Complex Analysis

Multivalued Functions & Branch Cuts

 Multivalues Functions

• Multiv lued functions: Log rithmic functions, Complex Power, nd Complex Roots.

• De ine n ppropri te dom in to use properties of n lytic functions.

iθ/2
• Eg: f(z) = z= re
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Multivalued functions

Find the br nch point nd suit ble br nch cuts for

2
f(z) = z +1
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Multivalued functions

Find the br nch point nd suit ble br nch cuts for

2
f(z) = z +1
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 Singularities and zeros of complex functions

• Singul r point: Any point t which f(z) is not n lytic.

• A br nch point is type of singul r point.

f(z) h s singul r point t z = z0 , but is n lytic t ll points in

• Isol ted Singul rity:
neighbourhood cont ining z0 but no other singul rities, then z = z0 is n isol ted singul rity.

1) A br nch point is not n isol ted singul rity.

2) A “pole” is form of isol ted singul rity.

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 Singularities and zeros of complex functions

• If f(z) h s pole t z = z0 , then | f(z) | → ∞ s z → z0 from ll directions in n Arg nd di gr m.

• A pole is form of isol ted singul rity. A pole of order n

g(z)
f(z) =
(z − z0)n

If, i) n is positive integer. ii) g(z) is n lytic t ll points in neighbourhood cont ining z = z0 , iii) g(z0) ≠ 0 ,
then f(z) h s pole of order n , t z = z0 .

[ f(z)] = a , where a is inite, non zero complex

n
• A pole of order n le ds to the condition lim (z − z0 )
z→z0
number.
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 Singularities and zeros of complex functions
• If f(z) h s pole t z = z0 , then | f(z) | → ∞ s z → z0 from ll directions in n Arg nd di gr m.

• A pole is form of isol ted singul rity. A pole of order n

g(z)
f(z) =
(z − z0)n

If, i) n is positive integer. ii) g(z) is n lytic t ll points in neighbourhood cont ining z = z0 , iii) g(z0) ≠ 0 , then
f(z) h s pole of order n , t z = z0 .

[ f(z)] = a , where a is inite, non zero complex number.

n
• A pole of order n le ds to the condition lim (z − z0 )
z→z0

1 1
• Problem : f(z) = −
1−z 1+z

• Problem: f(z) = tanh z

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 Singularities and zeros of complex functions
• If f(z) h s pole t z = z0 , then | f(z) | → ∞ s z → z0 from ll directions in n Arg nd di gr m.

• Isol ted singul rity: A pole is form of isol ted singul rity. A pole of order n

g(z)
f(z) =
(z − z0)n

If, i) n is positive integer. ii) g(z) is n lytic t ll points in neighbourhood cont ining z = z0 , iii) g(z0) ≠ 0 , then f(z) h s pole of order n , t
z = z0 .

[ 0 f(z)]
n
• A pole of order n le ds to the condition lim (z − z ) = a , where a is inite, non zero complex number.
z→z0

lim [(z − z0)

• Essenti l singul rity: If no n c n be found such th t , z→z
n
f(z)] = a , then z = z0 is n essenti l singul rity..
0

• Remov ble Singul rity: If for cert in points f(z) , t kes n indetermin te form such s 0/0 , but for which z→z
lim f(z) exists, nd is independent of
0

direction from which z0 is ppro ched then z0 is c lled remov ble singul rity.

Ex mple: Show th t f(z) = sin(z)/z h s remov ble singul rity t z = 0?

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 Behaviour at In inity

• To study the beh viour of complex function s z → ∞ , we c n look t the beh viour of
f(1/ξ) s ξ → 0 , where ξ = 1/z .

• Ex mple: Find the beh viour t in inity.

b
1) f(z) = a +
z2
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 Behaviour at In inity

• To study the beh viour of complex function s z → ∞ , we c n look t the beh viour of
f(1/ξ) s ξ → 0 , where ξ = 1/z .

• Ex mple: Find the beh viour t in inity.

b
1) f(z) = a +
z2
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 Behaviour at In inity

• To study the beh viour of complex function s z → ∞ , we c n look t the beh viour of
f(1/ξ) s ξ → 0 , where ξ = 1/z .

• Ex mple: Find the beh viour t in inity.

2
2) f(z) = z(1 + z )

3) f(z) = exp(z)
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Zeros of complex function

• If f(z0) = 0 t z = z0 , then z0 is the zero of f(z) .

n
• A zero of order n is de ined s f(z) = (z − z0) g(z) , where n is positive integer nd g(z0) ≠ 0

• Problem: In which dom in of complex pl ne is

f(z) = | x | − i | y |

An n lytic function ?
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Homework Problems

• Problems: Identify the zeros, poles, nd types of singul rity of the following functions

1. tan(z)

(1 − z)
z−2 1
2. sin
z2
3. exp(1/z)

(z)
1
4. tan
2/3
5. z
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