PTCP Assignment

1.
Difference Between a Novice and Expert Teacher

Novice and expert teachers differ significantly in their knowledge, skills, and approaches to
teaching.
Novice Teacher
• Limited experience: Less exposure to classroom management, curriculum, and student
diversity.
• Focus on survival: Prioritizes classroom control and lesson delivery over student learning.
• Rigid planning: Relies heavily on prepared materials and scripted lessons.
• Less student-centered: Teaching methods often centered around teacher-dominated
instruction.
• Limited repertoire of strategies: Fewer teaching strategies in their toolkit.
• Less reflective: Less inclined to analyze and improve their teaching practices.
Expert Teacher
• Extensive experience: Deep understanding of curriculum, student needs, and classroom
management.
• Focus on student learning: Prioritizes creating engaging and effective learning experiences.
• Flexible planning: Adapts lessons based on student needs and interests.
• Student-centered: Employs a variety of student-centered teaching methods.
• Diverse repertoire of strategies: Possesses a wide range of teaching strategies.
• Reflective practitioner: Continuously analyzes and improves their teaching practices.
Key difference: While novice teachers are focused on surviving the classroom, expert teachers are
focused on creating optimal learning environments for their students.
2. Metacognition Strategies/Processes to Facilitate Learning

Metacognition is the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. It involves
thinking about thinking. Here are some strategies to facilitate metacognition:
• SELF-QUESTIONING: Students ask themselves questions about the learning process, such
as "What do I already know about this topic?", "What strategies can I use to learn this
material?", and "How am I progressing in my understanding?"
• SELF-MONITORING: Students track their own learning progress by setting goals, checking
their understanding, and adjusting their learning strategies as needed.
• SELF-REGULATION: Students manage their own learning by planning, organizing, and
evaluating their work.
• COOPERATIVE LEARNING: Students work together to discuss their thinking processes and
learn from each other.
• REFLECTION: Students take time to reflect on their learning experiences and identify what
they have learned and what they still need to learn.
• ERROR ANALYSIS: Students analyze their mistakes to identify misconceptions and improve
their understanding.
• CONCEPT MAPPING: Students visually represent their understanding of a topic by creating
concept maps.
3. Learner-Centered Psychological Principles

Learner-centered psychological principles (LCPs) are based on research in psychology and
education and focus on creating learning environments that support student motivation,
engagement, and achievement. The proponent of the LCPs is the American Psychological
Association (APA).
Definition
LCPs are a set of principles that describe how individuals learn and how these principles can be
applied to create effective learning environments. They emphasize the importance of the learner's
active role in the learning process and the need to create supportive and challenging learning
conditions.
Application
LCPs can be applied to design instruction, curriculum, and assessment that is relevant, engaging,
and effective for all students. By understanding the factors that influence learning, teachers can
create learning environments that promote student success.
Factors Affecting the LCPs
• Learner characteristics: Individual differences in learners, such as cognitive abilities,
motivation, and learning styles, influence how they learn.
• Learning processes: Cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, developmental, and social
processes underlie learning.
• Learning context: The environment in which learning occurs, including the classroom, school,
and community, impacts student learning.
• Assessing and instructing: Effective assessment and instruction are essential for promoting
student learning and achievement.
• By considering these factors, educators can create learning environments that are responsive
to the needs and abilities of all students.
4. Developmental Theories
Developmental theories explain how individuals change and grow over time. Several key theories
have influenced education:
Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development
Piaget's theory focuses on how children construct knowledge through interaction with their
environment. He proposed four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational,
concrete operational, and formal operational.
Lev Vygotsky: Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development.
He introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which is the difference
between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.
Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development
Erikson's theory focuses on the social and emotional development of individuals
throughout their lifespan. He identified eight stages of psychosocial development, each with its
own challenges and opportunities for growth.
Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development
Kohlberg's theory focuses on how individuals develop moral reasoning. He proposed three
levels of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
These theories provide a framework for understanding how students learn and develop. By
applying these theories, educators can create learning experiences that are appropriate for students'
developmental levels and support their overall growth.
Name: Angelica A. Rosales

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1.

Difference Between a Novice and Expert Teacher

2. Metacognition Strategies/Processes to Facilitate Learning

3. Learner-Centered Psychological Principles

Name: Angelica A. Rosales

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