorithm [8]. The particle
swarm optimization algorithm based on anarchic universal heterogeneous learning [9], the cuckoo search
algorithm and grey wolf optimizer [10], the interval branch and bound algorithm [11], a multitask
optimization technique that is evolutionary [12], the levy flight backtracking search algorithm [13], the

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2355

Nelder-Mead moth-based orthogonal flame technique [14], the farmland fertility optimization algorithm [15],
and the differential vectors reusing backtracking search algorithm [16].
The particle swarm optimization algorithm based on multi-swarm spiral leader [17], the algorithm for
Laplacian Barnacles mating based on neighborhood strategy [18], a logistic chaotic JAYA algorithm [19], the
slime Mould algorithm [20], a differential evolution algorithm based on an ensemble of self-adaptive [21], the
salp swarm algorithm based on opposition learning [22], the improved equilibrium optimizer algorithm [23],
and the Harris Hawks optimization algorithm [24]. The adaptive teaching-learning algorithm [25], the particle
swarm algorithm based on parallel computing of the niches [26], the vertical and horizontal crossover of the
Nelder-Mead Simplex and Harris Hawks algorithms [27], the ant lion optimizer algorithm [28], the particle
swarm optimization technique based on the ensemble of the fractional chaotic [29], the backtracking search
algorithm [30], the JAYA algorithm [31], and an optimization algorithm for generalized normal distribution
[32]. The equilibrium optimizer algorithm [33], the distribution algorithm [34], a shuffled frog-leaping
algorithm [35], the reinforcement learning differential evolution algorithm [36], the spherical evolution
algorithm [37], the supply-demand-based optimization algorithm [38], an improved slime Mould algorithm
[39], and the combined self-adapting algorithm with Newton-Raphson method [40]. The non-uniform
mutation genetic algorithm [41], the marine predators’ algorithm [42], the frog-leaping algorithm [43], the
Rao-1 algorithm [44] and its logistic chaotic optimization algorithm [45], an advanced slime Mould algorithm
[46], an enhanced algorithm to optimize the adaptation of the butterfly [47], and a combination of two
algorithms: experience learning with teaching-learning [48]. The whippy Harris Hawks Optimization
Algorithm [49], a combination of two algorithms: the adaptive grey wolf optimizer and its chaotic algorithm
[50], a combined shuffled frog leaping algorithm with a driven ensemble by multi-strategy [51], an enhanced
gaining-sharing knowledge algorithm [52], an enhanced equilibrium optimization algorithm [53], the Laplace
cross search algorithm has been combined with the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm [54], the improved JAYA
algorithm [55], and a combination of two algorithms: gradient-based optimization and random learning [56].
In addition to the arithmetic optimization algorithm [57], the heap-based optimizer algorithm [58], the
heterogeneous differential evolution algorithm [59], the bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithms [60], and a
combination of two algorithms: Crisscross and Nelder-mead [61]. In this paper, the MATLAB/Simulink
simulator has been used to build the proposed mathematical equations for the identification of the parameters
of the solar panel. Per-unit representations of the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of a PV
panel have been represented at and NOCT. Moreover, unknown parameters have been calculated for three
atmospheric conditions, namely: STC, NOCT, and random atmospheric conditions.

2. PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

The basic components of a solar panel are the solar cells. Therefore, the modeling of a solar panel is
based on the solar cell’s equivalent electrical circuit. Figure 1 represents the equivalent electrical circuit of
the two-diode model for a solar panel. This circuit consists of a photocurrent source, 𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑃 , in parallel with the
two diodes, 𝐷1 and 𝐷2, in addition to the parallel and series resistances, 𝑅𝑆ℎ𝑃 and 𝑅𝑆𝑃 , respectively. The
characteristic equation of the PV panel’s current has been obtained using Kirchhoff's laws with consideration
of Shockley’s diode equation, as given by (1). This equation has seven unknown parameters: the
photocurrent source, 𝐼𝑃ℎ𝑃 , the two diode reverse saturation currents, 𝐼𝑂𝑃1 and 𝐼𝑂𝑃2 , the two thermal voltages,
𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃1 , 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃2 , the series resistance, 𝑅𝑆𝑃 , and the parallel resistance, 𝑅𝑆ℎ𝑃 . In this paper, MATLAB/Simulink
software has been used to implement the proposed mathematical equations for simultaneously calculating
these seven unknown parameters at different atmospheric conditions. The thermal voltages can be determined
using (2) and (3). nP1 and nP2 are the quality factors of the two diodes. Kb is the constant of Boltzmann
(1.38065*10-23J/K), q is the magnitude of the electronic charge (1.602*10 −19C), Ta is the ambient temperature
(K), NS is the number of solar cells connected in series, and TSTC is the temperature at STC (298K).
𝑅𝑆𝑃 𝐼𝑃 + 𝑉𝑃 𝑅𝑆𝑃 𝐼𝑃 + 𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃1 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃2 𝑉𝑃 + 𝑅𝑆𝑃 𝐼𝑃
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝑃ℎ𝑃 − 𝐼𝑂𝑃1 (𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 1) − 𝐼𝑂𝑃2 (𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 1) − (1)
𝑅𝑆ℎ𝑃

𝑛𝑃1 𝐾𝑏 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶
𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃1 = 𝑇𝑎 𝑁𝑠 ( ) 0.7 (2)
𝑞 𝑇𝑎

𝑛𝑃2 𝐾𝑏 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶
𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃2 = 𝑇𝑎 𝑁𝑠 ( ) 0.7 (3)
𝑞 𝑇𝑎

The short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage can be calculated using (4) and (5), respectively.

Parameter identification of the photovoltaic panel’s two-diode model (Saida Madi)

2356  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝑘𝑖 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 − 0.125 𝑅𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑘𝐼𝑠𝑐

𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 = 𝐼𝑆𝐶 [1 + (𝑇𝑎 ( ) − 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 )] ( ) (4)
100 𝑇𝑎 𝑅

𝑘𝑣 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 1.25 𝐼𝑅𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑘𝑉𝑜𝑐

𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑃 = 𝑉𝑂𝐶 [1 + (𝑇𝑎 ( ) − 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 )] ( ) (5)
100 𝑇𝑎 𝐼𝑅

The temperature coefficients of the short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage, ki and kv,
respectively, are usually given in the data sheet of a PV panel. IR is the solar irradiation at an ambient
temperature, and IRSTC is the solar irradiation at STC (1000 W/m2). 𝑘𝐼𝑠𝑐 has to be adjusted to obtain the value
of the short circuit current. Moreover, the value of the open circuit voltage can be obtained by varying 𝑘𝑉𝑜𝑐 .
The two saturation currents’ values can be calculated using (6) and (7). Moreover, the value of the
photocurrent source can be obtained using (8).
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 𝑅𝑆𝑃
(𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃2 − 1)
𝑅 + 𝑅𝑆ℎ𝑃 𝑉
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 ∗ ( 𝑆𝑃𝑅 ) − 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑃 1 − 𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑃
𝑆ℎ𝑃 𝑆ℎ𝑃
(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃1 − 1)
1 ( )
𝐼𝑂𝑃1 = ∗ 𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑃 𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 𝑅𝑆𝑃 (6)
2
(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃1 − 1) − (𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃2 − 1)

𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 𝑅𝑆𝑃
(𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃1 − 1)
𝑅 + 𝑅𝑆ℎ𝑃 𝑉
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 ( 𝑆𝑃𝑅 ) − 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑃 1 − 𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑃
𝑆ℎ𝑃 𝑆ℎ𝑃
(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃2 − 1)
1 ( )
𝐼𝑂𝑃2 = ∗ 𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑃 𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 𝑅𝑆𝑃 (7)
2
(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃2 − 1) − (𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃1 − 1)

𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 𝑅𝑆𝑃
𝑉
(𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃2 − 1) 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑃
𝑅 + 𝑅𝑆ℎ𝑃 𝑆ℎ𝑃
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 ( 𝑆𝑃𝑅 )− 𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑃
𝑆ℎ𝑃
(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃1 − 1 )

𝐼𝑃ℎ𝑃 = 𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑃 𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃 𝑅𝑆𝑃 (8)

(𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃1 − 1) − (𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑃2 − 1)

The series and parallel resistances are given by (9) and (10), respectively. The number of the parallel
solar cells is Np. S is the surface of the solar panel. The resistance rS must be varied until the maximum
power point (MPP) of the solar panel is attained at STC. For any other atmospheric condition, kRS has to be
varied to attain the PV panel’s MPP.
𝑃
𝑁𝑝 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝐼𝑅𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑘𝑅𝑠
𝑆 ∗ 𝐼𝑅
𝑅𝑆𝑃 = 𝑟𝑆 ∗ ∗ 𝐾𝑝 ( ∗ ) (9)
𝑁𝑠 𝑇𝑎 (− ) 𝑇𝑎 𝐼𝑅
100

𝑆 ∗ 𝐼𝑅 𝐾𝑝
𝑁𝑠 ( ) 𝑇𝑎 (− )
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 100
𝑅𝑆ℎ𝑃 = 25 [ ∗ 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝐼𝑅𝑆𝑇𝐶 ] (10)
𝑁𝑝 ( ∗ )
𝑇𝑎 𝐼𝑅

Figure 1. Equivalent electrical circuit of the double-diode model for PV panel

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2357

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the MATLAB/Simulink simulator has been used to implement (1)–(10). It has the
ambient temperature, solar irradiation, and the data sheet as inputs, while its outputs are the current and
power of the PV panel. Different sizes of PV panels for different markets have been used, such as Suntech of
50W, SW 85 poly RNA of 85 W, and JAM60S01 of 320 W. The parameters of these PV panels have been
obtained at STC and NOCT. Moreover, the parameters of the Suntech PV panel have been obtained under
random atmospheric conditions.

3.1. Results at STC and NOCT

We achieved the MPP of each used panel by varying only the value of rS for the series resistance
given by (9) at STC. We adjusted the variable 𝑘𝑅𝑠 of the series resistance for each used PV panel to achieve
its maximum power point under NOCT (Gr = 800 W/m2, Ta = 20 °C). The data sheets of the used panels are
given in Table 1. Table 2 shows the adjusted values of rS and 𝑘𝑅𝑠 in addition to the calculated parameters.
Figure 2 shows the per-unit curves of I-V and P-V for the used panels (a) at STC and (b) under NOCT. Pds
and Ids are used for the per-unit values of the power and the current, which are given in the data sheet,
respectively. There are three highlighted points for each used panel. The per-unit points of the short circuit
current and open circuit voltage are equal to one, so their calculated values are equal to the data sheet's
values. The third point is the maximum power point. Its per-unit values are very close to one. Therefore, the
calculated values are very close to the data sheet values. This closeness is calculated using (11). Table 3
shows the obtained values for the absolute relative error.

|𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

∆𝑒 % = ∗ 100 (11)
𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Table 1. Values from the data sheet of PV panels

STC conditions NOCT conditions
50 W 85 W 320 W 50 W 85 W 320 W
Pmax(W) 50.75 85.204 320.0688 36.192 62.103 235.162
IPmax (A) 2.9 4.76 9.56 2.32 3.81 7.66
VPmax (V) 17.5 17.9 33.48 15.6 16.3 30.70
ISC(A) 3.2 5.02 10.5 2.59 4.04 8.05
VOC (V) 21.8 22.1 40.8 19.8 20.1 37.61

Table 2. Calculated parameters of PV panels

STC conditions NOCT conditions
50 W 85 W 320 W 50 W 85 W 320 W
𝑘𝐼𝑠𝑐 / / / 0.92687 0.9571 0.98245
𝑘𝑉𝑜𝑐 / / / 0.5875 0.5858 0.495585
𝑘𝑅𝑠 / / / -2.8505 0.17839 0.1520
rs(Ω) 6.645 10.0085 9.6265 6.645 10.0085 9.6265
VthM1(V) 1.6827176 0.8737 1.4022 1.3235872 0.68724723 1.102989
VthM2(V) 1.6827176 0.8737 1.4022 1.3235872 0.68724723 1.102989
Isc (A) 3.2 5.02 10.05 2.59000257 4.04006589 8.0500727
Iph (A) 3.20016593 5.0220 10.0540 2.590746323 4.04249936 8.0547659
Voc(V) 21.8 22.1 40.8 19.800792 20.10003 37.6100062
Rs (m) 92.40804 323.22097 309.8726 515.244988 466.28187 452.784478
Rsh() 1797.7331 774.12 776.6496 1797.73315 774.1221 776.6496
Isat1(10-6A) 3.76797 25.84* 10-6 1.1558*10-6 0.4106987 3.9896936*10-7 6.2190.3391*10-9
Isat2(10-6A) 3.76797 25.84*10-6 1.1558*10-6 0.4106987 3.9896936*10-7 6.2190.3391*10-9
IMmax(A) 2.91 4.748 9.5669 2.3604 3.8334 7.7003
VMmax(V) 17.44 17.9452 33.456 15.3329 16.2006 30.5393
PMmax(W) 50.7504 85.2038096 320.0702 36.19177716 62.10338004 235.16177179

Table 3. Absolute relative errors of PV panels

STC conditions NOCT conditions
50 W 85 W 320 W 50 W 85 W 320 W
∆𝑒𝐼𝑠𝑐 % 0 0 0 0.0000995 0.00163094 0.0009031
∆𝑒𝑉𝑜𝑐 % 0 0 0 0.004 0.00014925 0.00001648
∆𝑒𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 % 0.34482 0.2521 0.072175 1.741379 0.61417 0.52610966
∆𝑒𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 % 0.34285 0.2525 0.071684 1.722179 0.6131288 0.52345
∆𝑒𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 % 0.000788 0.000223 0.0004 0.0006157 0.00061195 0.00009704374

Parameter identification of the photovoltaic panel’s two-diode model (Saida Madi)

2358  ISSN: 2088-8694

(a)

(b)

Figure 2. Per-unit curves of I-V and P-V for the used PV panels: (a) at STC and (b) under NOCT

3.2. Results at arbitrary atmospheric conditions

One experiment had been done at the university using a Suntech PV panel. The atmospheric
temperature was 17 °C and the solar irradiation was 1176 W/m2. By taking atmospheric circumstances into
account, we adjusted the variables, 𝑘𝑅𝑠 kVoc and kIsc, to make the characteristic curves as close as possible to
the measured curves. Therefore, the parameters are obtained simultaneously. Figure 3 shows the
characteristic curves of the Suntech panel at arbitrary atmospheric conditions. The adjusted values of the
variables and calculated parameters are given in Table 4. The measured and calculated data for the three
points, in addition to the resulting absolute relative error, are given in Table 5.

Figure 3. Suntech solar panel: I-V and P-V characteristics at arbitrary atmospheric conditions

Table 4. Calculated parameters at arbitrary atmospheric conditions

The parameter Calculated value The parameter Calculated value
k Isc -0.22 VthM1 (V) 1.1135299
k Voc -0.95 VthM2 (V) 1.1135299
𝑘𝑅𝑠 -6.7444 Isat1 (nA) 32.7536
Rs (m) 521.87354 Isat2 (nA) 32.7536
Rsh () 3109.020864 Iph (A) 3.0651783

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2359

Table 5. PV panel under random atmospheric conditions

ISC(A) VOC (V) IPmax (A) VPmax (V) Pmax(W)
Measured data - - 2.811 15.408 43.311888
Calculated data 3.0646637 19.663987 2.8321 15.2933 43.31215493
∆e % - - 0.7506 0.7444 0.000616

4. CONCLUSION
The goal of this paper is the calculation of the parameters for the photovoltaic panel with a two-
diode model. Therefore, mathematical equations have been proposed and implemented using the
MATLAB/Simulink simulator. Per-unit representations of the current and power of the solar panel with
comparisons were obtained for STC as well as NOCT. Moreover, comparisons have been made under
arbitrary meteorological circumstances. For the three cases, the absolute relative error of the MPP did not
reach 0.0008%.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the head of the electrical engineering and electronics Institute at the University
M’Hamed Bougara in Boumerdes, Algeria, for his help in getting the measured data in 2017.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Saida Madi is a lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department, University Akli

Mohand Oulhadj-Bouira, Algeria. She received the B.Eng., M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Boumerdes, Algeria,
in 2005, 2010 and 2018, respectively. Her research interests include: renewable energy, bond
graph modeling, energy analysis of systems and electrical drives. She can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Kamel Saoudi is an Assistant Professor in Electrical Engineering Department,

University Akli Mohand Oulhadj -Bouira, Algeria. He received his B.Eng., M.Eng. and Ph.D.
degrees all in Electrical Engineering from the University of Setif 1, in 2005, 2008 and 2014,
respectively. His research interests include: robust nonlinear adaptive control, intelligent
power systems control and renewable energy control. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Parameter identification of the photovoltaic panel’s two-diode model (Saida Madi)